Numbers 14:45 — Word Study
WLCוַיֵּ֤רֶד הָעֲמָלֵקִי֙ וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י הַיֹּשֵׁ֖ב בָּהָ֣ר הַה֑וּא וַיַּכּ֥וּם וַֽיַּכְּת֖וּם עַד־ הַֽחָרְמָֽה׃ פ
BSAThen the AmalekitesʻĂmâlêqîy [descendants of Esau's grandson] and CanaanitesKᵉnaʻanîy [inhabitants of the land of Canaan] who livedyâshab [dwelt, resided] in thathûwʼ part of the hill countryhar [mountain, high land] came downyârad▸ [descended, went down] attacked themnâkâh▸ [struck, smote] and routed themkâthath▸ [defeated, discomfited] all the wayʻad [till, as far as] to HormahChormâh [a town in southern Judah, meaning devotion]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וַיֵּ֤רֶד | and he came down | Verb, Qal, sequential imperfect third person masculine singular |
| הָעֲמָלֵקִי֙ | the Amalekite[s] | Particle, noun gentilic masculine singular absolute |
| וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י | and the Canaanite[s] | Conjunction, particle, noun gentilic masculine singular absolute |
| הַיֹּשֵׁ֖ב | who dwelt | Particle, verb qal participle (active) masculine singular |
| בָּהָ֣ר | in the hill country | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| הַה֑וּא | that | Particle, pronoun |
| וַיַּכּ֥וּם | and they struck them | Verb hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine plural, suffix |
| וַֽיַּכְּת֖וּם | and they scattered them | Verb hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine plural, suffix |
| עַד־ | to | Preposition |
| הַֽחָרְמָֽה׃ פ | Hormah | Particle, noun proper |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Then the Amalekites and Canaanites who lived in that part of the hill country came down, attacked them, and routed them all the way to Hormah. |
| KJV | Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah. |
| ASV | Then the Amalekite came down, and the Canaanite who dwelt in that mountain, and smote them and beat them down, even unto Hormah. |
| YLT | And the Amalekite and the Canaanite who are dwelling in that mountain come down and smite them, and beat them down — unto Hormah. |
| WEB | Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites who lived in that mountain, and struck them and beat them down even to Hormah. |
| BBE | Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites who were living in the hill-country, and overcame them completely, driving them back as far as Hormah. |
Where they part company is יָרַד — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause with a participial phrase describing the subjects, followed by two verb phrases detailing their actions.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbיָרַד
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Numbers 14:45
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Defeat of Israel at Hormahgenerated
Numbers 14:45 describes how the Amalekites and Canaanites, who lived in the hill country, came down to attack the Israelites after they disobeyed the Lord's command. This event underscores the consequences of the Israelites' lack of faith and their failure to trust in God's promise. The narrative illustrates the ongoing conflict between Israel and these neighboring tribes, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Numbers 14:43 | For there the Amalekites and Canaanites will face you, and you will fall by the sword. Because you have turned away from the LORD, He will not be with you.” |
| 2 | Exodus 17:16 | “Indeed,” he said, “a hand was lifted up toward the throne of the LORD. The LORD will war against Amalek from generation to generation.” |
| 3 | Deuteronomy 1:44 | Then the Amorites who lived in the hills came out against you and chased you like a swarm of bees. They routed you from Seir all the way to Hormah. |
| 4 | Deuteronomy 32:30 | How could one man pursue a thousand, or two put ten thousand to flight, unless their Rock had sold them, unless the LORD had given them up? |
| 5 | Joshua 7:5–11 | And the men of Ai struck down about thirty-six of them, chasing them from the gate as far as the quarries and striking them down on the slopes. So the hearts of the people melted and became like water. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יָרַד, vai.Ye.redgenerated
The verb יָרַד (yarad) means to go down or descend, indicating movement from a higher place to a lower one. In this context, it describes the Amalekites and Canaanites coming down from the hill country to engage the Israelites in battle.
The Qal form of the verb indicates a simple action of descending, which is consistent with the physical movement of the tribes as they attacked the Israelites.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb וַיֵּ֤רֶד, and he came down, governs the main clause, which includes the subject noun phrases הָעֲמָלֵקִי֙ and הַכְּנַעֲנִ֔י. The structure indicates that the Amalekites and Canaanites are the subjects performing the action of descending and attacking.
The sentence is constructed with a series of actions: they came down, attacked, and routed, showing a clear sequence of events that emphasizes the aggression of the Amalekites and Canaanites against the Israelites.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יָרַד as κατέβη (katébē), which also means 'came down.' This choice reflects a direct correspondence to the Hebrew meaning, maintaining the focus on the physical descent of the Amalekites and Canaanites.
The use of κατέβη shows that the translators understood the action as a literal descent, consistent with the Hebrew context of the verse.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Numbers 14:45 tells us that the Amalekites and Canaanites, who lived in the hill country, came down to attack the Israelites. They struck them and scattered them all the way to Hormah, showing the fierce opposition Israel faced as they sought to enter the Promised Land.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The Amalekites were descendants of Amalek, the grandson of Esau, and were known for their conflicts with the Israelites.
Hormah is a town in southern Judah, meaning 'devotion,' and it was the site of the Israelites' defeat.
They attacked the Israelites because the latter attempted to enter the land despite God's warning not to go up against their enemies.
This defeat highlighted the consequences of the Israelites' disobedience and lack of faith in God's promises.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the consequences of disobedience from this passage?
- How do the actions of the Amalekites and Canaanites reflect the ongoing conflict between Israel and its neighbors?
- In what ways can we apply the lessons of faith and trust in God from this narrative to our own lives?
- How does understanding the historical context of Hormah enhance our reading of this verse?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Numbers 14:45 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThen the Amalekites came down,.... The hill; met the Israelites as they ascended: and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill; the same with the Amorites, one of the seven nations of Canaan, Numbers
Read John Gill on Numbers 14 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThen the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah. The Amalekites ... and the Canaanites - (see the note at Deuteronomy 1:44.) Even unto Hormah.
Read Robert Jamieson on Numbers 14 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe Canaanite; largely so called, but strictly the Arnorite, as appears from . Which dwelt; so they were a part and branch of those that dwelt in the valley, . Or, sat, i.e. placed themselves, lay in ambush, expecting your coming. Hormah; a place so called afterwards , from the great slaughter or destruction of the Israelites at this time.
Read Matthew Poole on Numbers 14 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsNumbers 14:45 Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, [even] unto Hormah.Ver. 45. And smote them.] To be out of God’ s precincts, is to be out of his protection.
Read John Trapp on Numbers 14 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(45) Then the Amalekites came down . . . —The words “which dwelt in that hill” may refer to the Canaanites only, or to the Amalekites and the Canaanites, and may denote either permanent residence or temporary occupation. If the reference is, as seems most natural, to a permanent abode, it will follow Numbers 14:25, for the latter verse cannot be intended to describe the geographical position of the Canaanites. Even unto Horman.—Or, the place of the ban. The definite article is used in this place, the Hormah. If the Hormah which is here mentioned is identical with the Hormah of Num 21:3, where the definite article is not used, and with the Hormah of Jdg 1:17, we must conclude that the name…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Numbers 14 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges45. which dwelt in that hill country] See on Numbers 14:25. Hormah] lit. ‘the Hormah’; but it occurs here only with the article. A town or district in the south of Palestine whose site is unknown. In Numbers 21:3 an explanation of the name is given: see notes there.
Read Cambridge on Numbers 14 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleUnto Hormah - literally, “the Hormah:” i. e. “the banning,” or “ban-place.” Compare Numbers 21:3; Joshua 12:14.
Read Albert Barnes on Numbers 14 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible45. Discomfited — Literally, pounded into pieces. “Chased you, as bees do,” Deuteronomy 1:44, that is, with great ferocity when exasperated.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Numbers 14 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Then the Amalekites and Canaanites who lived in that part of the hill country came down, attacked them, and routed them all the way to Hormah.
Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites who lived in that mountain, and struck them and beat them down even to Hormah.
Then the Amalekites and Canaanites who lived in that part of the hill country came down, attacked them, and routed them all the way to Hormah.
So the Amalekites and the Canaanites who lived in that hill country swooped down and attacked them as far as Hormah.
Tyndale line
Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah.
Then the Amalekite came down, and the Canaanite who dwelt in that mountain, and smote them and beat them down, even unto Hormah.
Then the Amalekite came down, and the Canaanite which dwelt in that mountain, and smote them and beat them down, even unto Hormah.
Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even to Hormah.
Then the Amalekites and the Canaanites, which dwelt in that mountaine, came downe and smote them, and consumed them vnto Hormah.
Strictly literal
And the Amalekites and the Canaanites who dwelt on that hill, came down and smote them, and cut them to pieces, as far as Hormah.
And the Amalekite and the Canaanite who are dwelling in that mountain come down and smite them, and beat them down — unto Hormah.
And the Amalekite and the Canaanite who are dwelling in that mountain come down and strike them, and beat them down to Hormah.
Then came down the Amalekites, and the Canaanites that dwelt on that mountain, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Chormah.
Then the Amalekites came down, and also the Canaanites who lived on those hills. They attacked the Israelites and defeated them all the way to Hormah.
From the Latin
And the Amalecite came down, and the Chanaanite that dwelt in the mountain: and smiting and slaying them pursued them as far as Horma.
Simplified
The Amalekites and Canaanites who lived there in the hill country came down and attacked the Israelites and defeated them, and chased them all the way to Hormah.
Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites who were living in the hill-country, and overcame them completely, driving them back as far as Hormah.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text states that the Amalekites and Canaanites came down, attacked, and routed the Israelites all the way to Hormah. The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in the overall narrative, as it matches word-for-word in ten instances, although it has its own word order and articles. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs significantly from the Masoretic Text, introducing 11 different words, including terms like 'to encounter' and 'pursue,' which alters the meaning slightly by emphasizing the action of pursuing rather than just attacking. Additionally, it includes phrases that are not present in the Masoretic Text, such as 'as you do these things,' which adds a different nuance to the text.
וַיֵּ֤רֶד הָעֲמָלֵקִי֙ וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י הַיֹּשֵׁ֖ב בָּהָ֣ר הַה֑וּא וַיַּכּ֥וּם וַֽיַּכְּת֖וּם עַד־ הַֽחָרְמָֽה׃ פ
10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
וירד העמלקי והכנעני הישׁב בהר ההוא לקראתם וירדפו אתם כאשׁר תעשׂינה הדברים ויכום ויכתום עד חרמה וישׁבו אל המחנה
11 words differ from the Masoretic Text: ל (to), קראתם (encounter), ירדפו (pursue), אתם (
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Numbers 14:45
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word יָרַד (yarad) means to come or go down, covering various contexts such as descending from mountains, going to battle, or sinking in water. It can also refer to divine manifestations descending or being prostrated. The word has different forms including Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, which indicate various nuances of bringing down or being brought down.
