Isaiah 40:19 — Word Study
WLCהַפֶּ֙סֶל֙ נָסַ֣ךְ חָרָ֔שׁ וְצֹרֵ֖ף בַּזָּהָ֣ב יְרַקְּעֶ֑נּוּ וּרְתֻק֥וֹת כֶּ֖סֶף צוֹרֵֽף׃
BSATo an idolpeçel [a carved image, false god] that a craftsmanchârâsh [artificer, skilled worker] castsnâçak■ [pours out, installs] ◂and a metalworkertsâraph [goldsmith, refiner] overlaysrâqaʻ▸ with goldzâhâb [a valuable, brilliant metal] and fits withtsâraph silverkeçeph [precious, monetary] chainsrᵉthuqâh△ [fastened, tied together]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| הַפֶּ֙סֶל֙ | the idol | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| נָסַ֣ךְ | he has cast | Verb, Qal, perfect third person masculine singular |
| חָרָ֔שׁ | a craftsman | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְצֹרֵ֖ף | and a metalsmith | Conjunction, verb qal participle (active) masculine singular |
| בַּזָּהָ֣ב | with gold | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| יְרַקְּעֶ֑נּוּ | he will overlay it | Verb piel imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
| וּרְתֻק֥וֹת | and chains of | Conjunction, noun common feminine plural construct |
| כֶּ֖סֶף | silver | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| צוֹרֵֽף׃ | [is] refining | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | To an idol that a craftsman casts and a metalworker overlays with gold and fits with silver chains? |
| KJV | The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains. |
| ASV | The image, a workman hath cast it, and the goldsmith overlayeth it with gold, and casteth for it silver chains. |
| YLT | The graven image poured out hath a artisan, And a refiner with gold spreadeth it over, And chains of silver he is refining. |
| WEB | A workman has cast an image, and the goldsmith overlays it with gold, and casts silver chains for it. |
| BBE | The workman makes an image, and the gold-worker puts gold plates over it, and makes silver bands for it. |
The translations agree on the essential meaning of the verse.
The sentence presents a main clause followed by two subordinate phrases that elaborate on the actions of the craftsmen.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectחָרָשׁ
verbנָסַךְ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 9 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 40:19
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Futility of Idolatrygenerated
Isaiah 40:19 presents a rhetorical question that underscores the absurdity of idol worship. The prophet Isaiah contrasts the living God with lifeless idols made by craftsmen, emphasizing that these objects, despite being adorned with precious metals, lack any real power or divinity. This passage serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of placing trust in created things, as seen in the surrounding verses that further challenge the people's understanding of God and His nature.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 37:18–19 | Truly, O LORD, the kings of Assyria have laid waste all these countries and their lands. |
| 2 | Isaiah 41:6–7 | Each one helps the other and says to his brother, “Be strong!” |
| 3 | Isaiah 44:10–12 | Who fashions a god or casts an idol which profits him nothing? |
| 4 | Isaiah 46:6–7 | They pour out their bags of gold and weigh out silver on scales; they hire a goldsmith to fashion it into a god, so they can bow down and worship. |
| 5 | Exodus 32:2–4 | So Aaron told them, “Take off the gold earrings that are on your wives and sons and daughters, and bring them to me.” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 11 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — פֶּסֶל, ha.Pe.selgenerated
The word פֶּסֶל (pe.sel) refers to an idol or carved image, derived from a root meaning to carve or shape. It is used in the Bible to describe false gods and objects of worship, emphasizing the act of creating something that stands in opposition to God. This term appears frequently in contexts that critique idolatry, highlighting the rebellion against God that such worship represents.
The lexicons consistently define פֶּסֶל as an idol, with no significant disagreement. It serves as a stark reminder of the limitations of human craftsmanship when compared to the living God.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations agree on the meaning of the verse, consistently rendering the Hebrew words into English without significant variation.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb נָסַךְ (na.sakh) governs the entire sentence, describing the action of casting the idol. It is supported by noun phrases that identify the craftsman and the metalsmith, establishing a clear subject-verb-object structure.
The sentence structure emphasizes the actions of the craftsman and metalsmith, with the idol being the object of their work. This arrangement highlights the human effort involved in creating idols, contrasting sharply with the divine nature of God.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates פֶּסֶל as εἰκόνα (eikona), meaning 'image' or 'likeness.' This choice reflects a narrowing of the concept, focusing on the visual representation of the idol rather than its function as a false god.
