Psalms 103:12 — Word Study
WLCכִּרְחֹ֣ק מִ֭זְרָח מִֽמַּֽעֲרָ֑ב הִֽרְחִ֥יק מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ אֶת־ פְּשָׁעֵֽינוּ׃
BSAAs farrâchaq as the eastmizrâch [the direction of sunrise] is frommin the westmaʻărâb [the direction of the evening sun] so far has He removedrâchaq■ [the Lord, our Savior, taken away, put far off] our transgressions from uspeshaʻ [rebellions, sins, completely, utterly]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| כִּרְחֹ֣ק | as is far away | Preposition, verb qal infinitive construct common |
| מִ֭זְרָח | east | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| מִֽמַּֽעֲרָ֑ב | from west | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| הִֽרְחִ֥יק | he has removed far away | Verb, Hiphil, perfect third person masculine singular |
| מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ | from us | Preposition, suffix |
| אֶת־ | the object marker | Particle |
| פְּשָׁעֵֽינוּ׃ | transgressions our | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us. |
| KJV | As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us. |
| ASV | As far as the east is from the west, So far hath he removed our transgressions from us. |
| YLT | As the distance of east from west He hath put far from us our transgressions. |
| WEB | As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our transgressions from us. |
| BBE | As far as the east is from the west, so far has he put our sins from us. |
All translations agree on the metaphor of distance in describing God's removal of transgressions.
The structure consists of a main clause supported by a prepositional phrase that establishes the metaphor of distance.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectמִזְרָח
verbרָחַק
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 103:12
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — God's Compassion and Forgivenessgenerated
Psalm 103:12 is part of a psalm that expresses the greatness of God's love and mercy towards those who fear Him. The psalmist reflects on the vastness of God's forgiveness, illustrating it with the metaphor of the distance between east and west. This emphasizes the completeness of God's removal of our sins, highlighting His compassion as a father towards His children, as seen in the surrounding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 50:1 | The Mighty One, God the LORD, speaks and summons the earth from where the sun rises to where it sets. |
| 2 | Psalm 113:3 | From where the sun rises to where it sets, the name of the LORD is praised. |
| 3 | Isaiah 45:6 | so that all may know, from where the sun rises to where it sets, that there is none but Me; I am the LORD, and there is no other. |
| 4 | Isaiah 43:25 | I, yes I, am He who blots out your transgressions for My own sake and remembers your sins no more. |
| 5 | Jeremiah 31:34 | No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — רָחַק, kir.Chokgenerated
The word רָחַק (rachaq) means to remove or go far away. It conveys the idea of creating distance or separation, as seen in contexts like Genesis 21:16, where Hagar is sent away by Abraham. The parsing indicates it is used here in the Hiphil form, meaning 'he has caused to be distant.'
This emphasizes that God actively removes our transgressions, creating a significant separation between us and our sins. The imagery of distance suggests that our sins are not just set aside but are completely taken away, underscoring the depth of God's forgiveness.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The verse is rendered consistently across translations, with all agreeing on the metaphor of distance to describe God's removal of transgressions.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb הִֽרְחִ֥יק, he has removed far away, governs the sentence, with two prepositional phrases indicating the distance: כִּרְחֹ֣ק and מִֽמַּֽעֲרָ֑ב. The structure emphasizes the significant separation of our transgressions from us.
The Hebrew word order places the emphasis on the removal of sins, highlighting the distance created by God's forgiveness, which is central to the meaning of the verse.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates רָחַק as ἐμάκρυνεν, meaning 'he has made far.' This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but may suggest a more active role in the removal process.
The Greek term ἀνατολαὶ for 'east' and δυσμῶν for 'west' reflect the same directional imagery found in the Hebrew, maintaining the metaphor of distance in God's forgiveness.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 103:12 tells us that God has removed our transgressions from us as far as the east is from the west. This shows how completely He forgives us, emphasizing His love and compassion for those who fear Him.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that God completely forgives and separates us from our sins, illustrating the vastness of His mercy.
This verse highlights God's compassion and love, showing that He cares deeply for those who fear Him and desires to remove their guilt.
The imagery emphasizes an infinite distance, suggesting that our sins are not just overlooked but are entirely removed from us.
We can learn to forgive others as God forgives us, recognizing the importance of letting go of past wrongs and extending grace.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I experienced God's forgiveness in my own life?
- How can I better understand the depth of God's mercy as described in this verse?
- What does it mean for me to forgive others as God has forgiven me?
- How can I cultivate a deeper fear of the Lord that leads to a greater appreciation of His compassion?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers have commented on this verse, emphasizing God's mercy and the significance of His forgiveness.
"Look, how wide the east is from the west; so far has He set our sins from us" [Psalms 103:12]. They who know the Sacraments know this; nevertheless, I only say what all may hear.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 103 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 103:12 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAs far as the east is from the west,.... Which Kimchi thinks is mentioned because it contains the length of the habitable world; and therefore it is not said as far as the north is from the south;
Read John Gill on Psalms 103 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAs far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 103 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe guilt of our sins from our persons and consciences. The sense is, He hath fully pardoned them, so as never to remember them more, as he promiseth, .
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 103 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 103:12 As far as the east is from the west, [so] far hath he removed our transgressions from us.Ver. 12. As far as the east, &c.] And these we know to be so far asunder that they shall never come together. The space also and distance of these two is the greatest that can be imagined, Deuteronomy 4:32 Psalms 113:3 Isaiah 45:6. So far hath he removed our transgressions] The guilt of them, whereby a man stands charged with the fault, and is obliged to the punishment due thereunto. See Isaiah 43:25; Isaiah 38:17 Micah 7:19 Ezekiel 33:16. Peccata non redeunt. Discharges in justification are not repealed, called in again.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 103 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 12. As far as the east is from the west] As the east and the west can never meet in one point, but be for ever at the same distance from each other, so our sins and their decreed punishment are removed to an eternal distance by his mercy.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 103 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges12. For similar language to denote the completeness of the removal of sin by pardoning grace cp. Isaiah 38:17; Micah 7:19.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 103 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleAs far as the east is from the west - As far as possible; as far as we can imagine.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 103 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible12. As far as the east is from the west—The antithesis denotes the extreme boundaries of the world or universe. For the figure, see on Psalms 50:1. The phrase is proverbial for what is measurable, as in Psalms 103:11.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 103 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the eastern horizon is from the west, so he removes the guilt of our rebellious actions from us.
Tyndale line
As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the east is from the west, So far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
As farre as the East is from the West: so farre hath he remooued our sinnes from vs.
Strictly literal
As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
As the distance of east from west He hath put far from us our transgressions.
He has put our transgressions far from us—as the distance of east from west.
As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed from us our transgressions.
As far as the east is from the west, this is how far he has removed the guilt of our sins from us.
From the Latin
Over them the birds of the air shall dwell: from the midst of the rocks they shall give forth their voices.
Simplified
As far as the east is from the west is how far the Lord has taken our sins away from us.
As far as the east is from the west, so far has he put our sins from us.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text (MT) states, "כִּרְחֹ֣ק מִ֭זְרָח מִֽמַּֽעֲרָ֑ב הִֽרְחִ֥יק מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ אֶת־ פְּשָׁעֵֽינוּ׃" which translates to "As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us." The Dead Sea Scrolls (4Q84) closely align with the MT, reading "כרחק מזרח ממערב הרחיק ממ׳נו את פשעי׳נו," which confirms the same meaning. The Septuagint (LXX) matches five of the seven words in the MT, although its word order and articles differ, indicating a similar concept but with variations in expression. Overall, the MT and the Dead Sea Scrolls agree, while the Septuagint presents a related but distinct rendering.
כִּרְחֹ֣ק מִ֭זְרָח מִֽמַּֽעֲרָ֑ב הִֽרְחִ֥יק מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ אֶת־ פְּשָׁעֵֽינוּ׃
5 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
כרחק מזרח ממערב הרחיק ממ׳נו את פשעי׳נו
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 103:12
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word רָחַק (rachaq) is a primitive root meaning to be or become far or distant. It encompasses various forms, including intransitive meanings like receding and transitive meanings such as removing or sending away. The entries indicate uses in different stems, including Qal (to be distant), Piel (to send far away), and Hiphil (to cause to be distant).
רָחַק vb. be, or become, far, distant
Qal be far, distant
Pi. send far away
Hiph.
dir. caus. make, or exhibit, distance, be gone for
indir. caus. remove, put far away
base
H7368 רָחַק be, or become, far, distant
7368 rachaq raw-khak'
a primitive root; to widen (in any direction), i.e.
(intransitively) recede or (transitively) remove (literally or
figuratively, of place or relation):--(a-, be, cast, drive,
get, go, keep (self), put, remove, be too, (wander), withdraw)
far (away, off), loose, X refrain, very, (be) a good way
(off).
רָחַק (ra.chaq) — to remove.
v
1) to be or become far, be or become distant, be removed, go far away
1a) (Qal) to be far, be distant
1b) (Piel) to send far away, extend
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make or exhibit distance, be gone far
1c2) to remove, put far away
2) (Niphal) loose
v inf (as adv)
3) at a distance
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a — Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct commonHR/Vqcc
מִזְרָח (mizrach) means 'place of sunrise' or simply 'east.' It is derived from the root meaning 'to rise' and refers to the direction of the sunrise. The entries consistently highlight its use to denote the east, both as a cardinal direction and in relation to the rising sun.
מִזְרָח n.[m.] place of sunrise, east
base
H4217 מִזְרָח place of sunrise, east
4217 mizrach miz-rawkh'
from 2224; sunrise, i.e. the east:--east (side, -ward),
(sun-)rising (of the sun).
see HEBREW for 02224
מִזְרָח (miz.rach) — East (Gate).
This name means place of sunrise, east
מִזְרָח (miz.rach) — east.
1) place of sunrise, east
1a) sunrise, east (with 'sun')
1b) the east (without 'sun')
1b1) to or toward the place of sunrise
1b2) to the east, eastward
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
East
(1.) The orient (mizrah); the rising of the sun. Thus “the east country” is the country lying to the east of Syria, the Elymais (Zech. 8:7).
(2). Properly what is in front of one, or a country that is before or in front of another; the rendering of the word kedem. In pointing out the quarters, a Hebrew always looked with his face toward the east. The word kedem is used when the four quarters of the world are described (Gen. 13:14; 28:14); and mizrah when the east only is distinguished from the west (Josh. 11:3; Ps. 50:1; 103:12, etc.). In Gen. 25:6 “eastward” is literally “unto the land of kedem;” i.e., the lands…
The Hebrew term kedem properly means that which is before or in front of a person, and was applied to the east form the custom of turning in that direction when describing the points of the compass, before, behind, the right and the left representing respectively east, west, south and north. (Job 23:8,9) The term as generally used refers to the lands lying immediately eastward of Palestine, viz., Arabia, Mesopotamia and Babylonia; on the other hand mizrach is used of the far east with a less definite signification. (Isaiah 42:2,25; 43:5; 46:11)
The Hebrews, in speaking of the different quarters of the heaven, always suppose the face to be turned towards the east. Hence "before," or "forwards," means the east; "behind" is the west; the right-hand is south, and the left hand, north. Besides the ordinary meanings of the word east, Jos 4:19; Ps 103:12, the Jews often used it to designate a large region lying northeast and southeast of Palestine, including Syria and Arabia near at hand, and Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, etc., with the whole region from the Caspian sea to the Arabian gulf, Ge 29:1; Nu 23:7; Jud 6:3; 7:12; 8:10. The wise men who visited the infant…
מַעֲרָב (ma'arav) means 'west' or 'place of sunset.' It is derived from a root meaning 'shading' and refers specifically to the western region associated with the evening sun. The term appears in contexts relating to direction and location.
מַעֲרָב n.[m.] west (late) (place of sunset)
base
H4628 מַעֲרָב west (late) (place of sunset)
4628 ma`arab mah-ar-awb'
or (feminine) maearabah {mah-ar-aw-baw'}; from 6150, in the
sense of shading; the west (as a region of the evening
sun):--west.
see HEBREW for 06150
מַעֲרָב (ma.a.rav) — west.
setting place, west, westward
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
(1) Usually (yam), "sea" because the Mediterranean lies to the West of Palestine; not usually in figurative expressions; but compare Ho 11:10.
(2) Often (ma`arabh); compare Arabic (gharb), and (maghrib), "west" (maghrib-ush-shems), or simply (maghrib), "sunset."
(3) (mebho' ha-chemesh), "entrance of the sun," (mabho', bo'), "to come in." (Just as mizrach, is the rising of the sun, or east, so mabho' (or ma'arabh], is the setting of the sun, or west: "From the rising of the sun (mizrach-shemesh) unto the going down (mabho) thereof" (Ps 50:1; compare 113:3; Mal 1:11).)
(4) (dusme, from duo), "to enter," "sink," "set." The Greek usage is parallel to the Hebrew just cited: "Many shall come from the east anatole, "rising") and the…
The Hebrew word רָחַק (rachaq) is a primitive root meaning to be or become far or distant. It encompasses various forms, including intransitive meanings like receding and transitive meanings such as removing or sending away. The entries indicate uses in different stems, including Qal (to be distant), Piel (to send far away), and Hiphil (to cause to be distant).
רָחַק vb. be, or become, far, distant
Qal be far, distant
Pi. send far away
Hiph.
dir. caus. make, or exhibit, distance, be gone for
indir. caus. remove, put far away
base
H7368 רָחַק be, or become, far, distant
7368 rachaq raw-khak'
a primitive root; to widen (in any direction), i.e.
(intransitively) recede or (transitively) remove (literally or
figuratively, of place or relation):--(a-, be, cast, drive,
get, go, keep (self), put, remove, be too, (wander), withdraw)
far (away, off), loose, X refrain, very, (be) a good way
(off).
רָחַק (ra.chaq) — to remove.
v
1) to be or become far, be or become distant, be removed, go far away
1a) (Qal) to be far, be distant
1b) (Piel) to send far away, extend
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make or exhibit distance, be gone far
1c2) to remove, put far away
2) (Niphal) loose
v inf (as adv)
3) at a distance
V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person masculine singularHVhp3ms
The Hebrew word מִן־ (*min*) is a preposition meaning 'from' or 'out of,' indicating separation or origin. It covers various uses, including temporal references, comparisons, and causal relationships. Additionally, it can denote a portion when used as a noun מֵן (*men*). The entries highlight its versatility in expressing different nuances of separation and position.
מִן־, and מִ, before יְ, prep. expressing the idea of separation, hence out of, from, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not
with verbs expressing (or implying) separation or removal
from, against
מן also, without a verb of similar significance, sometimes expresses the idea of separation, away from, far from
of position, off, on the side of, on
Out of, Gk. ἐκ, Lat. ex
Partitively
Of time—
as marking the terminus a quo, the anterior limit of a continuous period from, since
as marking the period immediately succeeding the limit after
towards, to
(וְעַד) עַד … מִן from … even to
In comparisons, beyond, above
מן is prefixed to an infin.:
with causal force, from, on account of, through
after verbs implying restraint, prevention, cessation, etc.
with a temporal force, since, after
Once as a conj. before a finite verb. that
In compounds:
base
H4480a מִן־, מִ, prep. expressing the idea of separation, hence out of, from, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not . with verbs expressing (or implying) separation or removal . from, against
. מן also, without a verb of similar significance, sometimes expresses the idea of separation, away from, far from
. of position, off, on the side of, on
. Out of, Gk. ἐκ, Lat. ex
. Partitively
. Of time— . as marking the terminus a quo, the anterior limit of a continuous period from, since
. as marking the period immediately succeeding the limit after
. towards, to
. (וְעַד) עַד … מִן from … even to
. In comparisons, beyond, above
. מן is prefixed to an infin.: . with causal force, from, on account of, through
. after verbs implying restraint, prevention, cessation, etc.
. with a temporal force, since, after
. Once as a conj. before a finite verb. that
4480 min min
or minniy {min-nee'}; or minney (constructive plural)
{min-nay'}; (Isaiah 30:11); for 4482; properly, a part of;
hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses (as
follows):--above, after, among, at, because of, by (reason
of), from (among), in, X neither, X nor, (out) of, over,
since, X then, through, X whether, with.
see HEBREW for 04482
מִן־ (min) — from.
prep
1) from, out of, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not, more than
1a) from (expressing separation), off, on the side of
1b) out of
1b1) (with verbs of proceeding, removing, expelling)
1b2) (of material from which something is made)
1b3) (of source or origin)
1c) out of, some of, from (partitively)
1d) from, since, after (of time)
1e) than, more than (in comparison)
1f) from...even to, both...and, either...or
1g) than, more than, too much for (in comparisons)
1h) from, on account of, through, because (with infinitive)
conj
2) that
Aramaic equivalent: min (מִן־ "from" H4481)
מֵן (men) — portion.
n.m.
portion
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffixHR/Sp1bp
US, pronoun objective case of we.
Give us this day our daily bread.
Us , pron. [OE. us, AS. s; akin to OFries. & OS. s, D. ons, G. uns, Icel. & Sw. oss, Dan. os, Goth. uns, L. nos we, us, Gr. we, Skr. nas us. . Cf. Nostrum, Our.] The persons speaking, regarded as an object; ourselves; — the objective case of we. See We. “Tell us a tale.” Chaucer.
Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11.
Us, pron. oblique case of we
אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).
אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
base
H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite
853 'eth ayth
apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of
entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more
definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or
namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).
see HEBREW for 0226
אֵת (et) — [Obj.].
sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative
Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
HTo — ParticleHTo
פֶּ֫שַׁע (pesha`) means transgression and is derived from a root that implies revolt, whether national, moral, or religious. It encompasses various forms of wrongdoing, including offenses against individuals, nations, and God, as well as the associated guilt and punishment. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.
פֶּ֫שַׁע n.m. transgression
base
H6588 פֶּ֫שַׁע transgression
6588 pesha` peh'-shah
from 6586; a revolt (national, moral or
religious):--rebellion, sin, transgression, trespass.
see HEBREW for 06586
פֶּ֫שַׁע (pe.sah) — transgression.
1) transgression, rebellion
1a1) transgression (against individuals)
1a2) transgression (nation against nation)
1a3) transgression (against God)
1a3a) in general
1a3b) as recognised by sinner
1a3c) as God deals with it
1a3d) as God forgives
1a4) guilt of transgression
1a5) punishment for transgression
1a6) offering for transgression
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp1bp