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Isaiah 65:4 — Word Study

Depth

WLCהַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙ בַּקְּבָרִ֔ים וּבַנְּצוּרִ֖ים יָלִ֑ינוּ הָאֹֽכְלִים֙ בְּשַׂ֣ר הַחֲזִ֔יר וּמְרַ֥ק פִּגֻּלִ֖ים כְּלֵיהֶֽם׃

BSAsittingyâshab [dwelling, remaining] among the gravesqeber [sepulchres, tombs] spending nightslûwn [lodging, keeping watch] in secret placesnâtsar [hidden, reserved] eatingʼâkal [consuming, devouring] the meatbâsâr [flesh, body] of pigschăzîyr [swine, hogs] and polluted brothpiggûwl [unclean, foul, soup, liquid food] from their bowlskᵉlîy [vessels, utensils]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 65
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 4 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ke.lei.Hem) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 65:4quick helps
In a sentenceThis verse describes a people who engage in unclean practices, dwelling among graves and consuming forbidden food.
Who is speakingThe Lord, addressing a rebellious people.
Where we areIn a passage that condemns idolatrous practices and unclean habits.
The hard wordהַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙
Take awayThe actions described reflect a deep spiritual defilement.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbלין The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 65:4

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Condemnation of Idolatrous Practicesgenerated

3to a people who continually provoke Me to My face, sacrificing in the gardens and burning incense on altars of brick,
4sitting among the graves, spending nights in secret places, eating the meat of pigs and polluted broth from their bowls.
5They say, ‘Keep to yourself; do not come near me, for I am holier than you!’ Such people are smoke in My nostrils, a fire that burns all day long.
6Behold, it is written before Me: I will not keep silent, but I will repay; I will pay it back into their laps,

Isaiah 65:4 describes the behavior of a people who provoke God by their actions, including dwelling in graves and consuming unclean food. This reflects their spiritual state and rejection of God's commands, as they engage in practices that are contrary to the covenant. The surrounding verses emphasize God's displeasure with their idolatry and uncleanliness, highlighting the seriousness of their transgressions.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Numbers 19:11–16Whoever touches any dead body will be unclean for seven days.
2Deuteronomy 18:11casts spells, consults a medium or spiritist, or inquires of the dead.
3Matthew 8:28When Jesus arrived on the other side in the region of the Gadarenes, He was met by two demon-possessed men coming from the tombs. They were so violent that no one could pass that way.
4Mark 5:2–5As soon as Jesus got out of the boat, He was met by a man with an unclean spirit, who was coming from the tombs.
5Luke 8:27When Jesus stepped ashore, He was met by a demon-possessed man from the town. For a long time this man had not worn clothing or lived in a house, but he stayed in the tombs.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 12 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙, hai.yo.she.Vimgenerated

The word יָשַׁב (yashab) means to sit, dwell, or remain. It indicates a state of being settled in a place, which can imply permanence or habitual action. In this verse, it describes those who are dwelling among graves, suggesting a lifestyle that is in direct opposition to God's desires for holiness.

The participle form indicates ongoing action, emphasizing that these individuals are continually engaging in this behavior. The context suggests a spiritual condition, where the act of dwelling among graves symbolizes a deeper defilement and separation from God.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations generally agree on the meaning of the verse, conveying the idea of people engaging in unclean practices.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The structure of the verse is built around several clauses that describe the actions of the people. The main verb is יֹּֽשְׁבִים֙, who sit, which governs the description of their actions and conditions.

The verse includes multiple prepositional phrases that elaborate on where these actions take place, emphasizing the unclean locations and the nature of the food they consume.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙ as δαιμονίοις, which implies a connection to demonic influences, suggesting a broader interpretation of the spiritual implications of their actions.

This choice widens the understanding of the text, indicating that their dwelling among graves is not just a physical act but also a spiritual alignment with forces opposed to God.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 65:4 describes people who live among graves and spend their nights in secret places, eating the flesh of pigs and unclean broth. This illustrates their disobedience to God's laws and their spiritual defilement.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to dwell among graves?

Dwell among graves symbolizes a lifestyle that is spiritually unclean and disconnected from God, representing a rejection of His commands.

Why is eating pig meat significant?

In the Old Testament, pigs are considered unclean animals, and consuming their meat represents a violation of dietary laws given to the Israelites.

What is the significance of secret places?

Secret places imply hidden or reserved areas where unclean practices occur, suggesting a deliberate choice to engage in actions that are contrary to God's will.

