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Psalms 103:11 — Word Study

Depth

WLCכִּ֤י כִגְבֹ֣הַּ שָׁ֭מַיִם עַל־ הָאָ֑רֶץ גָּבַ֥ר חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ עַל־ יְרֵאָֽיו׃

BSAForkîy as highgâbahh [exceedingly, to a great extent] as the heavensshâmayim [the visible universe, the sky] are aboveʻal [over, higher than] the earthʼerets [the land, the material world] so greatgâbar [abundant, vast] is His loving devotionchêçêd [kindness, mercy, loyal love] forʻal those who fear Himyârêʼ [revere, have awe of, the Almighty, the Creator]

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 103
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 11 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ye.re.'Av) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 103:11quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist compares the height of the heavens to God's immense loving devotion for those who revere Him.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, reflecting on God's mercy and love.
Where we areIn a passage celebrating God's compassion and forgiveness.
The hard wordחַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ
Take awayGod's love is vast and unwavering, extending beyond our understanding.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectשָׁמַיִם verbגָּבַר The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 103:11

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Compassion and Mercygenerated

10He has not dealt with us according to our sins or repaid us according to our iniquities.
11For as high as the heavens are above the earth, so great is His loving devotion for those who fear Him.
12As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us.
13As a father has compassion on his children, so the LORD has compassion on those who fear Him.

Psalm 103:11 illustrates the depth of God's mercy, emphasizing that His loving devotion is as high as the heavens are above the earth. This verse is part of a larger passage that celebrates God's compassion, where the psalmist reflects on how God does not treat us as our sins deserve, but instead shows kindness and mercy to those who fear Him. The context highlights God's forgiving nature and His desire to care for His creation, as seen in the surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 36:5Your loving devotion, O LORD, reaches to the heavens, Your faithfulness to the clouds.
2Psalm 57:10For Your loving devotion reaches to the heavens, and Your faithfulness to the clouds.
3Psalm 89:2For I have said, “Loving devotion is built up forever; in the heavens You establish Your faithfulness.”
4Job 22:12Is not God as high as the heavens? Look at the highest stars, how lofty they are!
5Proverbs 25:3As the heavens are high and the earth is deep, so the hearts of kings cannot be searched.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ, chas.Dogenerated

The word חֶ֫סֶד (chesed) is a noun that primarily signifies kindness, mercy, or loyal love. It emphasizes the deep, covenantal love that God has for His people, often reflecting His character and actions towards them.

In this verse, חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ specifically refers to God's loving devotion, which is described as being vast and abundant, akin to the immeasurable height of the heavens. This highlights the depth and strength of God's commitment to those who revere Him.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the verse is גָּבַ֥ר, it is strong, which governs the subject שָׁ֭מַיִם, heavens, and the prepositional phrases that describe the relationship between the heavens and the earth. The structure emphasizes the vastness of God's love in relation to the heavens above.

The sentence is constructed with a main clause followed by a comparative clause introduced by כִּגְבֹ֣הַּ, as is high, indicating the extent of God's loving devotion in relation to the heavens.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the Hebrew חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ is rendered as ἐκραταίωσεν, indicating a strong affirmation of God's mercy. This choice reflects a similar understanding of God's loving actions towards those who fear Him, emphasizing His power and commitment.

The translation of שָׁמַיִם as οὐρανοῦ aligns with the Hebrew meaning, maintaining the focus on the heavens as a symbol of God's greatness.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 103:11 compares the height of the heavens to God's great love for those who fear Him. It shows that God's kindness and mercy are vast and beyond measure, just like the heavens are high above the earth.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that God's loving devotion is as high as the heavens?

This imagery emphasizes the vastness and immeasurable nature of God's love and mercy for those who revere Him.

Who are the ones that receive God's loving devotion?

The verse specifies that it is for those who fear Him, indicating a relationship based on reverence and awe towards God.

How does this verse relate to the surrounding verses?

It is part of a passage that highlights God's compassion and forgiveness, showing that He does not treat us as our sins deserve but instead shows kindness to those who honor Him.

What is the significance of the comparison to the heavens?

The comparison illustrates the boundless nature of God's love, suggesting that just as the heavens are immeasurable, so too is His devotion to His people.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How can I cultivate a deeper reverence for God in my life?
  2. In what ways have I experienced God's loving devotion?
  3. How can I reflect God's kindness and mercy towards others?
  4. What does it mean for me to fear God, and how does that impact my relationship with Him?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

The early church father Augustine of Hippo quotes this verse to illustrate God's mercy towards those who fear Him.

Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 103 354–430
"For as the height of heaven above the earth, so has the Lord confirmed His mercy toward them that fear Him" [Psalms 103:11].
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 103 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 103:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

For as the heaven is high above the earth,.... Which is the greatest distance known, or can be conceived of; the space between the heaven and the earth is seemingly almost infinite; and nothing can

Read John Gill on Psalms 103 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 103 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

So much above their deserts and expectations, and above the mercy which one man showeth to another. Toward them that fear them; which clause he adds here, as also ,18, to prevent men’ s mistakes and abuses of God’ s mercy, and to dash the vain hopes of impenitent sinners in God’ s mercy.

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 103 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 103:11 For as the heaven is high above the earth, [so] great is his mercy toward them that fear him.Ver. 11. For as the heaven is high above the earth] How high the third heaven is cannot be conjectured. But for the middlemost heaven (wherein the sun, moon, and stars are placed), how exceeding high it is may be guessed and gathered, in that the stars (whereof those of the first magnitude are said to be every one above a hundred and seven times as big again as the whole earth) do yet seem to us but as so many sparks or spangles. See Proverbs 25:3 Ephesians 4:10. So great is his mercy] The heavens are exceeding high above the earth, but God’ s mercy to his is above the heavens, Psalms…

Read John Trapp on Psalms 103 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(11) So great is his mercy toward.—Literally, Strong is his mercy upon (or, over). (Comp. Psalms 117:2.) The comparison in the first clause, and the use of this expression in Genesis 49:26 and 2 Samuel 11:23, suggests as the right rendering here For as the heaven is higher than the earth, So far (above what was expected) for them fearing him prevails his mercy. (For the same comparison, see Isaiah 55:7-9; and comp. Isaiah 38:17; Micah 7:19.)

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 103 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 11. For as the heaven is high above the earth] Great and provoking as our crimes may have been, yet his mercies have, in their magnitude and number, surpassed these, as far as the heavens are elevated beyond the earth.

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 103 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

11–14. The greatness and tenderness of Jehovah’s forgiving love.

Read Cambridge on Psalms 103 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

For as the heaven is high above the earth - See the notes at Psalms 57:10. Compare the notes at Isaiah 55:9.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 103 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

For as high as the heavens are above the earth, so great is His loving devotion for those who fear Him.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

For as the heavens are high above the earth, so great is his loving kindness toward those who fear him.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

For as high as the heavens are above the earth, so great is His loving devotion for those who fear Him.

NETBNew English Translation2006

For as the skies are high above the earth, so his loyal love towers over his faithful followers.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

For as the heavens are high above the earth, So great is his lovingkindness toward them that fear him.

RVARevised Version, American1894

For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy towards them that fear him.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

For as high as the heauen is aboue ye earth, so great is his mercie toward them that feare him.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

For as the heavens are high above the earth, so great is his loving-kindness toward them that fear him.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

For, as the height of the heavens [is] above the earth, His kindness hath been mighty over those fearing Him.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

For as the height of the heavens [is] above the earth, || His kindness has been mighty over those fearing Him.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

For as high as heaven is above the earth, so mighty is his kindness toward those that fear him.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

For as the skies are high above the earth, so great is his covenant faithfulness toward those who honor him.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

All the beasts of the field shall drink: the wild asses shall expect in their thirst.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

For as high as the heavens are above the earth is the extent of his trustworthy love to those who honor him.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

For as the heaven is high over the earth, so great is his mercy to his worshippers.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

כִּ֤י(dm)clauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalכִasclauseverbגְבֹ֣הַּis.highsubjectשָׁ֭מַיִםheavenprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלabovenoun phraseהָtheאָ֑רֶץearthverbגָּבַ֥רit.is.strongnoun phrase · subjectחַ֝סְדּ֗loyaltyוֹhis.covenantprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלtowardsnoun phraseיְרֵאָֽי[those].fearingוhim

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text of Psalms 103:11 reads, "For as high as the heavens are above the earth, so great is His loving devotion for those who fear Him." The Septuagint closely matches the Masoretic Text in meaning, although it presents the words in a different order and includes its own articles. The Dead Sea Scrolls, specifically 2Q14 and 4Q84, contain fragments that align with the Masoretic Text, but both scrolls have some words that are either partly restored or supplied by an editor, indicating minor variations in the text. Overall, the primary message remains consistent across these ancient witnesses, affirming the greatness of God's loving devotion for those who revere Him.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

כִּ֤י כִגְבֹ֣הַּ שָׁ֭מַיִם עַל־ הָאָ֑רֶץ גָּבַ֥ר חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹ עַל־ יְרֵאָֽיו׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
כִּ֤יὅτιכִגְבֹ֣הַּκατὰשָׁ֭מַיִםοὐρανοῦעַל־ἀπὸהָאָ֑רֶץγῆςגָּבַ֥רἐκραταίωσενחַ֝סְדּ֗וֹαὐτοῦעַל־ἐπὶ

8 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 2Q14a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

כי כגבוה [שמים] [על] [הארץ] [גבר] [חסד׳ו] [על] [יראי׳ו]

1 word on the leather — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q84a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

כי כגבה [שמים] [על] [הארץ] גבר [חסד׳ו] [על] [יראי׳ו]

2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 6 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 103:11כִּיforforכִּיגָּבַהּas is highas is highגָּבַהּשָׁמַיheavenheavenשָׁמַיעַלaboveaboveעַלאֶ֫רֶץthe earththe earthאֶ֫רֶץגָּבַרit is stronit is strongגָּבַרחֶ֫סֶדcovenant locovenant loyaltחֶ֫סֶדעַלtowardstowardsעַליָרֵא[those] fea[those] fearingיָרֵאעַלheightheightעַלחָסַדbe kindbe kindחָסַדיָרֵאto fearto fearיָרֵאכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַענֶשֶׁרeagleeagleנֶשֶׁרקוֹמָהheightheightקוֹמָהעוֹףbirdbirdעוֹףכּוֹכָבstarstarכּוֹכָבכְּנַ֫עַןCanaanCanaanכְּנַ֫עַןמִצְרַ֫יִם(Sea of) E(Sea of) Egyptמִצְרַ֫יִםבְּרָכָהblessingblessingבְּרָכָהפֶּ֫שַׁעtransgresstransgressionפֶּ֫שַׁעאֱמֶתtruth: faitruth: faithfulאֱמֶתרֶ֫חֶםwombwombרֶ֫חֶםתָּםcompletecompleteתָּםיָשָׁרJasharJasharיָשָׁר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 103:11

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
כִּ֤יki for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
כִגְבֹ֣הַּkhig.Vo.ah as is high H1361 Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct common
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To exult means to feel proud or haughty, like being lofty or high, as described in Psalms where God's ways are lofty and good.
Amplified meaning
exceedingly, to a great extent
Tyndale gloss
to exult
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּבַהּ (gabahh) is a Hebrew root meaning to be high or exalted. It can refer to physical height or a figurative sense of arrogance and pride. The word appears in various forms, including Qal, indicating a state of being lofty, and Hiphil, which means to elevate or exalt. There is a distinction in connotation, as it can imply both positive exaltation and negative haughtiness.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גָּבַהּ vb. be high, exalted

Qal

be high, lofty, tall

be exalted

lofty

Hiph. make high, exalt

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1361 גָּבַהּ be high, exalted

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1361 gabahh gaw-bah'

a primitive root; to soar, i.e. be lofty; figuratively, to be

haughty:--exalt, be haughty, be (make) high(-er), lift up,

mount up, be proud, raise up great height, upward.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּבַהּ (ga.vah) — to exult.

1) to be high, be exalted

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be high, lofty, tall

1a2) to be exalted

1a3) to be lofty

1a3a) to be lofty (of Jehovah's ways-good sense)

1a3b) to be haughty, be arrogant (bad sense)

1b) (Hiphil) to make high, exalt

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a — Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct common
HR/Vqcc
for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
שָׁ֭מַיִםSha.ma.yim heaven H8064 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
421× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for heaven or sky, it refers to the visible universe and the abode of God. It is often used in the Bible to describe the dwelling place of celestial bodies.
Amplified meaning
the visible universe, the sky
Tyndale gloss
heaven
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁמַיִם (*shamayim*) is a dual noun meaning 'heavens' or 'sky.' It refers to the visible heavens where celestial bodies are found, as well as the abode of God. The dual form may suggest both the arch of the sky and the higher ether. It is noted in contexts such as Elijah's ascent in a whirlwind.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁמַי] n.m. only pl. שָׁמַיִם 421 heavens, sky

visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., are

phrases

as abode of God

Elijah taken up הַשּׁ׳ in whirlwind

הַשּׁ׳ personified in various relations

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8064 שָׁמַי only pl. שָׁמַיִם heavens, sky . . visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., are

. phrases

. . as abode of God

. Elijah taken up הַשּׁ׳ in whirlwind

. הַשּׁ׳ personified in various relations

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8064 shamayim shaw-mah'-yim

dual of an unused singular shameh {shaw-meh'}; from an unused

root meaning to be lofty; the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps

alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well

as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies

revolve):--air, X astrologer, heaven(-s).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁמַיִם (sha.ma.yim) — heaven.

1) heaven, heavens, sky

1a) visible heavens, sky

1a1) as abode of the stars

1a2) as the visible universe, the sky, atmosphere, etc

1b) Heaven (as the abode of God)

Aramaic equivalent: sha.ma.yin (שָׁמַ֫יִן "heaven" H8065)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hev'-'n.

See ASTRONOMY.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Heaven

(1.) Definitions. The phrase “heaven and earth” is used to indicate the whole universe (Gen. 1:1; Jer. 23:24; Acts 17:24). According to the Jewish notion there were three heavens,

(a) The firmament, as “fowls of the heaven” (Gen. 2:19; 7:3, 23; Ps. 8:8, etc.), “the eagles of heaven” (Lam. 4:19), etc.

(b) The starry heavens (Deut. 17:3; Jer. 8:2; Matt. 24:29).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

There are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament which we may briefly notice. Raki’a , Authorized Version, firmament. [FIRMAMENT] Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression "the heaven and the earth," or "the upper and lower regions." (Genesis 1:1) Marom , used for heaven in (Psalms 18:16; Isaiah 24:18; Jeremiah 25:30). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in (Psalms 102:19; Ezekiel 17:23) Shechakim , "expanses," with reference to the extent of heaven. (33:26; Job 35:5) St. Paul’s expression "third heaven," (

for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
עַל־'al- above H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Amplified meaning
over, higher than
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
הָאָ֑רֶץha.'A.retz the earth H776 Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
2,504× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The land or earth refers to the soil or ground, and can also mean a country, territory, or region. In the Bible, it is used to describe the earth and its inhabitants, and is often translated as 'land' or 'country'.
Amplified meaning
the land, the material world
Tyndale gloss
land: soil
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land

earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

earth, opp. to heaven, sky

earth = inhabitants of earth

land =

country, territory

district, region

trial territory

piece of ground

specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

= inhabitants of land

used even of Shᵉʼôl

ground, surface of ground

soil, as productive

אֶרֶץ in phrases

people of the land

in measurements of distance

the country of the plain, level or plain country

land of the living

end(s) of the earth

pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

. earth, opp. to heaven, sky

. earth = inhabitants of earth

. land = . country, territory

. district, region

. trial territory

. piece of ground

. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

. = inhabitants of land

. used even of Shᵉʼôl

. . ground, surface of ground

. soil, as productive

. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land

. in measurements of distance

. the country of the plain, level or plain country

. land of the living

. end(s) of the earth

. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

776 'erets eh'-rets

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth

(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,

field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.