The Greek term εἰκόνα captures the essence of the Hebrew word but does not carry the full weight of its implications regarding idolatry and rebellion against God.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 40:19 questions the value of an idol made by a craftsman. It highlights how a skilled worker creates an image, covering it with gold and fitting it with silver chains. This verse emphasizes the futility of worshipping such objects, contrasting them with the living God.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The verse emphasizes that idols are mere creations of human hands, lacking any true power or divinity.
Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to challenge the people's understanding of God and to highlight the absurdity of worshipping lifeless objects.
The verse mentions gold and silver, indicating that idols are often adorned with precious metals to enhance their appearance.
This verse fits within Isaiah's broader critique of idolatry and a call to recognize the sovereignty and uniqueness of God.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What are some modern forms of idolatry that people might engage in today?
- How can we ensure that our worship is directed towards God rather than created things?
- In what ways do we see the influence of materialism in our lives?
- How does understanding the futility of idols impact our faith and relationship with God?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Jerome and Theodoret of Cyrus refer to this verse to argue against the creation of idols and emphasize the importance of worshiping the true God.
According to the moral sense we can say that the leaders of the heretics flourish, inventing different idols from their heart or by the charm of speech, which is what silver means, or by the splendor of gold, which appeals to the senses,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
For if we consider the different nations in all the world, from ocean to ocean, that is, from the Indian Sea to Brittania, and from the Atlantic up to the northern ice cap where the waters congeal and fine amber is frozen,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
At the moment when he gave the law, the God of the universe transmitted his commands in these terms: “You shall not make for yourself an image or likeness of any thing, whether of things in the heaven above, and in the earth beneath,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 40:19 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe workman melteth a graven image,.... Or, "the founder"; he melts some sort of metal, as iron, brass, copper, or lead, which he casts into a mould for an image, and afterwards graves, or gets it
Read John Gill on Isaiah 40 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThe workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains. The workman melteth a graven image.
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 40 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe workman melteth a graven image; he melteth some base metal into a mould, which giveth it the form of an image, which afterwards is graven or carved to make it more exact and amiable. Thus the image oweth all its excellency to the earth for the matter of it, and to the art of man for the form or fashion of it. Spreadeth it over with gold, beaten out into leaves or plates. Casteth silver chains; either for ornaments; or rather for use, to fasten it to a wall or pillar, lest it should fall down, and be broken in pieces; which is spoken in way of scorn and derision of such ridiculous deities as needed such supports.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 40 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 40:19 The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains.Ver. 19. The workman melteth a graven image.] That may be afterward graved and gilded over. And casteth silver chains.] To fasten it to the place; or, he raileth it in. Et nisi homini Deus placuerit, Deus non erit, saith Tertullian. Numa, second king of Romans, saw this great vanity, and therefore forbade images of the gods in temples. So do the Turks at this day to the shame of Papists’ idolomania. Plutarch. de Isid. et Osir.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 40 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(19) The workman melteth . . .—The reign of Ahaz, not to speak of that of Manasseh, must have supplied the prophet with his picture of the idol factory not less fully than if he had lived in Babylon or Nineveh. Spreadeth it over with gold.—The image of lead was covered over, as in the well-known story of Phidias’s “Zeus,” with plates of gold. The “silver chains” fastened it to the wall.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 40 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 19. And casteth silver chains - "And forgeth for it chains of silver."] For צורף tsoreph, the participle, twenty-seven MSS., five ancient, and three editions, read צרף tsaraph, pret. third person.
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 40 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges19. melteth a graven image] R.V. The graven image, a workman melted it. The word péṣ ?el means strictly a “graven image,” but is used several times as here of an image in general. overlayeth it with gold] The idol consists of a core of brass which is cast by the “workman,” and then handed over to the goldsmith to be covered with a plating of gold (see ch. Isaiah 30:22). and casteth silver chains] A perplexing clause, which the LXX. omits. The word rendered “casteth” is the same as that for “goldsmith” (strictly “assayer”), the participle being translated by a finite verb. But such a construction is incorrect: and besides the verb is never used except in the sense of “test” or “purify.” It…
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 40 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe workman - The Hebrew word denotes an artificer of any kind, and is applied to one who engraved on wood or stone Exodus 28:2; to a workman in iron, brass, stone, wood Exodus 35:35; Deuteronomy
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 40 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
To an idol that a craftsman casts and a metalworker overlays with gold and fits with silver chains?
A workman has cast an image, and the goldsmith overlays it with gold, and casts silver chains for it.
To an idol that a craftsman casts and a metalworker overlays with gold and fits with silver chains?
A craftsman casts an idol; a metalsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it.
Tyndale line
The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains.
The image, a workman hath cast it, and the goldsmith overlayeth it with gold, and casteth for it silver chains.
The graven image, a workman melted it, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth for it silver chains.
The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains.
The workeman melteth an image, or the goldsmith beateth it out in golde, or the goldesmith maketh siluer plates.
Strictly literal
The workman casteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains [for it].
The graven image poured out hath a artisan, And a refiner with gold spreadeth it over, And chains of silver he is refining.
An artisan has poured out the carved image, || And a refiner spreads it over with gold, || And he is refining chains of silver.
The graven image the artificer hath cast and the goldsmith hath overspread it with gold, and fabricated [on it] silver chains.
An idol! A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it.
From the Latin
Hath the workman cast a graven statue? or hath the goldsmith formed it with gold, or the silversmith with plates of silver?
Simplified
Is he a metal idol that a craftsman casts in a mold, and then a goldsmith overlays it with gold and makes silver chains for it?
The workman makes an image, and the gold-worker puts gold plates over it, and makes silver bands for it.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls show agreement in the essential wording of this verse, though the scrolls include some restored words. The Septuagint matches 6 of the 9 words from the Hebrew, indicating a close relationship between the translations.
הַפֶּ֙סֶל֙ נָסַ֣ךְ חָרָ֔שׁ וְצֹרֵ֖ף בַּזָּהָ֣ב יְרַקְּעֶ֑נּוּ וּרְתֻק֥וֹת כֶּ֖סֶף צוֹרֵֽף׃
6 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
הפסל ויעשה מסך חרש וצורף בזהב וירקע׳נו ורתקות כסף צורף
10 words on the leather.
[הפסל] [נסך] [חרש] [וצרף] [בזהב] ירקע׳נו [ורתקות] [כסף] [צורף]
nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 8 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 40:19
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
פֶּ֫סֶל (pecel) means 'idol' or 'image.' It is derived from the root word for 'carved' or 'graven' and is used to refer to physical representations of deities. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning as an idol, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
פֶּ֫סֶל 31 n.m. idol, image
base
H6459 פֶּ֫סֶל idol, image
6459 pecel peh'-sel
from 6458; an idol:--carved (graven) image.
see HEBREW for 06458
פֶּ֫סֶל (pe.sel) — idol.
idol, image
Also means: pe.sil (פָּסִיל "idol" H6456)
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
Idol
(1.) Heb. aven, “nothingness;” “vanity” (Isa. 66:3; 41:29; Deut. 32:21; 1 Kings 16:13; Ps. 31:6; Jer. 8:19, etc.).
(2.) ‘Elil, “a thing of naught” (Ps. 97:7; Isa. 19:3); a word of contempt, used of the gods of Noph (Ezek. 30:13).
(3.) ‘Emah, “terror,” in allusion to the hideous form of idols (Jer. 50:38).
An image or anything used as an object of worship in place of the true God. Among the earliest objects of worship, regarded as symbols of deity, were the meteoric stones,which the ancients believed to have been images of the Gods sent down from heaven. From these they transferred their regard to rough unhewn blocks, to stone columns or pillars of wood, in which the divinity worshipped was supposed to dwell, and which were connected, like the sacred stone at Delphi, by being anointed with oil and crowned with wool on solemn days. Of the forms assumed by the idolatrous images we have not many traces in the Bible. Dagon, the fish-god of the Philistines, was a human figure terminating in a fish; and that the Syrian deities were represented in later times in a symbolical human shape we know for certainty. When the process of adorning the image was completed, it was placed in a temple or…
נָסַךְ (nacak) is a Hebrew verb meaning to pour out, particularly in the context of libations, or to set and install. It encompasses actions such as pouring, casting metal images, and anointing a king. The word appears in various forms, indicating different nuances, such as being poured out or installed, with references in the Old Testament including Psalm 2:6.
נָסַךְ vb. pour out
Qal
pour out
pour out libations
cast metal images
Piel pour out as libation
Hiph. pour out libations
Hoph. be poured out
base
[נָסַךְ] vb. set, install
H5258a נָסַךְ pour out H5258b נָסַךְ set, install
5258 nacak naw-sak'
a primitive root; to pour out, especially a libation, or to
cast (metal); by analogy, to anoint a king:--cover, melt,
offer, (cause to) pour (out), set (up).
נָסַךְ (na.sakh) — to pour.
1) to pour out, pour, offer, cast
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to pour out
1a2) to cast metal images
1a3) to anoint (a king)
1b) (Niphal) to be anointed
1c) (Piel) to pour out (as a libation)
1d) (Hiphil) to pour out libations
1e) (Hophal) to be poured out
Aramaic equivalent: ne.sakh (נְסַךְ "to pour" H5260)
נָסַךְ (na.sakh) — to install.
1) to set, install
1a) (Qal) to install
1b) (Niphal) to be installed
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singularHVqp3ms
In general "to throw," with various degrees of violence; usually, with force, but not so necessarily, as e.g. in "cast a net," "cast lots." When applied to molten metal, as in English, first, "to let run. into molds," with reference to their descent by gravity, and, then, "to form," as in Ex 25:12, etc. Usually in the New Testament for ballo, but not always. Thus, in Lu 1:29 "cast in her mind" means "considered" (dielogizeto); "cast reproach" for Greek oneidizon, "reproached" (Mt 27:44); "casting down" for kathaireo, "demolishing" (2Co 10:4); "casting all anxiety upon" (1Pe 5:7), a still stronger term, as in
חָרָשׁ (charash) refers to a craftsman or artificer, encompassing roles such as engraver, carpenter, and worker in various materials. The word is derived from a root meaning to fabricate or work skillfully. It can also figuratively describe someone skilled in destruction, like warriors. The entries consistently highlight its connection to craftsmanship without notable disagreement.
חָרָשׁ n.m. graver, artificer
base
H2796 חָרָשׁ graver, artificer
2796 charash khaw-rawsh'
from 2790; a fabricator or any material:--artificer, (+)
carpenter, craftsman, engraver, maker, + mason, skilful, (+)
smith, worker, workman, such as wrought.
see HEBREW for 02790
חָרָשׁ, חֲרָשִׁים (cha.rash) — artificer.
1) craftsman, artisan, engraver, graver, artificer
1a) graver, artificer
1b) skilful to destroy (warriors) (fig.)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
→ See ART
→ See MASTER WORKMAN
צָרַף (tsaraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to smelt, refine, or test. It encompasses the processes of fusing metals and proving their purity, with forms indicating both the act of refining and the role of a refiner or goldsmith. The word appears in various contexts, including both literal and figurative uses of purification.
צָרַף vb. smelt, refine, test
Qal
smelt, refine
test
test (and prove true)
as n. smelter, refiner
Niph. many shall be refined
Pi. as n. a refiner
base
H6884 צָרַף smelt, refine, test
6884 tsaraph tsaw-raf'
a primitive root; to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or
figuratively):--cast, (re-)fine(-er), founder, goldsmith,
melt, pure, purge away, try.
צָרַף (tsa.raph) — to refine.
1) to smelt, refine, test
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to smelt, refine
1a2) to test
1a3) to test (and prove true)
1a4) smelter, refiner, goldsmith (participle)
1b) (Niphal) to be refined
1c) (Piel) to be a refiner
1c1) refiner (participle)
Conj | V-Qal — Conjunction · verb qal participle (active) masculine singularHC/Vqrmsa
זָהָב (zahab) means gold and is derived from an unused root that conveys the idea of shimmering. It encompasses various aspects of gold, including its value as a precious metal, its use as a measure of weight, and its figurative brilliance. The term appears in contexts related to wealth, merchandise, and gifts.
