Joshua 19:22 — Word Study
WLCוּפָגַע֩ הַגְּב֨וּל בְּתָב֤וֹר וְשַׁחֲצִ֙ימָה֙ וּבֵ֣ית שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ וְהָי֛וּ תֹּצְא֥וֹת גְּבוּלָ֖ם הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן עָרִ֥ים שֵׁשׁ־ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן׃
BSAThe bordergᵉbûwl [boundary, territorial limit] reachedpâgaʻ■ TaborTâbôwr ShahazumahShachătsôwm△ [a town in the region of Issachar] and Beth-shemeshBêyth Shemesh [house of the sun, a town in ancient Palestine] and endedhâyâh■ at the JordanYardên [running from Lebanon to the Dead Sea] There were sixteenshêsh [six and ten, a total of] citiesʻîyr [towns, populated areas] along with their villageschâtsêr [small settlements, rural areas]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וּפָגַע֩ | and it touches | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person masculine singular |
| הַגְּב֨וּל | the border | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| בְּתָב֤וֹר | Tabor | Preposition, noun proper |
| וְשַׁחֲצִ֙ימָה֙ | and to Shahazayim | Conjunction, noun proper |
| וּבֵ֣ית | and Beth | Conjunction, noun proper |
| שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ | Shemesh | Noun proper |
| וְהָי֛וּ | and they are | Verb, Qal, sequential perfect third person common plural |
| תֹּצְא֥וֹת | [the] extremities of | Noun common, feminine plural construct |
| גְּבוּלָ֖ם | territory their | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן | the Jordan | Particle, noun proper |
| עָרִ֥ים | cities | Noun common, masculine plural absolute |
| שֵׁשׁ־ | six- | Adj |
| עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה | teen | |
| וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן׃ | and villages their | Conjunction, noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The border reached Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, and ended at the Jordan. There were sixteen cities, along with their villages. |
| KJV | And the coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages. |
| ASV | and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh; and the goings out of their border were at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages. |
| YLT | and the border hath touched against Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-Shemesh, and the outgoings of their border have been [at] the Jordan; sixteen cities and their villages. |
| WEB | The border reached to Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth Shemesh. Their border ended at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages. |
| BBE | And their limit goes as far as Tabor and Shahazimah and Beth-shemesh, ending at Jordan; sixteen towns with their unwalled places. |
Where they part company is in the rendering of תֹּצְא֥וֹת — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause followed by additional phrases that provide detail about the locations and the cities.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
verbפָּגַע
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 14 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Joshua 19:22
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Inheritance of Issachargenerated
Joshua 19:22 describes the borders of the land given to the tribe of Issachar, detailing key towns and their geographical significance. This allocation is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites settling in the Promised Land, where each tribe received its inheritance. The mention of specific cities like Tabor and Beth-shemesh highlights their importance in the region, both historically and culturally.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 19:12 | From Sarid it turned eastward along the border of Chisloth-tabor and went on to Daberath and up to Japhia. |
| 2 | Judges 4:6 | She summoned Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali and said to him, “Surely the LORD, the God of Israel, is commanding you: ‘Go and march to Mount Tabor, taking with you ten thousand men of Naphtali and Zebulun. |
| 3 | 1 Chronicles 6:77 | The Merarites (the rest of the Levites) received the following: From the tribe of Zebulun they were given Rimmono and Tabor, together with their pasturelands. |
| 4 | Jeremiah 46:18 | As surely as I live, declares the King, whose name is the LORD of Hosts, there will come one who is like Tabor among the mountains and like Carmel by the sea. |
| 5 | Joshua 19:38 | Iron, Migdal-el, Horem, Beth-anath, and Beth-shemesh. There were nineteen cities, along with their villages. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — פָגַע, pa.Ga'generated
The verb פָגַע (paga`) means to touch or encounter, and in this context, it signifies how the border interacts with specific geographical locations. It can imply both a physical boundary and a meeting point, as seen in narratives of encounters, such as Jacob's meeting with Esau.
This verb is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action, suggesting that the border has definitively reached these towns. The word's usage here emphasizes the established limits of Issachar's territory.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
Translations generally agree on the meaning of the border reaching Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, as seen in the Berean Standard Bible, KJV, ASV, YLT, WEB, and BBE.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb governing the sentence is פָגַע, it touches, which connects the border to the towns mentioned. The structure shows a clear progression from the border to the specific locations it reaches, culminating in a description of the cities.