How does this verse reflect the spiritual state of the people?

The behaviors described in this verse reflect a deep spiritual defilement and a rejection of God's holiness, indicating a people who are far from Him.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways might I be dwelling in 'graves' in my own life?
  2. How can I ensure that my practices align with God's commands?
  3. What does it mean to me to consume things that are spiritually unclean?
  4. How can I help others who may be engaging in similar practices to turn back to God?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

The early Church Fathers referenced this verse to discuss the spiritual implications of unclean practices and idolatry, drawing connections to the behavior of the people addressed in Isaiah.

JeromeVerses 4, 5. c. 347–420
Those who dwell in tombs and sleep in the temples of idols, who eat pork meat and unclean broth from their vessels, who say, 'Go away from me, do not come near me,
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 65 →
JeromeCOMMENTARY ON Isaiah 18:4, 6 c. 347–420
But what is read in the Septuagint, namely, “to demons that are not,” and is not included in the Hebrew text, must be taken to mean that no demons exist, either in the literal or in the spiritual sense;
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 65 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 65:4 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Which remain among the graves,.... In order to practise necromancy, to consult the dead, where they imagined demons and departed spirits haunted, and of whom they fancied they might get knowledge of

Read John Gill on Isaiah 65 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels; Which remain among the graves - namely, for purposes of

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 65 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

They remained among the graves, either there expecting revelations by dreams, or there consulting with devils, who were thought to delight in such places; or to practise necromancy, all which were forbidden, . And they lodged in the monuments; the Hebrew word here used gives advantage to interpreters to vary in their senses. The word signifies only places kept or observed; some interpret it of idol temples; some of caves and dens, in which the heathens used to worship their idols; some of tombs or monuments for dead persons: besides the idolatry of the thing, there was in it a sinful imitation of the heathens, and a swerving from the rule which God had given them. They also ate swine’ s…

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 65 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 65:4 Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine’ s flesh, and broth of abominable [things is in] their vessels;Ver. 4. Which remain among the graves.] Which use necromancy and consult with devils - as Saul did, and died for it - contrary to Deuteronomy 18:11. See Isaiah 8:19 Mark 5:5. This they had learned from the heathens, with whom it was common, as Tertullian teacheth. And lodge in the monuments.] As believing that there they should dream dreams divinatory, or have revelations in the night. By such ill arts as these, Timotheus Herulus made himself bishop of Alexandria, A.D. 467; and Boniface VIII duped Celestine V of the Popedom, A.D. 1295. Some…

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 65 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(4) Which remain among the graves.—Probably the rock graves of Palestine, which, although they were ceremonially unclean, were not unfrequently used as dwellings (Matthew 8:28; Mark 5:3). The charge may be one merely of neglecting the precepts of the Law, but possibly also may imply that the graves were frequented, as in Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 29:4, for necromantic purposes. Lodge in the monuments . . .—Here, again, the words probably point to practices more or less idolatrous, and common among the heathen of the time. Jerome (in loc.) notes the fact that men went to sleep in the crypts of the Temple of Æsculapius, in the hope of gaining visions of the future, and translates in delubris…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 65 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 4. Which remain among the graves] "For the purpose of evoking the dead. They lodged in desert places that demons might appear to them; for demons do appear in such places, to those who do believe in them." - Kimchi. In the monuments - "In the caverns"] בנצורים bannetsurim, a word of doubtful signification. An ancient MS. has בצורים batstsurim, another בצרים batstsurim, "in the rocks;" and Le Clec thinks the Septuagint had it so in their copy. They render it by εντοιςστηλαιοις, "in the caves." Which eat swine's flesh] This was expressly forbidden by the law, Leviticus 11:7, but among the heathen was in principal request in their sacrifices and feasts. Antiochus Epiphanes compelled the…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 65 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

4. The first two lines read: Who sit in the graves, and pass the night in secret (lit. guarded) places. The practice of “sitting in graves” is undoubtedly rooted in the worship of ancestors (Schwally, Das Leben nach dem Tode, pp. 68, 71), and the object probably was to obtain oracles from the dead. The phrase “pass the night” seems to point to the custom known to the ancients as incubation: “ubi stratis pellibus hostiarum incubare soliti erant, ut somniis futura cognoscerent” (Jerome). This idea is expressed by the LXX. (which runs the two clauses into one): κοιμῶνταιδιὰἐνύπνια; i.e. for the purpose of obtaining dream-oracles. But whether the “secret places” are connected with the “graves”…

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 65 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Which remain among the graves - That is, evidently for purposes of necromancy and divination. They do it to appear to hold converse with the dead, and to receive communications from them.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 65 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

sitting among the graves, spending nights in secret places, eating the meat of pigs and polluted broth from their bowls.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

who sit among the graves, and spend nights in secret places; who eat pig’s meat, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

sitting among the graves, spending nights in secret places, eating the meat of pigs and polluted broth from their bowls.

