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Job 19:3 — Word Study

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WLCזֶ֤ה עֶ֣שֶׂר פְּ֭עָמִים תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי לֹֽא־ תֵ֝בֹ֗שׁוּ תַּהְכְּרוּ־ לִֽי׃

BSATenʻeser [a decade, a multitude of] timespaʻam nowzeh you have reproached mekâlam [humiliated, insulted] you shamelesslybûwsh [without guilt, impudently] mistreathâkar [wrong, deal hardly with]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 19
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 3 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Li) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 19:3quick helps
In a sentenceJob expresses his deep hurt and frustration at being insulted repeatedly.
Who is speakingJob, addressing his friends who have been criticizing him.
Where we areJob's lament during his suffering, as he pleads for understanding.
The hard wordתַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי
Take awayJob feels wronged and ashamed, yet he seeks to clarify his situation.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbבּוֹשׁ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 8 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 19:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Job's Response to His Friendsgenerated

2“How long will you torment me and crush me with your words?
3Ten times now you have reproached me; you shamelessly mistreat me.
4Even if I have truly gone astray, my error concerns me alone.
5If indeed you would exalt yourselves above me and use my disgrace against me,

Job 19:3 captures Job's anguish as he confronts his friends about their relentless reproaches. He feels deeply insulted and mistreated, expressing that their words have caused him significant emotional pain. This moment reflects Job's struggle for dignity amidst his suffering, as he articulates the depth of his distress and the unfairness of his treatment, paralleling the broader themes of suffering and justice found throughout the book of Job.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 31:7And although he has cheated me and changed my wages ten times, God has not allowed him to harm me.
2Leviticus 26:26When I cut off your supply of bread, ten women will bake your bread in a single oven and dole out your bread by weight, so that you will eat but not be satisfied.
3Numbers 14:22not one of the men who have seen My glory and the signs I performed in Egypt and in the wilderness—yet have tested Me and disobeyed Me these ten times—
4Nehemiah 4:12At that time the Jews who lived nearby came and told us ten times over, “Wherever you turn, they will attack us.”
5Daniel 1:20In every matter of wisdom and understanding about which the king consulted them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and enchanters in his entire kingdom.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 14 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

make yourselves strange to meJob 19:17 Genesis 42:7 Psalm 69:8

The Key Word תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי, takh.li.Mu.nigenerated

The verb תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי (takh.li.Mu.ni) is a Hiphil imperfect form meaning 'you have insulted me' or 'you have humiliated me.' It conveys a sense of being wronged or treated harshly, indicating that Job feels deeply hurt by the actions of his friends.

This word is rooted in כָּלַם (kalam), which means to humiliate or insult. Job's use of this verb emphasizes his emotional state and the impact of his friends' words on his dignity.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations generally agree on the meaning of the phrase, with all versions reflecting the sense of insult and mistreatment conveyed in the original Hebrew.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי (you have insulted me) governs the sentence, with several phrases providing context: the adverbial elements indicating the frequency of insult and the prepositional phrase indicating the object of the mistreatment.

Job's statement is structured to emphasize the repeated nature of the reproach ('ten times'), which adds weight to his claim of being wronged.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates the key verb תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי as μου, which means 'me.' This choice reflects a direct and personal address, emphasizing Job's plea for recognition of his suffering.

The LXX does not provide a direct equivalent for all Hebrew terms, indicating a more interpretative approach in conveying Job's emotional state.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 19:3 shows Job feeling deeply hurt and insulted by his friends, who have reproached him ten times. He expresses that their treatment is shameless and unjust, highlighting his emotional pain.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Job mean by 'ten times'?

Job uses 'ten times' to emphasize the repeated nature of the insults he has faced from his friends.

How does Job feel about the treatment he is receiving?

Job feels humiliated and wronged by the way his friends are speaking to him.

What is the significance of Job's lament?

Job's lament highlights his struggle for dignity and understanding in the midst of his suffering.

How do Job's friends contribute to his pain?

Job's friends contribute to his pain by reproaching him and failing to offer comfort during his time of distress.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways have I experienced feelings of shame or humiliation from others?
  2. How can I better support those who are suffering instead of adding to their pain?
  3. What lessons can I learn from Job's response to his friends?
  4. How do I handle criticism or reproach in my own life?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early commentators have noted Job's suffering and the nature of his friends' criticisms, reflecting on the emotional weight of this verse.

