Ezra 4:7 — Word Study
WLCוּבִימֵ֣י אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא כָּתַ֨ב בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ וּשְׁאָ֣ר כְּנָוֹתָ֔יו עַל־ אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּ מֶ֣לֶךְ פָּרָ֑ס וּכְתָב֙ הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן כָּת֥וּב אֲרָמִ֖ית וּמְתֻרְגָּ֥ם אֲרָמִֽית׃ פ
BSAAnd in the daysyôwm [of royal reign, period of rule] of Artaxerxes [king]ʼArtachshashtâʼ [Persian king, ruler of the empire] of PersiaPâraç [ancient empire, vast territory] BishlamBishlâm△ [peaceful, tranquil] MithredathMithrᵉdâth [given by Mithra, devoted to the God] Tabeelṭâbᵉʼêl [God is good, divine benevolence] and the rest ofshᵉʼâr [remainder, surviving companions] his associateskᵉnâth△ [companions, colleagues, those who share a title] wrote [a letter]kâthab■ [recorded, inscribed, written message, epistle] toʻal ArtaxerxesʼArtachshashtâʼ [It]nishtᵉvân was writtenkâthab [inscribed, recorded] in AramaicʼĂrâmîyth [Syrian language, tongue of the Arameans] and then translatedtirgam△ [interpreted, explained]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וּבִימֵ֣י | and in [the] days of | Conjunction, preposition, noun common masculine plural construct |
| אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא | Artaxerxes | Noun proper masculine |
| כָּתַ֨ב | he wrote | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
| בִּשְׁלָ֜ם | Bishlam | Noun proper masculine |
| מִתְרְדָ֤ת | Mithredath | Noun proper masculine |
| טָֽבְאֵל֙ | Tabeel | Noun proper masculine |
| וּשְׁאָ֣ר | and [the] rest of | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| כְּנָוֹתָ֔יו | colleagues his | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| עַל־ | to | Preposition |
| אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּ | Artaxerxes | Noun proper masculine |
| מֶ֣לֶךְ | [the] king of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| פָּרָ֑ס | Persia | Noun proper |
| וּכְתָב֙ | and [the] writing of | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן | the letter | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| כָּת֥וּב | [was] written | Verb, Qal, participle (passive) masculine singular |
| אֲרָמִ֖ית | Aramaic | Ngfsa |
| וּמְתֻרְגָּ֥ם | and [was] translated | Conjunction, verb pual participle (passive) masculine singular |
| אֲרָמִֽית׃ פ | Aramaic |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | And in the days of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his associates wrote a letter to Artaxerxes. It was written in Aramaic and then translated. |
| KJV | ¶ And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue. |
| ASV | And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian character, and set forth in the Syrian tongue. |
| YLT | and in the days of Artaxerxes have Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions written unto Artaxerxes king of Persia, and the writing of the letter is written in Aramaean, and interpreted in Aramaean. |
| WEB | In the days of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions wrote to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Syrian and delivered in the Syrian language. |
| BBE | And in the time of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his friends, sent a letter to Artaxerxes, king of Persia, writing it in the Aramaean writing and language. |
The translations agree on the action of writing, with no significant differences noted.
The structure consists of two main clauses, each with additional phrases providing context and detail.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbכָּתַב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
3 of 18 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Ezra 4:7
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Letter to Artaxerxesgenerated
Ezra 4:7 describes a significant moment when associates of the Jewish people wrote to King Artaxerxes during his reign. This letter, written in Aramaic, highlights the interactions between the returning exiles and the Persian authorities, showcasing the complexities of their situation. The context includes accusations against the people of Judah and Jerusalem, as seen in the preceding verse, and sets the stage for the unfolding narrative of rebuilding efforts in Jerusalem.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezra 4:9–17 | From Rehum the commander, Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their associates—the judges and officials over Tripolis, Persia, Erech and Babylon, the Elamites of Susa, |
| 2 | Ezra 5:6 | This is the text of the letter that Tattenai the governor of the region west of the Euphrates, Shethar-bozenai, and their associates, the officials in the region, sent to King Darius. |
| 3 | 2 Kings 18:26 | Then Eliakim son of Hilkiah, along with Shebnah and Joah, said to the Rabshakeh, “Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, since we understand it. Do not speak with us in Hebrew in the hearing of the people on the wall.” |
| 4 | Isaiah 36:11 | Then Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah said to the Rabshakeh, “Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, since we understand it. Do not speak to us in Hebrew in the hearing of the people on the wall.” |
| 5 | Daniel 2:4 | Then the astrologers answered the king in Aramaic, “O king, may you live forever! Tell your servants the dream, and we will give the interpretation.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — כָּתַ֨ב, ka.Tavgenerated
The verb כָּתַב (ka.Tav) means 'to write' and indicates the act of recording thoughts or messages. It is used here in the perfect tense, showing that the action has been completed. This word can refer to various forms of writing, including letters, decrees, and inscriptions.
