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Leviticus 11:5 — Word Study

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WLCוְאֶת־ הַשָּׁפָ֗ן כִּֽי־ מַעֲלֵ֤ה גֵרָה֙ ה֔וּא וּפַרְסָ֖ה לֹ֣א יַפְרִ֑יס טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם׃

BSAThe rock badgershâphân [coney, rock hyrax] thoughkîy ithûwʼ chewsʻâlâh the cudgêrâh [regurgitates food, bringing up cud] does notlôʼ have a dividedpâraç [parted, split] hoofparçâh [claw] ithûwʼ is uncleanṭâmêʼ [spiritually impure, defiled]

Word
Listen & take awayLeviticus 11
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 5 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (la.Khem) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Leviticus 11:5quick helps
In a sentenceThe rock badger is unclean because, although it chews the cud, it does not have a divided hoof.
Who is speakingThe Lord, giving dietary laws to the Israelites.
Where we areIn the section of Leviticus detailing clean and unclean animals.
The hard wordשָׁפָן
Take awayThe rock badger is identified as unclean due to its physical characteristics.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהוּא verbעָלָה The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Leviticus 11:5

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Dietary Laws in Leviticusgenerated

4But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
5The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
6The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
7And the pig, though it has a split hoof completely divided, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you.

Leviticus 11:5 is part of a larger section where God outlines which animals are clean and unclean for the Israelites to eat. The rock badger, despite its cud-chewing nature, is deemed unclean due to its lack of a divided hoof. This classification is significant in understanding the laws of purity and dietary restrictions that governed ancient Israelite life.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 104:18The high mountains are for the wild goats, the cliffs a refuge for the rock badgers.
2Proverbs 30:26the rock badgers are creatures of little power, yet they make their homes in the rocks;
3Job 36:14They die in their youth, among the male shrine prostitutes.
4Matthew 7:26But everyone who hears these words of Mine and does not act on them is like a foolish man who built his house on sand.
5Romans 2:18–24if you know His will and approve of what is superior because you are instructed by the law;

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word שָׁפָן, ha.sha.Fangenerated

The word שָׁפָן (shaphan) refers specifically to the rock badger or hyrax, a small mammal known for its unique physical characteristics. It is mentioned here as part of the dietary laws, highlighting its status as unclean despite its ability to chew the cud.

This classification is based on the animal's anatomy, which does not meet the criteria set forth in the Torah for clean animals. The mention of the rock badger serves to illustrate the distinctions God made regarding dietary practices.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations generally agree on the meaning of שָׁפָן as the rock badger.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb in the sentence is טָמֵא, is unclean, which governs the description of the rock badger and its characteristics. The structure indicates a clear relationship between the attributes of the rock badger and its classification as unclean.

The sentence is organized with clauses that detail the animal's actions (chewing cud) and physical traits (not having a divided hoof), culminating in its status as unclean. This structure emphasizes the reasoning behind the dietary laws.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the Hebrew שָׁפָן is rendered as δασύποδα, which translates to 'thick-footed.' This choice highlights the physical characteristics that contribute to its classification as unclean.

The translation reflects a focus on the animal's anatomy, aligning with the Hebrew text's emphasis on the criteria for dietary laws.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Leviticus 11:5 tells us that the rock badger is unclean because it chews the cud but does not have a divided hoof. This classification is part of the dietary laws given to the Israelites, which define what animals are clean or unclean to eat.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the rock badger is unclean?

In the context of Leviticus, being unclean means that the rock badger does not meet the criteria set by God for animals that can be eaten.

Why does the rock badger chew the cud but is still considered unclean?

The dietary laws specify that both characteristics must be met — chewing the cud and having a divided hoof — for an animal to be considered clean.

What are some other animals mentioned in Leviticus that are considered unclean?

Other examples include the camel, rabbit, and pig, all of which are noted for similar reasons related to their physical traits.

How do these dietary laws apply today?

