Psalms 119:158 — Word Study
WLCרָאִ֣יתִי בֹ֭גְדִים וָֽאֶתְקוֹטָ֑טָה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִ֝מְרָתְךָ֗ לֹ֣א שָׁמָֽרוּ׃
BSAI look onrâʼâh■ [gaze, behold] the faithlessbâgad [transgressors, treacherous ones] with loathingqûwṭ▸ [disgust, grief] becauseʼăsher they do notlôʼ [fail to] keepshâmar■ [obey, guard] Your wordʼimrâh [instruction, command]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| רָאִ֣יתִי | I see | Verb, Qal, perfect first person common singular |
| בֹ֭גְדִים | [those who] act treacherously | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine plural |
| וָֽאֶתְקוֹטָ֑טָה | and I felt disgust ! | Verb hithpael sequential imperfect first person common singular, suffix |
| אֲשֶׁ֥ר | that | Particle |
| אִ֝מְרָתְךָ֗ | word your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| לֹ֣א | not | Particle |
| שָׁמָֽרוּ׃ | they have kept | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | I look on the faithless with loathing because they do not keep Your word. |
| KJV | I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word. |
| ASV | I beheld the treacherous, and was grieved, Because they observe not thy word. |
| YLT | I have seen treacherous ones, And grieve myself, Because Thy saying they have not kept. |
| WEB | I look at the faithless with loathing, because they don’t observe your word. |
| BBE | I saw with hate those who were untrue to you; for they did not keep your saying. |
Where they part company is in the emotional response expressed by the psalmist — see How Translations Differ.
The structure consists of a main clause followed by a subordinate clause explaining the reason for the psalmist's feelings.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbרָאָה
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 119:158
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Meditation on God's Wordgenerated
Psalm 119:158 reveals the psalmist's deep emotional response to those who are unfaithful to God's word. He observes the faithless with loathing, emphasizing the contrast between their actions and his commitment to keeping God's commands. This verse is part of a broader reflection on the psalmist's love for God's precepts, as seen in the surrounding verses, which express both his distress over the unfaithful and his devotion to God's truth.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 119:53–136 | Rage has taken hold of me because of the wicked who reject Your law. |
| 2 | Ezekiel 9:4 | “Go throughout the city of Jerusalem,” said the LORD, “and put a mark on the foreheads of the men sighing and groaning over all the abominations committed there.” |
| 3 | Mark 3:5 | Jesus looked around at them with anger and sorrow at their hardness of heart. Then He said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” So he stretched it out, and it was restored. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — רָאָה, ra.'I.tigenerated
The verb רָאָה (ra'ah) means 'to see' and encompasses a range of visual actions, from literal sight to figurative understanding. In this context, it indicates the psalmist's active observation of the faithless, highlighting his emotional response to their actions.
The parsing indicates a perfect tense in the first person singular, showing a completed action. The psalmist gazes upon the faithless, suggesting a personal and immediate engagement with their behavior.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
Translations generally agree on the core meaning of the verse, with variations in the rendering of specific words.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb רָאִ֣יתִי, I see, governs the verse, with a participial phrase בֹ֭גְדִים (those who act treacherously) serving as the object. This structure emphasizes the psalmist's direct observation of the unfaithful.
The clause structure reveals a clear relationship between the psalmist's observation and his emotional response, with the phrase וָֽאֶתְקוֹטָ֑טָה (and I felt disgust) following the observation, highlighting the cause-and-effect dynamic in the psalmist's feelings.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates רָאָה as εἶδον (eidon), which also means 'to see.' This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, maintaining the focus on observation.
The Greek word ἀσυνθετοῦντας is used for בֹ֭גְדִים, indicating a similar connotation of treachery, which reflects the psalmist's disdain for those who do not keep God's word.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 119:158 shows the psalmist looking at those who are unfaithful to God's commands with disgust. He feels strongly about their failure to keep God's word, emphasizing his commitment to following God's instructions.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The 'faithless' refers to those who do not follow or keep God's commands, acting treacherously instead.
The psalmist feels disgust because he values God's word highly and is troubled by those who disregard it.
This verse reflects the ongoing theme of Psalm 119, which emphasizes the importance of God's word and the psalmist's commitment to it.
We can learn the importance of valuing and adhering to God's word, as well as the emotional weight of witnessing unfaithfulness.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do I respond when I see others acting unfaithfully to God's commands?
- What steps can I take to ensure I am keeping God's word in my own life?
- In what ways can I express my commitment to God's instructions?
- How can I encourage others to value and follow God's word?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Augustine of Hippo reference this verse to discuss the psalmist's feelings towards the unfaithful, emphasizing the emotional weight of their actions.
"I have seen," he says, "the foolish, and I pined" [Psalms 119:158]: or, as other copies read, "I have seen them that keep not covenant:" this is the reading of most.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 119 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 119:158 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleI beheld the transgressors, and was grieved,.... Transgressors of the law of God, profane sinners; such as among whom he dwelt in Mesech and Kedar; it grieved him when he beheld their wicked life and
Read John Gill on Psalms 119 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryI beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 119 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleVer. 158. I observed and considered their ungodly courses.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 119 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 119:158 I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word.Ver. 158. I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved] Or, I abhorred them, or, I contended with them; not so much because they were mine as thine enemies. Because they kept not thy word] Which all men are bound not only to observe, but to preserve as much as may be.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 119 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English ReadersRESH. (158) Transgressors.—Better, the faithless (or, traitors).Was grieved.—The Hebrew is a far stronger word, and the sense is intensified by the rare conjugation: was filled with loathing at; sickened with disgust.“The recreants I survey, And loathing turn away.”—KEBLE.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 119 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 158. I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved] Literally, I was affected with anguish.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 119 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges158. I have seen the treacherous dealers and felt loathing, Because they have not observed thy word. Apostate Israelites are meant, faithless to the covenant. Far from being attracted by them, he felt disgust and loathing (Psalms 139:21) as he watched them and their ways.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 119 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleI beheld the transgressors - Those who wronged me; those who violated the law of God. And was grieved - Or, “sickened.” The word used here means commonly to loathe, to nauseate, to sicken. Ezekiel 16:47; Psalms 95:10.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 119 →The verse in English, compared — 16 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
I look on the faithless with loathing because they do not keep Your word.
I look at the faithless with loathing, because they don’t observe your word.
I look on the faithless with loathing because they do not keep Your word.
I take note of the treacherous and despise them, because they do not keep your instructions.
Tyndale line
I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word.
I beheld the treacherous, and was grieved, Because they observe not thy word.
I beheld the treacherous dealers, and was grieved; because they observed not thy word.
I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word.
I saw the transgressours and was grieued, because they kept not thy worde.
Strictly literal
I beheld them that deal treacherously, and was grieved; because they kept not thy *word.
I have seen treacherous ones, And grieve myself, Because Thy saying they have not kept.
I have seen treacherous ones, || And grieve myself, || Because they have not kept Your saying.
I beheld the treacherous, and felt disgust; because they observed not thy saying.
I view the treacherous with disgust because they do not keep your word.
Simplified
Watching these unfaithful people disgusts me because they take no notice of your word.
I saw with hate those who were untrue to you; for they did not keep your saying.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely in their wording, with the Dead Sea Scrolls confirming the same seven words found in the Masoretic Text. This consistency across witnesses underscores the stability of the text in this verse.
רָאִ֣יתִי בֹ֭גְדִים וָֽאֶתְקוֹטָ֑טָה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִ֝מְרָתְךָ֗ לֹ֣א שָׁמָֽרוּ׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ראיתי בוגדים ואתקוטטה אשר אמרת׳כה לוא שמרו
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 119:158
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
רָאָה (ra'ah) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to see' and encompasses a wide range of visual and perceptual actions, including looking, observing, and causing others to see. It can refer to both literal sight and figurative understanding, with various grammatical forms indicating different nuances, such as appearing or being visible. The entries indicate a rich semantic field without significant disagreement among lexicographers.
רָאָה 1315 vb. see
Qal 1141
see, subj.
see, c. acc. rei
see, sq. acc. cl. or phr. of closer design
see, so as to learn to know
abs. see, have (power of) vision
see = perceive
look at, see, by direct volition
of mental observation
c. ב, lit., look into, hence look at with interest
see, c. acc. rei
Niph.
appear
be seen
be visible
Pu. appar. his bones are not detected
Hithp. recipr. look at each other
Hiph.
cause one to see something, shew
cause to experience something
cause to look intently at, to behold
Hoph.
be caused to see, be shewn
be exhibited to
base
H7200a רָאָה see .. . see, subj.
. see, c. acc. rei
. see, sq. acc. + cl. or phr. of closer design
. see, so as to learn to know
. abs. see, have (power of) vision
. see = perceive
. look at, see, by direct volition
. of mental observation
. . c. ב, lit., look into, hence look at with interest
. see, c. acc. rei
. . appear
. be seen
. be visible
. appar. his bones are not detected
. recipr. look at each other
. . . cause one to see something, shew
. cause to experience something
. cause to look intently at, to behold
. . be caused to see, be shewn
. be exhibited to
H7200b רְאוּת look
7200 ra'ah raw-aw'
a primitive root; to see, literally or figuratively (in
numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive,
intransitive and causative):--advise self, appear, approve,
behold, X certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have
experience, gaze, take heed, X indeed, X joyfully, lo, look
(on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up,
upon), mark, meet, X be near, perceive, present, provide,
regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one
another), shew (self), X sight of others, (e-)spy, stare, X
surely, X think, view, visions.
רָאָה (ra.ah) — to see: see.
: see/show
1) to see, look at, inspect, perceive, consider
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to see
1a2) to see, perceive
1a3) to see, have vision
1a4) to look at, see, regard, look after, see after, learn about, observe, watch, look upon, look out, find out
1a5) to see, observe, consider, look at, give attention to, discern, distinguish
1a6) to look at, gaze at
1a7) to provide, choose
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to appear, present oneself
1b2) to be seen
1b3) to be visible
1c) (Pual) to be seen
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to see, show
1d2) to cause to look intently at, behold, cause to gaze at
1e) (Hophal)
1e1) to be caused to see, be shown
1e2) to be exhibited to
1f) (Hithpael) to look at each other, face
רָאָה (ra.ah) — to see: examine.
: examine/consider
1) to see, look at, inspect, perceive, consider
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to see
1a2) to see, perceive
1a3) to see, have vision
V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singularHVqp1cs
se: In addition to the ordinary sense of perceiving by the eye, we have
(1) chazah, "to see" (in vision): "Words of Amos .... which he saw concerning Israel" (Am 1:1). The revelation was made to his inward eye. "The word of Yahweh .... which he (Micah) saw concerning Samaria" (Mic 1:1), describing what he saw in prophetic vision (compare Hab 1:1); see REVELATION, III, 4;
בָּגַד (bagad) is a Hebrew verb meaning to act treacherously or deceitfully. It is derived from a root that suggests covering or acting covertly, and it encompasses actions such as offending or being unfaithful. The term appears in various contexts in the Old Testament, highlighting themes of betrayal and unfaithfulness.
[בָּגַד] vb. act or deal treacherously
base
H898 בָּגַד act or deal treacherously
898 bagad baw-gad'
a primitive root; to cover (with a garment); figuratively, to
act covertly; by implication, to pillage:--deal deceitfully
(treacherously, unfaithfully), offend, transgress(-or),
(depart), treacherous (dealer, -ly, man), unfaithful(-ly,
man), X very.
בָּגַד (ba.gad) — to act treacherously.
1) to act treacherously, deceitfully, deal treacherously
1a) (Qal) to act or deal treacherously, faithlessly, deceitfully, offend
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine pluralHVqrmpa
קוּט (quwt) is a Hebrew verb meaning to feel loathing or detest. It has forms that express feeling loathing towards oneself or others. The entries indicate its use in various contexts, including feeling grief or self-loathing. The Brown-Driver-Briggs entry provides an example of its application in a sentence, illustrating its emotional weight.
[קוּט] vb. feel a loathing
Qal I felt a loathing at the generation.
Niph. ye shall feel loathing against your faces (at yourselves)
Hithpō‛l. id.
base
H6962 קוּט, נָקַט
6962 quwt koot
a primitive root; properly, to cut off, i.e. (figuratively)
detest:--begrieved, loathe self.
קוּט (qut) — to loath.
1) to loathe, be grieved, feel a loathing
1a) (Qal) to feel a loathing
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to feel loathing against self
1b2) to detest
1c) (Hithpolel) to loathe oneself
Also means: na.qat (נָקַט "to tire" H5354)
Conj | V-r-ConsecImperf-1cs | Suff — Verb hithpael sequential imperfect first person common singular · suffixHc/Vtw1cs/Sh
The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.
אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.
base
בַאֲשֶׁר
in (that) which
adv. in (the place) where
conj. in that, inasmuch as
on account of whom?
base
מֵאֲשֶׁר
from (or than) that which
adv. from (the place) where
conj. from (the fact) that …, since
base
כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when
according to that which, according as, as
with a causal force, in so far as, since
with a temporal force, when
base
H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which
. adv. in (the place) where
. conj. in that, inasmuch as
. on account of whom?
H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which
. adv. from (the place) where
. conj. from (the fact) that …, since
H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as
. with a causal force, in so far as, since
. with a temporal force, when
834 'aher ash-er'
a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)
when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X
alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +
from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,
wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where
(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +
whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is
indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun
expletively, used to show the connection.
אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.
A: 1) (relative part.)
1a) which, who
1b) that which
2) (conj)
2a) that (in obj clause)
2b) when
2c) since
2d) as
2e) conditional if
B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
D: Kaph+
1) (conj.), according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since
1c) with a temporal force: when
בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.
1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.
1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.
conj
1) according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
Rel — ParticleHTr
אִמְרָה (imrah) refers to an utterance, speech, or word, and can denote a word of God, including commands and promises. It also has a connotation of a threat, particularly in the context of divine judgment. The term is feminine and is derived from a related root, אֶמְרָה (emrah), which shares similar meanings.
ref
H565a אִמְרָה utternace, speech, word H565b אֶמְרָה id. [565a]
565 'imrah im-raw'
or memrah {em-raw'}; feminine of 561, and meaning the
same:--commandment, speech, word.
see HEBREW for 0561
אִמְרָה (im.rah) — word.
1) utterance, speech, word
1a) word of God (command and promise)
אֶמְרָה (im.rah) — threat.
threat (of judgement from God)
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp2ms
לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'
לֹא or לוֹא adv. not
base
H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not
3808 lo' lo
or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often
used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,
ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,
no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out
of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +
of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.
לֹא (lo) — not.
1) not, no
1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)
1b) not (with modifier-negation)
1c) nothing (subst)
1d) without (with particle)
1e) before (of time)
Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Part — ParticleHTn
The Hebrew word שָׁמַר (*shamar*) is a primitive root meaning to keep, guard, or observe. It encompasses a wide range of actions including protecting, waiting for, and celebrating obligations like the Sabbath. The verb appears in various forms, indicating nuances such as being on guard or refraining from certain actions. It is used extensively in the Old Testament, reflecting both physical and moral vigilance.
שָׁמַר 465 vb. keep, watch, preserve
Qal 425
keep, have charge of
keep, guard, captives
hence, watch for, wait for
watch, observe
keep, retain, of storing up (food)
keep within bounds, restrain
observe, celebrate
keep sabbath
of other obligations
observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)
sts. י׳ subj.
keep, reserve, weeks of harvest
Niph.
36be on one's guard
keep oneself, refrain, abstain
be kept, guarded
Pi. those paying regard to false vanities
Hithp. I kept myself from
base
H8104 שָׁמַר keep, watch, preserve .. . keep, have charge of
. keep, guard, captives
. hence, watch for, wait for
. watch, observe
. . keep, retain, of storing up (food)
. keep within bounds, restrain
. . observe, celebrate
. keep sabbath
. of other obligations
. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)
. sts. י׳ subj.
. keep, reserve, weeks of harvest
. . be on one's guard
. keep oneself, refrain, abstain
. be kept, guarded
. those paying regard to false vanities
. I kept myself from
8104 shamar shaw-mar'
a primitive root; properly, to hedge about (as with thorns),
i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc.:--beward,
be circumspect, take heed (to self), keep(-er, self), mark,
look narrowly, observe, preserve, regard, reserve, save
(self), sure, (that lay) wait (for), watch(-man).
שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: obey.
: obey/observe
1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to keep, have charge of
1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life
1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)
1a3) to watch for, wait for
1a4) to watch, observe
1a5) to keep, retain, treasure up (in memory)
1a6) to keep (within bounds), restrain
1a7) to observe, celebrate, keep (sabbath or covenant or commands), perform (vow)
1a8) to keep, preserve, protect
1a9) to keep, reserve
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be on one's guard, take heed, take care, beware
1b2) to keep oneself, refrain, abstain
1b3) to be kept, be guarded
1c) (Piel) to keep, pay heed
1d) (Hithpael) to keep oneself from
שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: guard.
: guard
1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to keep, have charge of
1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life
1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp