Genesis 14:4 — Word Study
WLCשְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה עָבְד֖וּ אֶת־ כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר וּשְׁלֹשׁ־ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה מָרָֽדוּ׃
BSAFor twelveshᵉnayim [a dozen, twelve years of bondage] yearsshâneh they had been subjectʻâbad■ [served, under the rule of] to ChedorlaomerKᵉdorlâʻômer [king of Elam, a powerful ruler] but in the thirteenthshâlôwsh [thirteen, a year of rebellion] yearshâneh they rebelledmârad■ [resisted, defied authority]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| שְׁתֵּ֤ים | two [plus] | Adj |
| עֶשְׂרֵה֙ | ten | |
| שָׁנָ֔ה | year[s] | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| עָבְד֖וּ | they had served | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| אֶת־ | the object marker | Particle |
| כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר | Kedorlaomer | Noun proper masculine |
| וּשְׁלֹשׁ־ | and thir- | Conjunction |
| עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה | teen | |
| שָׁנָ֖ה | year | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| מָרָֽדוּ׃ | they rebelled | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | For twelve years they had been subject to Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled. |
| KJV | Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. |
| ASV | Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. |
| YLT | twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and the thirteenth year they rebelled. |
| WEB | They served Chedorlaomer for twelve years, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. |
| BBE | For twelve years they were under the rule of Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they put off his control. |
Where they part company is in the verbs used for serving and rebelling — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence is structured with a main clause followed by a contrasting clause, emphasizing the shift from servitude to rebellion.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbעָבַד
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Genesis 14:4
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Rebellion Against Chedorlaomergenerated
Genesis 14:4 describes a pivotal moment when certain kings who had been subjected to Chedorlaomer for twelve years decided to rebel against his rule. This rebellion occurs in the thirteenth year, indicating a significant shift in power dynamics. The surrounding verses provide context for the alliances and conflicts in the region, illustrating the historical backdrop of this rebellion.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Genesis 9:25–26 | he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.” |
| 2 | Ezekiel 17:15 | But this king rebelled against Babylon by sending his envoys to Egypt to ask for horses and a large army. Will he flourish? Will the one who does such things escape? Can he break a covenant and yet escape?’ |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שְׁתֵּ֤ים, she.Teimgenerated
The word שְׁנַיִם (shnayim) means 'two' and serves as a cardinal number, denoting pairs or dualities. It can also imply 'double' or 'twice.' In this context, it helps quantify the years of subjugation, emphasizing the duration of their bondage.
As a dual form of שָׁנָה (shanah), which means 'year,' it connects the concept of time with the number of years they were subjected to Chedorlaomer.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses twelve and thirteenth to describe the years of subjugation and rebellion.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb is עָבְד֖וּ, they had served, which governs the entire clause about their subjugation. The structure includes a numeral phrase indicating the duration of service and a conjunction introducing the contrasting clause about rebellion.
The sentence is organized to first present the duration of servitude, followed by the action of rebellion, highlighting the shift in their status.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates שְׁתֵּ֤ים as δώδεκα (twelve), which aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning. This choice shows a direct correspondence in the numerical representation.
The word for rebellion, מָרָֽדוּ, is rendered as ἀπέστησαν, which conveys the act of defiance and separation from authority, emphasizing the significance of their rebellion.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Genesis 14:4 recounts how certain kings were under Chedorlaomer's rule for twelve years before they rebelled in the thirteenth year. This marks a significant change in their relationship with Chedorlaomer, indicating a desire for freedom and autonomy.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means they were under his control and authority, serving him as a ruler.
The thirteenth year marks the point at which they decided to resist and defy Chedorlaomer's authority.
The rebellion signifies a turning point in their history, a move towards independence and self-governance.
This account illustrates the conflicts and power struggles during the time of the Patriarchs, setting the stage for future events in the biblical narrative.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What does this passage teach about the consequences of servitude and rebellion?
- How can we understand the significance of the thirteenth year in our own lives?
- In what ways do we see similar patterns of rebellion against authority in today's world?
- How does understanding this historical context enhance our reading of Genesis?
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Genesis 14:4 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleTwelve years they served Chedorlaomer,.... King of Elam, who was of the race of Shem, and so the prophecy of Noah began to be fulfilled, that Canaan should be servant to Shem, Genesis 9:26; for the kings of Sodom, c.
Read John Gill on Genesis 14 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryTwelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer - i:e., were tributary to him (cf. 2 Kings 18:7). And in the thirteenth year.
Read Robert Jamieson on Genesis 14 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHe was their lord, either, 1. By inheritance, as the issue of Elam, Shem’ s son, . Or, 2. By conquest, having subdued those people in a former war, which Josephus speaks of.
Read Matthew Poole on Genesis 14 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsGenesis 14:4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.Ver. 4. They rebelled.] Which they ought not to have done, if they had promised fidelity, unless in case of extreme necessity: and then also, at first, to have been on the defensive only. Alsted.
Read John Trapp on Genesis 14 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(4) They served.—That is, paid a yearly tribute, that they might be exempt from Chedorlaomer’s marauding expeditions (see 2 Kings 18:7). There must, therefore, have been envoys going from time to time to and from the Jordan valley to Shinar.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Genesis 14 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges4. they served] The five kings “served,” i.e. were vassals, and paid tribute to, the king of Elam who was their over-lord. rebelled] Probably by omitting to pay tribute or to send gifts, as they had done for 12 years. The distance from southern Palestine to Elam was great. The five kings were doubtless petty princes, who took part in a wide-spread rebellion. Perhaps they took advantage of the decline of the power of Elam, and of the growth of the power of Babylonia. This is a justifiable conjecture if “Amraphel” be the same as Hammurabi. For Hammurabi threw off the yoke of Elam, united Babylonia, and founded the Dynasty of Babylon. Compare the description in 2 Kings 24:1, “Jehoiakim became…
Read Cambridge on Genesis 14 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible4. Twelve years they served — During these years they were probably required to pay annual tribute to the king of Elam, the leader and most powerful of the eastern kings.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Genesis 14 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
For twelve years they had been subject to Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
They served Chedorlaomer for twelve years, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
For twelve years they had been subject to Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
For twelve years they had served Kedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Tyndale line
Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelue yeere were they subiect to Chedor-laomer, but in the thirteenth yeere they rebelled.
Strictly literal
Twelve years had they served Chedorlaomer; and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and the thirteenth year they rebelled.
[for] twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelve years had they served Kedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
Twelve years they had served Kedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
From the Latin
For they had served Chodorlahomor twelve years, and in the thirteenth year they revolted from him.
Simplified
They had been under the rule of Chedorlaomer for twelve years, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled against him.
For twelve years they were under the rule of Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they put off his control.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint in most words, with both texts conveying the same essential meaning. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly in two words but retains the overall message of subjugation and rebellion.
שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה עָבְד֖וּ אֶת־ כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר וּשְׁלֹשׁ־ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה מָרָֽדוּ׃
8 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
שׁתים עשׂרה שׁנה עבדו את כדר לעמר ובשׁלשׁ עשׂרה שׁנה מרדו
2 words differ from the Masoretic Text: כדר לעמר (Kedorlaomer), ב (in)
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Genesis 14:4
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
שְׁנַ֫יִם (shnayim) means 'two' and serves as both a cardinal and ordinal number. It can denote 'both,' 'double,' or 'twice,' and is used in various combinations with other numbers. The word is derived as a dual form of שָׁנָה (shanah), which relates to the concept of pairs.
שְׁנַ֫יִם, שְׁתַּיִם 768 n.m. et f. du. two
base
H8147 שְׁנַ֫יִם, שְׁתַּיִם two
8147 shnayim shen-ah'-yim
dual of 8145; feminine shttayim {shet-tah'-yim}; two; also
(as ordinal) twofold:--both, couple, double, second, twain, +
twelfth, + twelve, + twenty (sixscore) thousand, twice, two.
see HEBREW for 08145
שְׁנַ֫יִם (she.na.yim) — two.
1) two
1a) two (the cardinal number)
1a1) two, both, double, twice
1b) second (the ordinal number)
1c) in combination with other numbers
1d) both (a dual number)
Adj — AdjHAcfda
עָשָׂר (asar) means 'ten' and is used exclusively in combination with other numbers to form the teen numbers (11-19), both as cardinal and ordinal forms. The entries indicate that it is derived from another Hebrew root, but do not elaborate on its etymology.
עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
base
H6240 עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
6240 `asar aw-sawr'
for 6235; ten (only in combination), i.e. -teen; also
(ordinal) -teenth:--(eigh-, fif-, four-, nine-, seven-,
six-, thir-)teen(-th), + eleven(-th), + sixscore thousand, +
twelve(-th).
see HEBREW for 06235
עָשָׂר (a.sar) — ten.
1) ten, -teen (in combination with other numbers)
1a) used only in combination to make the numbers 11-19
HAcbsc — HAcbsc
שָׁנָה (shaneh) means 'year' and is derived from the root meaning to change or revolve. It encompasses various aspects of time, including divisions of time, measures of age, and even a lifetime. The Aramaic equivalent is שְׁנָה (she.nah), also meaning 'year'.
שָׁנָה 877 n.f. year (etym. v. √[v.ek.aa])
base
H8141 שָׁנָה year (etym. v. √[8138a])
8141 shaneh shaw-neh'
(in plura or (feminine) shanah {shaw-naw'}; from 8138; a year
(as a revolution of time):--+ whole age, X long, + old,
year(X -ly).
see HEBREW for 08138
שָׁנָה (sha.neh) — year.
1) year
1a) as division of time
1b) as measure of time
1c) as indication of age
1d) a lifetime (of years of life)
Aramaic equivalent: she.nah (שְׁנָה "year" H8140)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
עָבַד (abad) is a Hebrew verb meaning to work or serve, encompassing a range of activities from laboring for others to serving God, including Levitical service. It can also refer to the cultivation of land or the act of enslaving. The word appears in various forms, indicating different nuances of service and labor.
עָבַד 290 vb. work, serve
Qal
labour, work, do work
work for another, serve him by labour
serve as subjects
serve God
serve י׳ with Levitical service
Niph.
be tilled, of land
dub. cultivated field
Pu. worked
Hiph.
compel to labour as slaves
make to serve as subjects
cause to serve God
Hoph. be led or enticed to serve
base
H5647 עָבַד work, serve .. labour, work, do work
. work for another, serve him by labour
. serve as subjects
. serve God
. serve י׳ with Levitical service
. . be tilled, of land
. dub. cultivated field
. worked
. . compel to labour as slaves
. make to serve as subjects
. cause to serve God
. be led or enticed to serve
5647 `abad aw-bad'
a primitive root; to work (in any sense); by implication, to
serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc.:--X be, keep in
bondage, be bondmen, bond-service, compel, do, dress, ear,
execute, + husbandman, keep, labour(-ing man, bring to pass,
(cause to, make to) serve(-ing, self), (be, become)
servant(-s), do (use) service, till(-er), transgress (from
margin), (set a) work, be wrought, worshipper,
עָבַד (a.vad) — to serve.
: serve[someone]
1) to work, serve
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to labour, work, do work
1a2) to work for another, serve another by labour
1a3) to serve as subjects
1a4) to serve (God)
1a5) to serve (with Levitical service)
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be worked, be tilled (of land)
1b2) to make oneself a servant
1c) (Pual) to be worked
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to compel to labour or work, cause to labour, cause to serve
1d2) to cause to serve as subjects
1e) (Hophal) to be led or enticed to serve
עָבַד (a.vad) — to serve: minister.
: minister/serve[God/tabernacle/temple]/worship
1) to work, serve
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to labour, work, do work
1a2) to work for another, serve another by labour
1a3) to serve as subjects
1a4) to serve (God)
1a5) to serve (with Levitical service)
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be worked, be tilled (of land)
1b2) to make oneself a servant
1c) (Pual) to be worked
1d) (Hiphil)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HTo — ParticleHTo
כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר (Kdorlaomer) refers to a king of Elam, noted in the context of the Patriarchs, particularly in Genesis 14:1. The name is of foreign origin and is interpreted as meaning "handful of sheaves." The entries consistently identify him as an early Persian king defeated by Abraham.
כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר n.pr.m. king of Elam
base
H3540 כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר king of Elam
3540 Kdorla`omer ked-or-law-o'-mer
of foreign origin; Kedorlaomer, an early Persian
king:--Chedorlaomer.
כְּדׇרְלָעֹמֶר (ke.dor.la.o.mer) — Chedorlaomer.
A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.14.1
§ Chedorlaomer = "handful of sheaves"
the king of Elam defeated by Abraham
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
The Hebrew word שָׁלֹשׁ (*shalosh*) means 'three' or 'triad.' It can also refer to the ordinal 'third' and is used in various contexts, including multiplication as 'thrice.' The entries consistently define it as a primitive number without significant disagreement.
שָׁלֹשׁ, שָׁלוֹשׁ, שְׁלֹשָׁה 430 n.m. et f. a three, triad
base
H7969 שָׁלֹשׁ, שָׁלוֹשׁ, שְׁלֹשָׁה a three, triad
7969 shalowsh shaw-loshe'
or shalosh {shaw-loshe'}; masculine shlowshah {shel-o-shaw'};
or shloshah {shel-o-shaw'}; a primitive number; three;
occasionally (ordinal) third, or (multipl.) thrice:--+ fork,
+ often(-times), third, thir(-teen, -teenth), three, + thrice.
Compare 7991.
see HEBREW for 07991
שָׁלֹשׁ (sha.losh) — three.
1) three, triad
1a) 3, 300, third
Aramaic equivalent: te.lat (תְּלָת "three" H8532)
Conj | Adj — ConjunctionHC/Acbsc
עָשָׂר (asar) means 'ten' and is used exclusively in combination with other numbers to form the teen numbers (11-19), both as cardinal and ordinal forms. The entries indicate that it is derived from another Hebrew root, but do not elaborate on its etymology.
עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
base
H6240 עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
6240 `asar aw-sawr'
for 6235; ten (only in combination), i.e. -teen; also
(ordinal) -teenth:--(eigh-, fif-, four-, nine-, seven-,
six-, thir-)teen(-th), + eleven(-th), + sixscore thousand, +
twelve(-th).
see HEBREW for 06235
עָשָׂר (a.sar) — ten.
1) ten, -teen (in combination with other numbers)
1a) used only in combination to make the numbers 11-19
HAcbsc — HAcbsc
שָׁנָה (shaneh) means 'year' and is derived from the root meaning to change or revolve. It encompasses various aspects of time, including divisions of time, measures of age, and even a lifetime. The Aramaic equivalent is שְׁנָה (she.nah), also meaning 'year'.
שָׁנָה 877 n.f. year (etym. v. √[v.ek.aa])
base
H8141 שָׁנָה year (etym. v. √[8138a])
8141 shaneh shaw-neh'
(in plura or (feminine) shanah {shaw-naw'}; from 8138; a year
(as a revolution of time):--+ whole age, X long, + old,
year(X -ly).
see HEBREW for 08138
שָׁנָה (sha.neh) — year.
1) year
1a) as division of time
1b) as measure of time
1c) as indication of age
1d) a lifetime (of years of life)
Aramaic equivalent: she.nah (שְׁנָה "year" H8140)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
yer (shanah, Aramaic shenah, "a return" (of the sun), like the Greek eniautos; yamim, "days," is also used for "year," and the Greek hemerai, corresponds to it (Jos 13:1; Lu 17,18); etos, is also employed frequently in the New Testament; for the difference between etos and eniautos, see Grimm-Thayer, under the word): The Hebrew year was solar, although the month was lunar, the adjustment being made in intercalation.
See ASTRONOMY; TIME.
Year
Heb. shanah, meaning “repetition” or “revolution” (Gen. 1:14; 5:3). Among the ancient Egyptians the year consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, with five days added to make it a complete revolution of the earth round the sun. The Jews reckoned the year in two ways, (1) according to a sacred calendar, in which the year began about the time of the vernal equinox, with the month Abib; and (2) according to a civil calendar, in which the year began about the time of the autumnal equinox, with the month Nisan. The month Tisri is now the beginning of the Jewish year.
the highest ordinary division of time. Two years were known to, and apparently used by, the Hebrews. A year of 360 days appears to have been in use in Noah’s time. The year used by the Hebrews from the time of the exodus may: be said to have been then instituted, since a current month, Abib, on the 14th day of which the first Passover was kept, was then made the first month of the year. The essential characteristics of this year can be clearly determined, though we cannot fix those of any single year. It was essentially solar for the offering of productions of the earth, first-fruits, harvest produce and ingathered fruits, was fixed to certain days of the year, two of which were in the periods of great feasts, the third itself a feast reckoned from one of the former days. But it is certain that the months were lunar, each commencing with a new moon. There must therefore have been some…
The Hebrews always had years of twelve months. But at the beginning, as some suppose, they were solar years of twelve months, each month having thirty days, excepting the twelfth, which had thirty-five days. We see, by the enumeration of the days of the deluge, Ge 7:1-8:22, that the original year consisted of three hundred and sixtyfive days. It is supposed that they had an intercalary month at the end of one hundred and twenty years, at which time the beginning of their year would be out of its place full thirty days. Subsequently, however, and throughout the history of the Jews, the year was wholly lunar, having alternately a full month of thirty days, and a defective month of twenty-nine days, thus completing their year in three hundred and fifty-four days. To accommodate this lunar year to the solar year, (365 days, 5 hours, 48…
מָרַד (marad) is a primitive root meaning to rebel or revolt. It encompasses rebellion against both human authority and divine authority, as well as a poetic sense of rebellion against light. The entries consistently emphasize the act of rebellion without significant disagreement among the lexicons.
[מָרַד] vb. rebel
base
H4775 מָרַד rebel
4775 marad maw-rad'
a primitive root; to rebel:--rebel(-lious).
מָרַד (ma.rad) — to rebel.
1) to rebel, revolt, be rebellious
1a) (Qal) to rebel, revolt
1a1) against human king
1a2) against God
1a3) against light (poetic)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp