Isaiah 10:1 — Word Study
WLCה֥וֹי הַחֹֽקְקִ֖ים חִקְקֵי־ אָ֑וֶן וּֽמְכַתְּבִ֥ים עָמָ֖ל כִּתֵּֽבוּ׃
BSAWoehôwy [a cry of sorrow, oh no] to those who enactchâqaq [decree, establish] unjustʼâven [unrighteous, wicked] statuteschêqeq [laws, decrees] and issuekâthab [write, prescribe] ◂oppressiveʻâmâl [grievous, cruel] decreeskâthab■ [laws, regulations]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| ה֥וֹי | woe to! | Particle |
| הַחֹֽקְקִ֖ים | those [who] decree | Particle, verb qal participle (active) masculine plural |
| חִקְקֵי־ | decrees of | Noun common, masculine plural construct |
| אָ֑וֶן | wickedness | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וּֽמְכַתְּבִ֥ים | and writers | Conjunction, verb piel participle (active) masculine plural |
| עָמָ֖ל | [who] trouble | Noun common, both singular absolute |
| כִּתֵּֽבוּ׃ | they wrote | Verb, Piel, perfect third person common plural |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Woe to those who enact unjust statutes and issue oppressive decrees, |
| KJV | Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed; |
| ASV | Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and to the writers that write perverseness; |
| YLT | Woe [to] those decreeing decrees of iniquity, And writers who have prescribed perverseness. |
| WEB | Woe to those who decree unrighteous decrees, and to the writers who write oppressive decrees |
| BBE | Cursed are those who make evil decisions, and the writers who make the records of their cruel acts: |
Translations agree on the key terms and their implications, emphasizing the unjust nature of the laws.
The main clause introduces the warning, with supporting phrases detailing the subjects and their actions.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbכָּתַב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 10:1
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Warning Against Injusticegenerated
Isaiah 10:1 issues a strong warning to those who create laws that are unjust and oppressive. This verse sets the tone for a broader message about the consequences of such actions, as seen in the following verses that describe the plight of the vulnerable, including the poor and orphans. Isaiah's message resonates with similar themes found in other prophetic writings, emphasizing the importance of justice and the protection of the marginalized.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 3:11 | Woe to the wicked; disaster is upon them! For they will be repaid with what their hands have done. |
| 2 | Isaiah 5:8–11 | Woe to you who add house to house and join field to field until no place is left and you live alone in the land. |
| 3 | Jeremiah 22:13 | “Woe to him who builds his palace by unrighteousness, and his upper rooms without justice, who makes his countrymen serve without pay, and fails to pay their wages, |
| 4 | Habakkuk 2:6–9 | Will not all of these take up a taunt against him, speaking with mockery and derision: ‘Woe to him who amasses what is not his and makes himself rich with many loans! How long will this go on?’ |
| 5 | Matthew 11:21 | “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the miracles that were performed in you had been performed in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 18 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — חֹֽקְקִ֖ים, ha'choqeqimgenerated
The word חֹֽקְקִ֖ים (ha'choqeqim) is derived from the root חָקַק (chaqaq), meaning to decree or inscribe. It refers to those who enact laws, highlighting their authority and responsibility in governance. The plural form indicates a group of lawmakers or officials who are responsible for establishing statutes.
In this context, the word carries a strong connotation of moral obligation. The unjust nature of the statutes they enact is emphasized, as they are associated with wickedness and oppression, which leads to societal harm.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is חֹֽקְקִ֖ים, those who decree, which governs the entire clause. The structure includes a series of noun phrases that describe the nature of the laws and the actions of the lawmakers, culminating in the participial phrase כִּתֵּֽבוּ, they wrote.
The sentence structure emphasizes the actions of the lawmakers and the impact of their decrees, with the arrangement highlighting the severity of the injustices being addressed.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates חֹֽקְקִ֖ים as τοῖς (tois), which indicates a more general reference to those in authority. This choice may reflect a broader interpretation of the role of lawmakers in society, moving beyond the specific context of the Hebrew text.
The Greek word choice suggests a focus on the collective responsibility of those who enact laws, rather than an individual emphasis, aligning with the communal nature of justice in the biblical narrative.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 10:1 warns about the consequences of creating unjust laws and oppressive decrees. It highlights the importance of justice and the protection of the vulnerable in society, emphasizing that such actions lead to divine judgment.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
'Woe' expresses a strong warning of impending judgment and sorrow for those who enact injustice.
They refer to lawmakers or authorities who create statutes that are unjust and oppressive.
'Wickedness' indicates moral wrongdoing, highlighting the ethical implications of the laws being enacted.
The subsequent verses elaborate on the consequences of injustice, particularly the suffering of the poor and oppressed.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see unjust laws affecting my community today?
- How can I advocate for justice and fairness in the systems around me?
- What steps can I take to support those who are vulnerable and oppressed?
- How does this warning from Isaiah apply to leaders and lawmakers today?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Jerome cite this verse to argue against unjust laws and the oppression of the vulnerable.
— Woe to those who establish unjust laws and write injustice, in order to oppress the poor in judgment and to do violence to the cause of the humble people of my nation, so that widows may be their prey and they may plunder the orphans.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 10 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 10:1 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWoe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees,.... Or, "O ye that decree", c.
Read John Gill on Isaiah 10 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWoe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed; Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees - namely, unrighteous judges.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 10 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleISAIAH CHAPTER 10 The woe of unjust oppressors, : of Assyria for their pride and ambition: his folly in it, . A remnant of Israel shall be saved, and that speedily, . Sennacherib marching toward Jerusalem, . His judgment, . Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees! unto those magistrates who make unjust laws, and give unjust sentences. That write; either, 1. The scribes, who were assistant to the magistrates, and ofttimes did promote or execute such decrees; or, 2. The unjust magistrates, whose decrees were usually written. So the same thing is repeated in other words. Only this writing may note their obstinacy or perseverance in their unjust decrees, and their proceeding to the…
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 10 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 10:1 Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness [which] they have prescribed;Ver. 1. Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees.] Having denounced woe to wicked of all sorts, the prophet here threateneth wicked princes in particular, as the chief causes of God’ s judgments by their misgovernment. Periculosissimum prophetae factum, et cui seditionis dica scribi poterat! This was boldly done of the prophet, and there wanted not those doubtless that would say it was sedition. Luther, for like cause, was called the trumpet of rebellion; sc., for declaring against the Pope’ s decrees and decretals, though never so unrighteous and vexatious; not much…
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 10 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English ReadersX. (1) Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees . . .—The division of the chapters is again misleading. Isaiah 10:1-4 continue the discourse of Isaiah 9, and end with the final knell, “For all this . . .” With Isaiah 10:5 a new section begins, and is carried on to Isaiah 12:6, which deals, for the first time in the collection of Isaiah’s writings, exclusively with Assyria, and is followed in its turn by utterances that deal with Babylon and other nations. The formula with which the section opens reminds us of that of Isa 5:8; Isaiah 5:11; Isaiah 5:18; Isaiah 5:22, and suggests the thought that the prophet is speaking not only or chiefly of the northern kingdom, as in Isaiah 9:21, but…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 10 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleCHAPTER X God's judgments against oppressive rulers, 1-4. The prophet foretells the invasion of Sennacherib, and the destruction of his army. That mighty monarch is represented as a rod in the hand of God to correct his people for their sins; and his ambitious purposes, contrary to his own intentions, are made subservient to the great desires of Providence, 5-11. Having accomplished this work, the Almighty takes account of his impious vauntings, 12-14; and threatens utter destruction to the small and great of his army, represented by the thorns, and the glory of the forest, 15-19. This leads the prophet to comfort his countrymen with the promise of the signal interposition of God in their…
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 10 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges1–4. Fourth strophe. Most critics consider that at this point the scene changes from Samaria to Jerusalem; (1) because the internal condition of Ephraim has already been depicted in the last stages of dissolution and (2) because the abuses here denounced are a constant feature of Isaiah’s prophecies against Judah. In the absence of positive indications these reasons are hardly sufficient to justify so abrupt a transition. It would be more plausible to hold with Giesebrecht and others that the strophe had its place originally among the “woes” of ch. 5; but this also seems unnecessary.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 10 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWo unto them that decree unrighteous decrees - To those who frame statutes that are oppressive and iniquitous. The prophet here refers, doubtless, to the rulers and judges of the land of Judea.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 10 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Woe to those who enact unjust statutes and issue oppressive decrees,
Woe to those who decree unrighteous decrees, and to the writers who write oppressive decrees
Woe to those who enact unjust statutes and issue oppressive decrees,
Those who enact unjust policies are as good as dead, those who are always instituting unfair regulations,
Tyndale line
Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed;
Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and to the writers that write perverseness;
Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and to the writers that write perverseness:
Woe to them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed;
Woe vnto them that decree wicked decrees, and write grieuous things,
Strictly literal
Woe unto them that decree iniquitous decrees, and to the writers that prescribe oppression,
Woe [to] those decreeing decrees of iniquity, And writers who have prescribed perverseness.
“Woe [to] those decreeing decrees of iniquity, || And writers who have prescribed perverseness,
Woe unto those that decree decrees of unrighteousness, and the writers who write down wrongful things;
Woe to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees.
From the Latin
Woe to them that make wicked laws: and when they write, write injustice:
Simplified
Tragedy is coming to those who pass evil decrees and who write laws to harm people.
Cursed are those who make evil decisions, and the writers who make the records of their cruel acts:
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text presents the verse as it stands, while the Septuagint matches six of the seven words, indicating a close relationship between the two texts. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some variations, with certain words supplied by an editor, but they largely agree with the Masoretic Text.
ה֥וֹי הַחֹֽקְקִ֖ים חִקְקֵי־ אָ֑וֶן וּֽמְכַתְּבִ֥ים עָמָ֖ל כִּתֵּֽבוּ׃
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[הוי] [החקקים] [חקקי] [און] [ומכתבים] עמל כתבו
2 words on the leather — 5 supplied entire by an editor.
הוי חוקקים חוקקי און ומכתבים עמל כתבו
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 10:1
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing dissatisfaction and pain, often translated as 'ah,' 'alas,' or 'woe.' It is used in lamentations and conveys a sense of sorrow or distress. The word is a prolonged form of another Hebrew term, indicating its emotional weight.
הוֹי 81 interj. expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
base
H1945 הוֹי expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations
1945 howy hoh'ee
a prolonged form of 1930 (akin to 188); oh!:--ah, alas, ho,
O, woe.
see HEBREW for 01930
see HEBREW for 0188
הוֹי (hoy) — woe!.
ah!, alas!, ha!, ho!, O!, woe!
Part — ParticleHTj
Is sometimes used in our Bibles where a softer expression would be at least equally proper: "Woe to such a one!" is in our language a threat or imprecation of some calamity, natural or judicial, to befall a person; but this is not always the meaning of the word in Scripture. We find the expression, "Woe is me!" that is, Alas for my sufferings! And, "Woe to the women with child, and those who give suck!" that is, Alas for their redoubled sufferings in times of distress! If in the denunciatory language of Christ, we should read, "Alas for thee, Chorazin! Alas for thee, Bethsaida!" we should do not injustice to the general sentiments of the passage.
Yet in many cases the word woe is used in a fuller and more awful sense, expressing an inspired denunciation and foreshadowing of God’s wrath upon sinners; as when we read, "Woe to those who build houses by unrighteousness, and cities by blood;"…
חָקַק (chaqaq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to cut in, engrave, or inscribe. It encompasses the actions of marking out or tracing, particularly in the context of laws or decrees. The word can also imply a sense of authority, as in a lawgiver or commander. Notably, it is linked to the act of enacting laws, suggesting a foundational role in governance.