The use of this verb emphasizes the formal nature of the communication being made to King Artaxerxes, highlighting the importance of the message conveyed in the letter.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In this study, the verse is read in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the word wrote for כָּתַ֨ב.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb כָּתַ֨ב (he wrote) governs the sentence, with multiple noun phrases serving as the subject and object. The structure is typical of Hebrew prose, where actions are clearly defined and supported by specific subjects.
The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase indicating the time frame, followed by the subjects who performed the action, and concludes with details about the letter's content and language.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates כָּתַב as ἔγραψεν, which also means 'he wrote.' This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning, reinforcing the act of writing as a formal communication.
The Septuagint's translation maintains the focus on the action of writing, further emphasizing the significance of the letter in the context of the narrative.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Ezra 4:7 tells us that during the reign of King Artaxerxes, several associates wrote a letter to him. This letter was written in Aramaic and then translated, showing the importance of clear communication in their dealings with the Persian king.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The letter likely contained concerns or accusations regarding the rebuilding efforts in Jerusalem, as indicated by the context of Ezra 4.
Aramaic was the common language of the region at the time, facilitating communication between the Jewish people and Persian authorities.
Artaxerxes was a significant figure during the period of the Exile and Return, influencing the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the administration of the Jewish community.
This verse connects to other passages in Ezra that discuss the challenges faced by the Jewish people during their return and the correspondence with Persian rulers.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What can we learn about the importance of communication in our own lives from this letter?
- How does the use of language affect our ability to convey messages and intentions?
- In what ways do we see the influence of leadership in our communities today, similar to Artaxerxes' role?
- How can we apply the lessons from Ezra's time to our own experiences of rebuilding and restoration?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Ezra 4:7 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd in the days of Artaxerxes,.... The same with Ahasuerus, in the preceding verse; and who also is Cambyses, which is his name in Heathen authors, Artaxerxes being a common name to the kings of
Read John Gill on Ezra 4 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and
Read Robert Jamieson on Ezra 4 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleIn the days of Artaxerxes; either, 1. Artaxerxes the son of Xerxes. Or, 2. Smerdis the magician. Or rather, 3. The same Cambyses, called by his Chaldee name Ahasuems, , and here by his Persian name Artaxerxes; by which name he is here called in the inscription of this letter, because so he was called by himself and others in the letters written either by him or to him. Interpreted, or exposed, or declared. The sense is, It was written in the Chaldee or Syrian language, and in the Syrian character; for sometimes the Chaldee or Syrian words are written in the Hebrew character, as Hebrew words are oft written in an English character.
Read Matthew Poole on Ezra 4 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsEzra 4:7 And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter [was] written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue.Ver. 7. And in the days of Artaxerxes] This seems to be Cambyses’ Persian name, as Ahasuerus was his Chaldee name. It is as much as Bellator egregius, an excellent warrior. So Scipio was called Fulmen belli, the lightening bolt of war; Bajazet, the Great Turk, Gilderun, or lightning; Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, was called Achilles Teutonicus (Bucholc.). Our Black Prince was so named, not of his colour, but of his courage, and of his dreaded acts in…
Read John Trapp on Ezra 4 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(7) In the days of Artaxerxes.—This must be Gomates, the Magian priest who personated Smerdis, the dead son of Cyrus, and reigned only seven months: note that the expression used is “days,” and not “reign” as in the previous verse. This Artaxerxes has been thought by many commentators to be the Longimanus of the sequel of this book and of Nehemiah, and they have identified the Ahasuerus of Ezra and Esther with Xerxes. This would explain the reference to “the walls” in Ezra 4:12; but in Ezra 4:23-24 the sequence of events is strict, and the word “ceased” links the parts of the narrative into unity. Moreover, the Persian princes had often more than one name. At the same time, there is nothing…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Ezra 4 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 7. In the days of Artaxerxes] After the death of Cambyses, one of the Magi named Oropaestus by Trogus Pompeius, Smerdis by Herodotus, Mardus by AEschylus, and Sphendatates by Ctesias, usurped the empire, feigning himself to be Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses, who had been put to death. This is the person named Artaxerxes in the text: or, following the Hebrew, Artachshasta. It is generally believed, that from the time of Cyrus the great, Xerxes and Artaxerxes were names assumed by the Persian sovereigns, whatever their names had been before. Written in the Syrian tongue] That is, the Syrian or Chaldean character was used; not the Hebrew. Interpreted, in the Syrian tongue.] That is…
Read AdamClarke on Ezra 4 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and CollegesNote on Ezra 4:7-23 The names of the Persian kings which occur in this chapter occasion special difficulty. Upon their right identification necessarily depends our understanding of the whole passage. (a) The Persian kings succeed one another in the following order: (1) Cyrus (died, 529); (2) Cambyses, 529–522; (3) Gomates or Pseudo-Smerdis, 522; (4) Darius Hystaspes, 522–485; (5) Xerxes, 485–465; (6) Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, 465–425; (7, 8) Xerxes II. and Sogdianus; (9) Darius II. Nothus, 424–395, &c. (b) In chap. Ezra 4:5 we learn that the work of building the Temple was frustrated by the Samaritans “all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia.’…
Read Cambridge on Ezra 4 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleArtaxerxes - Gomates, the Pseudo-Smerdis. He succeeded Cambyses (521 B.C.), and reigned for seven months, when he was deposed and executed by Darius Hystaspis.