יָרַד 380 vb. come or go down, descend
Qal 306
come or go down
go down (usu. from mountain or hill-country into plain), to battle
go down to (acc.) threshing-floor
go down (abs.) from Palestine to Egypt
from Jerusalem
from altar
go down
= sink, in water
go down to She’ôl
fig. going down (dissolving) in tears
= be prostrated
of divine manifestations: descend
of inanimate things
Hiph.
cause to come or go down
bring down
send down rain = cause to flow down
= lay prostrate to (acc.) threshing-floor
bring down to She’ôl
take down (from cart)
let down
Hoph.
be brought down
be taken down
base
H3381 יָרַד come or go down, descend .. . come or go down
. go down (usu. from mountain or hill-country into plain), to battle
. go down to (acc.) threshing-floor
. go down (abs.) from Palestine to Egypt
. from Jerusalem
. from altar
. go down
. = sink, in water
. go down to She’ôl
. fig. going down (dissolving) in tears
. = be prostrated
. of divine manifestations: descend
. of inanimate things
. . cause to come or go down . bring down
. send down rain = cause to flow down
. = lay prostrate to (acc.) threshing-floor
. bring down to She’ôl
. take down (from cart)
. let down
. . be brought down
. be taken down
3381 yarad yaw-rad'
a primitive root; to descend (literally, to go downwards; or
conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary,
the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to
bring down (in all the above applications); -X abundantly,
bring down, carry down, cast down, (cause to) come(-ing) down,
fall (down), get down, go(-ing) down(-ward), hang down, X
indeed, let down, light (down), put down (off), (cause to,
let) run down, sink, subdue, take down.
יָרַד (ya.rad) — to go down.
1) to go down, descend, decline, march down, sink down
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to go or come down
1a2) to sink
1a3) to be prostrated
1a4) to come down (of revelation)
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to bring down
1b2) to send down
1b3) to take down
1b4) to lay prostrate
1b5) to let down
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be brought down
1c2) to be taken down
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqw3ms
עֲמָלֵקִי (Amaleqiy) refers to the Amalekites, a group descended from Amalek, who is noted as a grandson of Esau. The term is used collectively to denote the people of Amalek. The entries indicate that it is a patronymic form derived from the root word for Amalek itself.
עֲמָלֵקִי adj.gent. coll. = (the) Amalekites
base
H6003 עֲמָלֵקִי coll. = (the) Amalekites
6003 `Amaleqiy am-aw-lay-kee'
patronymically from 6002; an Amalekite (or collectively the
Amalekites) or descendants of Amalek: --Amalekite(-s).
see HEBREW for 06002
עֲמָלֵקִי (a.ma.le.qi) — Amalekite.
Someone descended from Amekek
Group of a.ma.leq (עֲמָלֵק "Amalek" H6002)
§ Amalekite, of Amalek "people of lapping"
descendants of Amalek, the grandson of Esau
Art | Ngmsa — Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ngmsa
כְּנַעֲנִי (ken-ah-an-ee) refers to a Canaanite, an inhabitant of Canaan, and also denotes a merchant or trader. It is derived from the root word for Canaan, which can imply a connection to trade, as Canaanites were known for their mercantile activities. The term can also describe a woman from Canaan, first mentioned in Genesis 46:10.
כְּנַעֲנִי adj. et nom.gent.
base
כְּנַעֲנִי n.m. trader, merchant
base
H3669a כְּנַעֲנִי adj. et nom. gent. H3669b כְּנַעֲנִי trader, merchant
3669 Kna`aniy ken-ah-an-ee'
patrial from 3667; a Kenaanite or inhabitant of Kenaan; by
implication, a pedlar (the Canaanites standing for their
neighbors the Ishmaelites, who conducted mercantile
caravans):--Canaanite, merchant, trafficker.
see HEBREW for 03667
כְּנַעֲנִי (ke.na.a.ni) — Canaanite.
Group of ke.na.an (כְּנַ֫עַן "Canaan" H3667A)
§ Canaanite, of Cana "zealous"
adj
descendant or inhabitant of Canaan
כְּנַעֲנִי (ke.na.a.ni) — merchant.
a merchant, trader
Group of ke.na.an (כְּנַ֫עַן "merchant" H3667B)
כְּנַעֲנִי (ke.na.a.ni) — Canaanitess.
Describing a woman living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.46.10;
mother of: Shaul (H7586H)
§ a merchant, trader
Conj | Art | Ngmsa — Conjunction · particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absoluteHC/Td/Ngmsa
יָשַׁב (yashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to sit, remain, or dwell. It encompasses a range of actions from simply sitting down to more complex ideas like establishing a home or causing a place to be inhabited. The entries indicate various forms, including Qal (to sit), Niphal (to be inhabited), and Hiphil (to cause to dwell). There is an Aramaic equivalent, יְתִב (ye.tiv), meaning 'to dwell'.
יָשַׁב 1090 vb. sit, remain, dwell
Qal
sit
sit, sit down
sit down
sit = be set (as a jewel)
remain, stay, tarry
with special emphasis of qualifying phr.
dwell, have one’s abode
of a land or city, sit, abide, seated in its place, fig. for be inhabited
Niph. be inhabited, of land
Pi. and they shall set their encampments in thee
Hiph.
cause to sit
cause to abide
cause to dwell
cause cities to be inhabited
marry (prop. give a dwelling to)
Hoph. and ye be made to dwell alone in the midst of the land
base
H3427 יָשַׁב sit, remain, dwell
3427 yashab yaw-shab'
a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as
judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to
remain; causatively, to settle, to marry:--(make to)
abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease
self, endure, establish, X fail, habitation, haunt, (make to)
inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, X marry(-ing),
(bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(- tle),
(down-)sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate),
take, tarry.
יָשַׁב (ya.shav) — to dwell.
1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to sit, sit down
1a2) to be set
1a3) to remain, stay
1a4) to dwell, have one's abode
1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited
1c) (Piel) to set, place
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to sit
1d2) to cause to abide, set
1d3) to cause to dwell
1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited
1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to)
1e) (Hophal)
1e1) to be inhabited
1e2) to make to dwell
Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine singularHTd/Vqrmsa
הַר (har) means 'mountain' or 'hill,' and can refer to a range of hills or hill-country. It is derived from a root that suggests elevation and can be used figuratively. The entries consistently highlight its geographical connotations without significant disagreement.
הַר 568 n.m. mountain, hill, hill-country
mountain, hill
hill-country, mountain-region
base
H2022 הַר mountain, hill, hill-country
2022 har har
a shortened form of 2042; a mountain or range of hills
(sometimes used figuratively):--hill (country), mount(-ain), X
promotion.
see HEBREW for 02042
הַר (har) — mountain: mount.
: mount/hill
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
הַר (har) — mountain: hill country.
: hill_country
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
A sub-meaning of har (הַר ": mount" H2022)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
kun'-tri ('erets, "land," sadheh, "field"; agros, "field," chora, "region"): The foregoing are the principal words rendered "country" in English Versions of the Bible, though we find also 'adhamah, "earth" (Jon 4:2); 'i, "island" (Jer 47:4 the King James Version); gelilah, "circuit" (Eze 47:8 the King James Version); chebhel, "rope" (De 3:14); maqom, "place" (Ge 29:26 the King James Version); nepheth,"hill" or "height" (Jos 17:11 the King James Version); genos, "race" (Ac 4:36 the King James Version); ge, "earth"…
→ LOVE OF Jud 5:1-31; 2Sa 10:12; Ne 1:1-11; 2:1-20; 5:1-18; Ps 137:1-6
The Jews held religion and country as one (a theocracy), therefore
See CHURCH, LOVE OF
→ See also PATRIOTISM
הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.
הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it
an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
It resumes the subj. with emph.
Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
As an emph. predicate, of God
In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
base
H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
. It resumes the subj. with emph.
. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
. As an emph. predicate, of God
. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
1931 huw' hoo
of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a
primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or
it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also
(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;
sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally
(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),
it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,
this, those, which (is), who.
הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.
pron 3p s
1) he, she, it
1a) himself (with emphasis)
1b) resuming subj with emphasis
1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)
1d) (anticipating subj)
1e) (emphasising predicate)
1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron
2) that (with article)
Art | Pron — Particle · pronounHTd/Pp3ms
נָכָה (nakah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to strike or smite, encompassing a range of actions from lightly hitting to fatal blows. It appears in various forms, indicating actions like attacking, punishing, or causing disease. The entries suggest its use in both literal and figurative contexts, including divine judgment and applause. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
[נָכָה] 501 vb. smite (not in Qal)
Niph. and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die
Pu. both be smitten down by the hail
Hiph.
lit., smite (with a single, non-fatal, blow), strike
smite repeatedly, beat a man
and they clapped hands (in applause)
give a thrust (with fork) into pot; strike roots
rarely smite (in battle) so as (merely) to wound
smite, of sun
Smite fatally
Smite = attack, attack and destroy a company
Of God
smite with a plague, disease, etc.
smite = chastise, or send judgment upon
of God’s destroying palaces
Hoph. be smitten
base
H5221 נָכָה smite (not in Qal) . and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die
. both be smitten down by the hail
. . . lit., smite (with a single, non-fatal, blow), strike
. smite repeatedly, beat a man
. and they clapped hands (in applause)
. give a thrust (with fork) into pot; strike roots
. rarely smite (in battle) so as (merely) to wound
. smite, of sun
. Smite fatally
. Smite = attack, attack and destroy a company
. Of God . smite with a plague, disease, etc.
. smite = chastise, or send judgment upon
. of God’s destroying palaces
. be smitten
5221 nakah naw-kaw'
a primitive root; to strike (lightly or severely, literally
or figuratively):--beat, cast forth, clap, give (wounds), X
go forward, X indeed, kill, make (slaughter), murderer,
punish, slaughter, slay(-er, -ing), smite(-r, -ing), strike,
be stricken, (give) stripes, X surely, wound.
נָכָה (na.khah) — to smite.
1) to strike, smite, hit, beat, slay, kill
1a)(Niphal) to be stricken or smitten
1b) (Pual) to be stricken or smitten
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to smite, strike, beat, scourge, clap, applaud, give a thrust
1c2) to smite, kill, slay (man or beast)
1c3) to smite, attack, attack and destroy, conquer, subjugate, ravage
1c4) to smite, chastise, send judgment upon, punish, destroy
1d) (Hophal) to be smitten
1d1) to receive a blow
1d2) to be wounded
1d3) to be beaten
1d4) to be (fatally) smitten, be killed, be slain
1d5) to be attacked and captured
1d6) to be smitten (with disease)
1d7) to be blighted (of plants)
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3mp | Suff — Verb hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine plural · suffixHc/Vhw3mp/Sp3mp
כָּתַת (kathath) is a Hebrew verb meaning to beat or crush, often with a violent connotation. It encompasses actions like crushing fine, breaking into pieces, and shattering. The entries indicate various forms of the verb, including Qal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, and Hophal, which express different nuances of beating or being beaten.
[כָּתַת] vb. beat, crush by beating
Qal
beat or crush fine
beat, hammer (ploughshares into swords)
Pi. Pf.;—as Qal 1. beat or crush fine
Pu. and they were beaten in pieces, one nation against another.
Hiph. beat in pieces an enemy
Hoph. and to ruins is the gate crushed
base
H3807 [כָּתַת] beat, crush by beating .. beat or crush fine
. beat, hammer (ploughshares into swords)
. Pf.;—as Qal 1. beat or crush fine
. and they were beaten in pieces, one nation against another.
. beat in pieces an enemy
. and to ruins is the gate crushed
3807 kathath kaw-thath'
a primitive root; to bruise or violently strike:--beat (down,
to pieces), break in pieces, crushed, destroy, discomfit,
smite, stamp.
כָּתַת (ka.tat) — to crush.
1) to beat, crush by beating, crush to pieces, crush fine
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to beat or crush fine
1a2) to beat, hammer
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to beat or crush fine
1b2) to beat, hammer
1c) (Pual) to be beaten
1d) (Hiphil) to beat in pieces, shatter
1e) (Hophal) to be beaten, be crushed
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3mp | Suff — Verb hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine plural · suffixHc/Vhw3mp/Sp3mp
עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while
prep.
of space
Of time
Of degree
conj.
until
While
Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)
עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus
of space
Of time
Of degree
base
H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space
. Of time
. Of degree
. conj. . until
. While
. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)
. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space
. Of time
. Of degree
5704 `ad ad
properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or
conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,
or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,
while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,
at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),
(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,
till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.
see HEBREW for 05703
עַד (ad) — till.
prep
1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as
1a) of space
1a1) as far as, up to, even to
1b) in combination
1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)
1c) of time
1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end
1d) of degree
1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like
conj
2) until, while, to the point that, so that even
Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)
Prep — PrepositionHR
חָרְמָה (Chormah) refers to a town in ancient Canaan, associated with the tribe of Simeon. It is described as a royal city and is linked to the concept of devotion. The town was conquered by Joshua and is also identified with another name, Zephath. The word is derived from a root meaning 'devoted'.
חָרְמָה n.pr.loc. (asylum)—a royal city of Canaanites, in the South, in tribe of Simeon
base
H2767 חָרְמָה (asylum)—a royal city of Canaanites, in the South, in tribe of Simeon
2767 Chormah khor-maw'
from 2763; devoted; Chormah, a place in Palestine:--Hormah.
see HEBREW for 02763
חׇרְמָה (chor.mah) — Hormah.
Hormah = "devotion"
a town of the Canaanites, conquered by Joshua, allotted to Judah, and located in the south of Judah
Another name of tse.phat (צְפַ֑ת "Zephath" H6857)
Art | N-proper — Particle · noun properHTd/Npl
hor'-ma (chormah): A city first mentioned in connection with the defeat of the Israelites by the Amalekites and the Canaanites, when, after the ten spies who brought an evil report of the land had died of plague, the people persisted, against the will of Moses, in going "up unto the place which Yahweh hath promised" (Nu 14:45; De 1:44). after the injury done them by the king of Arad, Israel took the city, utterly destroyed it, and called it Hormah, i,e. "accursed" (Nu 21:3). To this event probably the reference is in Jud 1:17; where Judah and Simeon are credited with the work. In Jos 12:14 it is named between Geder and…
Hormah
Banning; i.e., placing under a “ban,” or devoting to utter destruction. After the manifestation of God’s anger against the Israelites, on account of their rebellion and their murmurings when the spies returned to the camp at Kadesh, in the wilderness of Paran, with an evil report of the land, they quickly repented of their conduct, and presumed to go up “to the head of the mountain,” seeking to enter the Promised Land, but without the presence of the Lord, without the ark of the convenant, and without Moses. The Amalekites and the Canaanites came down and “smote and discomfited them even unto Hormah” (Num. 14:45). This place, or perhaps the watch-tower commanding it, was originally called Zephath (Judg. 1:17), the modern Sebaiteh. Afterwards (
(a place laid waste), or ZEPHATH, (Judges 1:17) was the chief town of a king of a Canaanitish tribe on the south of Palestine, which was reduced by Joshua, and became a city of the territory of Judah, (Joshua 15:30; 1 Samuel 30:30) but apparently belonged to Simeon. (1 Chronicles 4:30)
Destruction, Nu 21:1-3; also called Zephath; a city in the extreme south of Canaan, near which the rebellious Hebrews were defeated, in the second year after leaving Egypt, Nu 14:45; it was afterwards laid waste, Jud 1:16,17. The Simeonites repeopled it, Jos 19:4, and David sent them some of his spoils taken from the Amalekites, 1Sa 30:30.