Leviticus 11:23 — Word Study
WLCוְכֹל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף אֲשֶׁר־ ל֖וֹ אַרְבַּ֣ע רַגְלָ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם׃
BSAAll [other]kôl [every single one] flyingʻôwph insectssherets [winged creeping things, including those that crawl] thatʼăsher fourʼarbaʻ [a limited, specific number of] legsregel [feet, as a means of movement] are detestablesheqets [an abomination, utterly disgusting]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| וְכֹל֙ | and every | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| שֶׁ֣רֶץ | swarming thing of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| הָע֔וֹף | wing | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| אֲשֶׁר־ | which | Particle |
| ל֖וֹ | [belong] to it | Preposition, suffix |
| אַרְבַּ֣ע | four | Adj |
| רַגְלָ֑יִם | feet | Noun common, feminine dual absolute |
| שֶׁ֥קֶץ | [is] a detestable thing | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| ה֖וּא | it | Pronoun |
| לָכֶֽם׃ | to you | Preposition, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | All other flying insects that have four legs are detestable to you. |
| KJV | But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you. |
| ASV | But all winged creeping things, which have four feet, are an abomination unto you. |
| YLT | and every teeming thing which is flying, which hath four feet — an abomination it [is] to you. |
| WEB | But all winged creeping things which have four feet are an abomination to you. |
| BBE | But all other winged four-footed things which go on the earth are disgusting to you. |
Where they part company is שֶׁקֶץ — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence consists of one main clause followed by a predicate and a prepositional phrase, clearly establishing the subject and its classification.





6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectהוּא
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Leviticus 11:23
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Dietary Laws in Leviticusgenerated
Leviticus 11:23 is part of a larger section outlining what the Israelites may and may not eat. This verse specifically addresses flying insects, indicating that those with four legs are not acceptable for consumption. The dietary laws serve to set the Israelites apart as a holy people, emphasizing cleanliness and obedience to God's commands.
Cross References
The Key Word — שֶׁקֶץ, She.ketzgenerated
The word שֶׁקֶץ (sheqets) refers to something that is detestable or an abomination. It is used in contexts that imply filth and uncleanliness. The parsing indicates it is a masculine singular noun, which means it refers to a specific type of thing.
In this verse, שֶׁקֶץ characterizes the flying insects described, marking them as unacceptable for the Israelites. The strong connotation of disgust associated with this word highlights the seriousness of the dietary restrictions.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb in the verse is שֶׁקֶץ, [is] a detestable thing, which serves as the predicate. The subject is הוּא, it, referring to the flying insects mentioned earlier.
The structure emphasizes the identification of the flying insects as detestable through the use of a clear subject-predicate relationship, which is common in Hebrew syntax.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint uses the word βδέλυγμά for שֶׁקֶץ, which translates to 'abomination.' This choice aligns closely with the Hebrew meaning but may carry a more interpretative nuance, suggesting a broader sense of something that is not only detestable but also morally repugnant.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Leviticus 11:23 tells us that all other flying insects that have four legs are considered detestable to the Israelites. This means they are not allowed to eat them, as God has set specific dietary laws to keep His people clean and holy.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
In this context, detestable means that the flying insects are considered unclean and unacceptable for the Israelites to consume.
The classification is part of God's dietary laws, which aim to set the Israelites apart as a holy people, emphasizing cleanliness and obedience.
Yes, the previous verses mention specific types of locusts and grasshoppers that are acceptable for consumption.
While these laws were specifically for the Israelites, they highlight the importance of holiness and obedience to God's commands, which can still be relevant in various ways today.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What are some modern dietary practices that reflect a desire for cleanliness or health?
- How can understanding these laws help us appreciate the holiness that God desires from His people?
- In what ways do we set boundaries in our lives that reflect our values and beliefs?
- How might this verse challenge our understanding of what is acceptable or unacceptable?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Leviticus 11:23 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleBut all [other] flying creeping things,.... Excepting the four sorts before mentioned, wherefore we rightly supply the word "other": which have four feet; or more; the Vulgate Latin version adds,
Read John Gill on Leviticus 11 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryBut all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you. No JFB commentary on these verses.
Read Robert Jamieson on Leviticus 11 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Biblei.e. All such except those now mentioned; the word other being here understood out of the former verse, without which there might seem to be a contradiction between this and that verse. But the words may be, and by the vulgar Latin are, thus rendered, But all flying creeping things which have only four feet; which word only is to be gathered out of ,21; i.e. which have not those legs above and besides their feet mentioned . And so all the verses agree well together.
Read Matthew Poole on Leviticus 11 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsLeviticus 11:23 But all [other] flying creeping things, which have four feet, [shall be] an abomination unto you.Ver. 23. Which have four feet.] See on Leviticus 11:21.
Read John Trapp on Leviticus 11 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(23) But all other flying creeping things.—Better, but all other winged creeping things. Besides the above-named four species and their kindreds, all other locusts, as well as insects of any kind, are to be abhorred as food.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Leviticus 11 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and CollegesCh. Leviticus 11:1-23 [51]. The Distinction between Clean and Unclean Food [51] For the sources from which this ch. comes, and its relation from a critical point of view to Deuteronomy 14:3 ff. see App. I (c), pp. 162 f.One principle underlying this distinction appears to have been that animals which were recognised as in any way objects of worship by heathen neighbours, or even supposed by them to be connected with unseen supernatural beings, were to be considered unclean. See Bertholet in KHC., introd. note to this ch. But in other cases the prohibition probably rested on the animal’s repulsive appearance or uncleanly habits, or on sanitary or totemistic grounds. See Driver, Deut. p. 164…
Read Cambridge on Leviticus 11 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
All other flying insects that have four legs are detestable to you.
But all winged creeping things which have four feet are an abomination to you.
All other flying insects that have four legs are detestable to you.
But any other winged swarming thing that has four legs is detestable to you.
Tyndale line
But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you.
But all winged creeping things, which have four feet, are an abomination unto you.
But all winged creeping things, which have four feet, are an abomination unto you.
But all other flying creeping animals, which have four feet, shall be an abomination to you.
But al other foules that creepe and haue foure feete, they shalbe abomination vnto you.
Strictly literal
But every winged crawling thing that hath four feet shall be an abomination unto you.
and every teeming thing which is flying, which hath four feet — an abomination it [is] to you.
and every teeming thing which is flying, which has four feet—it [is] an abomination to you.
But all flying insects, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you;
But all the flying insects that have four feet must be detested by you.
From the Latin
But of dying things whatsoever hath four feet only, shall be an abomination to you:
Simplified
All other flying insects that crawl are repulsive to you,
But all other winged four-footed things which go on the earth are disgusting to you.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch agree word for word on this verse. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some words supplied by an editor, but the core meaning remains consistent with the Masoretic Text.
וְכֹל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף אֲשֶׁר־ ל֖וֹ אַרְבַּ֣ע רַגְלָ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם׃
9 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
וכל שׁרץ העוף אשׁר לו ארבע רגלים שׁקץ הוא לכם
Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.
[וכל] [שרץ] [העוף] [אשר] [ל׳ו] [ארבע] [רגלים] [שקץ] [הוא] [ל׳כם]
nothing on the leather here — 10 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Leviticus 11:23
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
שֶׁ֫רֶץ (sherets) refers to swarmers or swarming things, encompassing a variety of small creatures like insects, reptiles, and other animals. It is derived from a related term indicating a swarm or active mass of minute animals. The entries consistently describe it as a collective noun for these types of creatures.
שֶׁ֫רֶץ n.m. coll. swarmers, swarming things
base
H8318 שֶׁ֫רֶץ swarmers, swarming things
8318 sherets sheh'-rets
from 8317; a swarm, i.e. active mass of minute
animals:--creep(-ing thing), move(-ing creature).
see HEBREW for 08317
שֶׁ֫רֶץ (she.rets) — swarm.
1) teeming or swarming things, creepers, swarmers
1a) of insects, animals, small reptiles, quadrupeds
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
עוֹף (owph) refers to flying creatures, including birds and insects. It is derived from the root meaning to cover with wings, emphasizing the aspect of flight. The term encompasses various types of fowl and winged insects, and it is noted in the Aramaic as well. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.
עוֹף 70 n.m. coll. flying creatures, fowls, insects
fowl, birds
winged insects
base
H5775 עוֹף flying creatures, fowls, insects . fowl, birds
. winged insects
5775 `owph ofe
from 5774; a bird (as covered with feathers, or rather as
covering with wings), often collectively:--bird, that flieth,
flying, fowl.
see HEBREW for 05774
עוֹף (oph) — bird.
1) flying creatures, fowl, insects, birds
1a) fowl, birds
1b) winged insects
Aramaic equivalent: oph (עוֹף "bird" H5776)
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.
אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.
base
בַאֲשֶׁר
in (that) which
adv. in (the place) where
conj. in that, inasmuch as
on account of whom?
base
מֵאֲשֶׁר
from (or than) that which
adv. from (the place) where
conj. from (the fact) that …, since
base
כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when
according to that which, according as, as
with a causal force, in so far as, since
with a temporal force, when
base
H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which
. adv. in (the place) where
. conj. in that, inasmuch as
. on account of whom?
H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which
. adv. from (the place) where
. conj. from (the fact) that …, since
H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as
. with a causal force, in so far as, since
. with a temporal force, when
834 'aher ash-er'
a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)
when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X
alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +
from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,
wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where
(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +
whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is
indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun
expletively, used to show the connection.
אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.
A: 1) (relative part.)
1a) which, who
1b) that which
2) (conj)
2a) that (in obj clause)
2b) when
2c) since
2d) as
2e) conditional if
B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
D: Kaph+
1) (conj.), according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since
1c) with a temporal force: when
בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.
1) in (that) which
2) (adv)
2a) where
3) (conj)
3a) in that, inasmuch as
3b) on account of
מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.
1) from (or than) that which
2) from (the place) where
3) from (the fact) that, since
כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.
conj
1) according as, as, when
1a) according to that which, according as, as
Rel — ParticleHTr
וֹ (o) — him.
Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular
HRd/Sp3ms — Preposition · suffixHRd/Sp3ms
אַרְבַּע (arba) means 'four' in Hebrew. It is a masculine noun derived from the root associated with the number four. The entries consistently affirm this meaning without any significant disagreement among lexicons.
אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה four
base
H702 אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה four
702 'arba` ar-bah'
masculine oarbaah {ar-baw-aw'}; from 7251; four:--four.
see HEBREW for 07251
אַרְבַּע (ar.ba) — four.
four
Adj — AdjHAcbsa
for ('arba`; tessares): "Four" (cardinal number) was a sacred and complete number with the Hebrews, as well as with several other peoples. It occurs very frequently in the Old Testament and the New Testament.
(1) It indicates completeness. We have the four rivers of Paradise (Ge 2:10); the four winds of heaven (Eze 37:9; Da 7:2; 8:8; 11:4; Zec 6:5, the Revised Version, margin "spirits"; /APC 2Esdras 13:5); "the four winds" (Mt 24:31; Mr 13:27); "the four corners of the earth" (Isa 11:12;
רֶ֫גֶל (regel) means 'foot' and can refer to a foot or leg in various contexts, including anthropomorphic references to God and other beings. It also implies steps or paces. The word is derived from a root meaning related to walking, and it appears in multiple forms, such as feet and paces.
רֶ֫גֶל 247 n.f. foot
foot
three times (feet, paces)
base
H7272 רֶ֫גֶל foot . foot
. three times (feet, paces)
7272 regel reh'-gel
from 7270; a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a
step; by euphem. the pudenda:--X be able to endure, X
according as, X after, X coming, X follow,
((broken-))foot((-ed, -stool)), X great toe, X haunt, X
journey, leg, + piss, + possession, time.
see HEBREW for 07270
רֶ֫גֶל (re.gel) — foot.
1) foot
1a) foot, leg
1b) of God (anthropomorphic)
1c) of seraphim, cherubim, idols, animals, table
1d) according to the pace of (with prep)
1e) three times (feet, paces)
Aramaic equivalent: re.gal (רְגַל "foot" H7271)
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absoluteHNcfda
→ Bells worn on Isa 3:16,18
→ Washing of, as an example, by Jesus Joh 13:4-14
→ See ABLUTION
שֶׁ֫קֶץ (sheqets) refers to a detestable thing or abomination, often associated with idolatrous objects and filth. It is built from the root meaning of filth and carries a strong connotation of detestation. The term appears in contexts related to uncleanliness and idolatry.
שֶׁ֫קֶץ n.m. detestation, detestable thing
base
H8263 שֶׁ֫קֶץ detestation, detestable thing
8263 sheqets sheh'-kets
from 8262; filth, i.e. (figuratively and specifically) an
idolatrous object:--abominable(-tion).
see HEBREW for 08262
שֶׁ֫קֶץ (she.qets) — detestation.
detestable thing or idol, an unclean thing, an abomination, detestation
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
הוּא (hu) is a third-person singular pronoun meaning he, she, or it, used for emphasis or when no verb is present. It can also refer to oneself or serve as a demonstrative pronoun. The word has various nuances, including resuming the subject with emphasis or expressing it unobtrusively. It can indicate 'that' or 'those' when used with the definite article.
הוּא m. הִיא f., pron. of the 3rd ps. sing. he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it
an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
It resumes the subj. with emph.
Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
As an emph. predicate, of God
In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
base
H1931 הוּא, הִיא he, she, used also (in both genders) for the neuter it . an emph. he (she, it, they), sometimes equivalent to himself (herself, itself, themselves), or (esp. with the art.) that (those)
. It resumes the subj. with emph.
. Where, however, the pron. follows the pred., its position gives it the minimum of emphasis, and it expresses (or resumes) the subject as unobtrusively as possible
. It anticipates (as it seems) the subject
. As an emph. predicate, of God
. In a neuter sense, that, it (of an action, occurrence, matte, etc.)
. With the art.: so regularly when joined to a subst. defined itself by the art.
1931 huw' hoo
of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a
primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or
it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also
(intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same;
sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally
(instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self),
it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they,
this, those, which (is), who.
הוּא (hu) — he/she/it.
pron 3p s
1) he, she, it
1a) himself (with emphasis)
1b) resuming subj with emphasis
1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate)
1d) (anticipating subj)
1e) (emphasising predicate)
1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron
2) that (with article)
HPp3ms — PronounHPp3ms
כֶם (khem) — you.
Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine plural
HRd/Sp2mp — Preposition · suffixHRd/Sp2mp