John ChrysostomCOMMENTARY ON Job 19:3A c. 347–407
“Only know that the Lord has dealt with me thus.… You speak against me; you do not feel for me but bear hard upon me.… May the dignity of him who punishes me make you change your mind,” he says.
Early Church Fathers on Job 19 →
Gregory the DialogistMorals on the Book of Job, Book XIV c. 540–604
Lo, these ten times ye confound me. On enumerating the successive times of the speeches of Job's friends, we learn that as yet they had spoken but five times.
Early Church Fathers on Job 19 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 19:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

These ten times have ye reproached me,.... Referring not to ten sections or paragraphs, in which they had done it, as Jarchi; or to the five speeches his friends, in which their reproaches were

Read John Gill on Job 19 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me. These - prefixed to numbers emphatically (Genesis 27:36). Ten - i:e., often (Genesis 31:7).

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 19 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

These ten times, i.e. many times. A certain number for an uncertain. So this phrase is oft used, as , &c. That ye make yourselves strange to me; that you carry yourselves like strangers to me, and are not concerned nor affected with my calamities, and condemn me as if you had never known my former piety and integrity.

Read Matthew Poole on Job 19 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 19:3 These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed [that] ye make yourselves strange to me.Ver. 3. These ten times have ye reproached me] i.e. Oftentimes. Herein Job endured a great fight of affliction, as the apostle styleth it, Hebrews 10:32-33; a manifold fight, as the word there signifieth. Cato was two and thirty times accused publicly, and as oft cleared and absolved. Basil was counted and called a heretic, even by those who, as it appeared afterwards, were of the same judgment with him, and whom he honoured as brethren. Dogs in a chase bark sometimes at their best friends, &c. Ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me] Or, Are you not ashamed that ye…

Read John Trapp on Job 19 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 3. These ten times] The exact arithmetical number is not to be regarded; ten times being put for many times, as we have already seen. See particularly Clarke's note on "Genesis 31:7". Ye make yourselves strange to me.] When I was in affluence and prosperity, ye were my intimates, and appeared to rejoice in my happiness; but now ye scarcely know me, or ye profess to consider me a wicked man because I am in adversity. Of this you had no suspicion when I was in prosperity! Circumstances change men's minds.

Read AdamClarke on Job 19 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

3. Ten times is a round number for often, Genesis 31:7; Numbers 14:22. make yourselves strange to me] An expression of uncertain meaning, as the word does not occur again, unless, as some suppose, it be found in Isaiah 3:9. The meaning may be, ye wrong me, the root having some resemblance to an Arabic verb rendered by Lane “to wrong,” also “to be persistent in contention.” Ew., ye are unfeeling towards me.

Read Cambridge on Job 19 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

These ten times - Many times; the word “ten” being used as we often say, “ten a dozen” or “twenty,” to denote many; see Genesis 31:7, “And your father hath changed my wages “ten times.” Leviticus

Read Albert Barnes on Job 19 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

3. Ten times — Used for many times. Thus Maimonides: “He who profaneth the name of God in the presence of ten Israelites, behold, he profaneth it in the presence of many.” Or it may stand as the

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Job 19 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Ten times now you have reproached me; you shamelessly mistreat me.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

You have reproached me ten times. You aren’t ashamed that you attack me.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Ten times now you have reproached me; you shamelessly mistreat me.

NETBNew English Translation2006

These ten times you have been reproaching me; you are not ashamed to attack me!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

These ten times have ye reproached me: Ye are not ashamed that ye deal hardly with me.

RVARevised Version, American1894

These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye deal hardly with me.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Ye haue now ten times reproched me, and are not ashamed: ye are impudent toward mee.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

These ten times have ye reproached me; ye are not ashamed to stupefy me.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

These ten times ye put me to shame, ye blush not. Ye make yourselves strange to me —

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

These ten times you put me to shame, you do not blush. You make yourselves strange to me—

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed when ye show yourselves as strangers to me.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

These ten times you have reproached me; you are not ashamed that you have treated me harshly.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Behold, these ten times you confound me, and are not ashamed to oppress me.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Ten times already you have humiliated me. Aren't you ashamed for treating me so badly?