NETBNew English Translation2006

They sit among the tombs and keep watch all night long. They eat pork, and broth from unclean sacrificial meat is in their pans.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine’s flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

that sit among the graves, and lodge in the secret places; that eat swine’s flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;

RVARevised Version, American1894

which sit among the graves, and lodge in the secret places; which eat swine’s flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Which remaine among the graues, and lodge in the desarts, which eate swines flesh, and the broth of things polluted are in their vessels.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

who sit down among the graves, and lodge in the secret places; who eat swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things [is in] their vessels;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Who are dwelling among sepulchres, And lodge in reserved places, Who are eating flesh of the sow, And a piece of abominable things — their vessels.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Who are dwelling among tombs, || And lodge in reserved places, || Who are eating flesh of the sow, || And a piece of abominations—their vessels.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

That sit about among the graves, and lodge in the vaults, that eat the flesh of the swine, and [have] broth of abominations [in] their vessels;

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

They sit among the graves and keep watch all night, and eat pork with the broth of foul meat in their dishes.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

That dwell in sepulchres, and sleep in the temple of idols: that eat swine’s flesh, and profane broth is in their vessels.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

They spend the night among the graves and in caves, eating pork and cooking other unclean meats.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Who are seated in the resting-places of the dead, and by night are in the secret places; who take pig's flesh for food, and have the liquid of disgusting things in their vessels.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · predicatenoun phraseהַ[thosenoun phraseclauseclauseverbיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙who].sitprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַּamongnoun phrasetheקְּבָרִ֔יםgravesוּandclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַin.(the)noun phrasesecretנְּצוּרִ֖יםplacesverbיָלִ֑ינוּthey.spend.the.nightnoun phraseהָ[thosenoun phraseclauseclauseverbאֹֽכְלִים֙who].eatnoun phrase · objectבְּשַׂ֣רthe.fleshnoun phraseהַofחֲזִ֔ירthe.pigוּandclausenoun phrase · subjectמְרַ֥קbrothפִּגֻּלִ֖יםof.unclean.meat(s)noun phrase · predicateכְּלֵיvesselsהֶֽם[is].their

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls agree closely, with the same words appearing in both. The Septuagint also matches the Hebrew text word-for-word, reflecting a consistent understanding of the verse across these ancient witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙ בַּקְּבָרִ֔ים וּבַנְּצוּרִ֖ים יָלִ֑ינוּ הָאֹֽכְלִים֙ בְּשַׂ֣ר הַחֲזִ֔יר וּמְרַ֥ק פִּגֻּלִ֖ים כְּלֵיהֶֽם׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙δαιμονίοιςבַּקְּבָרִ֔יםμνήμασινוּבַנְּצוּרִ֖יםἐνיָלִ֑ינוּκοιμῶνταιהָאֹֽכְלִים֙ἔσθοντεςבְּשַׂ֣רκρέαהַחֲזִ֔ירὕειαוּמְרַ֥קζωμὸνפִּגֻּלִ֖יםμεμολυμμέναכְּלֵיהֶֽם׃σκεύη

10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

היושבים בקברים ובנצירים ילינו האוכלים בשר החוזיר ומרק פגולים בכלי׳המה

10 words on the leather.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 65:4יָשַׁבwho sitwho sitיָשַׁבקֶ֫בֶרamong the gamong the graveקֶ֫בֶרנָצַרand in secrand in secret pנָצַרלוּןthey spend they spend [theלוּןאָכַלwho eatwho eatאָכַלבָּשָׂר[the] flesh[the] flesh ofבָּשָׂרחֲזִירthe pigthe pigחֲזִירמָרָקand broth oand broth ofמָרָקפִּגּוּלunclean meaunclean meatפִּגּוּלכְּלִי[is] vessel[is] vessels thכְּלִיקָבַרto buryto buryקָבַרבָּשַׂרto bear tito bear tidingsבָּשַׂרמָרַקto polishto polishמָרַקכָּלָהto end: fito end: finishכָּלָהבָּשָׂרfleshfleshבָּשָׂרבֶּ֫טַחsecuritysecurityבֶּ֫טַחכְּנַעֲנִיCanaanitesCanaanitessכְּנַעֲנִיאֱמֶתtruth: faitruth: faithfulאֱמֶתבִּיןto understto understandבִּיןלַ֫יְלָהnightnightלַ֫יְלָהעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהשָׁתָהto drinkto drinkשָׁתָהלֶ֫חֶםfoodfoodלֶ֫חֶםעוֹרskinskinעוֹרעֶ֫צֶםboneboneעֶ֫צֶםפָּרַסto divideto divideפָּרַספַּרְסָהhoofhoofפַּרְסָהשׂוּםto set: mato set: makeשׂוּם
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 65:4

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙hai.yo.she.Vim who sit H3427 Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine plural
1,079× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to sit or dwell, and can also mean to remain or abide. It's used in the Bible to describe people living in a place or staying with someone, like in the book of Genesis.
Amplified meaning
dwelling, remaining
Tyndale gloss
to dwell
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָשַׁב (yashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to sit, remain, or dwell. It encompasses a range of actions from simply sitting down to more complex ideas like establishing a home or causing a place to be inhabited. The entries indicate various forms, including Qal (to sit), Niphal (to be inhabited), and Hiphil (to cause to dwell). There is an Aramaic equivalent, יְתִב (ye.tiv), meaning 'to dwell'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָשַׁב 1090 vb. sit, remain, dwell

Qal

sit

sit, sit down

sit down

sit = be set (as a jewel)

remain, stay, tarry

with special emphasis of qualifying phr.

dwell, have one’s abode

of a land or city, sit, abide, seated in its place, fig. for be inhabited

Niph. be inhabited, of land

Pi. and they shall set their encampments in thee

Hiph.

cause to sit

cause to abide

cause to dwell

cause cities to be inhabited

marry (prop. give a dwelling to)

Hoph. and ye be made to dwell alone in the midst of the land

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3427 יָשַׁב sit, remain, dwell

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3427 yashab yaw-shab'

a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as

judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to

remain; causatively, to settle, to marry:--(make to)

abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease

self, endure, establish, X fail, habitation, haunt, (make to)

inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, X marry(-ing),

(bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(- tle),

(down-)sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate),

take, tarry.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָשַׁב (ya.shav) — to dwell.

1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to sit, sit down

1a2) to be set

1a3) to remain, stay

1a4) to dwell, have one's abode

1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited

1c) (Piel) to set, place

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to cause to sit

1d2) to cause to abide, set

1d3) to cause to dwell

1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited

1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to)

1e) (Hophal)

1e1) to be inhabited

1e2) to make to dwell

Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine plural
HTd/Vqrmpa
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
בַּקְּבָרִ֔יםba.ke.va.Rim among the graves H6913 Preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
67× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A grave or sepulchre is a place where the dead are buried, often a tomb or burial site. This word is used in the Bible to describe the final resting place of individuals, and is translated as burying place or sepulchre in the KJV.
Amplified meaning
sepulchres, tombs
Tyndale gloss
grave
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קֶ֫בֶר (qeber) refers to a grave or sepulchre, indicating a burial place. It is derived from the root word for 'to bury' and is used in contexts related to tombs. The entries consistently define it as a place of interment without notable disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קֶ֫בֶר 67 n.m. grave, sepulchre

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6913 קֶ֫בֶר grave, sepulchre

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6913 qeber, keh'-ber

or (feminine) qibrah {kib-raw'}; from 6912; a

sepulchre:--burying place, grave, sepulchre.

see HEBREW for 06912

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קֶ֫בֶר (qe.ver) — grave.

grave, sepulchre, tomb

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
HRd/Ncmpa
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
וּבַנְּצוּרִ֖יםu.va.ne.tzu.Rim and in secret places H5341 Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
63× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to watch or guard something, like the Israelites watching over the Passover in Exodus 12:42 or God watching over his people in Psalm 121:4.
Amplified meaning
hidden, reserved
Tyndale gloss
to watch
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָצַר (natsar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to watch, guard, or keep. It encompasses a range of actions including protecting, preserving, and observing, as well as concealing or keeping secret. The entries suggest both positive and negative connotations, such as guarding from danger or hiding something. The term can also refer to a watchman.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נָצַר] vb. watch, guard, keep;—Qal

Watch, guard, keep

Guard from dangers, preserve

Guard with fidelity, keep, observe

Guard, keep secret

Keep close, blockaded

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5341 נָצַר watch, guard, keep . Watch, guard, keep

. Guard from dangers, preserve

. Guard with fidelity, keep, observe

. Guard, keep secret

. Keep close, blockaded

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5341 natsar naw-tsar'

a primitive root; to guard, in a good sense (to protect,

maintain, obey, etc.) or a bad one (to conceal, etc.):--

besieged, hidden thing, keep(-er, -ing), monument, observe,

preserve(-r), subtil, watcher(-man).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָצַר (na.tsar) — to watch.

1) to guard, watch, watch over, keep

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to watch, guard, keep

1a2) to preserve, guard from dangers

1a3) to keep, observe, guard with fidelity

1a4) to guard, keep secret

1a5) to be kept close, be blockaded

1a6) watchman (participle)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep | N-mp — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
HC/Rd/Ncmpa
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
יָלִ֑ינוּya.Li.nu they spend [the] night H3885 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
84× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To grumble or complain, this word describes a negative attitude of discontent or murmuring. It is used in the Bible to describe people who are unhappy or stubborn.
Amplified meaning
lodging, keeping watch
Tyndale gloss
to lodge
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לוּן (luwn) is a Hebrew verb meaning to lodge or pass the night, and it can also imply abiding or remaining. It has a negative connotation when referring to murmuring or complaining. The word can be used in various forms, including Qal, Hiphil, and Hithpalpel, indicating different nuances of lodging and grumbling.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לוּן, לִין vb. lodge, pass the night, fig. abide

Qal

lodge, pass the night

fig. abide, remain

Hiph. cause to rest, lodge

Hithpalp. dwell, abide, of eagle

base

[לוּן] vb. murmur

Niph. murmur against

Hiph. murmur; cause to murmur

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3885a לוּן, לִין lodge, pass the night, fig. abide H3885b לוּן murmur

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3885 luwn loon

or liyn {leen}; a primitive root; to stop (usually over

night); by implication, to stay permanently; hence (in a bad

sense) to be obstinate (especially in words, to

complain):--abide (all night), continue, dwell, endure,

grudge, be left, lie all night, (cause to) lodge (all night,

in, -ing, this night), (make to) murmur, remain, tarry (all

night, that night).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לוּן (lun) — to lodge.

1) to lodge, stop over, pass the night, abide

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to lodge, pass the night

1a2) to abide, remain (fig.)

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to rest, lodge

1c) (Hithpalpel) to dwell, abide

לוּן (lun) — to grumble.

1) to grumble, complain, murmur

1a) (Niphal) to grumble, murmur

1b) (Hiphil) to complain, cause to grumble

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

nit.

See DAY AND NIGHT for the natural usage and the various terms.

1. In the Old Testament:

Figurative uses: The word "night" (laylah or layil is sometimes used figuratively in the Old Testament. Thus, Moses compares the brevity of time, the lapse of a thousand years, to "a watch in the night" (Ps 90:4). Adversity is depicted by it in such places as Job 35:10; compare Isa 8:20; Jer 15:9. Disappointment and despair are apparently depicted by it in the "burden of Dumah" (Isa 21:11,12); and spiritual blindness, coming upon the false prophets (Mic 3:6); again sudden and…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[DAY]

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The ancient Hebrews began their artificial day at evening, and ended it the next evening, so that the night proceeded the day. This usage may probably be traced to the terms employed in describing the creation, Ge 1:5,8,13, etc., "The evening and the morning were the first day." The Hebrews allowed twelve to the day; but these hours were not equal, except at the equinox. At other times, when the hours of the night were long, those of the day were short, as in winter; and when the hours of night were short, as at midsummer, the hours of the day were long in proportion. See HOURS.