These laws were specific to the Israelites and their covenant with God, but they are often studied for their spiritual and moral implications in contemporary faith practices.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What can we learn from the dietary laws about God's standards for purity?
  2. How do the classifications of clean and unclean animals reflect the values of the Israelite community?
  3. In what ways can we apply the principles of these laws to our lives today?
  4. What significance do you think the physical characteristics of animals have in the context of God's commands?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

The early commentary on this verse discusses the identification of the rock badger, with some suggesting it may refer to the rabbit or hedgehog, illustrating the challenges of interpreting ancient texts.

Richard Challoner 1691–1781
The cherogrillus: Some suppose it to be the rabbit, others the hedgehog. St. Jerome intimates that it is another kind of animal common in Palestine, which lives in the holes of rocks or in the earth.
Early Church Fathers on Leviticus 11 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Leviticus 11:5 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And the coney,.... Or rabbit: because he cheweth the cud; or "though he cheweth"; which yet, some observe, the coney or rabbit does not, it having upper teeth, and therefore they think some other

Read John Gill on Leviticus 11 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud.

Read Robert Jamieson on Leviticus 11 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Some understand by the Hebrew word shaphan, a mountain mouse, which were of a much greater size than ordinary mice, and were used by the Arabians for food. But for the names of the following creatures, seeing the Jews themselves are uncertain and divided about them, I think it improper to trouble the unlearned reader with disputes about them, and for the learned, they may have recourse to my Latin Synopsis. I shall therefore take them according to our translation.

Read Matthew Poole on Leviticus 11 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Leviticus 11:5 And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he [is] unclean unto you.Ver. 5. And the coney.] Which hath his name in Hebrew from hiding himself in holes. A weak, but a wise creature. And wisdom is better than strength. The hare that trusts to the swiftness of her legs, is at length taken and torn in pieces; when the coney that flees to the rocks, doth easily avoid the dogs that pursue her. See Isaiah 40:30-31.

Read John Trapp on Leviticus 11 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(5) And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not . . . —Better, though he cheweth the cud, yet he divideth not. (See Leviticus 11:4.) The coney, which is the old English name for rabbit, is the meaning of the Hebrew expression shaphan, according to the definition of those who had to explain and administer this law at the time of Christ. As these interpreters lived in Palestine, where they saw the animals in question, the objection that the rabbit is not indigenous in Palestine falls to the ground. These shrewd Administrators of the law must also have noticed that it was the habit of the feeble conies to seek refuge and build in the fissures of the rocks, which not…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Leviticus 11 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 5. The coney] שפן shaphan, not the rabbit, but rather a creature nearly resembling it, which abounds in Judea, Palestine, and Arabia, and is called by Dr. Shaw daman Israel, and by Mr. Bruce ashkoko. As this creature nearly resembles the rabbit, with which Spain anciently abounded, Bochart supposes that the Phoenicians might have given it the name of שפניה spaniah, from the multitude of שפנים shephanim (or spanim, as others pronounce it) which were found there. Hence the emblem of Spain is a woman sitting with a rabbit at her feet. See a coin of Hadrian in Scheuchzer.

Read AdamClarke on Leviticus 11 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

5. the coney] The exact equivalent of the Heb. shâphân is given in R.V. mg. In Psalms 104:18; Proverbs 30:26 it is described as a weak and timid animal, taking refuge in the rocks, and Tristram (Land of Israel, p. 250) remarks that it is difficult to capture. ‘Coney,’ an old English term for ‘rabbit,’ is the rendering of A.V., which follows the traditional Jewish interpretation. As ‘coney’ is no longer in use, it has been retained in R.V., on the principle of avoiding all unnecessary alteration, but with the exact rendering in the margin. This is one of many instances where the rendering of R.V. mg. is essential for the full understanding of that version. The coney (rock-badger) and hare…

Read Cambridge on Leviticus 11 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The coney - The Old English name for a rabbit. The animal meant is the Hyrax Syriacus.

