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Proverbs 17:11 — Word Study

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WLCאַךְ־ מְרִ֥י יְבַקֶּשׁ־ רָ֑ע וּמַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י יְשֻׁלַּח־ בּֽוֹ׃

BSAAn evil [man]raʻ [uncontrolled, wicked] seeksbâqash [searches for, looks to] onlyʼak [exclusively, constantly] rebellionmᵉrîy [bitterness, resistance to authority] a cruelʼakzârîy [harsh, unkind] messengermălʼâk [an ambassador, an envoy] will be sent against himshâlach [dispatched, commissioned]

Word
Listen & take awayProverbs 17
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 11 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (bo) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Proverbs 17:11quick helps
In a sentenceAn evil man seeks rebellion, and a cruel messenger will be sent against him.
Who is speakingThe author of Proverbs, reflecting on the nature of wickedness.
Where we areThis verse is part of a series of proverbs contrasting wisdom and folly.
The hard wordמְרִי
Take awayEvil seeks conflict, and it brings harsh consequences.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectרַע verbבָּקַשׁ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Proverbs 17:11

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Nature of Wickednessgenerated

10A rebuke cuts into a man of discernment deeper than a hundred lashes cut into a fool.
11An evil man seeks only rebellion; a cruel messenger will be sent against him.
12It is better to meet a bear robbed of her cubs than a fool in his folly.
13If anyone returns evil for good, evil will never leave his house.

Proverbs 17:11 addresses the mindset of an evil person who is fixated on rebellion. This verse is situated within a broader discourse on the consequences of folly and the nature of wickedness, as seen in the surrounding verses that emphasize the dangers of conflict and the harsh realities faced by the wicked.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
12 Samuel 15:12While Absalom was offering the sacrifices, he sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David’s counselor, to come from his hometown of Giloh. So the conspiracy gained strength, and Absalom’s following kept increasing.
22 Samuel 16:5–9As King David approached Bahurim, a man from the family of the house of Saul was just coming out. His name was Shimei son of Gera, and as he approached, he kept yelling out curses.
32 Samuel 18:15–19And ten young men who carried Joab’s armor surrounded Absalom, struck him, and killed him.
42 Samuel 20:1–22Now a worthless man named Sheba son of Bichri, a Benjamite, happened to be there, and he blew the ram’s horn and shouted: “We have no share in David, no inheritance in Jesse’s son. Every man to his tent, O Israel!”
51 Kings 2:24–25And now, as surely as the LORD lives—the One who established me, who set me on the throne of my father David, and who founded for me a dynasty as He promised—surely Adonijah shall be put to death today!”

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.2 Samuel 15:12 2 Samuel 16:5–9 2 Samuel 18:15–19 2 Samuel 20:1–22 1 Kings 2:24–25 Matthew 21:41 Matthew 22:7 Luke 19:27

The Key Word מְרִי, me.Rigenerated

The noun מְרִי (me.Ri) means 'rebellion' and is tied to bitterness and resistance to authority. It conveys a sense of opposition and defiance, often reflecting an attitude that is hostile towards established norms or leadership.

In this verse, it highlights the evil man's exclusive pursuit of rebellion, suggesting that his character is defined by a perpetual state of opposition and unrest.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses rebellion for מְרִי.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb יְבַקֶּשׁ (he seeks) governs the sentence, with two noun phrases linked to it: the subject רָ֑ע (an evil) and the object מְרִי (rebellion). The structure emphasizes the action of seeking as central to the evil man's nature.

The sentence flows logically, presenting the evil man's pursuit of rebellion followed by the consequence of a cruel messenger being sent, which underscores the inevitable outcome of his actions.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates מְרִי as ἀντιλογίας (antilogias), indicating a focus on opposition or contradiction. This choice reflects a broader interpretation of rebellion as not just resistance but also as a challenge to authority.

This translation choice suggests a nuanced understanding of the nature of rebellion, emphasizing its confrontational aspect.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Proverbs 17:11 tells us that an evil man is focused only on rebellion, and as a result, a cruel messenger will be sent against him. This verse warns of the consequences of wickedness and the nature of those who oppose authority.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that an evil man seeks rebellion?

It suggests that the evil man is not just against authority but actively looks for ways to oppose and resist it, indicating a rebellious nature.

Who is the cruel messenger mentioned in this verse?

The cruel messenger can be understood as a representative of judgment or consequence sent to confront the evil man for his actions.

How does this verse relate to the surrounding context?

This verse fits within a larger discussion on the consequences of folly and the nature of wickedness, highlighting the dangers of rebellion.

What can we learn from this verse about the nature of evil?

It teaches that evil is characterized by a constant seeking of conflict and rebellion, which ultimately leads to negative consequences.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways have I seen rebellion manifest in my own life or in those around me?
  2. How can I guard against the mindset of seeking conflict or opposition?
  3. What are some examples of how rebellion can lead to negative consequences?
  4. How can I encourage others to pursue peace rather than rebellion?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Bede comments on this verse, noting that the wicked always seeks conflict and that a cruel angel is sent by the Lord against sinners to afflict them.

BedeCommentary on Proverbs c. 673–735
The wicked always seeks conflict, etc. A cruel angel is an unclean spirit who is sent by the Lord against sinners to afflict them in the present;
Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 17 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Proverbs 17:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

An evil [man] seeketh only rebellion,.... For he seeks nothing but what is evil; and all sin is rebellion against God, a contempt of his laws, and a transgression of them; a trampling upon his

Read John Gill on Proverbs 17 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him. An evil (man) seeketh only rebellion - so the Septuagint and Arabic.

Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 17 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

An evil man seeketh only rebellion; it is the constant study and business of wicked men to rebel, either, 1. Against men in authority. But this is not universally true, for many most wicked persons are not guilty of that sin. Or rather, 2. Against God. For, 1. Thus it is true of all wicked men. 2. This word is used of rebellion against God, ,6 3:9, &c. 3. This word being put alone, without any addition of the object, seems most probably to be meant of the highest and worst kind of rebellion, according to the common rule of interpretation in such cases. A cruel messenger; or, a cruel angel; the angel of death, the devil, or some bloody men employed by God to avenge his quarrel; or some…

Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 17 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Proverbs 17:11 An evil [man] seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.Ver. 11. An evil man seeketh only rebellion.] Viz., How to gainstand and mischief those that by words or stripes seek to reclaim him. Some read it thus, ‘ The rebellious seeketh mischief only’ ; he is set upon sin, he shall be sure of punishment. No warnings will serve obdurate hearts. Wicked men are even ambitious of destruction. Judgments need not go to find them out; they run to meet their bane - they seek it, and as it were send for it. But this they need not do, "for a cruel messenger shall be sent against him." God hath forces enough at hand to fetch in his rebels - viz., good…

Read John Trapp on Proverbs 17 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(11) An evil man seeketh only rebellion.—Or. A rebellious man (literally, rebellion; comp. Ezekiel 2:7) seeketh only evil.A cruel messenger.—Such as the “chief of the executioners” (margin of Gen 37:36), who was always ready to carry out the bidding of an Oriental king. (Comp. 1 Kings 2:34; 1 Kings 2:46.) The ministers of the Divine wrath against impenitent sinners appear as “tormentors” in Matthew 18:34. (For the office of the angels in the same work, comp. Revelation 8:6, sqq.)

Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 17 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

11. rebellion] This, in its highest reference, is an anticipation of the divine philosophy of St John, “sin is lawlessness” (ἡἁμαρτίαἐστὶνἡἀνομία). “Sin is lawlessness. Sin and lawlessness are convertible terms. Sin is not an arbitrary conception; it is the assertion of the selfish will against a paramount authority. He who sins breaks, not only by accident or in an isolated detail, but essentially, the law which he was created to fulfil,” Westcott on 1 John 3:4. a cruel messenger] The stern, implacable minister of the rebel’s doom. Comp., for illustration, 1 Kings 2:25; 1 Kings 2:34. The LXX. refer the sending of the merciless messenger, whether human or angelic, to Jehovah, against whom…

Read Cambridge on Proverbs 17 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The proverb expresses the reverence of the East for the supreme authority of the king. The “cruel messenger” is probably the king’s officer despatched to subdue and punish.

Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 17 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

11. An evil man — An evil citizen. Seeketh… rebellion — Endeavours to promote disorders in society and insubordination to law. A cruel messenger, etc. — Such men may expect, sooner or later, the vengeance of the government.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Proverbs 17 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

An evil man seeks only rebellion; a cruel messenger will be sent against him.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

An evil man seeks only rebellion; therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

An evil man seeks only rebellion; a cruel messenger will be sent against him.

NETBNew English Translation2006

An evil person seeks only rebellion, and so a cruel messenger will be sent against him.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

An evil man seeketh only rebellion; Therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

RVARevised Version, American1894

An evil man seeketh only rebellion; therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

A sedicious person seeketh onely euill, and a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

An evil [man] seeketh only rebellion; but a cruel messenger shall be sent against him.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

An evil man seeketh only rebellion, And a fierce messenger is sent against him.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

An evil man seeks only rebellion, || And a fierce messenger is sent against him.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Only rebellion doth a bad man seek: therefore a cruel messenger will be sent out against him.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

An evil person only seeks rebellion, so a cruel messenger will be sent against him.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

An evil man always seeketh quarrels: but a cruel angel shall be sent against him.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Evil people are only looking to rebel, so a cruel messenger will be sent to attack them.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

An uncontrolled man is only looking for trouble, so a cruel servant will be sent against him.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · objectאַךְonlyמְרִ֥יrebellionverbיְבַקֶּשׁhe.seekssubjectרָ֑עan.evil.[person]וּandclausenoun phrase · subjectמַלְאָ֥ךְa.messengerאַ֝כְזָרִ֗יcruelverbיְשֻׁלַּחhe.will.be.sentprepositional phrase · prepositionalבּֽinוֹhim

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree on the wording of this verse, with 7 of the 8 words matched. The Septuagint's translation reflects a similar meaning but may present a different emphasis in its structure.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

אַךְ־ מְרִ֥י יְבַקֶּשׁ־ רָ֑ע וּמַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י יְשֻׁלַּח־ בּֽוֹ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
מְרִ֥יἀντιλογίαςיְבַקֶּשׁ־ἐγείρειרָ֑עκακόςוּמַלְאָ֥ךְἄγγελονאַ֝כְזָרִ֗יἀνελεήμοναיְשֻׁלַּח־ἐκπέμψειבּֽוֹ׃αὐτῷ

7 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Proverbs 17:11אַךְonlyonlyאַךְמְרִיrebellionrebellionמְרִיבָּקַשׁhe seekshe seeksבָּקַשׁרַעan evil [pean evil [personרַעמַלְאָךְand a messeand a messengerמַלְאָךְאַכְזָרִיcruelcruelאַכְזָרִישָׁלַחhe will be he will be sentשָׁלַחוֹin himin himוֹמָרָהto rebelto rebelמָרָהרָעַעbe evilbe evilרָעַעאַכְזָרcruelcruelאַכְזָראָכֵןsurelysurelyאָכֵןמַחְסוֹרneedneedמַחְסוֹרהֶ֫בֶלvanityvanityהֶ֫בֶלחָדַלto ceaseto ceaseחָדַלנֶ֫פֶשׁsoulsoulנֶ֫פֶשׁדָּרַשׁto seekto seekדָּרַשׁמַעֲלָלdeeddeedמַעֲלָלנחםto be sorrto be sorry: coנחםמָנוֹחַManoahManoahמָנוֹחַשָׁלַחto send: dto send: departשָׁלַחכִּידוֹןjavelinjavelinכִּידוֹןרָחַםto have coto have compassרָחַםחָפְשִׁיfreefreeחָפְשִׁימַלְאָךְmessengermessengerמַלְאָךְ
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 17:11

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
אַךְ־'akh- only H389 Adverb
161× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to emphasize something, like saying 'surely' or 'certainly'. It can also be used to limit or restrict something, like saying 'only' or 'but'.
Amplified meaning
exclusively, constantly
Tyndale gloss
surely
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַךְ (ak) is an adverb meaning 'surely' or 'indeed,' often used to emphasize what follows. It can also carry a restrictive sense, translating to 'only' or 'but.' The entries indicate its use in various contexts, but do not provide specific verse references.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַךְ 159 adv. 1. surely. 2. with a restrictive force, emphasizing what follows

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H389 אַךְ 1. surely. 2. with a restrictive force, emphasizing what follows

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

389 'ak ak

akin to 403; a particle of affirmation, surely; hence (by

limitation) only:--also, in any wise, at least, but,

certainly, even, howbeit, nevertheless, notwithstanding, only,

save, surely, of a surety, truly, verily, + wherefore, yet

(but).

see HEBREW for 0403

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַךְ (akh) — surely.

1) indeed, surely (emphatic)

2) howbeit, only, but, yet (restrictive)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
DirObjM — Adverb
HD
only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
מְרִ֥יme.Ri rebellion H4805 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
23× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Rebellion or bitterness, often used to describe someone who is against authority. It can also mean being rebellious or having a bitter attitude.
Amplified meaning
bitterness, resistance to authority
Tyndale gloss
rebellion
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מְרִי (mriy) primarily means 'rebellion' or 'rebellious,' derived from a root associated with bitterness. It appears to cover both the abstract concept of rebellion and its concrete manifestations. The Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon also connects this term to Egypt, suggesting a possible cultural or historical context.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מְרִי n.m. rebellion

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4805 מְרִי rebellion

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4805 mriy mer-ee'

from 4784; bitterness, i.e. (figuratively) rebellion;

concretely, bitter, or rebellious:--bitter, (most)

rebel(-lion, -lious).

see HEBREW for 04784

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מְרִי (me.ri) — Egypt.

Meri, a name for Egypt

Another spelling of mits.ra.yim (מִצְרַ֫יִם "Egypt" H4714G)

This name means rebellion, rebellious

מְרִי (me.ri) — rebellion.

1) rebellion

1a) rebellion

1b) rebellious (in construct)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Nave's Topical Bible

→ Treasonable Pr 17:11

→ INSTANCES OF

Absalom 2Sa 15; 16; 17; 18

Sheba 2Sa 20

Revolt of the ten tribes 1Ki 12:16-20; 2Ch 10; 13:5-12

See SIN

only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
יְבַקֶּשׁ־ye.va.kesh- he seeks H1245 Verb · Piel · imperfect third person masculine singular
225× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew verb means to seek or search for something. In Psalm 105:4, it's used to encourage seeking God's face. It's also used in 1 Samuel 28:8 where Saul seeks a medium.
Amplified meaning
searches for, looks to
Tyndale gloss
to seek
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בָּקַשׁ (baqash) is a Hebrew verb meaning to seek or search out, often in the context of worship or prayer. It encompasses a range of actions including asking, desiring, and requiring. The verb can appear in different forms, such as Piel and Pual, indicating various nuances of seeking or being sought.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[בָּקַשׁ] 224 vb. seek

Pi.

seek to find

seek to secure

seek the face

desire, demand

require, exact

exact equivalent or penalty for

(late) ask, request

Pu. be sought

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1245 בָּקַשׁ seek

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1245 baqash baw-kash'

a primitive root; to search out (by any method, specifically

in worship or prayer); by implication, to strive after:--ask,

beg, beseech, desire, enquire, get, make inquisition, procure,

(make) request, require, seek (for).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בָּקַשׁ (ba.qash) — to seek.

1) to seek, require, desire, exact, request

1a) (Piel)

1a1) to seek to find

1a2) to seek to secure

1a3) to seek the face

1a4) to desire, demand

1a5) to require, exact

1a6) to ask, request

1b) (Pual) to be sought

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVpi3ms
only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
רָ֑עRa' an evil [person] H7451 Adj
662× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ra means bad or evil, referring to moral or natural harm. It describes adversity, affliction, or distress, and is often used to convey a sense of misery or injury.
Amplified meaning
uncontrolled, wicked
Tyndale gloss
bad: harmful
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רַע (ra) is a Hebrew word meaning bad or evil, encompassing a range of negative qualities such as distress, misery, and ethical wrongdoing. It can describe unpleasantness, harm, or low value, and is used in various contexts, including emotional states and moral judgments. The entries also note its comparative form, indicating worse than or worst. The word has feminine forms, such as רָעָה (ra.ah), which similarly convey concepts of evil and distress.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רַע 228 adj. bad, evil

bad, disagreeable, malignant

bad, unpleasant, giving pain, unhappiness, misery

evil, displeasing

bad of its kind

bad, , i.e. of low value

מִן comp., worse than

sad, unhappy

devise evil (hurtful) device

bad, unkind, vicious in disposition or temper

ethically bad, evil, wicked

base

רַע 126 n.m. evil, distress, misery, injury, calamity

evil, distress, adversity

evil, injury, wrong

ethical evil

base

רָעָה 310 n.f. evil, misery, distress, injury

evil, misery, distress

evil, injury, wrong

ethical evil

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7451a רַע bad, evil . bad, disagreeable, malignant

. bad, unpleasant, giving pain, unhappiness, misery

. evil, displeasing

. bad of its kind

. bad, , i.e. of low value

. + מִן comp., worse than

. sad, unhappy

. devise evil (hurtful) device

. bad, unkind, vicious in disposition or temper

. ethically bad, evil, wicked

H7451b רַע evil, distress, misery, injury, calamity . evil, distress, adversity

. evil, injury, wrong

. ethical evil

H7451c רָעָה evil, misery, distress, injury . evil, misery, distress

. evil, injury, wrong

. ethical evil

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7451 ra` rah

from 7489; bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral):--

adversity, affliction, bad, calamity, + displease(-ure),

distress, evil((- favouredness), man, thing), + exceedingly, X

great, grief(-vous), harm, heavy, hurt(-ful), ill (favoured),

+ mark, mischief(-vous), misery, naught(-ty), noisome, + not

please, sad(-ly), sore, sorrow, trouble, vex,

wicked(-ly, -ness, one), worse(-st), wretchedness, wrong.

(Incl. feminine raaah; as adjective or noun.).

see HEBREW for 07489

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רַע (ra) — bad: harmful.

: harmful

adj

1) bad, evil

1a) bad, disagreeable, malignant

1b) bad, unpleasant, evil (giving pain, unhappiness, misery)

1c) evil, displeasing

1d) bad (of its kind-land, water, etc)

1e) bad (of value)

1f) worse than, worst (comparison)

1g) sad, unhappy

1h) evil (hurtful)

1i) bad, unkind (vicious in disposition)

1j) bad, evil, wicked (ethically)

1j1) in general, of persons, of thoughts

1j2) deeds, actions

רַע (ra) — bad: evil.

1) evil, distress, misery, injury, calamity

1a) evil, distress, adversity

1b) evil, injury, wrong

1c) evil (ethical)

רָעָה (ra.ah) — distress: harm.

: harm

1) evil, misery, distress, injury

1a) evil, misery, distress

1b) evil, injury, wrong

1c) evil (ethical)

רַע (ra) — bad: evil.

: evil

adj

1) bad, evil

1a) bad, disagreeable, malignant

1b) bad, unpleasant, evil (giving pain, unhappiness, misery)

1c) evil, displeasing

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAamsa
only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
וּמַלְאָ֥ךְu.mal.'Akh and a messenger H4397 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
214× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A messenger or representative, often of God, like an angel, prophet, or priest, as seen in Isaiah 42:19 and Haggai 1:13, carrying out God's will.
Amplified meaning
an ambassador, an envoy
Tyndale gloss
messenger
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַלְאָךְ (mal'ak) means 'messenger' and can refer to an angel, particularly as a messenger of God. It is derived from a root meaning to dispatch as a deputy and encompasses roles such as ambassador, prophet, and teacher. The term is used in contexts that include divine communication.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַלְאָךְ 214 n.m. messenger

messenger

angel, as messenger of God

the theophanic angel

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4397 מַלְאָךְ messenger . messenger

. angel, as messenger of God

. the theophanic angel

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4397 mal'ak mal-awk'

from an unused root meaning to despatch as a deputy; a

messenger; specifically, of God, i.e. an angel (also a

prophet, priest or teacher):--ambassador, angel, king,

messenger.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַלְאָךְ (ma.le.akh) — messenger.

: messenger

1) messenger, representative

1a) messenger

1b) angel

1c) the theophanic angel

מַלְאָךְ (ma.le.akh) — messenger: angel.

: angel

1) messenger, representative

1a) messenger

1b) angel

1c) the theophanic angel

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

mes'-en-jer: The regular Hebrew word for "messenger" is mal'akh, the Greek aggelos. This may be a human messenger or a messenger of God, an angel. The context must decide the right translation. In Hag 1:13 the prophet is called God's messenger; Job 33:23 changes the King James Version to "angel" (margin "messenger"); and Mal 3:1 margin, suggests "angel" instead of "messenger." Mal 2:7 and Mal 3:1 (twice) have caused a great deal of comment. See MALACHI. The Greek apostolos, "apostle," is rendered "messenger" in 2Co 8:23;

Nave's Topical Bible

→ FIGURATIVE Hag 1:13; Mal 2:7; 3:1; 4:5,6; Mt 11:10; Mr 1:2; Lu 7:27

Of Satan 2Co 12:7

only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י'akh.za.Ri cruel H394 Adj
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means cruel, describing someone who is harsh or unkind. It appears in the Bible to describe cruel people. The KJV translates it as cruel.
Amplified meaning
harsh, unkind
Tyndale gloss
cruel
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אַכְזָרִי (*akzariy*) means 'cruel' and appears only in this form. It is derived from another root word, אכזר (*akzar*), which also conveys a sense of cruelty. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning without significant variation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַכְזָרִי adj. cruel, always in this form

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H394 אַכְזָרִי cruel, always in this form

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

394 'akzariy ak-zawr-ree'

from 393; terrible:--cruel (one).

see HEBREW for 0393

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַכְזָרִי (akh.za.ri) — cruel.

cruel

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAamsa
only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
יְשֻׁלַּח־ye.shu.lach- he will be sent H7971 Verb · Pual · imperfect third person masculine singular
847× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To send or depart is the meaning of this Hebrew word, which has various applications in the Bible. It can describe sending someone or something away, or letting something go.
Amplified meaning
dispatched, commissioned
Tyndale gloss
to send: depart
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁלַח (shalach) is a primitive root meaning 'to send' with a wide range of applications. It can refer to sending away, stretching out (especially a hand), or letting go. The entries indicate various forms, including sending off, casting out, and setting free. Notably, it can also imply divorce or being sent away in a marital context.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁלַח 814 vb. send

Qal

send: human subj.

send: subj. י׳ (God)

stretch out, esp. acc. hand

rarely send away: human subj.

let loose

Niph. letters were sent

Pi.

send off, away, human subj.

send away, subj. י׳

give over

cast out

send out, forth

let go, set free

shoot forth branches

let down

shoot

Phrases

Pu. be sent off (started on journey); be put away, divorced, of wife; be impelled(?)

Hiph. and I (י׳) will send

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7971 שָׁלַח send .. send: human subj.

. send: subj. י׳ (God)

. stretch out, esp. acc. hand

. rarely send away: human subj.

. let loose

. letters were sent

. . send off, away, human subj.

. . send away, subj. י׳

. give over

. cast out

. send out, forth

. let go, set free

. shoot forth branches

. let down

. shoot

. Phrases

. be sent off (started on journey); be put away, divorced, of wife; be impelled(?)

. and I (י׳) will send

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7971 shalach shaw-lakh'

a primitive root; to send away, for, or out (in a great

variety of applications):--X any wise, appoint, bring (on the

way), cast (away, out), conduct, X earnestly, forsake, give

(up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose),

push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send

(away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread,

stretch forth (out).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁלַח (sha.lach) — to send: depart.

: depart/send

1) to send, send away, let go, stretch out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to send

1a2) to stretch out, extend, direct

1a3) to send away

1a4) to let loose

1b) (Niphal) to be sent

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss, give over, cast out

1c2) to let go, set free

1c3) to shoot forth (of branches)

1c4) to let down

1c5) to shoot

1d) (Pual) to be sent off, be put away, be divorced, be impelled

1e) (Hiphil) to send

שָׁלַח (sha.lach) — to send: let go.

: let_go/free

1) to send, send away, let go, stretch out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to send

1a2) to stretch out, extend, direct

1a3) to send away

1a4) to let loose

1b) (Niphal) to be sent

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss, give over, cast out

1c2) to let go, set free

1c3) to shoot forth (of branches)

1c4) to let down

1c5) to shoot

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Pual-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Pual · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVPi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(shalach; apostello): "Sent" in the Old Testament is the translation of shalach, "to send" (of presents, messengers, etc., Ge 32:18; 44:3; Jud 6:14; 1Ki 14:6; Es 3:13; Pr 17:11; Jer 49:14; Eze 3:5; 23:40; Da 10:11; Ob 1:1); of shelach, Aramaic (Ezr 7:14; Da 5:24); of shilluchim, "sending" (

only rebellion he seeks an evil [person] and a messenger cruel he will be sent in him
בּֽוֹ׃bo in him H9033 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

וֹ (o) — him.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp3ms — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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