The nights are sometimes extremely cold in Syria, when the days are very hot; and travelers in the deserts and among the mountains near Palestine refer to their own sufferings from these opposite extremes, in illustration of Jacob’s words in

→ General scriptures concerning Ge 1:5,16,18

→ Meditations in Ps 19:2; 77:6; 119:148; 139:11

→ Worship in Ps 134:1

→ Jesus prays all night Lu 6:12

→ No night in heaven Re 21:25; 22:5

→ Divided into watches Ex 14:24; Jud 7:19; 1Sa 11:11; Ne 12:9; Ps 63:6; 119:148; La 2:19;

who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
הָאֹֽכְלִים֙ha.'o.khe.Lim who eat H398 Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine plural
810× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.
Amplified meaning
consuming, devouring
Tyndale gloss
to eat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָכַל (akal) means 'to eat' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including literal consumption by humans and animals, as well as figurative uses like devouring by fire or destruction. It can describe actions such as feeding or causing to eat, and it also appears in contexts of oppression and destruction. The verb has various forms, indicating different subjects and nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָכַל 806 vb. eat

Qal

eat, human subject

of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

fig. of fire, devour, consume

of sword, devour, slay

in genl., devour, consume, destroy

fig. of oppression, devour the poor

Niph.

be eaten by man

be devoured by fire, consumed

be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

Pu. be consumed

Hiph.

cause to eat, feed with

cause to devoure, obj. sword

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H398 אָכַל eat .. eat, human subject

. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

. fig. of fire, devour, consume

. of sword, devour, slay

. in genl., devour, consume, destroy

. fig. of oppression, devour the poor

. . be eaten by man

. be devoured by fire, consumed

. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

. be consumed

. . cause to eat, feed with

. cause to devoure, obj. sword

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

398 'akal aw-kal'

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively):--X at

all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up),

feed (with), food, X freely, X in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay)

meat, X quite.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָכַל (a.khal) — to eat.

1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to eat (human subject)

1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds)

1a3) to devour, consume (of fire)

1a4) to devour, slay (of sword)

1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought)

1a6) to devour (of oppression)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be eaten (by men)

1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire)

1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh)

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to cause to eat, feed with

1c2) to cause to devour

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to feed

1d2) to cause to eat

1e) (Piel)

1e1) consume

Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine plural
HTd/Vqrmpa
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
בְּשַׂ֣רbe.Sar [the] flesh of H1320 Noun common · masculine singular construct
270× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for flesh refers to the body or a person, and can also describe living things or animals. In the Bible, it is used to describe humans and animals, as in Genesis and Leviticus.
Amplified meaning
flesh, body
Tyndale gloss
flesh
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בָּשָׂר (basar) means 'flesh' and encompasses various meanings, including the physical body, kinship, and a euphemism for male genitalia. It can refer to humans, animals, and all living things, highlighting the frailty of man in relation to God. The entries consistently emphasize its bodily and relational aspects.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בָּשָׂר 266 n.m. flesh

of the body

flesh for the body itself

male organ of generation (euphemism)

flesh for kindred, blood-relations

man over against God as frail or erring

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1320 בָּשָׂר flesh . of the body

. flesh for the body itself

. male organ of generation (euphemism)

. flesh for kindred, blood-relations

. man over against God as frail or erring

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1320 basar baw-sawr'

from 1319; flesh (from its freshness); by extension, body,

person; also (by euphem.) the pudenda of a man:--body, (fat,

lean) flesh(-ed), kin, (man-)kind, + nakedness, self, skin.

see HEBREW for 01319

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בָּשָׂר (ba.sar) — flesh.

1) flesh

1a) of the body

1a1) of humans

1a2) of animals

1b) the body itself

1c) male organ of generation (euphemism)

1d) kindred, blood-relations

1e) flesh as frail or erring (man against God)

1f) all living things

1g) animals

1h) mankind

Aramaic equivalent: be.shar (בְּשַׁר "flesh" H1321)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
הַחֲזִ֔ירha.cha.Zir the pig H2386 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
7× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Chazir refers to swine, including hogs, boars, and wild boars. In the Bible, swine were considered forbidden food for the Israelites.
Amplified meaning
swine, hogs
Tyndale gloss
swine
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֲזִיר (chaziyr) refers to swine or boar, often noted as forbidden food in Hebrew texts. It is derived from an unused root that likely means to enclose, suggesting a connection to animals that are penned. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to hogs and wild boars.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֲזִיר n.m. swine, boar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2386 חֲזִיר swine, boar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2386 chaziyr khaz-eer'

from an unused root probably meaning to enclose; a hog

(perhaps as penned):--boar, swine.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֲזִיר (cha.zir) — swine.

