Acts 26

Acts 26:1

Thou art permitted (επιτρεπετασο). Literally, It is permitted thee. As if Agrippa were master of ceremonies instead of Festus. Agrippa as a king and guest presides at the grand display while Festus has simply introduced Paul.

For thyself (υπερσεαυτου). Some MSS. have περ (concerning). Paul is allowed to speak in his own behalf. No charges are made against him. In fact, Festus has admitted that he has no real proof of any charges.

Stretched forth his hand (εκτειναςτηνχειρα). Dramatic oratorical gesture (not for silence as in Acts 12:17; Acts 13:16) with the chain still upon it (verse 29) linking him to the guard. First aorist active participle of εκτεινω, to stretch out.

Made his defence (απελογειτο). Inchoative imperfect of απολογεομα (middle), “began to make his defence.” This is the fullest of all Paul’s defences. He has no word of censure of his enemies or of resentment, but seizes the opportunity to preach Christ to such a distinguished company which he does with “singular dignity” (Furneaux). He is now bearing the name of Christ “before kings” (Acts 9:15). In general Paul follows the line of argument of the speech on the stairs (chapter Acts 22).

Acts 26:2

I think myself happy (ηγημαεμαυτονμακαριον). See on Matthew 5:3 for μακαριος. Blass notes that Paul, like Tertullus, begins with captatio benevolentiae, but absque adulatione. He says only what he can truthfully speak. For ηγημα see Philippians 3:7; 1 Timothy 6:1 (perfect middle indicative of ηγεομα), I have considered.

That I am to make my defence (μελλωναπολογεισθα). Literally, “being about to make my defence.”

Whereof I am accused (ωνεγκαλουμα). Genitive with εγκαλουμα as in 19:40 or by attraction from accusative of relative (α) to case of antecedent (παντων).

Acts 26:3

Especially because thou art expert (μαλισταγνωστηνοντασε). Or like the margin, “because thou art especially expert,” according as μαλιστα is construed. Γνωστην is from γινωσκω and means a knower, expert, connoisseur. Plutarch uses it and Deissmann (Light, etc., p. 367) restores it in a papyrus. Agrippa had the care of the temple, the appointment of the high priest, and the care of the sacred vestments. But the accusative οντασε gives trouble here coming so soon after σου (genitive with επ). Some MSS. insert επισταμενος or ειδως (knowing) but neither is genuine.

Page takes it as “governed by the sense of thinking or considering.” Knowling considers it an anacoluthon. Buttmann held it to be an accusative absolute after the old Greek idiom. Τυχον is such an instance though used as an adverb (1 Corinthians 16:6). It is possible that one exists in Ephesians 1:18. See other examples discussed in Robertson’s Grammar, pp. 490f.

Customs and questions (εθωντεκαζητηματων). Both consuetudinum in practicis and quaestionum in theoreticis (Bengel). Agrippa was qualified to give Paul an understanding and a sympathetic hearing. Paul understands perfectly the grand-stand play of the whole performance, but he refused to be silent and chose to use this opportunity, slim as it seemed, to get a fresh hearing for his own case and to present the claims of Christ to this influential man. His address is a masterpiece of noble apologetic.

Patiently (μακροθυμως). Adverb from μακροθυμος. Only here in the N.T., though μακροθυμια occurs several times. Vulgate has longanimiter. Long spirit, endurance, opposite of impatience. So Paul takes his time.

Acts 26:4

My manner of life (τηνμενουνβιωσινμου). With μενουν Paul passes from the captatio benevolentiae (verses Acts 26:1; Acts 26:2) “to the narratio or statement of his case” (Page). Βιωσις is from βιοω (1 Peter 4:2) and that from βιος (course of life). This is the only instance of βιωσις yet found except the Prologue (10) of Ecclesiasticus and an inscription given in Ramsay’s Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Vol II, p. 650.

Know (ισασ). Literary form instead of the vernacular Koine οιδασιν. Paul’s early life in Tarsus and Jerusalem was an open book to all Jews.

Acts 26:5

Having knowledge of me from the first (προγινωσκοντεςμεανωθεν). Literally, “knowing me beforehand” (both προ and ανωθεν), from the beginning of Paul’s public education in Jerusalem (Knowling). Cf. 2 Peter 3:17.

If they be willing to testify (εανθελωσινμαρτυρειν). Condition of third class (εαν and subjunctive). A neat turning of the tables on the distinguished audience about Paul’s Jerusalem reputation before his conversion.

