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Numbers 26:48 — Word Study

Depth

WLCבְּנֵ֤י נַפְתָּלִי֙ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם לְיַ֨חְצְאֵ֔ל מִשְׁפַּ֖חַת הַיַּחְצְאֵלִ֑י לְגוּנִ֕י מִשְׁפַּ֖חַת הַגּוּנִֽי׃

BSA[These were] the descendantsbên [sons, offspring] of NaphtaliNaphtâlîy [a son of Jacob and founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel] by their clansmishpâchâh [families, tribes] The JahzeeliteYachtsᵉʼêlîy [of Jahzeel, from the lineage of Jahzeel] clanmishpâchâh from JahzeelYachtsᵉʼêl [meaning 'God will divide'] the GuniteGûwnîy [of Guni, from the lineage of Guni] clanmishpâchâh from GuniGûwnîy [an Israelite from the tribe of Naphtali]

Word
Listen & take awayNumbers 26
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 48 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ha.gu.Ni) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Numbers 26:48quick helps
In a sentenceThis verse lists the clans of Naphtali, identifying their ancestry and lineage.
Who is speakingThe narrator, recounting the genealogies of the tribes of Israel.
Where we areIn the context of the census of the tribes of Israel as they prepare to enter the Promised Land.
The hard wordנַפְתָּלִי
Take awayThe descendants of Naphtali are organized by their clans, showing the structure of their community.
4 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Cambridge, Whedon & more — read them › clause The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

2 of 9 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Numbers 26:48

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Clans of Naphtaligenerated

47These were the clans of Asher, and their registration numbered 53,400.
48These were the descendants of Naphtali by their clans: The Jahzeelite clan from Jahzeel, the Gunite clan from Guni,
49the Jezerite clan from Jezer, and the Shillemite clan from Shillem.
50These were the clans of Naphtali, and their registration numbered 45,400.

Numbers 26:48 identifies the descendants of Naphtali, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, by their clans. This verse is part of a larger census that organizes the people of Israel as they prepare to enter the Promised Land, emphasizing their lineage and tribal structure. The mention of specific clans highlights the importance of family and heritage within the Israelite community.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 46:24The sons of Naphtali: Jahzeel, Guni, Jezer, and Shillem.
21 Chronicles 7:13The sons of Naphtali: Jahziel, Guni, Jezer, and Shallum —the descendants of Bilhah.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

the sons of NaphtaliGenesis 46:24 1 Chronicles 7:13

The Key Word נַפְתָּלִי, naf.ta.Ligenerated

The word בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'descendant' and covers a range of meanings, including grandson or even figurative uses like qualities or characteristics. It indicates family relationships and inheritance, showing how lineage is significant in the biblical narrative.

In this verse, it specifically refers to the descendants of Naphtali, indicating a connection to the tribe and its heritage. The parsing as a masculine plural construct emphasizes the collective nature of these descendants.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main clause is governed by the subject בְּנֵי (the descendants), which leads into a series of prepositional phrases detailing the clans and their origins. The structure emphasizes the lineage and organization of the tribe of Naphtali.

The Hebrew word order places importance on the clans, with the finite verb structure indicating a straightforward listing of the clans and their respective founders.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates בֵּן as υἱοὶ (sons), maintaining the familial connection. This choice reflects the same emphasis on lineage found in the Hebrew text.

The Greek translation also uses δῆμος for מִשְׁפַּחַת, suggesting a broader interpretation of the term as a community or group, which may indicate a different understanding of tribal identity.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Numbers 26:48 lists the descendants of Naphtali by their clans, naming the Jahzeelite clan from Jahzeel and the Gunite clan from Guni. This shows how the tribes of Israel were organized and emphasizes the importance of family and heritage.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

Who was Naphtali?

Naphtali was a son of Jacob and the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel, born to Bilhah, Rachel's servant.

What does the name Jahzeel mean?

The name Jahzeel means 'God will divide' and refers to a descendant of Naphtali.