1) hog, swine, boar

1a) swine (as forbidden food)

1b) wild boar

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
וּמְרַ֥קu.fe.rak and broth of H4839 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Broth is a liquid food made by cooking meat or vegetables, and this Hebrew word describes such a dish. It is used in the Bible to describe a simple, nourishing meal. The KJV translates it as broth.
Tyndale gloss
broth
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָרָק (maraq) refers to broth or juice extracted from meat, as indicated by its definitions across various lexicons. It is derived from the root word מָרַק (maraq), which suggests a process of rinsing or cooking. The term captures the essence of a liquid food product, primarily used in culinary contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָרָק n.m. juice stewed out of meat, or broth

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4839 מָרָק juice stewed out of meat, or broth

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4839 maraq maw-rawk'

from 4838; soup (as if a rinsing):--broth. See also 6564.

see HEBREW for 04838

see HEBREW for 06564

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָרָק (ma.raq) — broth.

broth, juice cooked from meat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Ncmsc — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
פִּגֻּלִ֖יםpi.gu.Lim unclean meat H6292 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word describes something that is unclean or foul, often referring to food that is not suitable for sacrifice. It is used to convey a sense of something being disgusting or unacceptable.
Amplified meaning
unclean, foul, soup, liquid food
Tyndale gloss
refuse
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פִּגּוּל (pigguwl) refers to a foul or refuse thing, specifically in the context of unclean sacrificial flesh. The term is derived from a root meaning to stink, indicating something that is ceremonially unclean. It is used technically in sacrificial contexts, highlighting its specific application in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פִּגּוּל n.m. foul thing, refuse, but only as term. techn. of unclean sacrificial flesh

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6292 פִּגּוּל foul thing, refuse, but only as term. techn. of unclean sacrificial flesh

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6292 pigguwl pig-gool'

or piggul {pig-gool'}; from an unused root meaning to stink;

properly, fetid, i.e. (figuratively) unclean

(ceremonially):--abominable(-tion, thing).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פִּגּוּל (pig.gul) — refuse.

1) foul thing, refuse

1a) unclean sacrificial flesh (only use)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

met (broma, brosis): In the King James Version used for food in general, e.g. "I had my meat of herbs" (2 Esdras 12:51); "his disciples were gone away into the city to buy meat," the Revised Version (British and American) "food" (Joh 4:8). The English word signified whatever is eaten, whether of flesh or other food.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

It does not appear that the word "meat" is used in any one instance in the Authorized Version of either the Old or New Testament in the sense which it now almost exclusively bears of animal food. The latter is denoted uniformly by "flesh." The word "meat," when our English version was made, meant food in general; or if any particular kind was designated, it referred to meal, flour or grain. The only real and inconvenient ambiguity caused by the change which has taken place in the meaning of the word is in the case of the "meat offering." [MEAT OFFERING OFFERING]

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
who sit among the graves and in secret places they spend [the] night who eat [the] flesh of the pig and broth of unclean meat [is] vessels their
כְּלֵיהֶֽם׃ke.lei.Hem [is] vessels their H3627 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
325× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to any object or tool, like a utensil or a piece of furniture. It is used to describe a wide range of items, from musical instruments to weapons. It emphasizes the object's purpose or function.
Amplified meaning
vessels, utensils
Tyndale gloss
article/utensil
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כְּלִי (kliy) refers to an article or utensil, encompassing a wide range of objects such as vessels, tools, and implements used for various purposes, including music and warfare. It is derived from a root meaning 'to prepare' and can denote anything from furniture to weapons. The entries highlight its general use in the Old Testament without significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כְּלִי 324 n.m. article, utensil, vessel

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3627 כְּלִי article, utensil, vessel

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3627 kliy kel-ee'

from 3615; something prepared, i.e. any apparatus (as an

implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon):--armour

((-bearer)), artillery, bag, carriage, + furnish, furniture,

instrument, jewel, that is made of, X one from another, that

which pertaineth, pot, + psaltery, sack, stuff, thing, tool,

vessel, ware, weapon, + whatsoever.

see HEBREW for 03615

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כְּלִי (ke.li) — article/utensil.

1) article, vessel, implement, utensil

1a) article, object (general)

1b) utensil, implement, apparatus, vessel

1b1) implement (of hunting or war)

1b2) implement (of music)

1b3) implement, tool (of labour)

1b4) equipment, yoke (of oxen)

1b5) utensils, furniture

1c) vessel, receptacle (general)

1d) vessels (boats) of paper-reed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3mp
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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