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Ten times now you have made sport of me; it gives you no sense of shame to do me wrong.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseadverbialזֶ֤הthisnoun phrase · adverbialעֶ֣שֶׂרtenפְּ֭עָמִיםtimesverbתַּכְלִימ֑וּyouobjectנִיhave.insulted.meclauseadverbialלֹֽאnotverbתֵ֝בֹ֗שׁוּyou.have.been.ashamedclauseverbתַּהְכְּרוּyou.have.ill-treatedprepositional phrase · prepositionalלִֽ(to)יme

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint show some alignment in the core message of Job's lament, though the Septuagint's word order and specific terms differ. The MT provides a clearer structure of Job's reproach, while the LXX captures the essence of his plea.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

זֶ֤ה עֶ֣שֶׂר פְּ֭עָמִים תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִי לֹֽא־ תֵ֝בֹ֗שׁוּ תַּהְכְּרוּ־ לִֽי׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִיμουלֹֽא־οὐκתַּהְכְּרוּ־ἐπίκεισθέלִֽי׃μοι

4 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 19:3זֶהthisthisזֶהעֶשֶׂרtentenעֶשֶׂרפַּ֫עַםtimestimesפַּ֫עַםכָּלַםyou have inyou have insultכָּלַםלֹאnotnotלֹאבּוֹשׁyou have beyou have been aבּוֹשׁהָכַרyou have ilyou have ill-trהָכַרנִיmemeנִיעָשַׂרto titheto titheעָשַׂרפָּעַםto troubleto troubleפָּעַםזֶהthisthisזֶהזֹהthisthisזֹהאַיwhere?where?אַיהֶ֫בֶלvanityvanityהֶ֫בֶלמָלֵאfullfullמָלֵארֹ֫חַבwidthwidthרֹ֫חַבשֶׁ֫בַעsevensevenשֶׁ֫בַעבּוֹשׁbe ashamedbe ashamedבּוֹשׁכֵּןrightrightכֵּןיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדחָפֵרbe ashamedbe ashamedחָפֵרכָּלַםbe humiliabe humiliatedכָּלַם
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 19:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
זֶ֤הzeh this H2088 Particle
1,180× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning this or that, used to point out a specific person or thing. It appears in many contexts, including Genesis and Psalms, to indicate something specific. The KJV translates it as he, here, or it.
Tyndale gloss
this
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זֶה (zeh) is a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' or 'here.' It can stand alone, be used appositively, or function as a predicate. The word can also attach enclitically to interrogative pronouns, adding emphasis and directness. In poetry, it may serve as a relative pronoun, though this usage is rare.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זֶה demonstr.pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here

standing alone

In appos. to subst.

More oft. as pred.

It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

With prefixes (in special senses)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2088 זֶה demonstr. pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here . standing alone

. In appos. to subst.

. More oft. as pred.

. It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

. In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

. With prefixes (in special senses)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2088 zeh zeh

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this

or that:--he, X hence, X here, it(-self), X now, X of him, the

one...the other, X than the other, (X out of) the (self) same,

such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on

that side, X thus, very, which. Compare 2063, 2090, 2097,

2098.

see HEBREW for 02063

see HEBREW for 02090

see HEBREW for 02097

see HEBREW for 02098

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זֶה (zeh) — this.

1) this, this one, here, which, this...that, the one...the other, another, such

1a) (alone)

1a1) this one

1a2) this...that, the one...the other, another

1b) (appos to subst)

1b1) this

1c) (as predicate)

1c1) this, such

1d) (enclitically)

1d1) then

1d2) who, whom

1d3) how now, what now

1d4) what now

1d5) wherefore now

1d6) behold here

1d7) just now

1d8) now, now already

1e) (poetry)

1e1) wherein, which, those who

1f) (with prefixes)

1f1) in this (place) here, then

1f2) on these conditions, herewith, thus provided, by, through this, for this cause, in this matter

1f3) thus and thus

1f4) as follows, things such as these, accordingly, to that effect, in like manner, thus and thus