Why is the organization of clans important?

The organization of clans reflects the structure and identity of the Israelite community, emphasizing family ties and heritage.

What is the significance of the census?

The census was significant for organizing the tribes of Israel as they prepared to enter the Promised Land, ensuring that each tribe was accounted for.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How does understanding my own family lineage help me appreciate my identity?
  2. In what ways can I honor my heritage and the traditions of my family?
  3. Why do you think the organization of clans was emphasized in the Israelite community?
  4. How can I apply the lessons of family and community from this verse to my own life?

Commentators on this verse — 4 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Numbers 26:48 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Ver. 48-50. Of the sons of Naphtali, after their families,.... This tribe, which is the last of them, was numbered next to Asher, because it was with that under the standard of Dan; it had four

Read John Gill on Numbers 26 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites: Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel - or Jahziel (1

Read Robert Jamieson on Numbers 26 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

5–51. The twelve secular tribes are numbered, the sacred tribe of Levi being omitted. The names are based upon Genesis 46:8-27, but with the addition of Ephraim and Manasseh, who, having been born in Egypt, could not be reckoned in Gen. among those who went down into Egypt. The total number at the first census, thirty-eight years before (ch. 1) was 603,550; now it Isaiah 601,730. The order of the tribes is the same, except that Manasseh (Numbers 26:29-34) precedes Ephraim (Numbers 26:35-37). Reuben, Simeon, Gad, Ephraim and Naphtali have decreased in numbers, while the other seven have increased. The impossibility of the figures is shewn in note on Numbers 1:46.

Read Cambridge on Numbers 26 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

48-50. The sons of Naphtali — This record corresponds with Genesis and 1 Chronicles.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Numbers 26 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

These were the descendants of Naphtali by their clans: The Jahzeelite clan from Jahzeel, the Gunite clan from Guni,

WEBWorld English Bible2000

The sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites; of Guni, the family of the Gunites;

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

These were the descendants of Naphtali by their clans: The Jahzeelite clan from Jahzeel, the Gunite clan from Guni,

NETBNew English Translation2006

The Naphtalites by their families: from Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites; from Guni, the family of the Gunites;

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

¶ Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites:

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

The sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites; of Guni, the family of the Gunites;

RVARevised Version, American1894

The sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites:

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites:

GNVGeneva Bible1599

The sonnes of Naphtali, after their families were: of Iahzeel, the families of the Iahzeelites: of Guni, the familie of the Gunites.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

The sons of Naphtali, after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites; of Guni, the family of the Gunites;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Sons of Naphtali by their families: of Jahzeel [is] the family of the Jahzeelite; of Guni the family of the Gunite;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Sons of Naphtali by their families: of Jahzeel [is] the family of the Jahzeelite; of Guni the family of the Gunite;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

The sons of Naphtali after their families: of Yachzeel, the family of the Yachzeelites; of Guni, the family of the Gunites;

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

The clans of Naphtali's descendants were these: Through Jahzeel, the clan of the Jahzeelites, through Guni, the clan of the Gunites,

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

The sons of Nephtali by their kindreds: Jesiel, of whom is the family of the Jesielites: Guni, of whom is the family of the Gunites:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

These were the descendants of Naphtali by family: Jahzeel, ancestor of the Jahzeelite family; Guni, ancestor of the Gunite family;

BBEBible in Basic English1949

The sons of Naphtali by their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites:

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · subjectבְּנֵ֤יthe.descendantsנַפְתָּלִי֙of.Naphtaliprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְtonoun phraseמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔clansםtheirclauseprepositional phrase · predicateלְofיַ֨חְצְאֵ֔לJahzeelnoun phrase · subjectמִשְׁפַּ֖חַתthe.clannoun phraseהַofיַּחְצְאֵלִ֑יthe.Jahzeelite[s]clauseprepositional phrase · predicateלְofגוּנִ֕יGuninoun phrase · subjectמִשְׁפַּ֖חַתthe.clannoun phraseהַofגּוּנִֽיthe.Gunite[s]

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is consistent with the Septuagint in most respects, with both providing a clear lineage of the descendants of Naphtali. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly by using משׁפחותם (clan) instead of the Masoretic מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם, but the overall meaning remains intact.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

בְּנֵ֤י נַפְתָּלִי֙ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם לְיַ֨חְצְאֵ֔ל מִשְׁפַּ֖חַת הַיַּחְצְאֵלִ֑י לְגוּנִ֕י מִשְׁפַּ֖חַת הַגּוּנִֽי׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
בְּנֵ֤יυἱοὶנַפְתָּלִי֙νεφθαλιלְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔םαὐτῶνלְיַ֨חְצְאֵ֔לασιηλמִשְׁפַּ֖חַתδῆμοςהַיַּחְצְאֵלִ֑יασιηλιלְגוּנִ֕יγαυνιמִשְׁפַּ֖חַתδῆμοςהַגּוּנִֽי׃γαυνι

9 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

בני נפתלי למשׁפחותם ליחצאל משׁפחת היחצאלי לגוני משׁפחת הגוני

1 word differs from the Masoretic Text: משׁפחותם (clan)

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Numbers 26:48בֵּן[the] desce[the] descendanבֵּןנַפְתָּלִיNaphtaliNaphtaliנַפְתָּלִימִשְׁפָּחָהto clans thto clans theirמִשְׁפָּחָהיַחְצְאֵלof Jahzeelof Jahzeelיַחְצְאֵלמִשְׁפָּחָה[the] clan [the] clan ofמִשְׁפָּחָהיַחְצְאֵלִיthe Jahzeelthe Jahzeelite[יַחְצְאֵלִיגּוּנִיof Guniof Guniגּוּנִימִשְׁפָּחָה[the] clan [the] clan ofמִשְׁפָּחָהגּוּנִיthe Gunite[the Gunite[s]גּוּנִישָׁפָהbe barebe bareשָׁפָהיַחְצְאֵלJahzeelJahzeelיַחְצְאֵלבָּנָהto buildto buildבָּנָהפָּתַלto twistto twistפָּתַלחָצָהto divideto divideחָצָהגָּנַןto defendto defendגָּנַןגּוּנִיGuniGuniגּוּנִיתּוֹלֵדוֹתgenerationgenerationתּוֹלֵדוֹתעַמּוֹןAmmonAmmonעַמּוֹןרְאוּבֵןReubenReubenרְאוּבֵןקֶ֫דֶשׁKedeshKedeshקֶ֫דֶשׁאָשֵׁרAsherAsherאָשֵׁריֵ֫צֶרJezerJezerיֵ֫צֶר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Numbers 26:48

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
בְּנֵ֤יbe.Nei [the] descendants of H1121 Noun common · masculine plural construct
4,943× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Amplified meaning
sons, offspring
Tyndale gloss
son: child
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּן 4870 n.m. son

son, male child, born of a woman

children (male and female)

youth, young men

the young of animals

of plant shoots

fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

member of a guild, order or class

of animals son of (the) herd

ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

n. relat. of age

base

בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman

. children (male and female)

. youth, young men

. the young of animals

. of plant shoots

. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

. . member of a guild, order or class

. of animals son of (the) herd

. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

. n. relat. of age

H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1121 ben bane

from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the

widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,

including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,

etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)

(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,

(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,

bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X

came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of

first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +

kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)

people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +

spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous

one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

see HEBREW for 01129

see HEBREW for 01

see HEBREW for 0251

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּן (ben) — son: child.

: child/son

בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;

son of: Jaaziah (H3269);

brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)

§ Beno = "his son"

the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)

בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.

: descendant, people, tribe, nation

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : child/son

בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.

: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : descendant

בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.

: rebel/son(Belial)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : people/men/nation/tribe

בֵּן (ben) — son.

: [inheriting]son/heir

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.

: warrior/son(strong)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural construct
HNcmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
נַפְתָּלִי֙naf.ta.Li Naphtali H5321 Noun proper masculine
51× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Naphtali was a son of Jacob and the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. He was born to Bilhah, Rachel's servant, and is first mentioned in Genesis 30:8. Naphtali's descendants lived in the region of Galilee.
Amplified meaning
a son of Jacob and founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel
Tyndale gloss
Naphtali
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נַפְתָּלִי (Naphtali) refers to a son of Jacob and the tribe that descended from him, as well as the territory assigned to that tribe. The name is derived from a root meaning 'my wrestling.' He is first mentioned in Genesis 30:8, and is noted to be the second son of Jacob by Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נַפְתָּלִי 61 n.pr.m. et trib. Naphtali

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5321 נַפְתָּלִי Naphtali

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5321 Naphtaliy naf-taw-lee'

from 6617; my wrestling; Naphtali, a son of Jacob, with the

tribe descended from him, and its territory:--Naphtali.

see HEBREW for 06617

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נַפְתָּלִי (naph.ta.li) — Naphtali.

A man of the tribe of Naphtali living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.8;

son of: Israel (H3478) and Bilhah (H1090A);

brother of: Dan (H1835H);

half-brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Issachar (H3485), Zebulun (H2074), Dinah (H1783), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);

father of: Jahzeel (H3183), Guni (H1476), Jezer (H3337) and Shillem (H8006)

Also named: Nephthaleim (Νεφθαλείμ "Naphtali" G3508)

§ Naphtali = "wrestling"

1) the 5th son of Jacob and the 2nd by Bilhah the handmaid of Rachel

2) the tribe descended from Naphtali the son of Jacob

3) the territory assigned to the tribe of Naphtali

נַפְתָּלִי (naph.ta.li) — (Kedesh)-naphtali.

Combined with qe.desh (קֶ֫דֶשׁ "Kedesh" H6943)

§ Naphtali = "wrestling"

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

naf'-ta-li (naphtali; Nephthaleim):

I. THE PATRIARCH

1. Name

2. Circumstances of His Birth

3. Historical and Traditional Details

II. TRIBE OF NAPHTALI

1. Its Relative Position

2. Its Location in Palestine

3. Physical Features

4. Distinction of the Tribe

5. Sites and Inhabitants

6. Labors of Jesus in This District

I. The Patriarch.

1. Name:

The 5th son of Jacob, and the 2nd born to him by Rachel's handmaid, Bilhah. He was full brother of Da (Ge 30:7).

At his birth Rachel is said to have exclaimed, naphtule 'Elohim niphtalti, "wrestlings of God"--i.e. "mighty wrestlings"--"have I wrestled."

2. Circumstances of His Birth:

Her sister's fruitfulness was a sore trial to the barren Rachel. By her artifice she had obtained children, the offspring of her maid ranking as her own; and thus her reproach of childlessness was removed. The name Naphtali given to…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Naphtali

My wrestling, the fifth son of Jacob. His mother was Bilhah, Rachel’s handmaid (Gen. 30:8). When Jacob went down into Egypt, Naphtali had four sons (Gen. 46:24). Little is known of him as an individual.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(wrestling), the fifth son of Jacob; the second child name to him by Bilhah, Rachel’s slave. His birth and the bestowal of his name are recorded in (Genesis 30:8) When the census was taken at Mount Sinai the tribe of Naphtali numbered no less than 53,400 fighting men, (Numbers 1:43; 2:50) but when the borders of the promised land were reached, its numbers were reduced to, 45,400. (Numbers 26:48-50) During the march through the wilderness Naphtali occupied a position on the north of the sacred tent with Dan and Asher. (Numbers 2:25-31) In the apportionment of the land, the lot of Naphtali was enclosed on three sides by those of other tribes. On the west lay Asher, on the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The sixth son of Jacob, by Bilhah, Rachel’s handmaid, Ge 30:8. We know but few particulars of the lie of Naphtali. His sons were four, Ge 46:24. The patriarch Jacob, when he gave his blessing, said, as it is in the English Bible, "Naphtali is a hind let loose; he giveth goodly words," Ge 49:21. For an illustration of this passage, see HIND.

The tribe of Naphtali, called Nephtalim in Mt 4:15, were located in a rich and fertile portion of northern Palestine; having Asher on the west, the upper Jordan and part of the sea of Tiberias on the east; and running north into the Lebanon range, some lower offshoots of which prolonged to the south formed the "mountains of Naphtali,"…

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔םle.mish.pe.cho.Tam to clans their H4940 Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
303× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a family or clan, and can also mean a tribe or nation, such as the people of Israel, emphasizing the importance of family ties.
Amplified meaning
families, tribes
Tyndale gloss
family
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mishpachah) refers to a clan or family, encompassing a circle of relatives and extending to tribes or peoples. It can also denote a class of persons, species of animals, or kinds of things. The entries highlight its various uses, including guilds and aristocrats, but do not present any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁפָּחָה 303 n.f. clan

clan

= guild

= species, kind

pl. = aristocrats

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4940 מִשְׁפָּחָה clan . clan

. = guild

. = species, kind

. pl. = aristocrats

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4940 mishpachah mish-paw-khaw'

from 8192 (compare 8198); a family, i.e. circle of relatives;

figuratively, a class (of persons), a species (of animals) or

sort (of things); by extens. a tribe or people:--family,

kind(-red).

see HEBREW for 08192

see HEBREW for 08198

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mish.pa.chah) — family.

1) clan, family

1a) clan

1a1) family

1a2) tribe

1a3) people, nation

1b) guild

1c) species, kind

1d) aristocrats

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fp | Suff — Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
HR/Ncfpc/Sp3mp
[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
לְיַ֨חְצְאֵ֔לle.Yach.tze.'El of Jahzeel H3183 Preposition · noun proper masculine
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Jahzeel was an Israelite from the tribe of Naphtali, mentioned in Genesis 46:24 as a son of Naphtali. His name means 'God divides' and he was the founder of the Jahzeelites. He had brothers named Guni, Jezer, and Shillem.
Amplified meaning
meaning 'God will divide'
Tyndale gloss
Jahzeel
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יַחְצְאֵל (Yachts'el) means 'God divideth' or 'apportioneth' and refers to a man from the tribe of Naphtali, specifically the son of Naphtali and brother of Guni, Jezer, and Shillem. He is first mentioned in Genesis 46:24 and is also known as Jahziel in 1 Chronicles 7:13. The name is derived from roots meaning to allot or divide.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יַחְצְאֵל, יַחְצִיאֵל n.pr.m. (God divideth, apportioneth)—son of Naphtali

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3183 יַחְצְאֵל, יַחְצִיאֵל (God divideth, apportioneth)—son of Naphtali

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3183 Yachts'el yakh-tseh-ale'

from 2673 and 410; God will allot; Jachtseel, an

Israelite:--Jahzeel. Compare 3185.

see HEBREW for 02673

see HEBREW for 0410

see HEBREW for 03185

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יַחְצְאֵל (yach.tse.el) — Jahzeel.

A man of the tribe of Naphtali living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.24;

son of: Naphtali (H5321);

brother of: Guni (H1476), Jezer (H3337) and Shillem (H8006); also called Jahziel at 1Ch.7.13;

§ Jahzeel = "God divides"

the 1st of the 4 sons of Naphtali and founder of the family of Jahzeelites

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun proper masculine
HR/Npm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Jahzeel

Allotted by God, the first of the sons of Naphtali (Gen. 46:24).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(whom God allots), the first of the four sons of Naphtali, (Genesis 46:24) founder of the family of the Jahzeelites. (Numbers 26:48) (B.C. 1306.)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

God hasteth, or divideth

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Also called JAHZIEL

→ A son of Naphtali Ge 46:24; Nu 26:48; 1Ch 7:13

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
מִשְׁפַּ֖חַתmish.Pa.chat [the] clan of H4940 Noun common · feminine singular construct
303× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a family or clan, and can also mean a tribe or nation, such as the people of Israel, emphasizing the importance of family ties.
Tyndale gloss
family
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mishpachah) refers to a clan or family, encompassing a circle of relatives and extending to tribes or peoples. It can also denote a class of persons, species of animals, or kinds of things. The entries highlight its various uses, including guilds and aristocrats, but do not present any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁפָּחָה 303 n.f. clan

clan

= guild

= species, kind

pl. = aristocrats

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4940 מִשְׁפָּחָה clan . clan

. = guild

. = species, kind

. pl. = aristocrats

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4940 mishpachah mish-paw-khaw'

from 8192 (compare 8198); a family, i.e. circle of relatives;

figuratively, a class (of persons), a species (of animals) or

sort (of things); by extens. a tribe or people:--family,

kind(-red).

see HEBREW for 08192

see HEBREW for 08198

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mish.pa.chah) — family.

1) clan, family

1a) clan

1a1) family

1a2) tribe

1a3) people, nation

1b) guild

1c) species, kind

1d) aristocrats

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
הַיַּחְצְאֵלִ֑יhai.yach.tze.'e.Li the Jahzeelite[s] H3184 Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A Jahzeelite was a descendant of Jahzeel, a man from the tribe of Naphtali. The Jahzeelites were a group of people who descended from Jahzeel, whose name means 'God divides'. They were part of the family of Naphtali.
Amplified meaning
of Jahzeel, from the lineage of Jahzeel
Tyndale gloss
Jahzeelite
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יַחְצְאֵלִי (yachts'eliy) refers to a Jahzeelite, a descendant of Jahzeel, who was the son of Naphtali. This term is used collectively to denote the group of Jahzeelites, first mentioned in Genesis 46:24. The word is derived from יַחְצְאֵל (yach.tse.el), meaning 'God divides,' and is associated with the tribe of Naphtali.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יַחְצְאֵלִי adj.gent. of foregoing [h.ex.af]; only c. art. as n.pr.coll., Nu 26:48.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3184 יַחְצְאֵלִי

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3184 Yachts'eliy yakh-tseh-ay-lee'

patronymically from 3183; a Jachtseelite (collectively) or

descendants of Jachtseel:--Jahzeelites.

see HEBREW for 03183

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יַחְצְאֵלִי (yach.tse.e.li) — Jahzeelite.

Someone descended from Jahzeel who was a man of the tribe of Naphtali living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.24;

son of: Naphtali (H5321);

brother of: Guni (H1476), Jezer (H3337) and Shillem (H8006); also called Jahziel at 1Ch.7.13;

Group of yach.tse.el (יַחְצְאֵל "Jahzeel" H3183)

§ Jahzeelites , of Jahzeel "God divides"

the descendants of Jahzeel, the 1st son of Naphtali

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | Ngmsa — Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ngmsa
[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
לְגוּנִ֕יle.gu.Ni of Guni H1476 Preposition · noun proper masculine
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Guni was the name of two Israelites, one from the tribe of Gad and another from Naphtali, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 5:15 and Genesis 46:24. They lived during the time of the Divided Monarchy.
Amplified meaning
an Israelite from the tribe of Naphtali
Tyndale gloss
Guni
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גּוּנִי (guwniy) refers to a name associated with two individuals: one from the tribe of Naphtali, mentioned in Genesis 46:24, and another from the tribe of Gad, noted in 1 Chronicles 5:15. The name may mean 'my defender.' The entries indicate that Guni is a significant figure in the genealogies of both tribes.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גּוּנִי n.pr.m.

a Naphtalite

a Gadite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1476 גּוּנִי . a Naphtalite

. a Gadite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1476 Guwniy goo-nee'

probably from 1598; protected; Guni, the name of two

Israelites:--Guni.

see HEBREW for 01598

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גּוּנִי (gu.ni) — Guni.

A man of the tribe of Naphtali living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.24;

son of: Naphtali (H5321);

brother of: Jahzeel (H3183), Jezer (H3337) and Shillem (H8006)

Also named: gu.ni (גּוּנִי "Gunite" H1477)

§ Guni = "my defender (?)"

1) a son of Naphtali and founder of the family of Gunites

2) a descendant of Gad

גּוּנִי (gu.ni) — Guni.

A man of the tribe of Gad living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.5.15;

father of: Abdiel (H5661)

§ Guni = "my defender (?)"

1) a son of Naphtali and founder of the family of Gunites

2) a descendant of Gad

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun proper masculine
HR/Npm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Smith's Bible Dictionary

(painted). A son of Naphtali, (Genesis 46:24; 1 Chronicles 7:13) the founder of the family of the Gunites. (Numbers 26:48) A descendant of Gad. (1 Chronicles 5:15)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

a garden; a covering

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Son of Naphtali Ge 46:24; Nu 26:48; 1Ch 7:13

2. Father of Abdiel 1Ch 5:15

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
מִשְׁפַּ֖חַתmish.Pa.chat [the] clan of H4940 Noun common · feminine singular construct
303× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a family or clan, and can also mean a tribe or nation, such as the people of Israel, emphasizing the importance of family ties.
Tyndale gloss
family
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mishpachah) refers to a clan or family, encompassing a circle of relatives and extending to tribes or peoples. It can also denote a class of persons, species of animals, or kinds of things. The entries highlight its various uses, including guilds and aristocrats, but do not present any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁפָּחָה 303 n.f. clan

clan

= guild

= species, kind

pl. = aristocrats

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4940 מִשְׁפָּחָה clan . clan

. = guild

. = species, kind

. pl. = aristocrats

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4940 mishpachah mish-paw-khaw'

from 8192 (compare 8198); a family, i.e. circle of relatives;

figuratively, a class (of persons), a species (of animals) or

sort (of things); by extens. a tribe or people:--family,

kind(-red).

see HEBREW for 08192

see HEBREW for 08198

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mish.pa.chah) — family.

1) clan, family

1a) clan

1a1) family

1a2) tribe

1a3) people, nation

1b) guild

1c) species, kind

1d) aristocrats

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

[the] descendants of Naphtali to clans their of Jahzeel [the] clan of the Jahzeelite[s] of Guni [the] clan of the Gunite[s]
הַגּוּנִֽי׃ha.gu.Ni the Gunite[s] H1477 Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Gunites were the descendants of Guni, a son of Naphtali, mentioned in Genesis 46:24 as part of the family that went to Egypt with Jacob.
Amplified meaning
of Guni, from the lineage of Guni
Tyndale gloss
Gunite
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גּוּנִי (guwniy) refers to a Gunite, a descendant of Guni, who was part of the tribe of Naphtali. The term is used in a collective sense to denote the family or descendants of Guni, first mentioned in Genesis 46:24. The lexicons note that 'Gunites' may mean 'my defender,' but this interpretation is uncertain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גּוּנִי adj.gent. of foregoing [c.bc.ab] 1; c. art. as n.coll.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1477 גּוּנִי

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1477 Guwniy goo-nee'

patronymically from 1476; a Gunite (collectively with article

prefix) or descendants of Guni:--Gunites.

see HEBREW for 01476

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גּוּנִי (gu.ni) — Gunite.

Someone descended from Guni who was a man of the tribe of Naphtali living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.24;

son of: Naphtali (H5321);

brother of: Jahzeel (H3183), Jezer (H3337) and Shillem (H8006)

Group of gu.ni (גּוּנִי "Guni" H1476)

§ Gunites = "my defender (?)"

a member of the family of Guni, son of Naphtali

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | Ngmsa — Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ngmsa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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