Read Albert Barnes on Ezra 4 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
And in the days of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his associates wrote a letter to Artaxerxes. It was written in Aramaic and then translated.
In the days of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions wrote to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Syrian and delivered in the Syrian language.
And in the days of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his associates wrote a letter to Artaxerxes. It was written in Aramaic and then translated.
And during the reign of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their colleagues wrote to King Artaxerxes of Persia. This letter was first written in Aramaic but then translated. [Aramaic:]
Tyndale line
¶ And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue.
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian character, and set forth in the Syrian tongue.
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian character, and set forth in the Syrian tongue.
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions to Artaxerxes king of Persia, and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian language, and interpreted in the Syrian language.
And in the daies of Artahshashte, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions wrote when it was peace, vnto Artahshashte king of Persia, and the writing of the letter was the Aramites writing, and the thing declared was in the language of the Aramites.
Strictly literal
And in the days of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, wrote to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Aramaic, and interpreted in Aramaic.
and in the days of Artaxerxes have Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions written unto Artaxerxes king of Persia, and the writing of the letter is written in Aramaean, and interpreted in Aramaean.
and in the days of Artaxerxes have Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions written to Artaxerxes king of Persia, and the writing of the letter is written in Aramaic, and interpreted in Aramaic.
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes the king of Persia: and the writing of the letter was written in Aramic, and interpreted in Aramic.
It was during the days of Artaxerxes that Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and their companions wrote to Artaxerxes. The letter was written in Aramaic and translated.
From the Latin
And in the days of Artaxerxes, Beselam, Mithridates, and Thabeel, and the rest that were in the council wrote to Artaxerxes king of the Persians: and the letter of accusation was written in Syriac, and was read in the Syrian tongue.
Simplified
During the time of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and their fellow officers wrote a letter to Artaxerxes. The letter was written in Aramaic and translated from Aramaic.
And in the time of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his friends, sent a letter to Artaxerxes, king of Persia, writing it in the Aramaean writing and language.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with the Septuagint providing a close correspondence to the Hebrew text. Both versions convey the same essential message regarding the letter written to Artaxerxes.
וּבִימֵ֣י אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא כָּתַ֨ב בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ וּשְׁאָ֣ר כְּנָוֹתָ֔יו עַל־ אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּ מֶ֣לֶךְ פָּרָ֑ס וּכְתָב֙ הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן כָּת֥וּב אֲרָמִ֖ית וּמְתֻרְגָּ֥ם אֲרָמִֽית׃ פ
16 of the 18 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Ezra 4:7
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
יוֹם (yowm) means 'day' and refers to a division of time, contrasting with night. It can denote a literal 24-hour period, a general time span, or even a year. The term is used in various contexts, including the 'day of Yahweh,' which signifies a time of divine judgment. It also appears in phrases indicating temporal references like today, yesterday, and tomorrow.
יוֹם 2285 n.m. day
day, opp. night
Day as division of time
יוֹם י׳ day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment, involving often blessedness for righteous
Pl. days of anyone
Days
יוֹם = time
Phrases
base
H3117 יוֹם day . day, opp. night
. Day as division of time
. יוֹם י׳ day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment, involving often blessedness for righteous
. Pl. days of anyone
. Days
. יוֹם = time
. Phrases
3117 yowm yome
from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm
hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one
sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by
an associated term), (often used adverb):--age, + always, +
chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to)
day, (now a, two) days (agone), + elder, X end, + evening, +
(for) ever(-lasting, -more), X full, life, as (so) long as
(... live), (even) now, + old, + outlived, + perpetually,
presently, + remaineth, X required, season, X since, space,
then, (process of) time, + as at other times, + in trouble,
weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), X whole
(+ age), (full) year(-ly), + younger.
יוֹם (yom) — day.
: day/when/time/period
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
1b2a) a working day, a day's journey
1c) days, lifetime (pl.)
1d) time, period (general)
1e) year
1f) temporal references
1f1) today
1f2) yesterday
1f3) tomorrow
יוֹם (yom) — day: old.
: old/(full/many)[days]
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
1b2a) a working day, a day's journey
1c) days, lifetime (pl.)
1d) time, period (general)
1e) year
1f) temporal references
1f1) today
1f2) yesterday
1f3) tomorrow
יוֹם (yom) — day: year.