זָהָב 385 n.m. gold
= gold-ore, gold in raw state
gold as wealth
gold as spoil of war
gold as merchandise
gold as costly gift
gold as material
gold described by its source
gold defined by var. adj. and pts.
as measure of weight and value
= golden oil, from colour
often named with
the chief vbs. used
base
H2091 זָהָב gold
2091 zahab zaw-hawb'
from an unused root meaning to shimmer; gold, figuratively,
something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky:--
gold(-en), fair weather.
זָהָב (za.hav) — gold.
1) gold
1a) as precious metal
1b) as a measure of weight
1c) of brilliance, splendour (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: de.hav (דְּהַב "gold" H1722)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
gold (zahabh; chrusos):
1. Terms:
No metal has been more frequently mentioned in Old Testament writings than gold, and none has had more terms applied to it. Among these terms the one most used is zahabh. The Arabic equivalent, dhahab, is still the common name for gold throughout Palestine, Syria and Egypt. With zahabh frequently occur other words which, translated, mean "pure" (Ex 25:11), "refined" (1Ch 28:18), "finest" (1Ki 10:18), "beaten" (1Ki 10:17), "Ophir" (Ps 45:9).
Other terms occurring are: paz, "fine gold" (Job 28:17;
Gold
(1.) Heb. zahab, so called from its yellow colour (Ex. 25:11; 1 Chr. 28:18; 2 Chr. 3:5).
(2.) Heb. segor, from its compactness, or as being enclosed or treasured up; thus precious or “fine gold” (1 Kings 6:20; 7:49).
Gold was known from the very earliest times. (Genesis 2:11) It was at first used chiefly for ornaments, etc. (Genesis 24:22) Coined money was not known to the ancients till a comparatively late period; and on the Egyptian tombs gold is represented as being weighed in rings for commercial purposes. Comp. (Genesis 43:21) Gold was extremely abundant in ancient times, (1 Chronicles 22:14; 2 Chronicles 1:15; 9:9; Daniel 3:1; Nahum 2:9) but this did not depreciate its value, because of the enormous quantities consumed by…
A well-known valuable metal, found in many parts of the world, and obtained anciently in Ophir, Job 28:16; Parvaim, 2Ch 3:6; Sheba, and Raamah, Eze 27:22. Job alludes to gold in various forms, Job 22:24 28:15-19. Abraham was rich in it, and female ornaments were early made of it, Ge 13:2 24:22,35. It is spoken of throughout Scripture; and the use of it among and ancient Hebrews, in its native and mixed state, and for the same purposes as at present, was very common. The Ark of the Covenant was overlaid with pure gold; the mercy seat, the vessels and utensils belonging to the tabernacle, and those also of the house of…
רָקַע (raqa`) is a Hebrew verb meaning to beat, stamp, or spread out. It encompasses actions like pounding the earth, overlaying materials, and stretching or expanding surfaces. The word appears in various forms, including Qal, Piel, Pual, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of beating and spreading. Notably, the Hiphil form relates to making a spreading of clouds.
[רָקַע] vb. beat, stamp, beat out, spread out
Qal I will stamp them down
Pi. a goldsmith with gold overlayeth it
Pu. silver beaten out.
Hiph. canst thou make with (= like) him a spreading for clouds
base
H7554 [רָקַע] beat, stamp, beat out, spread out
7554 raqa` raw-kah'
a primitive root; to pound the earth (as a sign of passion);
by analogy to expand (by hammering); by implication, to
overlay (with thin sheets of metal):--beat, make broad,
spread abroad (forth, over, out, into plates), stamp, stretch.
רָקַע (ra.qa) — to beat.
1) to beat, stamp, beat out, spread out, stretch
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to stamp, beat out
1a2) one who beats out (participle)
1b) (Piel) to overlay, beat out (for plating)
1c) (Pual) beaten out (participle)
1d) (Hiphil) to make a spreading (of clouds)
V-Piel-Imperf-3ms | Suff — Verb piel imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVpi3ms/Sp3ms
רְתֻקָה (rethuqah) is a feminine passive participle derived from רָתַק (rathaq), meaning something fastened or a chain. The term appears in the context of Isaiah 40:19, where it likely refers to a chain.
[רְתֻקָה] n.[f.] chain (?);—pl. cstr. Is 40:19.
ref
H7577 [רְתֻקָה] chain (?)