[חָקַק] vb. cut in, inscribe, decree
Qal
cut in
cut in or on, upon, engrave, inscribe
trace, mark out
of a law, engrave, inscribe
Po‛el inscribe (as a law), enact (poet.)
prescriber of laws, hence (as sovereign authority in a warlike clan) commander
commander’s staff
Pu. that which is decreed
Hoph. inscribed
base
H2710 [חָקַק] cut in, inscribe, decree .. cut in
. cut in or on, upon, engrave, inscribe
. trace, mark out
. of a law, engrave, inscribe
.inscribe (as a law), enact (poet.) . prescriber of laws, hence (as sovereign authority in a warlike clan) commander
. commander’s staff
. that which is decreed
. inscribed
2710 chaqaq khaw-kak'
a primitive root; properly, to hack, i.e. engrave (Judges
5:14, to be a scribe simply); by implication, to enact (laws
being cut in stone or metal tablets in primitive times) or
(gen.) prescribe:--appoint, decree, governor, grave, lawgiver,
note, pourtray, print, set.
חָקַק (cha.qaq) — to decree.
1) to cut out, decree, inscribe, set, engrave, portray, govern
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to cut in
1a2) to cut in or on, cut upon, engrave, inscribe
1a3) to trace, mark out
1a4) to engrave, inscribe (of a law)
1b) (Poel)
1b1) to inscribe, enact, decree
1b2) one who decrees, lawgiver (participle)
1c) (Pual) something decreed, the law (participle)
1d) (Hophal) to be inscribed
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine pluralHTd/Vqrmpa
חֹק (cheqeq) refers to something prescribed, such as a statute or decree. It encompasses various meanings, including a prescribed task, a limit, or an allowance, particularly in relation to offerings. The term is related to חֹק (choq, H2706) and is used in contexts involving both divine and human enactments.
חֹק 127 n.m. something prescribed, a statute or due
prescribed task
prescribed-portion or allowance of food
action prescribed for oneself, resolve
prescribed due of the priest from offerings
prescribed limit, boundary
enactment, decree, ordinance of either God or man
pl. חֻקִּים enactments, statutes of a law
base
H2711 חֹק something prescribed, a statute or due
2711 cheqeq khay'-kek
from 2710; an enactment, a resolution:--decree, thought.
see HEBREW for 02710
חֵקֶק (che.qeq) — decree.
decree, resolve, statute, action prescribed
Another spelling of choq (חֹק ": decree" H2706)
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural constructHNcmpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
אָ֫וֶן (aven) encompasses meanings related to trouble, sorrow, and wickedness. It may also refer to idolatry and the concept of vanity or nothingness. The entries suggest a range of negative connotations, including affliction and iniquity, indicating a strong moral or ethical dimension. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons.
אָ֫וֶן 85 n.m. trouble, sorrow, wickedness
trouble, sorrow
idolatry
trouble of iniquity, wickedness
base
H205 אָ֫וֶן trouble, sorrow, wickedness
205 'aven aw-ven'
from an unused root perhaps meaning properly, to pant (hence,
to exert oneself, usually in vain; to come to naught);
strictly nothingness; also trouble. vanity, wickedness;
specifically an idol:--affliction, evil, false, idol,
iniquity, mischief, mourners(-ing), naught, sorrow, unjust,
unrighteous, vain ,vanity, wicked(-ness). Compare 369.
see HEBREW for 0369
אָ֫וֶן (a.ven) — evil: wickedness.
1) trouble, wickedness, sorrow
1a) trouble, sorrow
1b) idolatry
1c) trouble of iniquity, wickedness
Also means: a.ven (אָ֫וֶן ": trouble" H0205H)
אָ֫וֶן (a.ven) — evil: trouble.
1) trouble, wickedness, sorrow
1a) trouble, sorrow
1b) idolatry
1c) trouble of iniquity, wickedness
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
wik'-ed-nes:
1. In the Old Testament:
The state of being wicked; a mental disregard for justice, righteousness, truth, honor, virtue; evil in thought and life; depravity; sinfulness; criminality. See SIN. Many words are rendered "wickedness." There are many synonyms for wickedness in English and also in the Hebrew. Pride and vanity lead to it: "All the proud, and all that work wickedness (rish`ah) shall be stubble" (Mal 4:1). Akin to this is the word `awen, "iniquity," "vanity": "She eateth, and wipeth her mouth, and saith, I have done no wickedness" (Pr 30:20). Then we have the word hawwah, meaning "mischief," "calamity," coming from inward intent upon evil: "Lo, this is the man that made not God his strength, but trusted in the abundance of his riches, and strengthened himself in…
The Hebrew word כָּתַב (*kathab*) means 'to write' and encompasses various forms of writing, including recording, enrolling, and decreeing. It can also refer to something being written or recorded. The entries indicate that it is a primitive root with frequent usage in different contexts.