Read Albert Barnes on Leviticus 11 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

The hyrax, because it chews the cud but doesn’t have a parted hoof, is unclean to you.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

NETBNew English Translation2006

The rock badger is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And the coney, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And the coney, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean to you.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Likewise the conie, because he cheweth the cud and deuideth not the hoofe, he shall bee vncleane to you.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

and the rock-badger, for it cheweth the cud, but hath not cloven hoofs — it shall be unclean unto you;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and the rabbit, though it is bringing up the cud, yet the hoof it divideth not — unclean it [is] to you;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and the hyrax, though it is bringing up the cud, yet the hoof is not divided—it [is] unclean to you;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And the cony; because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Also the rock badger, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof, it is also unclean to you.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

The cherogrillus which cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof, is unclean.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The rock hyrax, which though it chews the cud doesn't have a divided hoof, so it is unclean for you.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And the rock-badger, for the same reason, is unclean to you.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclauseclausenoun phrase · objectאֶת(et)noun phraseהַthe.rockשָּׁפָ֗ןbadgerclauseכִּֽי(dm)clauseclausenoun phrase · predicateמַעֲלֵ֤ה[is].bringing.upגֵרָה֙(of).cudsubjectה֔וּאitוּandclauseobjectפַרְסָ֖הa.hoofadverbialלֹ֣אnotverbיַפְרִ֑יסit.divides.in.twoclausepredicateטָמֵ֥א[is].uncleansubjectה֖וּאitprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoכֶֽםyou

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is consistent with the Septuagint, as both identify the rock badger as unclean. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly, using מעלי (ascend) instead of מַעֲלֵה (bringing up) and הפריס (divide) instead of יַפְרִ֑יס (it divides in two).

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְאֶת־ הַשָּׁפָ֗ן כִּֽי־ מַעֲלֵ֤ה גֵרָה֙ ה֔וּא וּפַרְסָ֖ה לֹ֣א יַפְרִ֑יס טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְאֶת־καὶהַשָּׁפָ֗ןδασύποδαכִּֽי־ὅτιמַעֲלֵ֤הἀνάγειגֵרָה֙μηρυκισμὸνה֔וּאτοῦτοוּפַרְסָ֖הὁπλὴνלֹ֣אοὐיַפְרִ֑יסδιξηλεῖטָמֵ֥אἀκάθαρτονה֖וּאτοῦτοלָכֶֽם׃ὑμῖν

12 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ואת השׁפן כי מעלי גרה הוא ופרסה לא הפריס טמא הוא לכם

2 words differ from the Masoretic Text: מעלי (ascend), הפריס (divide)

Dead Sea Scrolls — Mas1ba copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ואת] [השפן] [כי] [מעלה] [גרה] הוא ופרסה לא [יפריס] [טמא] [הוא] [ל׳כם]

2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 9 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Leviticus 11:5אֵתand the objand the object אֵתשָׁפָןthe rock bathe rock badgerשָׁפָןכִּיthatthatכִּיעָלָה[is] bringi[is] bringing uעָלָהגֵּרָהcudcudגֵּרָההוּאititהוּאפַּרְסָהand a hoofand a hoofפַּרְסָהלֹאnotnotלֹאפָּרַסit divides it divides in tפָּרַסטָמֵא[is] unclea[is] uncleanטָמֵאהוּאititהוּאכֶםto youto youכֶםאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתסָפַןto treasurto treasureסָפַןגָּרַרto drag/chto drag/chew/saגָּרַרטָמֵאto defileto defileטָמֵאפֶּ֫רֶסvulturevultureפֶּ֫רֶסשֶׁ֫סַעcleftcleftשֶׁ֫סַעפַּרְסָהhoofhoofפַּרְסָהטָמֵאuncleanuncleanטָמֵאעֵתtimetimeעֵתמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁגְּמַרְיָ֫הוּGemariahGemariahגְּמַרְיָ֫הוּאֲחִיקָםAhikamAhikamאֲחִיקָםיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעעֹלָהburnt offeburnt offeringעֹלָהיְאֹרstreamstreamיְאֹרגֵּרָהcudcudגֵּרָהיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹד
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Leviticus 11:5

