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Numbers 3:30 — Word Study

Depth

WLCוּנְשִׂ֥יא בֵֽית־ אָ֖ב לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת הַקְּהָתִ֑י אֶלִיצָפָ֖ן בֶּן־ עֻזִּיאֵֽל׃

BSAand the leadernâsîyʼ [chief, prince] of the familiesbayith [clans, tribes] of the KohathitesQŏhâthîy [descendants of Kohath, a Levite] was ElizaphanʼĔlîytsâphân [a leader in Israel] sonbên [descendant, offspring] of UzzielʻUzzîyʼêl [my strength is God]

Word
Listen & take awayNumbers 3
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 30 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('u.zi.'El) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Numbers 3:30quick helps
In a sentenceElizaphan, son of Uzziel, is named as the leader of the Kohathite families.
Who is speakingThe narrator, likely Moses, is recounting the organization of the Levites.
Where we areThis verse is part of the instructions regarding the duties of the Levites.
The hard wordנָשִׂיא
Take awayLeadership is established within the families of the Levites.
4 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Cambridge, Whedon & more — read them › clause The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Numbers 3:30

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Organization of the Levitesgenerated

29The clans of the Kohathites were to camp on the south side of the tabernacle,
30and the leader of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan son of Uzziel.
31Their duties were the ark, the table, the lampstand, the altars, the articles of the sanctuary used with them, and the curtain—all the service for these items.
32The chief of the leaders of the Levites was Eleazar son of Aaron the priest; he oversaw those responsible for the duties of the sanctuary.

Numbers 3:30 describes the leadership structure among the Kohathites, a family group within the tribe of Levi. Elizaphan is identified as their leader, indicating the importance of leadership roles in the community. This organization was essential for the orderly conduct of the Israelites' worship and service in the tabernacle, as detailed in the surrounding verses.


Cross References


The Key Word נָשִׂיא, u.ne.Si'generated

The word נָשִׂיא (naśi') refers to a leader or chief, often associated with authority and governance. It is derived from a root meaning 'to lift up', indicating a position of prominence. In this context, it highlights Elizaphan's role as a leader among the Kohathites, emphasizing the significance of leadership in the Israelite community.

This noun is in the construct state, linking it to the following words, indicating that Elizaphan is the leader of the families of the Kohathites. The parsing as a masculine singular noun shows that it refers specifically to an individual leader.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main clause features the finite verb הָיָה (was), with the subject being the noun phrase נָשִׂיא (leader) followed by a series of noun phrases that specify the leader's affiliation and lineage. The structure emphasizes the identity of Elizaphan as the leader of the Kohathite families.

The order of Hebrew places the subject at the beginning, which gives prominence to Elizaphan's leadership role. The subsequent phrases provide essential details about his lineage and the families he leads.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates נָשִׂיא as ἄρξων (arxōn), which means 'ruler' or 'leader'. This choice reflects a broader interpretation of leadership, emphasizing authority and governance within the community.

The use of οἴκου (oikou) for בֵֽית־ (house) indicates a focus on the familial aspect of leadership, aligning with the Hebrew understanding of clans and families.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Numbers 3:30 tells us that Elizaphan, the son of Uzziel, was the leader of the Kohathite families. This verse highlights the organization of the Levites and their roles in the service of the tabernacle.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

Who was Elizaphan?

Elizaphan was a leader among the Kohathites, a family group in the tribe of Levi, responsible for specific duties related to the tabernacle.

What does Kohathite mean?

Kohathite refers to a descendant of Kohath, one of the sons of Levi, indicating a specific family line within the Levites.

Why is the leadership of the Kohathites significant?

The leadership structure among the Kohathites ensured proper organization and responsibilities in the worship and service of God, reflecting the importance of order in the Israelite community.

What role did Uzziel play?

Uzziel was the father of Elizaphan, linking Elizaphan's leadership to a specific lineage within the tribe of Levi.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How does the organization of the Levites reflect the importance of leadership in our communities today?
  2. What can we learn from Elizaphan's role as a leader among the Kohathites?
  3. In what ways can we honor our family heritage, similar to how the Kohathites are recognized by their lineage?
  4. How does understanding the roles of leaders in the Bible impact our view of authority in the church today?

Commentators on this verse — 4 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Numbers 3:30 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites [shall be] Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

Read John Gill on Numbers 3 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

In the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were eight thousand and six hundred, keeping the charge of the sanctuary. No JFB commentary on these verses.

Read Robert Jamieson on Numbers 3 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

21–39. The Levitical families and their duties. Notice that narrative in Numbers 3:21 f., 27 f., 33 f., 39 alternates with commands in Numbers 3:23-26; Numbers 3:29-32; Numbers 3:35-38. It is one of the many indications that the priestly portions of the book were the composite work of more than one writer.

Read Cambridge on Numbers 3 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

30. Elizaphan was of the youngest family of the Kohathites. Three other families outranked his in seniority.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Numbers 3 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

and the leader of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

The prince of the fathers’ house of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

and the leader of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Now the leader of the clan of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And the prince of the fathers’ house of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And the prince of the fathers’ house of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

The captaine and auncient of the house, and families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the sonne of Vzziel:

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And the prince of the father's house of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And the prince of a father's house for the families of the Kohathite [is] Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And the prince of a father’s house for the families of the Kohathite [is] Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And the prince of the division of the families of the Kehathites was Elizaphan the son of 'Uzziel.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Elizaphan son of Uzziel must lead the clans of the Kohathites.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And their prince shall be Elisaphan the son of Oziel:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The leader of the Kohath families was Elizaphan son of Uzziel.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Their chief is Elizaphan, the son of Uzziel.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וּand.[the]clausenoun phrase · subjectנְשִׂ֥יאleadernoun phrasenoun phraseבֵֽיתof.[the].houseאָ֖בof.a.fatherprepositional phraseלְofnoun phraseמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תthe.clansnoun phraseהַofקְּהָתִ֑יthe.Kohathite[s]noun phrase · predicateאֶלִיצָפָ֖ן[was].Elizaphannoun phraseבֶּןthe.sonעֻזִּיאֵֽלof.Uzziel

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text states, "וּנְשִׂ֥יא בֵֽית־ אָ֖ב לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת הַקְּהָתִ֑י אֶלִיצָפָ֖ן בֶּן־ עֻזִּיאֵֽל׃" which translates to "and the leader of the families of the Kohathites was Elizaphan son of Uzziel." The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in meaning, matching all eight words in a word-by-word correspondence, although its word order differs. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Masoretic Text by using the word "משׁפחות" (clan) instead of "מִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת" (families), but otherwise aligns with the same structure and meaning as the Masoretic Text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וּנְשִׂ֥יא בֵֽית־ אָ֖ב לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת הַקְּהָתִ֑י אֶלִיצָפָ֖ן בֶּן־ עֻזִּיאֵֽל׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וּנְשִׂ֥יאἄρξωνבֵֽית־οἴκουאָ֖בπατριῶνלְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תδήμωνהַקְּהָתִ֑יκααθאֶלִיצָפָ֖ןελισαφανבֶּן־υἱὸςעֻזִּיאֵֽל׃οζιηλ

8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

ונשׂיא בית אב למשׁפחות הקהתי אליצפן בן עזיאל

1 word differs from the Masoretic Text: משׁפחות (clan)

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Numbers 3:30נָשִׂיאand [the] land [the] leadeנָשִׂיאבֵּית[the] house[the] house ofבֵּיתאָבa fathera fatherאָבמִשְׁפָּחָהof [the] clof [the] clans מִשְׁפָּחָהקְהָתִיthe Kohathithe Kohathite[sקְהָתִיאֱלִיצָפָן[was] Eliza[was] Elizaphanאֱלִיצָפָןבֵּן[the] son o[the] son ofבֵּןעֻזִּיאֵלUzzielUzzielעֻזִּיאֵלבָּנָהto buildto buildבָּנָהשָׁפָהbe barebe bareשָׁפָהקְהָתKohathKohathקְהָתאֵלgodgodאֵלעֹזstrengthstrengthעֹזנָשָׂאto lift: rto lift: raiseנָשָׂאמַטֶּהtribetribeמַטֶּהאוֹצָרtreasuretreasureאוֹצָרקָבַרto buryto buryקָבַראֵםmothermotherאֵםתּוֹלֵדוֹתgenerationgenerationתּוֹלֵדוֹתמְרָרִיMerariMerariמְרָרִימִשְׁפָּחָהfamilyfamilyמִשְׁפָּחָהמִישָׁאֵלMishaelMishaelמִישָׁאֵלעֻזִּיאֵלUzzielUzzielעֻזִּיאֵלעַמּוֹןAmmonAmmonעַמּוֹןרְאוּבֵןReubenReubenרְאוּבֵןיִצְהָרIzharIzharיִצְהָר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Numbers 3:30

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
וּנְשִׂ֥יאu.ne.Si' and [the] leader of H5387 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
134× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a leader or a high-ranking official, like a king or a captain. It can also describe a rising mist, as seen in Isaiah 60:13. In the Bible, it often symbolizes power and authority.
Amplified meaning
chief, prince
Tyndale gloss
leader
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָשִׂיא (nasiy') refers to an exalted figure, such as a chief, prince, or ruler, and also denotes a rising mist or vapor. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to lift up.' Its meanings encompass leadership roles and atmospheric phenomena, as noted in various lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָשִׂיא 128 n.m. one lifted up, i.e. a chief prince

base

[נָשִׂיא] n.[m.] rising mist, vapour

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5387a נָשִׂיא one lifted up, i.e. a chief prince H5387b נָשִׂיא rising mist, vapour

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5387 nasiy' naw-see'

or nasi8 {naw-see'}; from 5375; properly, an exalted one,

i.e. a king or sheik; also a rising mist:--captain, chief,

cloud, governor, prince, ruler, vapour.

see HEBREW for 0nasi8

see HEBREW for 05375

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָשִׂיא (na.si) — leader.

one lifted up, chief, prince, captain, leader

נָשִׂיא (na.si) — mist.

rising mist, vapour

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
בֵֽית־veit- [the] house of H1004 Noun common · masculine singular construct
2,049× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for house refers to a dwelling place, including a family home, temple, or even the human body. It appears in various contexts, such as the temple in Jerusalem or the household of a family. In the Bible, it is often used to describe a place of worship or a family's living space.
Amplified meaning
clans, tribes
Tyndale gloss
place
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word בַּיִת (*bayith*) means 'house' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including dwelling, family, and place. It can refer to physical structures, such as homes and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like the body or household affairs. The word is built from the root related to 'between' and appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּית fem. of בַּיִן, בֵּין prep. between

base

בַּ֫יִת 2034 n.m. house

house

place

receptacle

of house as containing a family

household, family (592 t.)

house, including household affairs

lit. housewards, hence metaph. inwards

מִבַּיִת

adv. on the inside

prep. within

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1004a בֵּית fem. of בַּיִן, בֵּין prep. between H1004b בַּ֫יִת house

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1004 bayith bah'-yith

probably from 1129 abbreviated; a house (in the greatest

variation of applications, especially family, etc.):--court,

daughter, door, + dungeon, family, + forth of, X great as

would contain, hangings, home(born), (winter)house(-hold),

inside(-ward), palace, place, + prison, + steward, + tablet,

temple, web, + within(-out).

see HEBREW for 01129

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּית (bet) — place.

nm

place, origin, between

בַּ֫יִת (ba.yit) — house: home.

: home/temple/building

nm

1) house

1a) house, dwelling habitation

1b) shelter or abode of animals

1c) human bodies (fig.)

1d) of Sheol

1e) of abode of light and darkness

1f) of land of Ephraim

2) place

3) receptacle

4) home, house as containing a family

5) household, family

5a) those belonging to the same household

5b) family of descendants, descendants as organized body

6) household affairs

7) inwards (metaph.)

8) (TWOT) temple

adv

9) on the inside

prep

10) within

בַּ֫יִת (ba.yit) — Beth-(ashbea).

nm

This name is used for a house, habitation

Combined with ash.be.a (אַשְׁבֵּעַ "Ashbea" H0791)

בַּ֫יִת (ba.yit) — Beth (Haggan).

nm

This name is used for a house, habitation

Combined with hag (גַּן "Haggan" H1588)

בַּ֫יִת (ba.yit) — Beth-(togarmah).

nm

This name is used for a house, habitation

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
אָ֖ב'av a father H1 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
1,213× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In Hebrew, this word means father, whether literal or figurative. It is used to describe God as the father of his people, as well as human fathers like Abraham. The word is about a paternal relationship or authority.
Tyndale gloss
father
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָב (av) means 'father' and encompasses various roles such as the literal father of an individual, God as the father of His people, and the head of a household or clan. It can also refer to an ancestor, originator of a profession, or a figure of respect and protection. Notably, it can imply a ruler or chief in later contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָב 1101 n.m. father

father of individual

of God as father of his people

head of household, family or clan

ancestor

originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

fig. of producer, generator

fig. of benevolence & protection

term of respect & honor

specif., ruler, chief (late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1 אָב father . father of individual

. of God as father of his people

. head of household, family or clan

. ancestor

. originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

. fig. of producer, generator

. fig. of benevolence & protection

. term of respect & honor

. specif., ruler, chief (late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1 'ab awb

a primitive word; father, in a literal and immediate, or

figurative and remote application):--chief,

(fore-)father(-less), X patrimony, principal. Compare names

in "Abi-".

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָב (av) — father.

1) father of an individual

2) of God as father of his people

3) head or founder of a household, group, family, or clan

4) ancestor

4a) grandfather, forefathers - of person

4b) of people

5) originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

6) of producer, generator (fig.)

7) of benevolence and protection (fig.)

8) term of respect and honour

9) ruler or chief (spec.)

Also means: av (אַב "father" H0002)

אָב (av) — (Huram)-abi.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ki.7.13; also called Huram-abi (KJV: "Huram my father's") at 2Ch.2.13; 4.16;

Combined with chi.ram (חִירָם "Hiram" H2438H)

אָב (av) — father of.

The father of Gibeon, also known as Abiel - a man of the tribe of Benjamin living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Sa.9.1;

son of: Zeror (H6872C); married to Maacah (H4601N);

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fa'-ther (Anglo-Saxon, Foeder; German, Vater; Hebrew 'abh, etymology uncertain, found in many cognate languages; Greek pater, from root pa, "nourisher," "protector," "upholder"):

1. Immediate Male Ancestor:

Immediate male ancestor. The father in the Hebrew family, as in the Roman, had supreme rights over his children, could dispose of his daughter in marriage (Ge 29), arrange his son's marriage (Ge 24), sell his children (Ex 21:7), but not his daughter to a stranger (Ne 5:5), had power of life and death, as in the case of Isaac (Ge 22), Jephthah's daughter (Jud 11:34), the sacrificing of his children to Molech (Le 18:21; 20:3-5), etc. Respect, reverence and affection for…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Father

A name applied (1) to any ancestor (Deut. 1:11; 1 Kings 15:11; Matt. 3:9; 23:30, etc.); and (2) as a title of respect to a chief, ruler, or elder, etc. (Judg. 17:10; 18:19; 1 Sam. 10:12; 2 Kings 2:12; Matt. 23:9, etc.). (3) The author or beginner of anything is also so called; e.g., Jabal and Jubal (Gen. 4:20, 21; comp. Job 38:28).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The position and authority of the father as the head of the family are expressly assumed and sanctioned in Scripture, as a likeness of that of the Almighty over his creatures. It lies of course at the root of that so-called patriarchal government, (Genesis 3:16; 1 Corinthians 11:3) which was introductory to the more definite systems which followed, and which in part, but not wholly, superseded it. The father’s blessing was regarded as conferring special benefit, but his malediction special injury, on those on whom it fell, (Genesis 9:25,27; 27:27-40; 48:15,20; 49:1) ... and so also the sin of a parent was held to affect, in certain cases, the welfare of his descendants. (2 Kings…

Is often synonymous with ancestor, founder, or originator, as Ge 4:20-21 Joh 8:56 Ro 4:16. Joseph was a father to Pharoah, Ge 45:8, as his counselor and provider. God is the FATHER of men, as their Creator, De 32:6 Isa 63:16 64:8 Lu 3:38. But as we have forfeited the rights of children by our sins, it is only through Christ that we can call God by that endearing name, "our Father," Joh 20:17 Ro 8:15-17.

and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תle.mish.pe.Chot of [the] clans of H4940 Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
303× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a family or clan, and can also mean a tribe or nation, such as the people of Israel, emphasizing the importance of family ties.
Tyndale gloss
family
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mishpachah) refers to a clan or family, encompassing a circle of relatives and extending to tribes or peoples. It can also denote a class of persons, species of animals, or kinds of things. The entries highlight its various uses, including guilds and aristocrats, but do not present any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִשְׁפָּחָה 303 n.f. clan

clan

= guild

= species, kind

pl. = aristocrats

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4940 מִשְׁפָּחָה clan . clan

. = guild

. = species, kind

. pl. = aristocrats

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4940 mishpachah mish-paw-khaw'

from 8192 (compare 8198); a family, i.e. circle of relatives;

figuratively, a class (of persons), a species (of animals) or

sort (of things); by extens. a tribe or people:--family,

kind(-red).

see HEBREW for 08192

see HEBREW for 08198

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּחָה (mish.pa.chah) — family.

1) clan, family

1a) clan

1a1) family

1a2) tribe

1a3) people, nation

1b) guild

1c) species, kind

1d) aristocrats

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncfpc — Preposition · noun common feminine plural construct
HR/Ncfpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
הַקְּהָתִ֑יha.ke.ha.Ti the Kohathite[s] H6956 Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
15× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A Kohathite was a descendant of Kohath, a man from the tribe of Levi. The Kohathites were a family group in the tribe of Levi, named after Kohath, meaning assembly.
Amplified meaning
descendants of Kohath, a Levite
Tyndale gloss
Kohathite
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קְהָתִי (Qohathiy) refers to a Kohathite, a descendant of Kohath, who was a member of the tribe of Levi. This term is used collectively to describe the descendants of Kohath, the second son of Levi, and is first mentioned in Genesis 46:11. The word is built from the root for Kohath (קְהָת), indicating a familial connection.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קְהָתִי adj.gent. of foreg. [s.ap.ai]. c. art. הַקּ׳ as subst. coll.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6956 קְהָתִי, קֳהָתִי

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6956 Qohathiy ko-haw-thee'

patronymically from 6955; a Kohathite (collectively) or

descendants of Kehath:--Kohathites.

see HEBREW for 06955

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קְהָתִי (qo.ha.ti) — Kohathite.

Someone descended from Kohath who was a man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.11;

son of: Levi (H3878);

brother of: Gershon (H1648), Merari (H4847) and Jochebed (H3115);

father of: Amram (H6019), Izhar (H3324), Hebron (H2275B) and Uzziel (H5816)

Group of qe.hat (קְהָת "Kohath" H6955)

§ Kohathites, of Kohath "assembly"

the descendants of Kohath, the 2nd son of Levi

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | Ngmsa — Particle · noun gentilic masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ngmsa
and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
אֶלִיצָפָ֖ן'e.li.tza.Fan [was] Elizaphan H469 Noun proper masculine
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Elizaphan was an Israelite who lived during the time of Moses and the wilderness journey. He was a leader and is mentioned in the book of Numbers. His name means 'my God has protected'.
Amplified meaning
a leader in Israel
Tyndale gloss
Elizaphan
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֱלִיצָפָן (Eliytsaphan) means "God has protected" and refers to a person in the Old Testament. It identifies a chief of the Kohathites and a chief of Zebulun. The name is associated with Elizaphan, a son of Uzziel and brother of Mishael, as well as another Elzaphan, son of Parnach. The entries consistently highlight these roles without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֱלִיצָפָן n.pr.m. (God has protected)

chief of the Kohathites

chief of Zebulun

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H469 אֱלִיצָפָן (God has protected) . chief of the Kohathites

. chief of Zebulun

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

469 'Eliytsaphan el-ee-tsaw-fawn'

or (shortened) Eltsaphan {el-tsaw- fawn'}; from 410 and

6845; God of treasure; Elitsaphan or Eltsaphan, an

Israelite:--Elizaphan, Elzaphan.

see HEBREW for 0410

see HEBREW for 06845

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֱלִיצָפָן (e.li.tsa.phan) — Elizaphan.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Exo.6.22;

son of: Uzziel (H5816);

brother of: Mishael (H4332), Sithri (H5644), Micah (H4318J) and Isshiah (H3449I); also called Elzaphan at Exo.6.22; 1x

§ Elizaphan or Elzaphan = "my God has protected"

1) a Kohathite chief in the wilderness

2) a Zebulunite chief

3) Uzziel's son, Mishael's brother in time of Moses

אֱלִיצָפָן (e.li.tsa.phan) — Elizaphan.

A man living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, only mentioned at Num.34.25;

son of: Parnach (H6535)

§ Elizaphan or Elzaphan = "my God has protected"

1) a Kohathite chief in the wilderness

2) a Zebulunite chief

3) Uzziel's son, Mishael's brother in time of Moses

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

el-i-za'-fan, e-liz'-a-fan ('elitsaphan; Septuagint Eleisaphan, Elisaphan, Elisapa, Elisaphat, "God has protected; compare tsephanyah, Zephaniah, "Yah has protected," and the Phoenician, tsephanba`al, Baal has protected"):

(1) The son of Uzziel, the son of Kohath, and so a prince of the Levitical class of the Kohathites (Nu 3:30; 1Ch 15:8; 2Ch 29:13). But in 1Ch 15:8; 2Ch 29:13 his class seems to be coordinate with that of the Kohathites. He is called Elzaphan in Ex 6:22; Le 10:4.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(whom God protects). A Levite, son of Uzziel, chief of the house of the Kohathites at the time of the census in the wilderness of Sinai. (Numbers 3:30) (B.C. 1491.) Prince of the tribe of Zebulun. (Numbers 34:25)

Nave's Topical Bible

1. A Levite Ex 6:22; Le 10:4; Nu 3:30; 1Ch 15:8

2. A prince of Zebulun Nu 34:25

3. Probably identical with number one above 2Ch 29:13

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
בֶּן־ben- [the] son of H1121 Noun common · masculine singular construct
4,943× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Amplified meaning
descendant, offspring
Tyndale gloss
son: child
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּן 4870 n.m. son

son, male child, born of a woman

children (male and female)

youth, young men

the young of animals

of plant shoots

fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

member of a guild, order or class

of animals son of (the) herd

ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

n. relat. of age

base

בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman

. children (male and female)

. youth, young men

. the young of animals

. of plant shoots

. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

. . member of a guild, order or class

. of animals son of (the) herd

. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

. n. relat. of age

H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1121 ben bane

from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the

widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,

including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,

etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)

(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,

(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,

bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X

came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of

first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +

kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)

people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +

spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous

one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

see HEBREW for 01129

see HEBREW for 01

see HEBREW for 0251

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּן (ben) — son: child.

: child/son

בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;

son of: Jaaziah (H3269);

brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)

§ Beno = "his son"

the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)

בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.

: descendant, people, tribe, nation

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : child/son

בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.

: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : descendant

בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.

: rebel/son(Belial)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : people/men/nation/tribe

בֵּן (ben) — son.

: [inheriting]son/heir

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.

: warrior/son(strong)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and [the] leader of [the] house of a father of [the] clans of the Kohathite[s] [was] Elizaphan [the] son of Uzziel
עֻזִּיאֵֽל׃'u.zi.'El Uzziel H5816 Noun proper masculine
16× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Uzziel means my strength is God, the name of six Israelites, including a son of Kohath and grandson of Levi, and a musician in King David's time.
Amplified meaning
my strength is God
Tyndale gloss
Uzziel
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עֻזִּיאֵל (*Uzziy'el*) means 'my strength is God.' It refers to several individuals in the Old Testament, including a Levite, a Simeonite captain, and a Benjamite. The name is built from the roots for 'strength' and 'God.' Notably, it appears in contexts related to the tribe of Levi and the repair of the wall under Nehemiah.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֻזִּיאֵל n.pr.m. (my strength is Ēl)

Levites

Simeonite

Benjamite

repairer of wall

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5816 עֻזִּיאֵל (my strength is Ēl) . Levite names

. a Benjamite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5816 `Uzziy'el ooz-zee-ale'

from 5797 and 410; strength of God; Uzziel, the name of six

Israelites:--Uzziel.

see HEBREW for 05797

see HEBREW for 0410

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֻזִּיאֵל (uz.zi.el) — Uzziel.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Exo.6.18;

son of: Kohath (H6955);

brother of: Amram (H6019), Izhar (H3324) and Hebron (H2275B);

father of: Mishael (H4332), Elizaphan (H0469), Sithri (H5644), Micah (H4318J) and Isshiah (H3449I)

Also named: oz.zi.e.li (עׇזִּיאֵלִי "Uzzielite" H5817)

§ Uzziel = "my strength is God"

1) the 4th son of Kohath and grandson of Levi, uncle of Moses and Aaron

2) a Simeonite captain, son of Ishi, in the days of king Hezekiah of Judah

3) descendant of Bela, head of a family in the tribe of Benjamin

4) a musician of the sons of Heman in the time of David

5) a Levite of the sons of Jeduthun in the days of king Hezekiah of Judah

6) son of Harhaiah, probably a priest and a goldsmith, who took part in repairing the wall under Nehemiah

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

u-zi'-el, uz'-i-el, oo'-zi-el (`uzzi'el, "El (God) is my strength"):

(1) A "son" of Kohath (Ex 6:18,22; Le 10:4; Nu 3:19,30; 1Ch 6:2,18 (Hebrew 5:28; 6:3); 15:10; 23:12,20; 24:24), called in Le 10:4 "uncle of Aaron." The family is called Uzzielites (ha`uzzi'eli (collectively)) in Nu 3:27; 1Ch 26:23.

(2) A Simeonite captain (1Ch 4:42).

(3) Head of a Benjamite (or according to Curtis a Zebulunite) family (1Ch 7:7).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Uzziel

Strength of God. (1.) One of the sons of Kohath, and uncle of Aaron (Ex. 6:18; Lev. 10:4).

(2.) A Simeonite captain (1 Chr. 4:39-43).

(3.) A son of Bela, and grandson of Benjamin (1 Chr. 7:7).

(4.) One of the sons of Heman (1 Chr. 25:4); called also Azareel (18).

(5.) A son of Jeduthan (2 Chr. 29:14).

(6.) The son of Harhaiah (Neh. 3:8).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(my strength is God). Fourth son of Kohath, father of Mishael, Eizaphan or Elizaphan and Zithri, and uncle to Aaron. (Exodus 6:18,22; Leviticus 10:4) (B.C. before 1491.) A Simeonite captain, son of Ishi, in the days of Hezekiah. (1 Chronicles 4:42) Head of a Benjamite house, of the sons of Bela. (1 Chronicles 7:7) (B.C. 1706.) A musician, of the sons of Heman in David’s reign. (1 Chronicles 25:4) A Levite, of the sons of Jeduthun, in the days of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:14,18) (B.C. 726.) Son of Harhaiah, probably a priest in the days of Nehemiah, who took part in…

Nave's Topical Bible

1. A son of Kohath Ex 6:18,22; Le 10:4

2. A Simeonite captain 1Ch 4:42

3. Son of Bela 1Ch 7:7

4. One of David' s musicians 1Ch 25:4

5. A Levite

→ Son of Jeduthun 2Ch 29:14

6. A goldsmith

Helped in repairing the walls of Jerusalem Ne 3:8

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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