Isaiah 40:4 — Word Study
WLCכָּל־ גֶּיא֙ יִנָּשֵׂ֔א וְכָל־ הַ֥ר וְגִבְעָ֖ה יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ וְהָיָ֤ה הֶֽעָקֹב֙ לְמִישׁ֔וֹר וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים לְבִקְעָֽה׃
BSAEverykôl [all, everything] valleygayʼ [low area, geological depression] shall be lifted upnâsâʼ▸ [exalted, raised] and everykôl mountainhar [hill] and hillgibʻâh [small hill] made lowshâphêl▸ [abased, humbled] the uneven [ground]ʻâqôb [insidious, crooked] will becomehâyâh smoothmîyshôwr [level, plain] and the rugged landrekeç△ [rough, difficult] a plainbiqʻâh [level area, valley]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| כָּל־ | every | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| גֶּיא֙ | valley | Noun common, both singular absolute |
| יִנָּשֵׂ֔א | it will be lifted up | Verb, Niphal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| וְכָל־ | and every | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| הַ֥ר | mountain | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| וְגִבְעָ֖ה | and hill | Conjunction, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ | they will become low | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine plural |
| וְהָיָ֤ה | and it will become | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| הֶֽעָקֹב֙ | the steep [place] | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| לְמִישׁ֔וֹר | level ground | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים | and the rough places | Conjunction, particle, noun common masculine plural absolute |
| לְבִקְעָֽה׃ | a plain | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low; the uneven ground will become smooth, and the rugged land a plain. |
| KJV | Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: |
| ASV | Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain: |
| YLT | Every valley is raised up, And every mountain and hill become low, And the crooked place hath become a plain, And the entangled places a valley. |
| WEB | Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low. The uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain. |
| BBE | Let every valley be lifted up, and every mountain and hill be made low, and let the rough places become level, and the hilltops become a valley, |
Where they part company is יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ — see How Translations Differ.
The main verb is followed by two descriptive clauses, creating a clear progression of transformation.







8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbנָשָׂא
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 12 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Isaiah 40:4
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Preparation for the Lordgenerated
Isaiah 40:4 speaks of a time when the Lord will come, and the landscape will be transformed to welcome Him. This passage emphasizes the reversal of fortunes, where valleys are exalted and mountains humbled, symbolizing the preparation of hearts and minds for divine intervention. This theme of God making a way is echoed in other prophetic texts, highlighting His sovereignty in the midst of human affairs.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isaiah 42:11–15 | Let the desert and its cities raise their voices; let the villages of Kedar cry aloud. Let the people of Sela sing for joy; let them cry out from the mountaintops. |
| 2 | 1 Samuel 2:8 | He raises the poor from the dust and lifts the needy from the ash heap. He seats them among princes and bestows on them a throne of honor. For the foundations of the earth are the LORD’s, and upon them He has set the world. |
| 3 | Psalm 113:7–8 | He raises the poor from the dust and lifts the needy from the dump |
| 4 | Ezekiel 17:24 | Then all the trees of the field will know that I am the LORD. I bring the tall tree down and make the low tree tall. I dry up the green tree and make the withered tree flourish. I, the LORD, have spoken, and I have done it.’” |
| 5 | Ezekiel 21:26 | This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Remove the turban, and take off the crown. Things will not remain as they are: Exalt the lowly and bring low the exalted. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 13 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יִנָּשֵׂ֔א, yi.na.Se'generated
The verb נָשָׂא (nasa') means to lift or raise, indicating an action of elevation. It is used in various contexts, from lifting burdens to raising status, and carries a sense of divine action in this verse.
In the Niphal form, it suggests that the valleys will be acted upon, emphasizing that the lifting is not self-initiated but a result of God's will. This transformation prepares the way for the Lord, symbolizing hope and renewal.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb יִנָּשֵׂ֔א governs the sentence, indicating that valleys will be lifted. The structure includes additional clauses that describe what will happen to mountains and uneven ground, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the transformation.
The sequence of actions — lifting valleys, lowering mountains, and smoothing rough places — creates a rhythm that underscores the totality of the preparation for the Lord's arrival.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יִנָּשֵׂ֔א as πληρωθήσεται, which implies a fulfillment or completion. This choice reflects a broader understanding of the lifting, suggesting not just a physical elevation but a fulfilling of God's promises.
Similarly, יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ is rendered as ταπεινωθήσεται, emphasizing the humbling aspect, which aligns with the theme of divine intervention and the reversal of human conditions.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Isaiah 40:4 tells us that every valley will be lifted up and every mountain made low. The rough ground will become smooth, and the rugged land will be a plain. This transformation prepares the way for the Lord, emphasizing His power to change circumstances.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It symbolizes the elevation of the lowly and the humble, indicating God's intention to bring hope and restoration.
This represents the humbling of the proud and powerful, showing that no one can stand against God's will.
It signifies the removal of obstacles, making a clear path for the Lord's coming, both physically and spiritually.
This verse illustrates God's commitment to fulfill His promises by transforming the landscape, which serves as a metaphor for His work in the world.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what areas of my life do I need to experience elevation or lifting?
- How can I prepare my heart to welcome God's presence?
- What mountains in my life need to be humbled to make way for God's work?
- How can I help others see the smooth path God is creating for them?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers referenced this passage to discuss God's transformative power and the preparation of the way for Christ. Their insights are presented here.
It is said that the valleys are filled, because the Lord has entered the world, and has redeemed all the peoples from the bondage of the devil,Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
According to the plain teaching of the Lord, the king’s highway is easy and smooth, though it may be felt as hard and rough.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
He has clearly shown by these terms the facility of the evangelical proclamation: thanks to this facility, in a short time it filled the whole world.Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 40 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Isaiah 40:4 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleEvery valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low,.... Which is not to be understood literally, but, as Kimchi says, parabolically and mystically: the meaning is, that in
Read John Gill on Isaiah 40 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryEvery valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: Every valley shall be exalted ... Eastern monarchs
Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 40 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThis is only a more particular explication of that which was generally expressed . The sense is, All obstructions shall be removed, and the way made in all respects convenient and easy for the passenger.
Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 40 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsIsaiah 40:4 Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain:Ver. 4. Every valley shall be exalted.] Terms taken from the custom of princes coming into a place - viz., to have their way cleared, and passages facilitated. See on Matthew 3:3.
Read John Trapp on Isaiah 40 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(4) Every valley shall be exalted.—The figure is drawn from the titanic engineering operations of the kingly road-makers of the East, but the parable is hardly veiled. The meek exalted, the proud brought low, wrong ways set right, rough natures smoothed: that is the true preparation for the coming of the Lord, and therefore the true work of every follower of the Baptist in preparing the way. (Comp. Matthew 3:5-7; Luke 3:3-9.)
Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 40 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 4. Crooked] The word עקב akob is very generally rendered crooked: but this sense of the word seems not to be supported by any good authority. Ludolphus, Comment. ad Hist. AEthiop. p. 206, says "that in the Ethiopia language it signifies clivus, locus editus:" and so the Syriac Version renders it in this place, ערמא arama: Hebrew, ערמה aramah, tumulus, acervus. Thus the parallelism would be more perfect: "the hilly country shall be made level, and the precipices a smooth plain."
Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 40 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges4. and the crooked … plain] More literally: and the uneven shall become a plain, and the rugged places a valley. rough places is a word of somewhat uncertain sense, which does not occur elsewhere. straight and plain are nouns in the original.
Read Cambridge on Isaiah 40 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleEvery valley shall be exalted - That is, every valley, or low piece of ground, shall be filled up so as to make a level highway, as was done in order to facilitate the march of armies.
Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 40 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low; the uneven ground will become smooth, and the rugged land a plain.
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low. The uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain.
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low; the uneven ground will become smooth, and the rugged land a plain.
Every valley must be elevated, and every mountain and hill leveled. The rough terrain will become a level plain, the rugged landscape a wide valley.
Tyndale line
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain:
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain:
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain:
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain.
Euery valley shall be exalted, and euery mountaine and hill shall be made lowe: and the crooked shalbe streight, and the rough places plaine.
Strictly literal
Every valley shall be raised up, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places a plain.
Every valley is raised up, And every mountain and hill become low, And the crooked place hath become a plain, And the entangled places a valley.
Every valley is raised up, || And every mountain and hill become low, || And the crooked place has become a plain, || And the entangled places a valley.
Every valley shall be raised, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the crooked shall be made a straight path, and the rough places a plain:
Every valley will be lifted up, and every mountain and hill will be leveled; and the rugged land will be made level, and the rough places a plain;
From the Latin
Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, and the crooked shall become straight, and the rough ways plain.
Simplified
Fill in all the valleys; level all the mountains and hills; smooth out the uneven ground; make the rough places flat.
Let every valley be lifted up, and every mountain and hill be made low, and let the rough places become level, and the hilltops become a valley,
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text aligns with the Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls, showing consistency across these ancient witnesses. The scrolls confirm the wording of the verse, with minor editorial additions in some instances, but the core message remains intact.
כָּל־ גֶּיא֙ יִנָּשֵׂ֔א וְכָל־ הַ֥ר וְגִבְעָ֖ה יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ וְהָיָ֤ה הֶֽעָקֹב֙ לְמִישׁ֔וֹר וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים לְבִקְעָֽה׃
12 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
כול גי ינשא וכול הר וגבעה ישפלו והיה העקב למישור והרוכסים לבקעה
12 words on the leather.
[כל] [גיא] [ינשא] [וכל] [הר] [וגבעה] [ישפלו] [והיה] [העקב] [למישור] [והרכסים] [לבקעה]
nothing on the leather here — 12 supplied entire by an editor.
כל גיא [ינשא] [וכל] [הר]
5 words of the verse are on this fragment — 3 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 40:4
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
גַּיְא (gay) means 'valley' and specifically refers to a steep, narrow gorge. It is likely derived from a root meaning related to height. The term appears in various combinations with names of locations, indicating specific valleys, such as Topheth and Zeboim. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.
גַּיְא n.m. valley
base
H1516 גַּיְא valley
1516 gay' gah'-ee
or (shortened) gay {gah'-ee}; probably (by transmutation)
from the same root as 1466 (abbreviated); a gorge (from its
lofty sides; hence, narrow, but not a gully or
winter-torrent):--valley.
see HEBREW for 01466
גַּיְא (gay) — Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Another name of to.phet (תֹּ֫פֶת "Topheth" H8612)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Iphtahel) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with yiph.tach-el (יִפְתַּח־אֵל " of Iphtahel" H3317)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Zeboim) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with tse.vo.im (צְבֹעִים " of Zeboim" H6650H)
גַּיְא (gay) — (Salt) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with me.lach (מֶ֫לַח " of Salt" H4417H)
גַּיְא (gay) — Ge.
§ valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
גַּיְא (gay) — (Zephathah) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
Combined with tse.pha.tah (צְפַ֫תָה "Zephathah" H6859)
גַּיְא (gay) — Valley (Gate).
§ valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
גַּיְא (gay) — (Hamon-gog) Valley.
valley, a steep valley, narrow gorge
N-cs — Noun common · both singular absoluteHNcbsa
val'-i.
See VALE; VALLEY.
Valley
(1.) Heb. bik’ah, a “cleft” of the mountains (Deut. 8:7; 11:11; Ps. 104:8; Isa. 41:18); also a low plain bounded by mountains, as the plain of Lebanon at the foot of Hermon around the sources of the Jordan (Josh. 11:17; 12:7), and the valley of Megiddo (2 Chr. 35:22).
(2.) ‘Emek, “deep;” “a long, low plain” (Job 39:10, 21; Ps. 65:13; Cant. 2:1), such as the plain of Esdraelon; the “valley of giants” (
With respect to the general features of the Holy Land, see CANAAN; and for descriptions of some of its numerous valleys, see JERUSALEM, JEZREEL, JORDAN, REPHAIM, SHECHIEM, and SODOM. "The valley of the shadow of death," is an expression denoting an extremely perilous and cheerless condition of the soul, Ps 23:4, and may have been suggested by the psalmist’s experience with his flock in some of the deep, narrow, and dark ravines of Syria.
Thus the entrance to Petra is by long winding defile, between rugged precipices in some spots not more than twelve or fourteen feet apart and two or three hundred feet high, and almost excluding the light of day. See view in SELA. A similar pass south of mount Carmel is now known as the "Valley of Death-shade."
The Hebrew word נָשָׂא (nasa') means to lift, carry, or take, encompassing a wide range of applications both literal and figurative. It can refer to actions like bearing burdens, taking away, or being exalted. The entries indicate various forms and uses, including the ability to lift oneself up or cause others to bear iniquity. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
נָשָׂא 656 vb. lift, carry, take
Qal
lift, lift up
Bear, carry
Take, take away
Niph.
be lifted up
refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment
be borne, carried
be taken away, carried off
Pi.
lift up = exalt
fig. = desire, long
carry, bear continuously
take, take away
Hithp. lift oneself up
Hiph.
cause one to bear iniquity
appar. cause to bring, have brought
base
H5375 נָשָׂא lift, carry, take .. lift, lift up
. Bear, carry
. Take, take away
. . be lifted up
. refl. lift oneself up = rise up, of י׳, to display power in judgment
. be borne, carried
. be taken away, carried off
. . lift up = exalt
. fig. = desire, long
. carry, bear continuously
. take, take away
. lift oneself up
. . cause one to bear iniquity
. appar. cause to bring, have brought
5375 nasa' naw-saw'
or nacah (Psalm 4 : 6 (7)) {naw-saw'}; a primitive root; to
lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and
figurative, absol. and rel. (as follows):--accept, advance,
arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring
(forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease,
exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further,
give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable (+ man), lade,
lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, X needs, obtain,
pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare,
stir up, + swear, take (away, up), X utterly, wear, yield.
see HEBREW for 04
see HEBREW for 06
see HEBREW for 07
נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: raise.
: raise/take_up
1) to lift, bear up, carry, take
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lift, lift up
1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure
1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted
1b2) to lift oneself up, rise up
1b3) to be borne, be carried
1b4) to be taken away, be carried off, be swept away
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to lift up, exalt, support, aid, assist
1c2) to desire, long (fig.)
1c3) to carry, bear continuously
1c4) to take, take away
1d) (Hithpael) to lift oneself up, exalt oneself
1e) (Hiphil)
1e1) to cause one to bear (iniquity)
1e2) to cause to bring, have brought
נָשָׂא (na.sa) — to lift: bear.
: look/lift(eyes)
1) to lift, bear up, carry, take
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lift, lift up
1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure
1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted
V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVNi3ms
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
הַר (har) means 'mountain' or 'hill,' and can refer to a range of hills or hill-country. It is derived from a root that suggests elevation and can be used figuratively. The entries consistently highlight its geographical connotations without significant disagreement.
הַר 568 n.m. mountain, hill, hill-country
mountain, hill
hill-country, mountain-region
base
H2022 הַר mountain, hill, hill-country
2022 har har
a shortened form of 2042; a mountain or range of hills
(sometimes used figuratively):--hill (country), mount(-ain), X
promotion.
see HEBREW for 02042
הַר (har) — mountain: mount.
: mount/hill
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
הַר (har) — mountain: hill country.
: hill_country
hill, mountain, hill country, mount
A sub-meaning of har (הַר ": mount" H2022)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
גִּבְעָה (gib'ah) means 'hill' and refers to a small elevation of land. It can denote a place of worship or be used in place names, often associated with illicit worship. The word is feminine and is derived from a related term for a hillock. It appears in various contexts, including poetic uses.
גִּבְעָה n.f. hill
base
H1389 גִּבְעָה hill
1389 gib`ah ghib-aw'
feminine from the same as 1387; a hillock:--hill, little
hill.
see HEBREW for 01387
גִּבְעָה (giv.ah) — Gibeath-(elohim).
Gibeath - a place or worship
This name means hill
1a) hill
גִּבְעָה (giv.ah) — Gibeath-(haaraloth).
This name means hill
Another name of gil.gal (גִּלְגָּל "Gilgal" H1537G)
גִּבְעָה (giv.ah) — hill.
1) hill
1a) hill (lower than a mountain)
1b) as a place of illicit worship
1c) poetic for mountain
1d) used in place names
גִּבְעָה (giv.ah) — Gibeat.
This name means hill
Another spelling of giv.ah (גִּבְעָה "Gibeah" H1390H)
Conj | N-fs — Conjunction · noun common feminine singular absoluteHC/Ncfsa
Hill
(1.) Heb. gib’eah, a curved or rounded hill, such as are common to Palestine (Ps. 65:12; 72:3; 114:4, 6).
(2.) Heb. har, properly a mountain range rather than an individual eminence (Ex. 24:4, 12, 13, 18; Num. 14:40, 44, 45). In Deut. 1:7, Josh. 9:1; 10:40; 11:16, it denotes the elevated district of Judah, Benjamin, and Ephraim, which forms the watershed between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
(3.) Heb. ma’aleh in 1 Sam. 9:11. Authorized Version “hill” is correctly rendered in the Revised Version “ascent.”
שָׁפֵל (shaphel) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be or become low or abased. It can refer to both a physical lowering and a figurative humbling, with usages in different forms indicating actions like laying low or humbling oneself. The entries emphasize its application in contexts of humiliation and lowering one's status.
שָׁפֵל vb. be or become low, be abased
Qal
all Is: become (be brought, laid) low
to be lowly of spirit
of sound
Hiph.
usu. fig., lay low
hum. subj. set one in a lower place
as helping vb.: make low, sit down = take low seat
base
H8213 שָׁפֵל be or become low, be abased
8213 shaphel shaw-fale'
a primitive root; to depress or sink (expec. figuratively, to
humiliate, intransitive or transitive):--abase, bring (cast,
put) down, debase, humble (self), be (bring, lay, make, put)
low(-er).
שָׁפֵל (sha.phel) — to abase.
1) to be or become low, sink, be humbled, be abased
1a) (Qal) to be or become low
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to lay or bring low, humiliate
1b2) to set in a lower place, show abasement
1b3) to make low, sit down
V-Qal-Imperf-3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine pluralHVqi3mp
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
Conj | V-Qal-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqq3ms
be-kum':
(1) Greek ginomai, used in New Testament for a change of state, corresponding to Hebrew hayah of Old Testament. Compare Mt 18:3 with De 27:9.
(2) For what is fitting, suitable, proper, in New Testament: "prepei" (Mt 3:15; Eph 5:3; 1Ti 2:10); in Old Testament, na'awah, na'ah, Ps 93:5: "Holiness becometh thy house." in this sense, the adverb "becomingly" must be interpreted: "Walk becomingly toward them that are without" (1Th 4:12), i.e. in a way that is consistent with your profession.
The Hebrew word עָקֹב (ʿāqōb) has meanings related to deceitfulness and steepness. It is built from the root associated with tracking or being crooked. The entries indicate it can describe something insidious or hilly, with a specific reference in Isaiah 40:4. There is some variation in the emphasis on its meanings across lexicons.
ref
H6121a עָקֹב . insidious, deceitful
. foot-tracked
H6121b עָקֹב steep
6121 `aqob aw-kobe'
from 6117; in the original sense, a knoll (as swelling up);
in the denominative sense (transitive) fraudulent or
(intransitive) tracked:--crooked, deceitful, polluted.
see HEBREW for 06117
עָקֹב (a.qov) — insidious.
1) deceitful, sly, insidious
1a) deceitful, sly, insidious, slippery
1b) foot-tracked
עָקֹב (a.qov) — steep.
steep, hilly
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
plas: Normally for maqom, Old Testament, and topos, New Testament, but in the King James Version "place" represents a great number of Hebrew and Greek words, often used with no difference in force (e.g. 2Ch 35:10,15). the Revised Version (British and American) has made few changes, but occasionally has attempted to specialize the meaning (Ge 40:13; Job 37:8; Ac 8:32; Jas 3:11, etc.).
מִישׁוֹר (miyshowr) refers to a level place or plain, often associated with uprightness and justice. It can denote a physical flat area, like a table-land, or be used figuratively to mean equity and righteousness. The word is derived from a root meaning to be straight, emphasizing its connections to fairness and moral integrity.
מִישׁוֹר n.m. level place, uprightness
base
H4334 מִישׁוֹר level-place, uprightness
4334 miyshowr mee-shore'
or miyshor {mee-shore'}; from 3474; a level, i.e. a plain
(often used (with the article prefix) as a properly, name of
certain districts); figuratively, concord; also straightness,
i.e. (figuratively) justice (sometimes adverbially,
justly):--equity, even place, plain, right(-eously), (made)
straight, uprightness.
see HEBREW for 03474
מִישׁוֹר (mi.shor) — plain.
1) level place, uprightness
1a) level country, table-land, plain
1b) level place
1c) uprightness
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
רֶ֫כֶס (rekec) is a noun that may refer to roughness of ground, something bound up or impeded, or a mountain chain. The term's meaning is uncertain, with suggestions of it being an impassable area or a rough place. It appears in Isaiah 40:4.
[רֶ֫כֶס] n.[m.] dub.; perh. roughness (of ground; ? lit. binding, know); or bound up, impeded, i.e. impassable; or mountain-chain;—pl. Is 40:4
ref
H7406 [רֶ֫כֶס] dub.; perh. roughness (of ground; ? lit. binding, know); or bound up, impeded, i.e. impassable; or mountain-chain
7406 rekec reh'-kes
from 7405; a mountain ridge (as of tied summits):--rough
place.
see HEBREW for 07405
רֶ֫כֶס (re.khes) — roughness.
1) roughness or bound up, impeded, the impassable or mountain chain, rough place
1a) meaning uncertain
Conj | Art | N-mp — Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine plural absoluteHC/Td/Ncmpa
בִּקְעָה (biq'ah) refers to a valley or plain, specifically a wide, level area between mountains. It is derived from a root meaning 'to split.' The term is associated with various valleys, including those in Jericho and Lebanon. The Aramaic equivalent is בִּקְעָא (biq.a), meaning 'plain.'
בִּקְעָה n.f. valley (cleft), plain
valley
plain
base
H1237 בִּקְעָה valley (cleft), plain
1237 biq`ah bik-aw'
from 1234; properly, a split, i.e. a wide level valley
between mountains:--plain, valley.
see HEBREW for 01234
בִּקְעָה (biq.ah) — Valley (of Jericho).
This name means plain, level valley
Another name of kik.kar (כִּכָּר "Plain" H3603G)
בִּקְעָה (biq.ah) — (Mizpah) Valley.
This name means plain, level valley
Combined with mits.pah (מִצְפָּה "Mizpah" H4709I)
בִּקְעָה (biq.ah) — (Lebanon) Valley.
This name means plain, level valley
Combined with le.va.non (לְבָנוֹן " of Lebanon" H3844I)
בִּקְעָה (biq.ah) — (Aven) Valley.
This name means plain, level valley
Combined with a.ven (אָ֫וֶן " of Aven" H0206)
בִּקְעָה (biq.ah) — valley.
1) valley
2) plain, level valley
Aramaic equivalent: biq.a (בִּקְעָא "plain" H1236)
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
plan
(1) kikkar, "circle" "talent," or "round loaf";
(2) mishor, from yashar, "to be level"; compare Arabic maisur, "that which is easy";
(3) biqah; compare Arabic baq`at, "a plot of ground" or "a wet meadow";
(4) `arabhah;
(5) shephelah;
(6) topos pedinos (Lu 6:17);
(7) 'elon; compare elah, and 'allon "oak" (Ge 35:4,8, etc.); also 'elah, "Elah" (1Sa 17:2);
Plain
(1.) Heb. ‘abel (Judg. 11:33), a “grassy plain” or “meadow.” Instead of “plains of the vineyards,” as in the Authorized Version, the Revised Version has “Abel-cheramim” (q.v.), comp. Judg. 11:22; 2 Chr. 16:4.
(2.) Heb. ‘elon (Gen. 12:6; 13:18; 14:13; 18:1; Deut. 11:30; Judg. 9:6), more correctly “oak,” as in the Revised Version; margin, “terebinth.”
See CANAAN, and OAK.