After the straitest sect (τηνακριβεστατηναιρεσιν). This is a true superlative (not elative) and one of the three (also αγιωτατος, Jude 1:20, τιμιωτατος Revelation 18:12; Revelation 21:11) superlatives in -τατος in the N.T. (Robertson, Grammar, pp. 279f., 670), though common enough in the LXX and the papyri. Hαιρεσιν (choosing) is properly used here with Pharisees (Josephus, Life, 38).

Religion (θρησκειας). From θρησκευω and this from θρησκος (James 1:26), old word for religious worship or discipline, common in the papyri and inscriptions (Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary) for reverent worship, not mere external ritual. In N.T. only here, James 1:26; Colossians 2:18.

I lived a Pharisee (εζησαΦαρισαιος). Emphatic position. Paul knew the rules of the Pharisees and played the game to the full (Galatians 1:14; Philippians 3:5). The Talmud makes it plain what the life of a Pharisee was. Paul had become one of the leaders and stars of hope for his sect.

Acts 26:6

And now (κανυν). Sharp comparison between his youth and the present.

To be judged for the hope (επ’ ελπιδι–κρινομενος). The hope of the resurrection and of the promised Messiah (13:32). Page calls verses 6-8 a parenthesis in the course of Paul’s argument by which he shows that his life in Christ is a real development of the best in Pharisaism. He does resume his narrative in verse 9, but verses 6-8 are the core of his defence already presented in Acts 26:3; Acts 26:9-11 where he proves that the children of faith are the real seed of Abraham.

Acts 26:7

Our twelve tribes (τοδωδεκαφυλονημων). A word found only here in N.T. and in Christian and Jewish writings, though δωδεκαμηνον (twelve month) is common in the papyri and δεκαφυλος (ten tribes) in Herodotus. Paul’s use of this word for the Jewish people, like James 1:1 (ταιςδωδεκαφυλαις, the twelve tribes), shows that Paul had no knowledge of any “lost ten tribes.” There is a certain national pride and sense of unity in spite of the dispersion (Page).

Earnestly (ενεκτενεια). A late word from εκτεινω, to stretch out, only here in N.T., but in papyri and inscriptions. Page refers to Simeon and Anna (Lu 2:25-28) as instances of Jews looking for the coming of the Messiah. Note the accusative of νυκτακαημεραν as in 20:31.

Hope to attain (ελπιζεκαταντησα). This Messianic hope had been the red thread running through Jewish history. Today, alas, it is a sadly worn thread for Jews who refuse to see the Messiah in Jesus.

I am accused by Jews (εγκαλουμαυποΙουδαιων). The very word used in 23:28 (ενεκαλουν) which see, and by Jews of all people in the world whose mainspring was this very “hope.” It is a tremendously effective turn.

Acts 26:8

Incredible with you (απιστονπαρ’ υμιν). This old word απιστον (α privative and πιστος) means either unfaithful (Lu 12:46), unbelieving (John 20:27), or unbelievable as here). Paul turns suddenly from Agrippa to the audience (παρ’ υμιν, plural), most of whom were probably Gentiles and scouted the doctrine of the resurrection as at Athens (17:32).

If God doth raise the dead (εοθεοςνεκρουςεγειρε). Condition of the first class assuming that God does raise dead people. Only God can do it. This rhetorical question needs no answer, though the narrative resumed in verse 9 does it in a way.

Acts 26:9

I verily thought with myself (εγωμενουνεδοξαεμαυτω). Personal construction instead of the impersonal, a touch of the literary style. Paul’s “egoism” is deceived as so often happens.

I ought (δειν). Infinitive the usual construction with δοκεω. Necessity and a sense of duty drove Paul on even in this great sin (see on 23:1), a common failing with persecutors.

Contrary (εναντια). Old word (adjective), over against, opposite (Acts 27:4), then hostile to as here.

Acts 26:10

I both shut up many (πολλουςτεκατεκλεισα). Effective aorist active of κατακλειω, old word to shut down like a trap door, in N.T. only here and Lu 3:20. Double use of τε (both–and).

Having received authority from the chief priests (τηνπαρατωναρχιερεωνεξουσιανλαβων). “The authority,” he says. Paul was the official persecutor of the saints under the direction of the Sanhedrin. He mentions “chief priests” (Sadducees), though a Pharisee himself. Both parties were co-operating against the saints.

And when they were put to death (αναιρουμενωντεαυτων). Genitive absolute with present passive participle of αναιρεω.

I gave my vote against them (κατηνεγκαψηφον). “I cast down my pebble” (a black one). The ancient Greeks used white pebbles for acquittal (Revelation 2:17), black ones for condemnation as here (the only two uses of the word in the N.T.). Paul’s phrase (not found elsewhere) is more vivid than the usual καταψηφιζω for voting. They literally cast the pebbles into the urn. Cf. συμψηφιζω in Acts 19:19, συγκαταψεφιζο in Acts 1:26. If Paul’s language is taken literally here, he was a member of the Sanhedrin and so married when he led the persecution. That is quite possible, though he was not married when he wrote 1 Corinthians 7:7f., but a widower. It is possible to take the language figuratively for approval, but not so natural.

Acts 26:11

Punishing (τιμωρων). Old word τιμωρεω originally to render help, to succor (τιμωρος, from τιμη and ουρος), then to avenge (for honour). In N.T. only here and 22:5.

I strove to make them blaspheme (ηναγκαζονβλασφημειν). Conative imperfect active of αναγκαζω, old verb from αναγκη (necessity, compulsion). The tense, like the imperfect in Matthew 3:14; Luke 1:59, leaves room to hope that Paul was not successful in this effort, for he had already said that he brought many “unto death” (22:4).

I persecuted (εδιωκον). Imperfect active again, repeated attempts. The old verb διωκω was used to run after or chase game and then to chase enemies. The word “persecute” is the Latin persequor, to follow through or after. It is a vivid picture that Paul here paints of his success in hunting big game, a grand heresy hunt.

Even unto foreign cities (καειςεξωπολεις). We know of Damascus, and Paul evidently planned to go to other cities outside of Palestine and may even have done so before the fateful journey to Damascus.

Acts 26:12

Whereupon (ενοις). “In which things” (affairs of persecution), “on which errand.” Cf. 24:18. Paul made them leave Palestine (11:19) and followed them beyond it (9:2).

With the authority and commission (μετ’ εξουσιαςκαεπιτροπης). Not merely “authority” (εξουσια), but express appointment (επιτροπη, old word, but here only in N.T., derived from επιτροπος, steward, and that from επιτρεπω, to turn over to, to commit).

Acts 26:13

At midday (ημεραςμεσης). Genitive of time and idiomatic use of μεσος, in the middle of the day, more vivid than μεσημβριαν (22:6).

Above the brightness of the sun (υπερτηνλαμπροτητατουηλιου). Here alone not in Acts 26:9; Acts 26:22, though implied in Acts 9:3; Acts 22:6, “indicating the supernatural character of the light” (Knowling). Luke makes no effort to harmonize the exact phrases here with those in the other accounts and Paul here (verse 16) blends together what Jesus said to him directly and the message of Jesus through Ananias (9:15). The word λαμπροτης, old word, is here alone in the N.T.

Shining round about me (περιλαμψανμε). First aorist active participle of περιλαμπω, common Koine verb, in N.T. only here and Lu 2:9.

Acts 26:14

When we were all fallen (παντωνκαταπεσοντωνημων). Genitive absolute with second aorist active participle of καταπιπτω. In the Hebrew language (τηΕβραιδδιαλεκτω). Natural addition here, for Paul is speaking in Greek, not Aramaic as in 22:2.

It is hard for thee to kick against the goad (σκληρονσοπροςκεντραλακτιζειν). Genuine here, but not in chapters Acts 26:9; Acts 26:22. A common proverb as Aeschylus Ag. 1624: Προςκεντραμηλακτιζε. “It is taken from an ox that being pricked with a goad kicks and receives a severer wound” (Page). Cf. the parables of Jesus (Matthew 13:35). Blass observes that Paul’s mention of this Greek and Latin proverb is an indication of his culture. Besides he mentions (not invents) it here rather than in chapter 22 because of the culture of this audience. Κεντρον means either sting as of bees (II Macc. 14:19) and so of death (1 Corinthians 15:55) or an iron goad in the ploughman’s hand as here (the only two N.T. examples).

Note plural here (goads) and λακτιζειν is present active infinitive so that the idea is “to keep on kicking against goads.” This old verb means to kick with the heel (adverb λαξ, with the heel), but only here in the N.T. There is a papyrus example of kicking (λακτιζω) with the feet against the door.

Acts 26:16

Arise and stand (αναστηθκαστηθ). “Emphatic assonance” (Page). Second aorist active imperative of compound verb (ανιστημ) and simplex (ιστημ). “Stand up and take a stand.”

Have I appeared unto thee (ωφθηνσο). First aorist passive indicative of οραω. See on Lu 22:43.

To appoint thee (προχειρισασθασε). See Acts 3:30; Acts 22:14 for this verb.

Both of the things wherein thou hast seen me (ωντεειδεςμε). The reading με (not in all MSS.) makes it the object of ειδες (didst see) and ων is genitive of α (accusative of general reference) attracted to the case of the unexpressed antecedent τουτων. Paul is thus a personal eyewitness of the Risen Christ (Luke 1:1; 1 Corinthians 4:1; 1 Corinthians 9:1).

And of the things wherein I will appear unto thee (ωντεοφθησομασο). Here again ων is genitive of the accusative (general reference) relative α attracted to the case of the antecedent τουτων or εκεινων as before. But οφθησομα is first future passive of οραω and cannot be treated as active or middle. Page takes it to mean “the visions in which I shall be seen by you,” the passive form bringing out the agency of God. See those in Acts 18:9; Acts 23:11; 2 Corinthians 12:2. The passive voice, however, like απεκριθην and εφοβηθην, did become sometimes transitive in the Koine (Robertson, Grammar, p. 819).

Acts 26:17

Delivering thee (εξαιρουμενοςσε). Present middle participle of εξαιρεω, old verb and usually so rendered, but the old Greek also uses it for “choose” as also in LXX (Isaiah 48:10). The papyri give examples of both meanings and either makes good sense here. God was continually rescuing Paul “out of the hands of Jews and Gentiles and Paul was a chosen vessel” (9:15). Modern scholars are also divided.

Acts 26:18

To open (ανοιξα). First aorist active infinitive of purpose.

That they may turn (τουεπιστρεψα). Another infinitive of purpose first aorist active (genitive case and articular), epexegetic to ανοιξα.

That they may receive (τουλαβειν). Another genitive articular infinitive of purpose subordinate (epexegetic) to τουεπιστρεψα.

Sanctified by faith in me (ηγιασμενοιςπιστετηειςεμε). Perfect passive participle of αγιαζω, instrumental case of πιστε, article before ειςεμε (“by faith, that in me”). These important words of Jesus to Paul give his justification to this cultured audience for his response to the command of Jesus. This was the turning point in Paul’s career and it was a step forward and upward.

Acts 26:19

Wherefore (οθεν). This relatival adverb (cf. Acts 14:26; Acts 28:13) gathers up all that Paul has said.

I was not disobedient (ουκεγενομηναπειθης). Litotes again, “I did not become (second aorist middle indicative of γινομα) disobedient” (απειθης, old word already in Lu 1:17).

Unto the heavenly vision (τηουρανιωοπτασια). A later form of οψις, from οπταζω, in LXX, and in N.T. (Luke 1:22; Luke 24:23; Acts 26:19; 2 Corinthians 12:1). Only time that Paul uses it about seeing Christ on the Damascus road, but no reflection on the reality of the event.

Acts 26:20

But declared (αλλααπηγγελλον). Imperfect active of απαγγελλω, repeatedly.

Throughout all the country of Judea (πασαντετηνχωραντηςΙουδαιας). The accusative here in the midst of the datives (τοιςενΔαμασκωι, Ιεροσολυμοισ, τοιςεθνεσιν) seems strange and Page feels certain that εις should be here even though absent in Aleph A B. But the accusative of extent of space will explain it (Robertson, Grammar, p. 469).

Doing works worthy of repentance (αξιατηςμετανοιαςεργαπρασσοντας). Accusative case of present active participle πρασσοντας because of the implied αυτους with the present infinitive μετανοειν (repent) and επιστρεφειν (turn), though the dative πρασσουσιν could have been used to agree with εθνεσιν (Gentiles). Cf. Matthew 3:8 for similar language used of the Baptist. Paul, the greatest of theologians, was an interesting practical preacher.

Acts 26:21

Assayed to kill me (επειρωντοδιαχειρισασθα). Conative imperfect middle of πειραω, the old form of the later Koine πειραζω so common in the Koine, but in N.T. here only. Some MSS. have it in Acts 9:26; Hebrews 4:15. The old verb διαχειριζω, to take in hand, middle to lay hands on, to slay, occurs in N.T. only here and 5:30 which see.

Acts 26:22

Having therefore obtained (ουντυχων). Second aorist active participle of old verb τυγχανω.

The help that is from God (επικουριαςτηςαποτουθεου). Old word from επικουρεω, to aid, and that from επικουρος, ally, assister. Only here in N.T. God is Paul’s ally. All of the plots of the Jews against Paul had failed so far.

I stand (εστηκα). Second perfect of ιστημ, to place, intransitive to stand. Picturesque word (Page) of Paul’s stability and fidelity (cf. Philippians 4:1; Ephesians 6:13).

Both to small and great (μικρωτεκαμεγαλω). Dative singular (rather than instrumental, taking μαρτυρουμενος middle, not passive) and use of τεκα links the two adjectives together in an inclusive way. These two adjectives in the singular (representative singular rather than plural) can apply to age (young and old) or to rank (Revelation 11:18) as is specially suitable here with Festus and Agrippa present. In Acts 8:10 (Hebrews 8:11) the phrase explains παντες (all).

Saying nothing but what (ουδενεκτοςλεγωνων). “Saying nothing outside of those things which.” The ablative relative ων is attracted into the case of the unexpressed antecedent τουτων and so ablative after εκτος (adverbial preposition common in LXX, the papyri. In N.T. here and 1 Corinthians 6:18; 1 Corinthians 15:27; 2 Corinthians 12:2). Cf. Lu 16:29 about Moses and the prophets.

Acts 26:23

How that the Christ must suffer (επαθητοςοΧριστος). Literally, “if the Messiah is subject to suffering.” Ε can here mean “whether” as in Hebrews 7:15. This use of a verbal in -τος for capability or possibility occurs in the N.T. alone in παθητος (Robertson, Grammar, p. 157). This word occurs in Plutarch in this sense. It is like the Latin patibilis and is from pascho. Here alone in N.T. Paul is speaking from the Jewish point of view. Most rabbis had not rightly understood Isaiah 53. When the Baptist called Jesus “the Lamb of God” (John 1:29) it was a startling idea. It is not then “must suffer” here, but “can suffer.” The Cross of Christ was a stumbling-block to the rabbis.

How that he first by the resurrection of the dead (επρωτοςεξαναστασεωςνεκρων). Same construction with ε (whether). This point Paul had often discussed with the Jews: “whether he (the Messiah) by a resurrection of dead people.” Others had been raised from the dead, but Christ is the first (πρωτος) who arose from the dead and no longer dies (Romans 6:19) and proclaims light (φωςμελλεκαταγγελλειν). Paul is still speaking from the Jewish standpoint: “is about to (going to) proclaim light.” See verse 18 for “light” and Lu 2:32.

Both to the people and to the Gentiles (τωτελαωκατοιςεθνεσιν). See verse 17. It was at the word Gentiles (εθνη) that the mob lost control of themselves in the speech from the stairs (22:21f.). So it is here, only not because of that word, but because of the word “resurrection” (αναστασις).

Acts 26:24

As he thus made his defence (ταυτααυτουαπολογουμενου). Genitive absolute again with present middle participle. Paul was still speaking when Festus interrupted him in great excitement.

With a loud voice (μεγαλητηφωνη). Associative instrumental case showing manner (Robertson, Grammar, p. 530) and the predicate use of the adjective, “with the voice loud” (elevated).

Thou art mad (μαινη). Old verb for raving. See also John 10:20; Acts 12:15; 1 Corinthians 14:23. The enthusiasm of Paul was too much for Festus and then he had spoken of visions and resurrection from the dead (verse 8). “Thou art going mad” (linear present), Festus means.

Thy much learning doth turn thee to madness (ταπολλασεγραμματαειςμανιανπεριτρεπε). “Is turning thee round.” Old verb περιτρεπω, but only here in N.T. Festus thought that Paul’s “much learning” (=“many letters,” cf. John 7:15 of Jesus) of the Hebrew Scriptures to which he had referred was turning his head to madness (wheels in his head) and he was going mad right before them all. The old word μανια (our mania, frenzy, cf. maniac) occurs here only in N.T. Note unusual position of σε between πολλα and γραμματα (Robertson, Grammar, pp. 418, 420)

Acts 26:25

But speak forth (αλλααποφθεγγομα). Verb for dignified and elevated discourse, a word from the literary Koine, not the vernacular. In N.T. only here and Acts 2:4; Acts 2:14 which see. It occurs three times in Vettius Valens in a “mantic” sense. Paul was not ruffled by the rude and excited interruption of Festus, but speaks with perfect courtesy in his reply “words of truth and soberness.” The old word σωφροσυνη (soundness of mind) from σωφρων (and that from σως and φρην) is directly opposed to “madness” (μανια) and in N.T. occurs only here and 1 Timothy 2:15.

Acts 26:26

For the king knoweth of these things (επισταταγαρπερτουτωνοβασιλευς). Επιστατα (present middle probably Ionic form of εφιστημ) is a literary word and suits well here (cf. 24:10).

Freely (παρρησιαζομενος). Present middle participle, speaking fully, making a clean breast of it. From παρρησια (παν, ρησις) (cf. 13:46).

Is hidden from him (λανθανειναυτον). Escapes his notice. Infinitive in indirect discourse after πειθομα (I am persuaded).

Acts 26:27

I know that thou believest (οιδαοτπιστευεις). Paul had “cornered” Agrippa by this direct challenge. As the Jew in charge of the temple he was bound to confess his faith in the prophets. But Paul had interpreted the prophets about the Messiah in a way that fell in with his claim that Jesus was the Messiah risen from the dead. To say, “Yes” would place himself in Paul’s hands. To say “No” would mean that he did not believe the prophets. Agrippa had listened with the keenest interest, but he slipped out of the coils with adroitness and a touch of humour.

Acts 26:28

With but little persuasion thou wouldest fain make me a Christian (ενολιγωμεπειθειςΧριστιανονποιησα). The Authorized rendering is impossible: “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.” Ενολιγω does not mean “almost.” That would require ολιγου, παρ’ ολιγον, or δεολιγου. It is not clear, however, precisely what ενολιγο does mean. It may refer to time (in little time) or a short cut, but that does not suit well ενμεγαλω in verse 29. Tyndale and Crammer rendered it “somewhat” (in small measure or degree). There are, alas, many “somewhat” Christians.

Most likely the idea is “in (or with) small effort you are trying to persuade (πειθεις, conative present active indicative) me in order to make me a Christian.” This takes the infinitive ποιησα to be purpose (Page renders it by “so as”) and thus avoids trying to make ποιησα like γενεσθα (become). The aorist is punctiliar action for single act, not “perfect.” The tone of Agrippa is ironical, but not unpleasant. He pushes it aside with a shrug of the shoulders. The use of “Christian” is natural here as in the other two instances (Acts 11:26; 1 Peter 4:16).

Acts 26:29

I would to God (ευξαιμηναντωθεω). Conclusion of fourth-class condition (optative with αν), undetermined with less likelihood, the so-called potential optative (Robertson, Grammar, p. 1021). Polite and courteous wish (first aorist middle optative of ευχομα).

Whether with little or with much (καενμικρωκαενμεγαλω). Literally, “both in little and in great,” or “both with little and with great pains” or “both in some measure and in great measure.” Paul takes kindly the sarcasm of Agrippa.

Such as I am (τοιουτουςοποιοςκαεγωειμ). Accusative τοιουτους with the infinitive γενεσθα. Paul uses these two qualitative pronouns instead of repeating the word “Christian.”

Except these bonds (παρεκτοςτωνδεσμωντουτων). Ablative case with παρεκτος (late preposition for the old παρεκ). Paul lifts his right manacled hand with exquisite grace and good feeling.

Acts 26:30

Rose up (ανεστη). Second aorist active of ανιστημ (intransitive), agreeing only with “the king” (οβασιλευς). The entertainment was over.

Acts 26:31

They spake one to another (ελαλουνπροςαλληλους). Imperfect active, describing the eager conversation of the dignitaries about Paul’s wonderful speech.

Nothing worthy of death or bonds (ουδενθανατουηδεσμωναξιον). This is the unanimous conclusion of all these dignitaries (Romans, Jews, Greeks) as it was of Festus before (25:25). But Paul had not won any of them to Christ. The conclusion leaves Festus in a predicament. Why had he not set Paul free before this?

Acts 26:32

This man might have been set at liberty (Απολελυσθαεδυνατοοανθρωποςουτος). Conclusion of the second class condition (determined as unfulfilled) without αν as in 24:19 because of εδυνατο (verb of possibility, Robertson, Grammar, p. 1014). Note perfect passive infinitive απολελυσθα from απολυω. He certainly “could have been set free.” Why was it not done?

If he had not appealed unto Caesar (εμηεπεκεκλητοΚαισαρα). Condition of the second class with the past perfect middle indicative (op. cit., p. 1015) of επικαλεω (cf. 25:11f.). But Paul only appealed to Caesar after Festus had tried to shift him back to Jerusalem and had refused to set him free in Caesarea. Festus comes out with no honour in the case. Since Agrippa was a favourite at court perhaps Festus would be willing to write favourably to Caesar.