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
וְאֶת־ve.'Et and the object marker H853 Conjunction · particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/To — Conjunction · particle
HC/To
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
הַשָּׁפָ֗ןha.sha.Fan the rock badger H8227 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Shaphan refers to a type of rock rabbit, likely a hyrax, or a man who lived during the Exile and Return, including a secretary of king Josiah of Judah.
Amplified meaning
coney, rock hyrax
Tyndale gloss
rock badger
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁפָן (shaphan) refers to a rock badger or hyrax. It also denotes a historical figure, a secretary under King Josiah, who is mentioned as the father of several individuals, including Ahikam and Elasah. There is some uncertainty regarding the relationships between these figures, as some entries suggest they may be the same person.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁפָן n.m. rock-badger, hyrax syriacus

base

שָׁפָן n.pr.m.

secretary under Josiah

father of אֲחִיקָם, contemp. of 1 (improb. = 1)

father of אֶלְעָשָׂה, perh. = 2.

father of גְּמַרְיָ֫הוּ, perh. = 1.

father of יַאֲזַנְיָ֫הוּ, possibly = 1.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8227a שָׁפָן rock-badger, hyrax syriacus H8227b שָׁפָן . secretary under Josiah

. father of אֲחִיקָם, contemp. of 1 (improb. = 1)

. father of אֶלְעָשָׂה, perh. = 2.

. father of גְּמַרְיָ֫הוּ, perh. = 1.

. father of יַאֲזַנְיָ֫הוּ, possibly = 1.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8227 shaphan shaw-fawn'

from 8226; a species of rock-rabbit (from its hiding), i.e.

probably the hyrax:--coney.

see HEBREW for 08226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁפָן (sha.phan) — rock badger.

rock badger, coney, the hyrax

שָׁפָן (sha.phan) — Shaphan.

A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Ki.22.3;

son of: Azaliah (H0683);

father of: Ahikam (H0296), Elasah (H0501J), Gemariah (H1587H)

§ Shaphan = "coney"

1) secretary or scribe of king Josiah of Judah

2) father of Ahikam in the time of king Josiah of Judah

2a) improbably the same as 2

3) father of Elasah in the time of the prophet Jeremiah

3a) perhaps the same as 3

4) a scribe and father of Gemariah

4a) perhaps the same as 2

5) father of Jaazaniah in the time of Ezekiel

5a) perhaps the same as 2

שָׁפָן (sha.phan) — Shaphan.

A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezk.8.11;

father of: Jaazaniah (H2970H)

§ Shaphan = "coney"

1) secretary or scribe of king Josiah of Judah

2) father of Ahikam in the time of king Josiah of Judah

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

r.-baj'-er: This term is found in the Revised Version margin for "coney," shaphan (Le 11:5; compare De 14:7; Ps 104:18; Pr 30:26). It is a translation of klip das, the name given. by the Boers to the Cape hyrax or coney.

See CONEY.

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
כִּֽי־ki- that H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
מַעֲלֵ֤הma.'a.Leh [is] bringing up H5927 Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) masculine singular common
890× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To ascend means to go up or rise, like the smoke from an altar going up to God, as described in many Bible passages, including Leviticus and Psalms.
Tyndale gloss
to ascend: rise
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עָלָה (alah) means 'to ascend' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including going up, climbing, and rising in various contexts such as personal, natural, and spiritual. It can refer to actions involving people, animals, vegetation, and even thoughts, and includes nuances of being exalted or offering sacrifices. The word is built from a primitive root and appears in various grammatical forms, indicating different aspects of ascent or elevation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָלָה 890 vb. go up, ascend, climb

Qal

of persons, go up, ascend, in local relations

go up, in personal relations

of animals, go or come up

of vegetation, spring up, grow, shoot forth

of natural phenom., go up, rise

of inanimate things, instead of passive construction

of thoughts

come up before God, arrogance

go up, extend, of boundary

excel

Niph.

be brought up

be taken up

pass., be taken up, away

reflex., take oneself away from, get up from

reflex.: take oneself away

be exalted, of God

Hiph.

bring up persons

in personal relations

bring up animals

cause to ascend

mentally

offer a present; bring up tithe to

exalt

cause to ascend (in flame), offer sacrifice

Hoph.

be carried away

be taken up into, inserted in

be offered

Hithp. lift oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5927 עָלָה go up, ascend, climb .. of persons, go up, ascend, in local relations

. go up, in personal relations

. of animals, go or come up

. of vegetation, spring up, grow, shoot forth

. of natural phenom., go up, rise

. of inanimate things, instead of passive construction

. of thoughts

. come up before God, arrogance

. go up, extend, of boundary

. excel

. . . be brought up

. be taken up

. . pass., be taken up, away

. reflex., take oneself away from, get up from

. reflex.: take oneself away

. be exalted, of God

. . bring up persons

. in personal relations

. bring up animals

. cause to ascend

. mentally

. offer a present; bring up tithe to

. exalt

. cause to ascend (in flame), offer sacrifice

. . be carried away

. be taken up into, inserted in

. be offered

. lift oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5927 `alah aw-law'

a primitive root; to ascend, intransitively (be high) or

actively (mount); used in a great variety of senses, primary

and secondary, literal and figurative (as follow):--arise

(up), (cause to) ascend up, at once, break (the day) (up),

bring (up), (cause to) burn, carry up, cast up, + shew, climb

(up), (cause to, make to) come (up), cut off, dawn, depart,

exalt, excel, fall, fetch up, get up, (make to) go (away, up);

grow (over) increase, lay, leap, levy, lift (self) up, light,

(make) up, X mention, mount up, offer, make to pay, + perfect,

prefer, put (on), raise, recover, restore, (make to) rise

(up), scale, set (up), shoot forth (up), (begin to) spring

(up), stir up, take away (up), work.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָלָה (a.lah) — to ascend: rise.

: rise/go

1) to go up, ascend, climb

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go up, ascend

1a2) to meet, visit, follow, depart, withdraw, retreat

1a3) to go up, come up (of animals)

1a4) to spring up, grow, shoot forth (of vegetation)

1a5) to go up, go up over, rise (of natural phenomenon)

1a6) to come up (before God)

1a7) to go up, go up over, extend (of boundary)

1a8) to excel, be superior to

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be taken up, be brought up, be taken away

1b2) to take oneself away

1b3) to be exalted

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to bring up, cause to ascend or climb, cause to go up

1c2) to bring up, bring against, take away

1c3) to bring up, draw up, train

1c4) to cause to ascend

1c5) to rouse, stir up (mentally)

1c6) to offer, bring up (of gifts)

1c7) to exalt

1c8) to cause to ascend, offer

1d) (Hophal)

1d1) to be carried away, be led up

1d2) to be taken up into, be inserted in

1d3) to be offered

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil — Verb · Hiphil · participle (active) masculine singular common
HVhrmsc
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
גֵרָה֙ge.Rah cud H1625 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
11× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The cud is the food that animals like cows regurgitate and chew on, scraping their throat in the process. This word is used in the Bible to describe the eating habits of certain animals, like goats and sheep. The KJV translates it simply as 'cud'.
Amplified meaning
regurgitates food, bringing up cud
Tyndale gloss
cud
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גֵּרָה (gerah) means 'cud' and is derived from the root word meaning to scrape the throat. It specifically refers to the cud of clean and unclean animals, appearing in legislative contexts in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גֵּרָה n.f. cud, only in legislation of clean and unclean animals

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1625 גֵּרָה cud

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1625 gerah gay-raw'

from 1641; the cud (as scraping the throat):--cud.

see HEBREW for 01641

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גֵּרָה (ge.rah) — cud.

cud

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See CHEW.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Chewing of, was one of the facts by which ceremonially clean and unclean animals were distinguished Le 11:3-8; De 14:3-8

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
ה֔וּאHu' it H1931 Pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
וּפַרְסָ֖הu.far.Sah and a hoof H6541 Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absolute
21× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A claw or split hoof, often referring to the feet of animals like cows or horses, is described by this word. It appears in Leviticus 11, where it discusses clean and unclean animals.
Amplified meaning
claw
Tyndale gloss
hoof
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) refers to a hoof, likely originating from the concept of a divided hoof. It encompasses the hooves of ruminants and also mentions horses, which have undivided hooves. The entries consistently highlight its feminine form and its relation to the root word for claw or split hoof.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּרְסָה 21 n.f. hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6541 פַּרְסָה hoof (prob. orig. divided hoof)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6541 parcah par-saw'

feminine of 6538; a claw or split hoof:--claw,

(cloven-)footed, hoof.

see HEBREW for 06538

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּרְסָה (par.sah) — hoof.

1) hoof

1a) of ruminants

1b) of horses (undivided hooves)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absolute
HC/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hoof.

See CHEW; CLOVEN.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Hoof

A cleft hoof as of neat cattle (Ex. 10:26; Ezek. 32:13); hence also of the horse, though not cloven (Isa. 5:28). The “parting of the hoof” is one of the distinctions between clean and unclean animals (Lev. 11:3; Deut. 14:7).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Parting of, one of the physical marks used for distinguishing ceremonially clean and unclean animals Le 11:3-8; De 14:3-8

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
לֹ֣אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
יַפְרִ֑יסyaf.Ris it divides in two H6536 Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
14× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to break or divide something into parts, like splitting wood or distributing food. It is used in various contexts, including when God divides the Red Sea in Exodus. This word is about separating or sharing things.
Amplified meaning
parted, split
Tyndale gloss
to divide
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּרַס (parac) is a Hebrew verb meaning to break in two or divide. It can refer to breaking up or dividing something, often without violence, and is associated with the division of hoofs in its Hiphil form. The word has an Aramaic equivalent, פְּרַס (pe.ras), which also means 'to divide.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[פָּרַס, erron. פָּרַשׂ] vb. break in two, divide

Qal they have broken up bones, as in kettle

Hiph.

divide hoof, i.e. have divided hoof

having hoofs

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6536 [פָּרַס, erron. פָּרַשׂ] break in two, divide

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6536 parac paw-ras'

a primitive root; to break in pieces, i.e. (usually without

violence) to split, distribute:--deal, divide, have hoofs,

part, tear.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּרַס (pa.ras) — to divide.

1) to divide, break in two

1a) (Qal) to break, break up

1b) (Hiphil) to be divided (of hoofs)

Aramaic equivalent: pe.ras (פְּרַס "to divide" H6537A)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVhi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

too.

See NUMBER.

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
טָמֵ֥אta.Me' [is] unclean H2931 Adj
88× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to be unclean in a spiritual sense, often due to sin or impurity, as seen in Leviticus. It can refer to people, places, or things. The concept is key to understanding biblical purity laws.
Amplified meaning
spiritually impure, defiled
Tyndale gloss
unclean
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

טָמֵא (tame') means 'unclean' and is derived from a root that conveys a sense of defilement or pollution, particularly in a religious context. It covers ethical, religious, and ritual impurity, and can refer to both people and places.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

טָמֵא adj. unclean

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2931 טָמֵא unclean

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2931 tame' taw-may'

from 2930; foul in a relig. sense:--defiled, + infamous,

polluted(-tion), unclean.

see HEBREW for 02930

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

טָמֵא (ta.me) — unclean.

1) unclean, impure

1a) ethically and religiously

1b) ritually

1c) of places

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAamsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See CLEAN.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ (Ceremonially speaking)

Creatures designated as such Le 11; De 14

→ See UNCLEANNESS

and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
ה֖וּאhu' it H1931 Pronoun
1,879× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.
Tyndale gloss
he/she/it
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it

an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

It resumes the subj. with emph.

Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

As an emph. predicate, of God

In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)

. It resumes the subj. with emph.

. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible

. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject

. As an emph. predicate, of God

. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)

. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1931 huw' hoo

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a

primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or

it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also

(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;

sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally

(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),

it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,

this, those, which (is), who.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.

pron 3p s

1) he, she, it

1a) himself (with emphasis)

1b) resuming subj with emphasis

1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)

1d) (anticipating subj)

1e) (emphasising predicate)

1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron

2) that (with article)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker the rock badger that [is] bringing up cud it and a hoof not it divides in two [is] unclean it to you
לָכֶֽם׃la.Khem to you H9036 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֶם (khem) — you.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Sp2mp — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp2mp
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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