: year[of_days]
1) day, time, year
1a) day (as opposed to night)
1b) day (24 hour period)
1b1) as defined by evening and morning in Genesis 1
1b2) as a division of time
Conj | Prep | N-mp — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural constructHC/R/Ncmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא (Artachshashta) refers to Artaxerxes, a title used for several Persian kings, specifically the son and successor of Xerxes who ruled from 465-424 BC. The name is associated with the time of the Exile and Return, first mentioned in Ezra 4:7 and Ezra 6:14, and is thought to mean 'I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter.'
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא n.pr.m. Artaxerxes
base
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא n.pr.m. of king
base
H783a אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא Artaxerxes H783b אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא of king
783 'Artachshashta' ar-takh-shash-taw'
or mArtachshasht {ar-takh- shasht'}; or by permutation
gArtachshactu {ar-takh-shast'}; of foreign origin;
Artachshasta (or Artaxerxes), a title (rather than name) of
several Persian kings:--Artaxerxes.
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.6.14
Also named: ar.tach.shash.ta (אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא "Artaxerxes" H0783)
§ Artaxerxes = "I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter"
son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465-424 BC
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.4.7
Aramaic of ar.tach.shash.ta (אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא "Artaxerxes" H0783H)
§ Artaxerxes = "I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter"
son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465-424 BC
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.6.14
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
ar-taks-urk'-sez (Artaxerxes): Is the Greek and Latin form of one, and perhaps of two or three kings of Persia mentioned in the Old Testament.
(1) All are agreed that the Artaxerxes at whose court Ezra and Nehemiah were officials is Artaxerxes I, the son of Xerxes, commonly called Longimanus, who reigned from 465 to 424 BC. This Artaxerxes was the third son of Xerxes and was raised to the throne by Artabanus, the murderer of Xerxes. Shortly after his accession, Artaxerxes put his older brother Darius to death; and a little later, Artabanus, who perhaps aimed to make himself king, was killed. Hystaspes, the second brother, who seems to have been satrap of Bactria at the time of his father's death, rebelled, and after two battles was deprived of his power and probably of his life. The reign of Artaxerxes was further disturbed by the revolt of Egypt in 460 BC, and by that of Syria about 448…
Artaxerxes
The Greek form of the name of several Persian kings. (1.) The king who obstructed the rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4:7). He was probably the Smerdis of profane history.
(2.) The king mentioned in Ezra 7:1, in the seventh year (B.C. 458) of whose reign Ezra led a second colony of Jews back to Jerusalem, was probably Longimanus, who reigned for forty years (B.C. 464-425); the grandson of Darius, who, fourteen years later, permitted Nehemiah to return and rebuild Jerusalem.
(the great warrior). The first Artaxerxes is mentioned in (Ezra 4:7) and appears identical with Smerdis, the Magian impostor and pretended brother of Cambyses, who usurped the throne B.C. 522, and reigned eight months. In (Nehemiah 2:1) we have another Artaxerxes. We may safely identify him with Artaxerxes Macrocheir or Longimanus, the son of Xerxces, who reigned B.C. 464-425.
Great king, the name or title of several kings of Persia.
1. It is given in Ezr 4:7-24, to Smerdis the Magian, who usurped the throne after the death of Cambyses, B. C. 522, pretending to be Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, whom Cambyses had put to death. His usurped power was used, at the rebuilding of the temple. He was murdered, after a reign of eight months, and was succeeded by Darius son of Hystaspes.
2. The king of this name mentioned in Ezr 7:1-28, is most probably Artaxerxes Longimanus, the son and successor of Xerxes, who ascended the throne B. C. 425, after a mild reign of thirty-nine years. In the seventh year of his reign, Ezra led a second company of the Jewish exiles back to Jerusalem. In the twentieth year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, Nehemiah was sent to Jerusalem as governor…
The Hebrew word כָּתַב (*kathab*) means 'to write' and encompasses various forms of writing, including recording, enrolling, and decreeing. It can also refer to something being written or recorded. The entries indicate that it is a primitive root with frequent usage in different contexts.
כָּתַב 223 vb. write
Qal
write
= write down, describe in writing
= register, enroll
= decree
Niph.
be written
= be written down, recorded
Pi. frequent.
base
H3789 כָּתַב write .. write
. = write down, describe in writing
. = register, enroll
. = decree
. . be written
. = be written down, recorded
. frequent.
3789 kathab kaw-thab'
a primitive root; to grave, by implication, to write
(describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe):--describe, record,
prescribe, subscribe, write(-ing, -ten).
כָּתַב (ka.tav) — to write.
1) to write, record, enrol
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to write, inscribe, engrave, write in, write on
1a2) to write down, describe in writing
1a3) to register, enrol, record
1a4) to decree
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be written
1b2) to be written down, be recorded, be enrolled
1c) (Piel) to continue writing
Aramaic equivalent: ke.tav (כְּתַב "to write" H3790)
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms
בִּשְׁלָם (Bishlam) refers to a Persian officer mentioned in the context of the Exile and Return, specifically in Ezra 4:7. The name is thought to mean 'in peace' and is derived from a foreign origin. The entries consistently identify Bishlam as a proper noun without significant disagreement.
בִּשְׁלָם n.pr.m. (son of peace?) a Persian officer in Canaan Ezr 4:7.
ref
H1312 בִּשְׁלָם
1312 Bishlam bish-lawm'
of foreign derivation; Bishlam, a Pers.:--Bishlam.
בִּשְׁלָם (bish.lam) — Bishlam.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezr.4.7
§ Bishlam = "in peace"
a Persian officer in Palestine in the time of Ezra
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
bish'-lam (bishlam, "peaceful" (?)): One of three foreign colonists who wrote a letter of complaint against the Jews to Artaxerxes (Ezr 4:7 = 1 Esdras 2:16). In 1 Esdras the reading is "Belemus." "And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes, king of Persia," etc. (Ezr 4:7). The Septuagint renders Bishlam as en eirene, "in peace," as though it were a phrase rather than a proper name; this is clearly an error.
in peace
→ A Samaritan who obstructed the rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem Ezr 4:7-24
מִתְרְדָת (Mithrdath) is a name of Persian origin, meaning 'given by Mithra.' It refers to two individuals mentioned in the context of the Exile and Return: one was the treasurer of King Cyrus, and the other a Persian officer stationed in Samaria during the reign of Artaxerxes. The name appears in Ezra 1:8 and Ezra 4:7.
מִתְרְדָת n.pr.m. name of two Persians;
Cyrus’ time
Artaxerxes’ time
base
H4990 מִתְרְדָת
4990 Mithrdath mith-red-awth'
of Persian origin; Mithredath, the name of two
Persians:--Mithredath.
מִתְרְדָת (mit.re.dat) — Mithredath.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezr.1.8
§ Mithredath = "given by Mithra"
1) treasurer of king Cyrus of Persia
2) a Persian officer stationed at Samaria in the time of Artaxerxes
מִתְרְדָת (mit.re.dat) — Mithredath.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezr.4.7
§ Mithredath = "given by Mithra"
1) treasurer of king Cyrus of Persia
2) a Persian officer stationed at Samaria in the time of Artaxerxes
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
mith'-re-dath (mithredhath; Persian equals "gift of Mithra" or "consecrated to Mithra"):
(1) The Persian treasurer through whom Cyrus restored the sacred vessels to the returning Jewish exiles (Ezr 1:8).
(2) A Persian, perhaps an official, who was associated with Bishlam and Tabeel in corresponding with Artaxerxes concerning the restoration of Jerusalem (Ezr 4:7). In 1 Esdras 2:11,16, the name is written MITHRADATES (which see).
breaking the law
טָֽבְאֵל (tab'el) refers to a Persian officer in Samaria mentioned in Ezra 4:7, while טָֽבְאַ֑ל (tab'al) is an Aramean figure from Isaiah 7:6, whose son was involved in a plot against King Ahaz. Both names mean 'God is good.' The entries indicate that the two forms represent different individuals from distinct historical contexts.
H2870a טָֽבְאֵל Persian officer in Samaria H2870b טָֽבְאַ֑ל Aramean
2870 tab'el taw-beh-ale'
from 2895 and 410; pleasing (to) God; Tabeel, the name of a
Syrian and of a Persian:--Tabeal, Tabeel.
see HEBREW for 02895
see HEBREW for 0410
טָֽבְאֵל (ta.ve.el) — Tabeel.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezr.4.7
§ Tabeal = "God is good"
an officer of the Persian government in Samaria in the reign of Artaxerxes
טָֽבְאַ֑ל (ta.be.al) — Tabeal.
A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at Isa.7.6
§ Tabeal = "God is good"
a man whose son was either in the army of Pekah or the army of Rezin and whom Pekah and Rezin proposed to make king of Israel
Tabeel = "God is good"
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
ta'-be-el: A name meaning "good is God," borne by two persons in the Old Testament (Isa 7:6, the King James Version, "Tabeal").
(1) The father of the man whom the kings of Israel and Damascus planned to place upon the throne of Judah (Isa 7:6). The form of the name Tabhe'el, suggests that he was a Syrian; his son evidently was a tool of Rezin, king of Damascus. The name is vocalized so as to read Tebeal (Tabhe'al), which might be translated "good for nothing," though some explain it as a pausal form, with the ordinary meaning. The change, probably due to a desire to express contempt, is very slight in Hebrew.
(2) A Persian official in Samaria (Tabhe'el) (Ezr 4:7). All that is known of him is that he joined with other officials in…
Tabeel
A Persian governor of Samaria, who joined others in the attempt to prevent the rebuilding of Jerusalem (Ezra 4:7).
שְׁאָר (sh'ar) refers to a remainder or remnant, indicating what is left over. It is derived from a related term, שָׁאַר (sha'ar), and encompasses meanings like rest and residue. The word is used in contexts that imply what remains after a part has been removed or used.
שְׁאָר n.m. rest, residue, remnant
base
H7605 שְׁאָר rest, residue, remnant
7605 sh'ar sheh-awr'
from 7604; a remainder:--X other, remnant, residue, rest.
see HEBREW for 07604
שְׁאָר (she.ar) — remnant.
rest, residue, remnant, remainder
Aramaic equivalent: she.ar (שְׁאָר "remainder" H7606)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
כְּנָת (knath) refers to an associate or colleague, indicating a relationship among individuals with the same title. The term appears in Ezra 4:7 and is derived from a root meaning to be a companion. It has an Aramaic equivalent, כְּנָת (H3675), which also means 'associate'.
[כְּנָת] n. [of men, but f. in form] associate, colleague;—Ezr 4:7
ref
H3674 כְּנָת
3674 knath ken-awth'
from 3655; a colleague (as having the same
title):--companion.
see HEBREW for 03655
כְּנָת (ke.nat) — associate.
associate, colleague, companion
Aramaic equivalent: ke.nat (כְּנָת "associate" H3675)
N-mp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3ms
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא (Artachshashta) refers to Artaxerxes, a title used for several Persian kings, specifically the son and successor of Xerxes who ruled from 465-424 BC. The name is associated with the time of the Exile and Return, first mentioned in Ezra 4:7 and Ezra 6:14, and is thought to mean 'I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter.'
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא n.pr.m. Artaxerxes
base
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא n.pr.m. of king
base
H783a אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא Artaxerxes H783b אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא of king
783 'Artachshashta' ar-takh-shash-taw'
or mArtachshasht {ar-takh- shasht'}; or by permutation
gArtachshactu {ar-takh-shast'}; of foreign origin;
Artachshasta (or Artaxerxes), a title (rather than name) of
several Persian kings:--Artaxerxes.
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.6.14
Also named: ar.tach.shash.ta (אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא "Artaxerxes" H0783)
§ Artaxerxes = "I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter"
son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465-424 BC
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.4.7
Aramaic of ar.tach.shash.ta (אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא "Artaxerxes" H0783H)
§ Artaxerxes = "I will make the spoiled to boil: I will stir myself (in) winter"
son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465-424 BC
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ar.tach.shash.ta) — Artaxerxes.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.6.14
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
ar-taks-urk'-sez (Artaxerxes): Is the Greek and Latin form of one, and perhaps of two or three kings of Persia mentioned in the Old Testament.
(1) All are agreed that the Artaxerxes at whose court Ezra and Nehemiah were officials is Artaxerxes I, the son of Xerxes, commonly called Longimanus, who reigned from 465 to 424 BC. This Artaxerxes was the third son of Xerxes and was raised to the throne by Artabanus, the murderer of Xerxes. Shortly after his accession, Artaxerxes put his older brother Darius to death; and a little later, Artabanus, who perhaps aimed to make himself king, was killed. Hystaspes, the second brother, who seems to have been satrap of Bactria at the time of his father's death, rebelled, and after two battles was deprived of his power and probably of his life. The reign of Artaxerxes was further disturbed by the revolt of Egypt in 460 BC, and by that of Syria about 448…
Artaxerxes
The Greek form of the name of several Persian kings. (1.) The king who obstructed the rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4:7). He was probably the Smerdis of profane history.
(2.) The king mentioned in Ezra 7:1, in the seventh year (B.C. 458) of whose reign Ezra led a second colony of Jews back to Jerusalem, was probably Longimanus, who reigned for forty years (B.C. 464-425); the grandson of Darius, who, fourteen years later, permitted Nehemiah to return and rebuild Jerusalem.
(the great warrior). The first Artaxerxes is mentioned in (Ezra 4:7) and appears identical with Smerdis, the Magian impostor and pretended brother of Cambyses, who usurped the throne B.C. 522, and reigned eight months. In (Nehemiah 2:1) we have another Artaxerxes. We may safely identify him with Artaxerxes Macrocheir or Longimanus, the son of Xerxces, who reigned B.C. 464-425.
Great king, the name or title of several kings of Persia.
1. It is given in Ezr 4:7-24, to Smerdis the Magian, who usurped the throne after the death of Cambyses, B. C. 522, pretending to be Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, whom Cambyses had put to death. His usurped power was used, at the rebuilding of the temple. He was murdered, after a reign of eight months, and was succeeded by Darius son of Hystaspes.
2. The king of this name mentioned in Ezr 7:1-28, is most probably Artaxerxes Longimanus, the son and successor of Xerxes, who ascended the throne B. C. 425, after a mild reign of thirty-nine years. In the seventh year of his reign, Ezra led a second company of the Jewish exiles back to Jerusalem. In the twentieth year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, Nehemiah was sent to Jerusalem as governor…
The Hebrew word מֶ֫לֶךְ (*melek*) means 'king.' It is derived from a root that suggests royalty. The term appears in various contexts, including references to specific kings and locations, such as the 'King's Highway' in Numbers 20:17 and the 'King's Valley' in Genesis 14:17. The lexicons note its Aramaic equivalent and mention its use in the context of individuals like Hammelech in Jeremiah.
מֶ֫לֶךְ 2513 n.m. king
base
H4428 מֶ֫לֶךְ king
4428 melek meh'-lek
from 4427; a king:--king, royal.
see HEBREW for 04427
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — king.
1) king
Aramaic equivalent: me.lekh (מֶ֫לֶךְ "king" H4430)
הַמֶּלֶךְ (me.lekh) — `the king`.
'the king' or a name, Hammelech in KJV of Jer.36.26; 38.6- a man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at Jer.36.26;
father of: Jerahmeel (H3396I) and Malchijah (H4441H); also translated "the king";
§ A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at Jer.36.26;
father of: Jerahmeel (H3396I) and Malchijah (H4441H); also translated "the king";
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.
King's (Highway) (Num.20.17)
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.
Another name of she.lach (שֶׁ֫לַח "Shelah" H7975A)
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — Milcom.
Another name of mo.lekh (מֹ֫לֶךְ "Molech" H4432)
מֶ֫לֶךְ (me.lekh) — King's.
King's (Valley) (Gen.14.17)
HNcmsc — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
פָּרַס (Parac) refers to Persia, an ancient empire known for its vast territory stretching from India to Egypt and Thrace. The term is derived from a foreign origin and signifies the inhabitants of this region, the Persians. The name is associated with meanings like 'pure' or 'splendid'.
פָּרַס 28 n.pr.terr. Persia
base
H6539 פָּרַס
6539 Parac paw-ras'
of foreign origin; Paras (i.e. Persia), an Eastern country,
including its inhabitants:--Persia, Persians.
פָּרַס (pa.ras) — Persia.
§ Persia = "pure" or "splendid"
the empire Persia; encompassed the territory from India on the east to Egypt and Thrace on the west, and included, besides portions of Europe and Africa, the whole of western Asia between the Black Sea, the Caucasus, the Caspian and the Jaxartes on the north, the Arabian desert, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean on the south
Persia proper was bounded on the west by Susiana or Elam, on the north by Media, on the south by the Persian Gulf and on the east by Carmania
Persian, of Persia "pure" or "splendid"
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
pur'-sha, (parats; Persia; in Assyrian Parsu, Parsua; in Achemenian Persian Parsa, modern Fars): In the Bible (2Ch 36:20,22,23; Ezr 1:1,8; Es 1:3,14,18; 10:2; Eze 27:10; 38:5; Da 8:20; 10:1; 11:2) this name denotes properly the modern province of Fars, not the whole Persian empire. The latter was by its people called Airyaria, the present Iran (from the Sanskrit word arya, "noble"); and even now the Persians never call their country anything but Iran, never "Persia." The province of Persis lay to the East of Elam (Susiana), and stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Great Salt Desert, having Carmania on the Southeast. Its…
Persia
An ancient empire, extending from the Indus to Thrace, and from the Caspian Sea to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Persians were originally a Medic tribe which settled in Persia, on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf. They were Aryans, their language belonging to the eastern division of the Indo-European group. One of their chiefs, Teispes, conquered Elam in the time of the decay of the Assyrian Empire, and established himself in the district of Anzan. His descendants branched off into two lines, one line ruling in Anzan, while the other remained in Persia. Cyrus II., king of Anzan, finally united the divided power, conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, and carried his arms into the far East. His son, Cambyses, added Egypt to the empire, which, however, fell to pieces after his death. It was reconquered and thoroughly organized by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, whose…
(pure, splended), Per’sians. Persia proper was a tract of no very large dimensions on the Persian Gulf, which is still known as Fars or Farsistan , a corruption of the ancient appellation. This tract was bounded on the west by Susiana or Elam, on the north by Media on the south by the Persian Gulf and on the east by Carmania. But the name is more commonly applied, both in Scripture and by profane authors to the entire tract which came by degrees to be included within the limits of the Persian empire. This empire extended at one time from India on the east to Egypt and Thrace on the west, and included. besides portions of Europe and Africa, the whole of western Asia between the Black Sea, the Caucasus, the Caspian and the Jaxartes on the north, the Arabian desert the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean on the south. The only passage in Scripture where Persia designates the tract which has…
In Hebrew Paras, Eze 27:10, a vast region in Asia, the southwestern province of which lying between ancient media on the north and the Persian Gulf on the south, appears to have been the ancient Persia, and is still called Pharsistan, or Fars. The Persians, who became so famous after Cyrus, the founder of their more extended monarchy, were anciently called Elamites; and later, in the time of the Roman emperors, Parthians. See PARTHIA.
The early history of the Persians, like that of most of the oriental nations, is involved in doubt and perplexity. Their descent is traced to Shem, through his son Elam, after whom they were originally named. It is probable that they enjoyed their independence for several ages, with a monarchical succession of their own; until they were subdued by the Assyrians and their country attached as a province…
כְּתָב (kathab) refers to writing or a document, encompassing various forms such as registers, letters, and edicts, including those of royal or divine authority. It is derived from a root meaning 'to write' and is associated with the concept of something recorded or inscribed.
כְּתָב n.m. writing
register, enrolment
= mode of writing, character, letter
= letter
of a royal enactment, edict
of a writing with divine authority
base
H3791 כְּתָב, כָּתָב
3791 kathab kaw-thawb'
from 3789; something written, i.e. a writing, record or
book:--register, scripture, writing.
see HEBREW for 03789
כְּתָב (ka.tav) — writing.
1) a writing, document, edict
1a) register, enrolment, roll
1b) mode of writing, character, letter
1c) letter, document, a writing
1d) a written edict
1d1) of royal enactment
1d2) of divine authority
Aramaic equivalent: ke.tav (כְּתָב "inscription" H3792)
HC/Ncmsc — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
נִשְׁתְּוָן (nishtvan) means 'letter' and is likely of Persian origin. It is noted in the Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon and has an Aramaic equivalent, נִשְׁתְּוָן (H5407), which also means 'document.' The entries do not provide any specific verse references.
נִשְׁתְּוָן n.[m.] letter
base
H5406 נִשְׁתְּוָן
5406 nishtvan nish-tev-awn'
probably of Persian origin; an epistle:--letter.
נִשְׁתְּוָן (nish.te.van) — letter.
letter
Aramaic equivalent: nish.te.van (נִשְׁתְּוָן "document" H5407)
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
let'-er.
See EPISTLE.
Letter
In Rom. 2:27, 29 means the outward form. The “oldness of the letter” (7:6) is a phrase which denotes the old way of literal outward obedience to the law as a system of mere external rules of conduct. In 2 Cor. 3:6, “the letter” means the Mosaic law as a written law. (See WRITING.)
The Hebrew word כָּתַב (*kathab*) means 'to write' and encompasses various forms of writing, including recording, enrolling, and decreeing. It can also refer to something being written or recorded. The entries indicate that it is a primitive root with frequent usage in different contexts.
כָּתַב 223 vb. write
Qal
write
= write down, describe in writing
= register, enroll
= decree
Niph.
be written
= be written down, recorded
Pi. frequent.
base
H3789 כָּתַב write .. write
. = write down, describe in writing
. = register, enroll
. = decree
. . be written
. = be written down, recorded
. frequent.
3789 kathab kaw-thab'
a primitive root; to grave, by implication, to write
(describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe):--describe, record,
prescribe, subscribe, write(-ing, -ten).
כָּתַב (ka.tav) — to write.
1) to write, record, enrol
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to write, inscribe, engrave, write in, write on
1a2) to write down, describe in writing
1a3) to register, enrol, record
1a4) to decree
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be written
1b2) to be written down, be recorded, be enrolled
1c) (Piel) to continue writing
Aramaic equivalent: ke.tav (כְּתַב "to write" H3790)
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singularHVqsmsa
אֲרָמִית (Aramiyth) refers specifically to the Aramaic language. It is a feminine form derived from another Hebrew word related to Aram, and is used adverbially. The entries indicate its exclusive association with language, particularly in the context of 2 Kings 18:26.
אֲרָמִית adv. only of language in Aramaic 2 K 18:26
base
H762 אֲרָמִית only of language in Aramaic
762 'Aramiyth ar-aw-meeth'
feminine of 761; (only adverbial)in Aramean:--in the Syrian
language (tongue), in Syriac.
see HEBREW for 0761
אֲרָמִית (a.ra.mit) — Aramaic.
§ Aramaic = "language"
the language of Aram, Aramaic
Ngfsa — NgfsaHAafsa
תִּרְגֵּם (tirgam) means to interpret or translate. It is derived from a root meaning to transfer or throw over. The word appears in contexts such as Ezra 4:7, where it relates to the act of translation.
[תִּרְגֵּם] vb.quadril. interpret, translate;—Ezr 4:7
ref
H8638 תִּרְגֵּם interpret, translate
8638 tirgam teer-gam'
a denominative from 7275 in the sense of throwing over; to
transfer, i.e. translate:--interpret.
see HEBREW for 07275
תִּרְגֵּם (tir.gam) — to translate.
(Pual) to interpret, translate
Conj | V-Pual-Inf-c — Conjunction · verb pual participle (passive) masculine singularHC/VPsmsa
אֲרָמִית (Aramiyth) refers specifically to the Aramaic language. It is a feminine form derived from another Hebrew word related to Aram, and is used adverbially. The entries indicate its exclusive association with language, particularly in the context of 2 Kings 18:26.
אֲרָמִית adv. only of language in Aramaic 2 K 18:26
base
H762 אֲרָמִית only of language in Aramaic
762 'Aramiyth ar-aw-meeth'
feminine of 761; (only adverbial)in Aramean:--in the Syrian
language (tongue), in Syriac.
see HEBREW for 0761
אֲרָמִית (a.ra.mit) — Aramaic.
§ Aramaic = "language"
the language of Aram, Aramaic
HAafsa — HAafsa