כָּתַב 223 vb. write
Qal
write
= write down, describe in writing
= register, enroll
= decree
Niph.
be written
= be written down, recorded
Pi. frequent.
base
H3789 כָּתַב write .. write
. = write down, describe in writing
. = register, enroll
. = decree
. . be written
. = be written down, recorded
. frequent.
3789 kathab kaw-thab'
a primitive root; to grave, by implication, to write
(describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe):--describe, record,
prescribe, subscribe, write(-ing, -ten).
כָּתַב (ka.tav) — to write.
1) to write, record, enrol
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to write, inscribe, engrave, write in, write on
1a2) to write down, describe in writing
1a3) to register, enrol, record
1a4) to decree
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be written
1b2) to be written down, be recorded, be enrolled
1c) (Piel) to continue writing
Aramaic equivalent: ke.tav (כְּתַב "to write" H3790)
Conj | V-Piel — Conjunction · verb piel participle (active) masculine pluralHC/Vprmpa
עָמָל (amal) refers to trouble, labor, or toil. It encompasses a range of meanings including physical and mental effort, as well as sorrow and mischief. The word is built from a root that conveys the idea of wearing effort and can imply grievance or wickedness. It appears in contexts related to suffering and toil.
עָמָל n.m. f. trouble, labor, toil
trouble (∥ sorrow): one’s own suffering
trouble, mischief, as done to others
toil, labour (late in Heb.)
base
H5999 עָמָל trouble, labor, toil
5999 `amal aw-mawl'
from 5998; toil, i.e. wearing effort; hence, worry, wheth. of
body or mind:--grievance(-vousness), iniquity, labour,
mischief, miserable(-sery), pain(-ful), perverseness, sorrow,
toil, travail, trouble, wearisome, wickedness.
see HEBREW for 05998
עָמָל (a.mal) — trouble.
1) toil, trouble, labour
1a) trouble
1b) trouble, mischief
1c) toil, labour
N-cs — Noun common · both singular absoluteHNcbsa
→ BORROWING Mt 6:25-34; Mr 5:35,36; Joh 14:1; 16:6,7; Php 4:6; 1Pe 5:7
See AFFLICTION
See SUFFERING
→ INSTANCES OF
Israelites at the Red Sea Ex 14:10-12
About water Ex 15:23-25; 17:2,3; Nu 20:1-13
Food Ex 16:2,3; Nu 11:4-33
When Moses waited upon the mountain Ex 32:1
The Hebrew word כָּתַב (*kathab*) means 'to write' and encompasses various forms of writing, including recording, enrolling, and decreeing. It can also refer to something being written or recorded. The entries indicate that it is a primitive root with frequent usage in different contexts.
כָּתַב 223 vb. write
Qal
write
= write down, describe in writing
= register, enroll
= decree
Niph.
be written
= be written down, recorded
Pi. frequent.
base
H3789 כָּתַב write .. write
. = write down, describe in writing
. = register, enroll
. = decree
. . be written
. = be written down, recorded
. frequent.
3789 kathab kaw-thab'
a primitive root; to grave, by implication, to write
(describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe):--describe, record,
prescribe, subscribe, write(-ing, -ten).
כָּתַב (ka.tav) — to write.
1) to write, record, enrol
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to write, inscribe, engrave, write in, write on
1a2) to write down, describe in writing
1a3) to register, enrol, record
1a4) to decree
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be written
1b2) to be written down, be recorded, be enrolled
1c) (Piel) to continue writing
Aramaic equivalent: ke.tav (כְּתַב "to write" H3790)
V-Piel-Perf-3cp — Verb · Piel · perfect third person common pluralHVpp3cp