The sentence is organized to highlight the geographical features first, followed by the enumeration of cities, indicating the importance of these locations within the territorial context.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint uses the Greek word συνάψει, which translates to 'it will touch' or 'it will join.' This choice reflects a similar meaning to the Hebrew, emphasizing the connection of the border to specific locations.
This translation suggests a continuity of the border's significance in both Hebrew and Greek contexts, maintaining the focus on geographical boundaries.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Joshua 19:22 describes the border of the tribe of Issachar, which reached Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, ending at the Jordan River. It notes that there were sixteen cities along with their villages, highlighting the populated areas within the territory.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It indicates the geographical limits of Issachar's territory and highlights significant towns within that region.
These cities were part of the inheritance allocated to the tribe of Issachar, marking key locations for settlement and cultural significance.
Villages refer to smaller settlements associated with the cities, indicating the extent of habitation in the territory.
This verse is part of the allocation of land among the tribes of Israel, detailing their inheritances as they settled in the Promised Land.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What significance do the towns mentioned have in the history of Israel?
- How can understanding the geographical boundaries help us comprehend the biblical narrative?
- In what ways do the cities and their villages reflect the culture of the tribe of Issachar?
- How does this allocation of land relate to God's promises to the Israelites?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Joshua 19:22 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd the coast reacheth to Tabor,.... Tabor was the name of a mountain in those parts; it is generally supposed to be the mountain on which our Lord was transfigured, though it is not sufficiently
Read John Gill on Joshua 19 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of Issachar according to their families. The fourth lot came out to Issachar.
Read Robert Jamieson on Joshua 19 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(22) Tabor (? Deburieh, sheet 6). Beth-shemesh (‘Ain Esh-shemsiyeh, near Beth-shean). The rest are not identified. Of these places, Shunem and Jezreel are famous in later history: Shunem especially in the story of Elisha (2 Kings 4).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Joshua 19 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 22. Beth-shemesh] The house or temple of the sun; there were several cities or towns of this name in Palestine; an ample proof that the worship of this celestial luminary had generally prevailed in that idolatrous country.
Read AdamClarke on Joshua 19 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges22. and the coast reacheth to Tabor] Not the mountain, but a town upon the mountain, given to the Levites (1 Chronicles 6:77), and to Shahazimah and Beth-shemesh. The site of neither of these places is known, for the Beth-shemesh here mentioned is not the town of that name in the tribe of Judah (ch. Joshua 15:10) the outgoings of their border] The Jordan formed the eastern boundary of the tribe, but how far its territory extended down into the Jordan Valley is not stated. sixteen cities] Which number is correct, if Tabor is taken as a city. Being a border town, it is not remarkable that here it is reckoned to Issachar, and in 1 Chronicles 6:77 to Zebulun.
Read Cambridge on Joshua 19 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible22. Coast reacheth — This probably means the northern coast or border, where it joined on Zebulun. Tabor is here generally supposed to mean not the mountain, but a town on it afterwards given to the Levites. 1 Chronicles 6:77.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Joshua 19 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The border reached Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, and ended at the Jordan. There were sixteen cities, along with their villages.
The border reached to Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth Shemesh. Their border ended at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
The border reached Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, and ended at the Jordan. There were sixteen cities, along with their villages.
Their border touched Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth Shemesh, and ended at the Jordan. They had sixteen cities and their towns.
Tyndale line
And the coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh; and the goings out of their border were at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh; and the goings out of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
And the border reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh, and the limits of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
And this coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimath, and Beth-shemesh, and the endes of their coast reach to Iorden: sixteene cities with their villages.
Strictly literal
and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh; and their border ended at the Jordan: sixteen cities and their hamlets.
and the border hath touched against Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-Shemesh, and the outgoings of their border have been [at] the Jordan; sixteen cities and their villages.
and the border has touched against Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Beth-Shemesh, and the outgoings of their border have been [at] the Jordan; sixteen cities and their villages.
And the boundary touched on Tabor, and Shachazimah, and Beth-shemesh; and the terminations of their boundaries were at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.
Their border also touched Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth Shemesh, and ended at the Jordan. There were sixteen cities, including their villages.
From the Latin
And the border thereof cometh to Thabor and Sehesima and Bethsames: and the outgoings thereof shall be at the Jordan: sixteen cities, and their villages.
Simplified
The boundary also reached the towns of Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh, and ended at the Jordan River—sixteen towns with their associated villages.
And their limit goes as far as Tabor and Shahazimah and Beth-shemesh, ending at Jordan; sixteen towns with their unwalled places.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint show agreement in the overall structure and content of this verse, with ten of the fourteen words matched. The Septuagint's wording aligns closely with the Hebrew, although it presents the information in a different order.
וּפָגַע֩ הַגְּב֨וּל בְּתָב֤וֹר וְשַׁחֲצִ֙ימָה֙ וּבֵ֣ית שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ וְהָי֛וּ תֹּצְא֥וֹת גְּבוּלָ֖ם הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן עָרִ֥ים שֵׁשׁ־ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן׃
10 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Joshua 19:22
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
פָּגַע (paga`) is a Hebrew verb meaning to meet or encounter, which can occur in various contexts such as kindness, hostility, or requests. It is built from a primitive root and includes nuances like making intercession or striking a boundary. The word appears in different forms, including Qal and Hiphil, indicating both simple and causative actions.
פָּגַע vb. meet, encounter, reach
Qal
meet, light upon
meet, with kindness
encounter with hostility, fall upon
encounter with request, entreat
strike, touch, of boundary
Hiph.
cause to light upon
cause one (acc.) to entreat
make entreaty; more gen. interpose
encounter with request, entreat
make attack
base
H6293 פָּגַע meet, encounter, reach .. meet, light upon
. meet, with kindness
. encounter with hostility, fall upon
. encounter with request, entreat
. strike, touch, of boundary
. . cause to light upon
. cause one (acc.) to entreat
. make entreaty; more gen. interpose
. encounter with request, entreat
. make attack
6293 paga` paw-gah'
a primitive root; to impinge, by accident or violence, or
(figuratively) by importunity:--come (betwixt), cause to
entreat, fall (upon), make intercession, intercessor, intreat,
lay, light (upon), meet (together), pray, reach, run.
פָּגַע (pa.ga) — to fall on.
1) to encounter, meet, reach, entreat, make intercession
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to meet, light upon, join
1a2) to meet (of kindness)
1a3) to encounter, fall upon (of hostility)
1a4) to encounter, entreat (of request)
1a5) to strike, touch (of boundary)
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to cause to light upon
1b2) to cause to entreat
1b3) to make entreaty, interpose
1b4) to make attack
1b5) to reach the mark
Conj | V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person masculine singularHc/Vqq3ms
גְּבוּל (gbuwl) refers to a border or boundary, often implying a defined territory. It can denote a physical limit, such as a coast or landmark, and can also have figurative uses, like a region of darkness. The word is derived from a root meaning 'cord' and encompasses various meanings related to boundaries and territories.
גְּבוּל 240 n.m. border, boundary, territory
border, boundary
territory (enclosed within boundary)
base
H1366 גְּבוּל border, boundary, territory
1366 gbuwl gheb-ool'
or (shortened) gbul {gheb-ool'}; from 1379; properly, a cord
(as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extens. the
territory inclosed:--border, bound, coast, X great, landmark,
limit, quarter, space.
see HEBREW for 01379
גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: boundary.
: boundary
1) border, territory
1a) border
1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)
1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)
Also means: ge.vul (גְּבוּל ": area" H1366H)
גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: area.
: area
1) border, territory
1a) border
1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)
1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
תָּבוֹר (Tabowr) refers to Mount Tabor, a prominent mountain in Palestine known for its distinct shape and location in the plain of Esdraelon. It is associated with a nearby city and has historical significance, including a mention related to Saul's journey after his anointing by Samuel. The name Tabor translates to "mound."
תָּבוֹר n.pr.
mont. NE. edge of Great Plain, SW. of Sea of Galilee, on border of Issachar, Zeb. and Napht.
loc.
loc. Levit. city in Zebulun
arbor. near Bethel
base
H8396 תָּבוֹר
8396 Tabowr taw-bore'
from a root corresponding to 8406; broken region; Tabor, a
mountain in Palestine, also a city adjacent:--Tabor.
see HEBREW for 08406
תָּבוֹר (ta.vor) — (Mount) Tabor.
§ Tabor = "mound"
n pr mont
a mountain in the plain of Esdraelon rising abruptly and insulated except for a narrow ridge on the west connecting it to the hills of Nazareth
2) a town around the summit of Mount Tabor
תָּבוֹר (ta.vor) — Tabor.
§ Tabor = "mound"
n pr mont
the place of an oak tree which was on the homeward journey of Saul after he had been anointed by Samuel
תָּבוֹר (ta.vor) — Tabor.
Tabor = "mound"
n pr mont
a city of the Merarite Levites located in the territory of Zebulun
Another name of ke.sul.lot (כְּסֻלּוֹת "Chesulloth" H3694)
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun properHR/Npl
ta'-ber, tar'-bor (tabhor; Codex Vaticanus Thachcheia; Codex Alexandrinus Thabor): One of the towns in the territory of Zebulun, given to the Merarite Levites (1Ch 6:77). The parallel list in Jos 21:24 f contains no name like this. There is no indication of its position. Some have thought that it may correspond to Daberath in the territory of Issachar (21:28), now represented by Deburiyeh on the western slope of Mt. Tabor; others that it may be the mountain itself; and yet others that it may be a city on the mountain, which probably was occupied from very early times. There is a Tabor mentioned as on the border of Issachar (Jos 19:22); but that is almost certainly the mountain. It has been suggested that Tabor in
Tabor
A height. (1.) Now Jebel et-Tur, a cone-like prominent mountain, 11 miles west of the Sea of Galilee. It is about 1,843 feet high. The view from the summit of it is said to be singularly extensive and grand. This is alluded to in Ps. 89:12; Jer. 46:18. It was here that Barak encamped before the battle with Sisera (q.v.) Judg. 4:6-14. There is an old tradition, which, however, is unfounded, that it was the scene of the transfiguration of our Lord. (See HERMON.) “The prominence and isolation of Tabor, standing, as it does, on the border-land between the northern and southern tribes, between the mountains and the central plain, made it a place of note in all ages, and evidently led the psalmist to associate it with Hermon…
is mentioned in the lists of 1Chr 6 as a city of the Merarite Levites, in the tribe of Zebulun. ver. (1 Chronicles 6:77) The list of the towns of Zebulun. Josh 19 contains the name of Chisloth-tabor. ver. (Joshua 19:12) It is, therefore, possible, either that Chisloth-tabor is abbreviated into Tabor by the chronicler, or that by the time these later lists were compiled the Merarites had established themselves on the sacred mountain, and that Tabor is Mount Tabor.
An isolated mountain of Galilee, on the northeastern side of the plain of Esdraelon, an arm of which extends beyond the mountain in the same direction. It is of limestone formation, conical in form, and well-wooded, especially on the north side, with fine oaks and other trees and odoriferous plants. It rises 1,350 feet above the plain at its base, which is 400 feet above the Mediterranean, and by a winding path on the north-west side one may ride to its summit in an hour. There is a small oblong plain on the summit, surrounded by a larger but less regular tract, perhaps a mile inn circumference. The prospect from Mount Tabor is extensive and beautiful. Dr. Robinson and many others speak of it as one of the finest in Paletine; and Lord Nugent declared it the most splendid he could recollect having ever seen from any natural height. See
The Hebrew word שׁחצומה (H7831) refers to a place called Shahazimah, located in the territory of Issachar. It is derived from a root meaning 'proudly.' The entries consistently identify it as a geographical location mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically in Joshua 19:22.
שׁחצומה Kt, שַׁחֲצִ֫ימָה Qr n.pr.loc. in Issachar Jos 19:22
ref
H7831 שׁחצומה, שַׁחֲצִ֫ימָה, שַׁחֲצוֹם
7831 Shachatsowm shakh-ats-ome'
from the same as 7830; proudly; Shachatsom, a place in
Palestine:--Shahazimah (from the margin).
see HEBREW for 07830
שַׁחֲצִ֫ימָה (sha.cha.tsi.mah) — Shahazumah.
§ Shahazimah = "toward the heights"
a town in Issachar
Conj | N-proper | Suff — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (Beyth Shemesh) means 'house of the sun' and refers to several locations, including towns in Judah, Issachar, and Naphtali, as well as Heliopolis in Egypt. It is built from the words for 'house' and 'sun.' The entries consistently describe it as a sun-temple or related to sun worship.
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ n.pr.loc. (sun-temple)
city in SW. Judah
city in Naphtali
city in Issachar
= On-Heliopolis, in Egypt
base
H1053 בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ
1053 Beyth Shemesh bayth sheh'-mesh
from 1004 and 8121; house of (the) sun; Beth-Shemesh, a place
in Palestine:--Beth-shemesh.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 08121
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in southwest Judah
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Issachar
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Naphtali
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Heliopolis.
Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Egypt
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
N-proper — Conjunction · noun properHC/Npl
Beth
Occurs frequently as the appellation for a house, or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:
the most general word for a house or habitation. It has the special meaning of a temple or house of worship Beth is more frequently employed in compound names of places than any other word.
House, forms a part of many compounds names of places, and sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others the temple. This word becomes Beit in modern Arabic.
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (Beyth Shemesh) means 'house of the sun' and refers to several locations, including towns in Judah, Issachar, and Naphtali, as well as Heliopolis in Egypt. It is built from the words for 'house' and 'sun.' The entries consistently describe it as a sun-temple or related to sun worship.
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ n.pr.loc. (sun-temple)
city in SW. Judah
city in Naphtali
city in Issachar
= On-Heliopolis, in Egypt
base
H1053 בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ
1053 Beyth Shemesh bayth sheh'-mesh
from 1004 and 8121; house of (the) sun; Beth-Shemesh, a place
in Palestine:--Beth-shemesh.
see HEBREW for 01004
see HEBREW for 08121
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in southwest Judah
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Issachar
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Beth-shemesh.
§ Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Naphtali
בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (bet she.mesh) — Heliopolis.
Beth-shemesh = "house of the sun" or "sun-temple"
a town in Egypt
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
HNpl — Noun properHNpl
The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be
Qal
Fall out, happen
occur, take place, come about, come to pass
esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass
וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
Come into being, become
abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
sq. prep.
become
sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
sq. pred. adj.
become like
sq. pred. לְ pers.
sq. לְ pred.
oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.
with עַל and לְ
sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)
exist, be in existence
abide, remain, continue
with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie
as copula, joining subj. & pred.
H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen
. occur, take place, come about, come to pass
. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)
. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה
. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)
. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come
. sq. prep.
. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)
. sq. pred. adj.
. become like
. sq. pred. + לְ pers.
. sq. לְ pred.
. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.
. with עַל and לְ
. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of
. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence
. abide, remain, continue
1961 hayah haw-yaw
a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,
come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or
auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,
committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,
fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit
(one-)self, require, X use.
see HEBREW for 01933
הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.
1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out
1a) (Qal)
1a1) ---
1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass
1a1b) to come about, come to pass
1a2) to come into being, become
1a2a) to arise, appear, come
1a2b) to become
1a2b1) to become
1a2b2) to become like
1a2b3) to be instituted, be established
1a3) to be
1a3a) to exist, be in existence
1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)
1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)
1a3d) to accompany, be with
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about
1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
Conj | V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common pluralHc/Vqq3cp
תּוֹצָאָה (towtsa'ah) refers to the concept of an outgoing or exit, often associated with geographical boundaries or figurative meanings like deliverance and source. It can denote extremities, borders, or even an escape from death. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to go out' and appears only in the plural form.
[תּוֹצָאָה] n.f. outgoing, extremity, source (?), escape
base
H8444 תּוֹצָאָה
8444 towtsa'ah to-tsaw-aw'
or totsaah {to-tsaw-aw'}; from 3318; (only in plural
collective) exit, i.e. (geographical) boundary, or
(figuratively) deliverance, (actively) source:--border(-s),
going(-s) forth (out), issues, outgoings.
see HEBREW for 03318
תּוֹצָאָה (to.tsa.ah) — outgoing.
1) outgoing, border, a going out, extremity, end, source, escape
1a) outgoing, extremity (of border)
1b) source (of life)
1c) escape (from death)
HNcfpc — Noun common · feminine plural constructHNcfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
גְּבוּל (gbuwl) refers to a border or boundary, often implying a defined territory. It can denote a physical limit, such as a coast or landmark, and can also have figurative uses, like a region of darkness. The word is derived from a root meaning 'cord' and encompasses various meanings related to boundaries and territories.
גְּבוּל 240 n.m. border, boundary, territory
border, boundary
territory (enclosed within boundary)
base
H1366 גְּבוּל border, boundary, territory
1366 gbuwl gheb-ool'
or (shortened) gbul {gheb-ool'}; from 1379; properly, a cord
(as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extens. the
territory inclosed:--border, bound, coast, X great, landmark,
limit, quarter, space.
see HEBREW for 01379
גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: boundary.
: boundary
1) border, territory
1a) border
1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)
1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)
Also means: ge.vul (גְּבוּל ": area" H1366H)
גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: area.
: area
1) border, territory
1a) border
1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)
1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)
HNcmsc/Sp3mp — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp3mp
יַרְדֵן (Yarden) refers to the Jordan River, named for its meaning 'descender.' It is the main river in Palestine, flowing approximately 200 miles from Anti-Lebanon to the Dead Sea. The entries consistently identify it as a geographical feature without significant disagreement.
יַרְדֵן 182 n.pr.fl. Jordan
base
H3383 יַרְדֵן Jordan
3383 Yarden yar-dane'
from 3381; a descender; Jarden, the principal river of
Palestine:--Jordan.
see HEBREW for 03381
יַרְדֵּן (yar.den) — Jordan.
Jordan = "descender"
the river of Palestine running from the roots of Anti-Lebanon to the Dead Sea a distance of approx 200 miles (320 km)
Also named: Iordanēs (Ἰορδάνης "Jordan" G2446)
Art | N-proper — Particle · noun properHTd/Npl
jor'-dan (yarden, "flowing downward"; 'Iordanes):
1. Source:
The Jordan river proper begins at the junction of four streams (the Bareighit, the Hasbany, the Leddan, and the Banias), in the upper part of the plain of Lake Huleh. The Bareighit receives its supply of water from the hills on the West, which separate the valley from the river Litany, and is the least important of the four. The Hasbany is the longest of the four (40 miles), issuing from a great fountain at the western foot of Mt. Hermon near Hasbeiya, 1,700 ft. above the sea, and descends 1,500 ft. in its course to the plain. The Leddan is the largest of the four streams, issuing in several fountains at the foot of the mound Tell el-kady (Dan, or Laish) at an elevation of 505 ft. above the sea. The Banias issues from a celebrated fountain near the town of Banias, which is identified as the Caesarea Philippi associated with the…
Jordan
Heb. Yarden, “the descender;” Arab. Nahr-esh-Sheriah, “the watering-place” the chief river of Palestine. It flows from north to south down a deep valley in the centre of the country. The name descender is significant of the fact that there is along its whole course a descent to its banks; or it may simply denote the rapidity with which it “descends” to the Dead Sea.
It originates in the snows of Hermon, which feed its perennial fountains. Two sources are generally spoken of. (1.) From the western base of a hill on which once stood the city of Dan, the northern border-city of Palestine, there gushes forth a considerable fountain called the Leddan, which is the largest fountain in Syria and the principal source of the Jordan. (2.) Beside the ruins of Banias, the ancient Caesarea Philippi and the yet more ancient Panium, is a lofty cliff of limestone, at the base of which…
(the descender), the one river of Palestine, has a course of little more than 200 miles, from the roots of Anti-Lebanon to the head of the Dead Sea. (136 miles in a straight line. --Schaff.) It is the river of the "great plain" of Palestine --the "descender," if not "the river of God" in the book of Psalms, at least that of his chosen people throughout their history. There were fords over against Jericho, to which point the men of Jericho pursued the spies. (Joshua 2:7) comp. Judg 3:28 Higher up where the fords or passages of Bethbarah, where Gideon lay in wait for the Midianites, (Judges 7:24) and where the men of Gilead slew the Ephraimites. ch. (Judges 12:6) These fords…
The chief river of Palestine, running from north to south, and dividing the Holy Land into two parts, of which the larger and more important lay on the west. There are two small streams, each of which claims to be its source. One of these, near Banias, anciently Caesarea Philippi, issues from a large cave in a rocky mountain side, and flows several miles towards the south-west, where it is joined by the second and larger stream, which originates in a fountain at Tellel-Kady, three miles west of Banias. But besides these, there is a third and longer stream, which rises beyond the northern limit of Palestine, near Hasbeia on the west side of mount Hermon, flows twenty-four miles to the south, and unites with the other streams before they enter the "waters of Merom," now lake Huleh, the Jordan flows about nine miles south-ward to the sea of Tiberias, through which its clear and smooth…
The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.
עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage
base
עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town
city, town, abode of men
of fortress in a city
appar. fortified place, of any size
base
H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men
. of fortress in a city
. appar. fortified place, of any size
5892 `iyr eer
or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)
{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a
watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or
post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.
see HEBREW for 05782
עִיר (ir) — excitement.
1) excitement, anguish
1a) of terror
עִיר (ir) — city.
1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)
1a) city, town
עִיר (ir) — City (of On).
Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)
This name means city, town
Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)
עִיר (ir) — Ir-.
#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;
son of: Tehinnah (H8468)
N-fp — Noun common · masculine plural absoluteHNcmpa
The earliest notice in Scripture of city-building is of Enoch by Cain, in the land of his exile. (Genesis 4:17) After the confusion of tongues the descendants of Nimrod founded Babel, Erech, Accad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar, and Asshur, a branch from the same stock, built Nineveh, Rehoboth-by-the-river, Calah and Resen, the last being "a great city." The earliest description of a city, properly so called, is that of Sodom, (Genesis 19:1-22) Even before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt, (Genesis 12:14,15; Numbers 13:22) and the Israelites, during their sojourn there, were employed in building or fortifying the "treasure cities" of Pithom and Raamses.…
The Hebrew word שֵׁשׁ, transliterated as shesh, means 'six' and can function as both a cardinal and ordinal number, indicating the sixth position. It is a primitive number that signifies an excess beyond five, as noted in the entries. The Aramaic equivalent is שֵׁת (shet).
שֵׁשׁ, שִׁשָּׁה 216 n.m. et f. six
base
H8337 שֵׁשׁ, שִׁשָּׁה six
8337 shesh shaysh
masculine shishshah {shish-shaw'}; a primitive number; six
(as an overplus (see 7797) beyond five or the fingers of the
hand); as ord. sixth:--six((-teen, -teenth)), sixth.
see HEBREW for 07797
שֵׁשׁ (shesh) — six.
1) six
1a) six (cardinal number)
1b) sixth (ordinal number)
1c) in combination with other numbers
Aramaic equivalent: shet (שֵׁת "six" H8353)
Adj — AdjHAcbsa
עָשָׂר (asar) means 'ten' and is used exclusively in combination with other numbers to form the teen numbers (11-19), both as cardinal and ordinal forms. The entries indicate that it is derived from another Hebrew root, but do not elaborate on its etymology.
עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
base
H6240 עָשָׂר, עֶשְׂרֵה ten, only after units to make num. 11-19, both cardinal and ordinal
6240 `asar aw-sawr'
for 6235; ten (only in combination), i.e. -teen; also
(ordinal) -teenth:--(eigh-, fif-, four-, nine-, seven-,
six-, thir-)teen(-th), + eleven(-th), + sixscore thousand, +
twelve(-th).
see HEBREW for 06235
עָשָׂר (a.sar) — ten.
1) ten, -teen (in combination with other numbers)
1a) used only in combination to make the numbers 11-19
HAcbsa — HAcbsa
חָצֵר (chatser) refers to an enclosure or court, and can also mean a settled abode, settlement, or village, typically appearing in the plural form חֲצֵרִים. The word is derived from a root meaning to enclose, indicating spaces that are surrounded by walls or fences.
חָצֵר 145 n.m. and (oftener) f. enclosure, court
base
[חָצֵר] 46 n.m. settled abode, settlement, village—always pl. abs. חֲצֵרִים
base
H2691a חָצֵר n. m. and (oftener) f. enclosure, court H2691b חָצֵר settled abode, settlement, village—always pl. abs. חֲצֵרִים
2691 chatser khaw-tsare'
(masculine and feminine); from 2690 in its original sense; a
yard (as inclosed by a fence); also a hamlet (as similarly
surrounded with walls):--court, tower, village.
see HEBREW for 02690
חָצֵר (cha.tser) — court.
1) court, enclosure
1a) enclosures
1b) court
חָצֵר (cha.tser) — village.
settled abode, settlement, village, town
Conj | N-cp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHC/Ncmpc/Sp3fp