1f5) from here, hence, on one side...on the other side

1f6) on this account

1f7) in spite of this, which, whence, how

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Particle
HTm
this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
עֶ֣שֶׂר'E.ser ten H6235 Noun common · masculine singular construct
176× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means the number ten, often used in combination with other numbers to describe larger quantities, such as in the story of the ten commandments in Exodus 20. It is commonly translated as 'ten' in the KJV.
Amplified meaning
a decade, a multitude of
Tyndale gloss
ten
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶשֶׂר (eser) means 'ten' in Hebrew. It is a masculine noun derived from the root related to counting, specifically indicating the number ten and its use in combination with other numbers. The Aramaic equivalent is עֲשַׂר (asar), also meaning 'ten.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶשֶׂר, עֲשָׂרָה 176 n.m. and f. ten

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6235 עֶשֶׂר, עֲשָׂרָה ten

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6235 `eser eh'ser

masculine of term aasarah {as-aw-raw'}; from 6237; ten (as an

accumulation to the extent of the digits):--ten, (fif-,

seven-)teen.

see HEBREW for 06237

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶשֶׂר (e.ser) — ten.

1) ten

1a) ten

1b) with other numbers

Aramaic equivalent: a.sar (עֲשַׂר "ten" H6236)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(`eser; deka).

See NUMBER.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ (Used for an indefinite number) Ge 31:7; Le 26:26; Nu 14:22; Zec 8:23

this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
פְּ֭עָמִיםPe.'a.mim times H6471 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
118× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a beat or stroke, like a footstep or a blow. It can also mean a time or occurrence, and is used in the Bible to describe things like a single step or a repeated action.
Tyndale gloss
beat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פַּ֫עַם (pa'am) refers to a beat or stroke, and encompasses meanings such as foot, anvil, and occurrence. It can denote a footstep or time, indicating repetitions like once, twice, or thrice. The word is built from a root that suggests various applications related to rhythm and timing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פַּ֫עַם 118 n.f. beat, foot, anvil, occurrence

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6471 פַּ֫עַם beat, foot, anvil, occurrence

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6471 pa`am pah'-am

or (feminine) pa;amah {pah-am-aw'}; from 6470; a stroke,

literally or figuratively (in various applications, as

follow):--anvil, corner, foot(-step), going, (hundred-)fold,

X now, (this) + once, order, rank, step, + thrice, ((often-)),

second, this, two) time(-s), twice, wheel.

see HEBREW for 06470

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פַּ֫עַם (pa.am) — beat.

1) stroke, beat, foot, step, anvil, occurrence

1a) foot, hoof-beat, footfall, footstep

1b) anvil

1c) occurrence, time, stroke, beat

1c1) one time, once, twice, thrice, as time on time, at this repetition, this once, now at length, now...now, at one time...at another

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
תַּכְלִימ֑וּנִיtakh.li.Mu.ni you have insulted me H3637 Verb hiphil imperfect second person masculine plural · suffix
38× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To be humiliated means to be insulted or shamed, as seen in the Bible's use of this word to describe people's reactions to their mistakes. It is about feeling ashamed or reproached.
Amplified meaning
humiliated, insulted
Tyndale gloss
be humiliated
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כָּלַם (kalam) is a Hebrew verb that primarily means to humiliate or insult. It has various forms, including Niphal (to be humiliated) and Hiphil (to humiliate others). The word conveys a sense of shame and confusion, indicating both the act of causing shame and the experience of being shamed.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[כָּלַם] vb. only Niph. Hoph. be humiliated, Hiph. humiliate

Niph. be humiliated, ashamed, put to shame, dishonoured, confounded

Hiph.

put to shame = insult, humiliate

exhibit shame

Hoph.

we were not insulted, humiliated

they were put to shame, dishonoured, confounded

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3637 [כָּלַם] only Niph. Hoph. be humiliated, Hiph. humiliate

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3637 kalam kaw-lawm'

a primitive root; properly, to wound; but only figuratively,

to taunt or insult:--be (make) ashamed, blush, be confounded,

be put to confusion, hurt, reproach, (do, put to) shame.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כָּלַם (ka.lam) — be humiliated.

1) to insult, shame, humiliate, blush, be ashamed, be put to shame, be reproached, be put to confusion, be humiliated

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to be humiliated, be ashamed

1a2) to be put to shame, be dishonoured, be confounded

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to put to shame, insult, humiliate, cause shame to

1b2) to exhibit shame

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be insulted, be humiliated

1c2) to be put to shame, be dishonoured, be confounded

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-2mp | Suff — Verb hiphil imperfect second person masculine plural · suffix
HVhi2mp/Sp1bs
this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
לֹֽא־lo'- not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTn — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
תֵ֝בֹ֗שׁוּte.Vo.shu you have been ashamed H954 Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
127× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To be ashamed is what this Hebrew word means, implying a feeling of guilt or disappointment. It is used to describe someone who is disconcerted or delayed, like in the story of Adam and Eve. Shame is a strong emotion.
Amplified meaning
without guilt, impudently
Tyndale gloss
be ashamed
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בּוֹשׁ (buwsh) is a Hebrew root meaning 'to be ashamed.' It encompasses feelings of shame, disappointment, and disconcertion. The verb appears in various forms, including Qal (to feel shame), Piel (to delay in shame), and Hiphil (to put to shame). The entries indicate a range of uses, from personal feelings of shame to actions that cause shame to others.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בּוֹשׁ 109 vb. be ashamed

Qal

abs. feel shame

sq. מִן, be ashamed of, i.e. disconcerted, disappointed by reason of

with obj. I am ashamed to ask

Polel delay (in shame)

Hiph.

put to shame

put to shame

act shamefully

to be put to shame

be ashamed

Hithp. ashamed before one another

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H954 בּוֹשׁ be ashamed

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

954 buwsh boosh

a primitive root; properly, to pale, i.e. by implication to

be ashamed; also (by implication) to be disappointed or

delayed:--(be, make, bring to, cause, put to, with,

a-)shamed(-d), be (put to) confounded(-fusion), become dry,

delay, be long.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בּוֹשׁ (bush) — be ashamed.

1) to put to shame, be ashamed, be disconcerted, be disappointed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to feel shame

1a2) to be ashamed, disconcerted, disappointed (by reason of)

1b) (Piel) to delay (in shame)

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to put to shame

1c2) to act shamefully

1c3) to be ashamed

1d) (Hithpolel) to be ashamed before one another

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
HVqi2mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

a-shamd': Almost exclusively moral in significance; confusion or abashment through consciousness of guilt or of its exposure. Often including also a sense of terror or fear because of the disgrace connected with the performance of some action. Capacity for shame indicates that moral sense (conscience) is not extinct. "Ashamed" occurs 96 out of 118 times in the Old Testament. Hebrew bosh, "to feel shame" (Latin, pudere), with derivatives occurs 80 times; kalam, "to shame," including the thought of "disgrace," "reproach"; chapher, "to blush": hence shame because of frustrated plans (uniformly in the Revised Version (British and American) "confounded"); Greek aischunomai, "suffused with shame," passive only and its compounds. Uses:

(1) A few times, of actual embarrassment, as of Hazael before the steadfast look of Elisha (2Ki 8:11; see…

this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
תַּהְכְּרוּ־tah.ke.ru- you have ill-treated H1970 Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To wrong someone means to treat them unfairly or injure them. In the Bible, it can also mean to deal wrongly with others, as seen in the prophet Jeremiah's warnings.
Amplified meaning
wrong, deal hardly with
Tyndale gloss
to wrong
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָכַר (hakar) is a Hebrew verb that generally means to wrong or injure someone. It appears in the Old Testament, particularly in Job 19:3, where its meaning is considered dubious. The word can be used in both Qal and Hiphil forms, with the Hiphil form suggesting causing someone to wonder.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[הָכַר] vb. only Qal or Hiph. Jb 19:3, sense very dubious; (as Hiph.) ye cause me to wonder; (as Qal) ye deal hardly with me, wrong me

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1970 הָכַר

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1970 hakar haw-kar'

a primitive root; apparently to injure:--make self strange.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָכַר (ha.khar) — to wrong.

(Hiphil) to deal wrongly with

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Imperf-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine plural
HVqi2mp
this ten times you have insulted me not you have been ashamed you have ill-treated me
לִֽי׃Li me H9030 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נִי (ni) — me.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp1bs — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp1bs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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