: country/field

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

1b2) district, region

1b3) tribal territory

1b4) piece of ground

1b5) land of Canaan, Israel

1b6) inhabitants of land

1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world

1b8) city (-state)

1c) ground, surface of the earth

1c1) ground

1c2) soil

1d) (in phrases)

1d1) people of the land

1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)

1d3) level or plain country

1d4) land of the living

1d5) end(s) of the earth

1e) (almost wholly late in usage)

1e1) lands, countries

1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.

: soil

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-cs — Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
HTd/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

urth ('adhamah, 'erets, 'aphar; ge, oikoumene):

In a hilly limestone country like Palestine, the small amount of iron oxide in the rocks tends to be oxidized, and thereby to give a prevailing reddish color to the soil. This is especially the case on relatively barren hills where there is little organic matter present to prevent reddening and give a more blackish tinge.

'Adhamah (compare 'adham, "a man," and Adam) is from 'adham, "to be red," and is used in the senses: "earth" (Ex 20:24), "land" (Ps 105:35), a "land" or country (Isa 14:2), "ground" (Ge 4:11), "the earth" (Ge 7:4).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Earth

(1.) In the sense of soil or ground, the translation of the word adamah’. In Gen. 9:20 “husbandman” is literally “man of the ground or earth.” Altars were to be built of earth (Ex. 20:24). Naaman asked for two mules’ burden of earth (2 Kings 5:17), under the superstitious notion that Jehovah, like the gods of the heathen, could be acceptably worshipped only on his own soil.

(2). As the rendering of ’erets, it means the whole world (Gen. 1:2); the land as opposed to the sea (1:10). Erets also denotes a country (21:32); a plot of ground (23:15); the ground on which a man stands (33:3); the inhabitants of the earth (6:1; 11:1); all the world except Israel (

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The term is used in two widely-different senses: (1) for the material of which the earth’s surface is composed; (2) as the name of the planet on which man dwells. The Hebrew language discriminates between these two by the use of separate terms, adamah for the former, erets for the latter. Adamah is the earth in the sense of soil or ground, particularly as being susceptible of cultivation. (Genesis 2:7) Erets is applied in a more or less extended sense-- (1) to the whole world, (Genesis 1:1) (2) to land as opposed to sea, (Genesis 1:10) (3) to a country, (Genesis 21:32) (4) to a plot of ground, (Genesis 23:15) and (5) to…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In both Hebrew and Greek the same word is used to denote the earth as a whole, and a particular land. Only the context can enable us to decide in which of these senses it is to be taken in a given passage.

Thus in Mt 27:45 we might, so far as the original word is concerned, render either "there was darkness over all the land," or over all the earth. The expression "all the earth" is sometimes used hyperbolically for a large portion of it, Ezr 1:2. The word is used of the whole world, etc. In a moral sense, earthly is opposed to what is heavenly, spiritual and holy, Joh 3:31 1Co 15:47 Col 3:2

for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
גָּבַ֥רga.Var it is strong H1396 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to be strong or prevail, often implying a sense of power or might. It is used in various forms throughout the Bible, including in the books of Genesis and Isaiah, to describe God's strength and human courage.
Amplified meaning
abundant, vast
Tyndale gloss
to prevail
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּבַר (gabar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be strong or mighty, and it encompasses a range of related actions such as prevailing, strengthening, and confirming covenants. It can also imply acting insolently or proudly, particularly in relation to God. The word appears in various forms across different contexts, including Qal, Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גָּבַר vb. be strong, mighty

Qal

be strong, mighty

prevail

Pi. make strong, strengthen

Hiph. confirm a covenant

Hithp. shew himself a mighty one against; of wicked behave proudly toward

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1396 גָּבַר be strong, mighty .. be strong, mighty

. prevail

. make strong, strengthen

. confirm a covenant

. shew himself a mighty one against; of wicked behave proudly toward

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1396 gabar gaw-bar'

a primitive root; to be strong; by implication, to prevail,

act insolently:--exceed, confirm, be great, be mighty,

prevail, put to more (strength), strengthen, be stronger, be

valiant.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּבַר (ga.var) — to prevail.

1) to prevail, have strength, be strong, be powerful, be mighty, be great

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be strong, mighty

1a2) to prevail

1b) (Piel) to make strong, strengthen

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to confirm, give strength

1c2) to confirm (a covenant)

1d) (Hithpael)

1d1) to show oneself mighty

1d2) to act proudly (toward God)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
חַ֝סְדּ֗וֹchas.Do covenant loyalty his H2617 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
247× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to kindness, mercy, or pity, often used to describe God's loving actions towards humanity. It is translated as 'favour', 'kindness', or 'mercy' in the KJV. It emphasizes God's loving character.
Amplified meaning
kindness, mercy, loyal love
Tyndale gloss
kindness
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֶ֫סֶד (che.sed) primarily means kindness or goodness, often referring to the kindness of people towards one another, especially towards the needy. It can also denote God's lovingkindness and mercy. Additionally, it has a secondary meaning of shame or reproach. The entries reflect a range of uses, from human interactions to divine attributes.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫סֶד 247 n.m. goodness, kindness

of man:

kindness of men toward men, in doing favours and benefits

kindness (especially as extended to the lowly, needy and miserable), mercy

(rarely) affection of Isr. to י׳, love to God, piety

lovely appearance

of God: kindness, lovingkindness in condescending to the needs of his creatures.

base

חֶ֫סֶד n.m. shame, reproach

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2617a חֶ֫סֶד goodness, kindness . of man: . kindness of men toward men, in doing favours and benefits

. kindness (especially as extended to the lowly, needy and miserable), mercy

. (rarely) affection of Isr. to י׳, love to God, piety

. lovely appearance

. of God: kindness, lovingkindness in condescending to the needs of his creatures.

H2617b חֶ֫סֶד shame, reproach

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2617 checed kheh'-sed

from 2616; kindness; by implication (towards God) piety:

rarely (by opposition) reproof, or (subject.) beauty:--favour,

good deed(-liness, -ness), kindly, (loving-)kindness, merciful

(kindness), mercy, pity, reproach, wicked thing.

see HEBREW for 02616

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫סֶד (che.sed) — kindness.

goodness, kindness, faithfulness

חֶ֫סֶד (che.sed) — shame.

a reproach, shame

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

hiz: Used often in the King James Version with reference to a neuter or inanimate thing, or to a lower animal (Ge 1:11, "after his kind"; Le 1:16, "pluck away his crop"; Ac 12:10, "of his own accord"; 1Co 15:38, "his own body"), etc. the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "its."

for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
עַל־'al- towards H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
for as is high heaven above the earth it is strong covenant loyalty his towards [those] fearing him
יְרֵאָֽיו׃ye.re.'Av [those] fearing him H3373 Suffix
64× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes someone who is afraid or fearful, and is also used to convey a sense of reverence or respect. It's often translated as 'afraid' in the KJV. In the Bible, it's used to describe people's reactions to God or scary situations.
Amplified meaning
revere, have awe of, the Almighty, the Creator
Tyndale gloss
afraid
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָרֵא (yare') is an adjective and verb derived from the root יָרֵא (H3372), meaning 'to fear.' It encompasses meanings such as 'afraid' and 'reverent.' The entries indicate a moral aspect to fear, suggesting a sense of reverence alongside being fearful.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָרֵא adj. verb. v. supr. [j.df.aa] Pt.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3373 יָרֵא adj. verb. v. supr. [3372] Pt.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3373 yare' yaw-ray'

from 3372; fearing; morally, reverent:--afraid, fear (-ful).

see HEBREW for 03372

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָרֵא (ya.re) — afraid.

fearing, reverent, afraid

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj | Suff — Suffix
HAampc/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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