7577 rthuqah reth-oo-kaw'
feminine passive participle of 7576; something fastened, i.e.
a chain:--chain.
see HEBREW for 07576
רְתֻקָה (re.tu.qah) — chain.
chain
Conj | N-fp — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural constructHC/Ncfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) refers to silver and money, derived from a root meaning 'to be pale.' It encompasses various aspects of silver, including its use as a metal, ornament, and a measure of wealth or value. The term appears in contexts related to payment and price, indicating its significance in transactions.
כֶּ֫סֶף 402 n.m. silver, money
= silver ore, raw silver
silver as bright, shining
silver, as wealth
silver as spoil of war
silver as merchandise
silver as costly gift
silver as material
silver as measure of weight and value
among vbs. and phr.
base
H3701 כֶּ֫סֶף silver, money
3701 keceph keh'-sef
from 3700; silver (from its pale color); by implication,
money:--money, price, silver(-ling).
see HEBREW for 03700
כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) — silver: money.
: money/payment/silver
1) silver, money
1a) silver
1a1) as metal
1a2) as ornament
1a3) as colour
1b) money, shekels, talents
כֶּ֫סֶף (ke.seph) — silver: price.
: price
1) silver, money
1a) silver
1a1) as metal
1a2) as ornament
1a3) as colour
1b) money, shekels, talents
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
sil'-ver (keceph; argurion, arguros): Silver was known in the earliest historic times. Specimens of early Egyptian and Babylonian silver work testify to the skill of the ancient silversmiths. In Palestine, silver objects have been found antedating the occupation of the land by the Hebrews. This metal was used for making all kinds of ornamental objects. In the mound of Gezer were found bowls, vases, ladles, hairpins, rings and bracelets of silver. The rings and settings for scarabs or seals were commonly of this metal. The first mention of silver in the Bible is in Ge 13:2, where it says that Abraham was rich in cattle, in silver and gold. At that time it was commonly used in exchange in the form of bars or other shapes. Coins of that metal were of a much later date (Ge 20:16…
Silver
Used for a great variety of purposes, as may be judged from the frequent references to it in Scripture. It first appears in commerce in Gen. 13:2; 23:15, 16. It was largely employed for making vessels for the sanctuary in the wilderness (Ex. 26:19; 27:17; Num. 7:13, 19; 10:2). There is no record of its having been found in Syria or Palestine. It was brought in large quantities by foreign merchants from abroad, from Spain and India and other countries probably.
In very early times silver was used for ornaments, (Genesis 24:53) and for vessels of various kinds. Images for idolatrous worship were made of silver or overlaid with it, (Exodus 20:23; Hosea 13:2); Habb 2:19 Bar. 6:39, and the manufacture of silver shrines for Diana was a trade in Ephesus. (Acts 19:24) But its chief use was as a medium of exchange, and throughout the Old Testament we find "silver" used for money, like the French argent . Silver was brought to Solomon from Arabia, (2 Chronicles 9:14) and from Tarshish, (2 Chronicles 9:21) which supplied the markets…
One of the precious metals and the one most commonly used as coin among all nations. It is first mentioned in Scripture in the history of Abraham, Ge 13:2 20:16 23:16, and was used in constricting the tabernacle, Ex 26:19,32, and afterwards the temple, 1Ch 29:4. In employing it as a medium of trade, the ancient Hebrews weighed it out, instead of having coins. In the times of the New Testament there were coins. See SHEKEL, and MONEY.
צָרַף (tsaraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to smelt, refine, or test. It encompasses the processes of fusing metals and proving their purity, with forms indicating both the act of refining and the role of a refiner or goldsmith. The word appears in various contexts, including both literal and figurative uses of purification.
צָרַף vb. smelt, refine, test
Qal
smelt, refine
test
test (and prove true)
as n. smelter, refiner
Niph. many shall be refined
Pi. as n. a refiner
base
H6884 צָרַף smelt, refine, test
6884 tsaraph tsaw-raf'
a primitive root; to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or
figuratively):--cast, (re-)fine(-er), founder, goldsmith,
melt, pure, purge away, try.
צָרַף (tsa.raph) — to refine.
1) to smelt, refine, test
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to smelt, refine
1a2) to test
1a3) to test (and prove true)
1a4) smelter, refiner, goldsmith (participle)
1b) (Niphal) to be refined
1c) (Piel) to be a refiner
1c1) refiner (participle)
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa