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Psalms 28:4 — Word Study

Depth

WLCתֶּן־ לָהֶ֣ם כְּפָעֳלָם֮ וּכְרֹ֪עַ מַֽעַלְלֵ֫יהֶ֥ם כְּמַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יְ֭דֵיהֶם תֵּ֣ן לָהֶ֑ם הָשֵׁ֖ב גְּמוּלָ֣ם לָהֶֽם׃

BSARepaynâthan according to their deedspôʻal [works, actions] and for their worksmaʻălâl of evilrôaʻ [wickedness, morally bad actions] Repaynâthan for what their handsyâd [power, strength] have donemaʻăseh bring backshûwb what they deservegᵉmûwl [their recompense, reward]

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 28
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 4 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (la.Hem) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 28:4quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist asks God to repay the wicked according to their deeds and the evil they have done.
Who is speakingA psalmist, expressing a plea for justice against the wicked.
Where we areIn a psalm that reflects a desire for divine justice and retribution.
The hard wordגְּמוּלָ֣ם
Take awayThe psalmist seeks a return of justice for the wicked.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbנָתַן The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 28:4

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — A Plea for Justicegenerated

3Do not drag me away with the wicked, and with the workers of iniquity, who speak peace to their neighbors while malice is in their hearts.
4Repay them according to their deeds and for their works of evil. Repay them for what their hands have done; bring back on them what they deserve.
5Since they show no regard for the works of the LORD or what His hands have done, He will tear them down and never rebuild them.
6Blessed be the LORD, for He has heard my cry for mercy.

Psalms 28:4 expresses a heartfelt plea from the psalmist for God to enact justice on the wicked. The surrounding verses highlight the contrast between the righteous and the wicked, emphasizing the psalmist's desire for divine retribution against those who do evil. This theme of justice is echoed throughout the Psalms, where the righteous often seek God's intervention against their adversaries.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 5:10Declare them guilty, O God; let them fall by their own devices. Drive them out for their many transgressions, for they have rebelled against You.
2Psalm 59:12–13By the sins of their mouths and the words of their lips, let them be trapped in their pride, in the curses and lies they utter.
3Psalm 69:22–24May their table become a snare; may it be a retribution and a trap.
4Jeremiah 18:21–23Therefore, hand their children over to famine; pour out the power of the sword upon them. Let their wives become childless and widowed; let their husbands be slain by disease, their young men struck down by the sword in battle.
52 Timothy 4:14Alexander the coppersmith did great harm to me. The Lord will repay him according to his deeds.

The Key Word גְּמוּלָ֣ם, ge.mu.Lamgenerated

The word גְּמוּל (gmuwl) refers to recompense or reward, indicating a return for actions taken. It encompasses the idea of receiving what one deserves, whether good or bad, and is often used in contexts of justice and moral accountability.

In this verse, it emphasizes the psalmist's request for God to give the wicked what they deserve for their actions, reinforcing the principle of divine justice.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the term recompense.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse is structured around three main verbs: תֶּן (ten), תֵּן (ten), and הָשֵׁ֖ב (ha.Shev), which govern the requests made to God. The psalmist employs a series of prepositional phrases to specify the basis for these requests.

The Hebrew word order emphasizes the actions of the wicked and the corresponding divine response, with the verbs leading the structure to highlight the urgency of the plea.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates תֶּן as δὸς and הָשֵׁ֖ב as ἀπόδος, indicating a direct call for God to give and return justice. This choice reflects a clear demand for action from God in response to the wicked's deeds.

The Greek terms used in the Septuagint align closely with the Hebrew meanings, maintaining the focus on justice and recompense.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalms 28:4 is a plea for God to repay the wicked according to their evil deeds. The psalmist asks for justice, calling on God to respond to the actions of those who do wrong, emphasizing the importance of divine retribution.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the psalmist mean by asking God to repay the wicked?

The psalmist is requesting that God enact justice on those who commit evil, ensuring that they receive what they deserve for their actions.

Why is the concept of recompense important in this verse?

Recompense highlights the moral principle that actions have consequences, and it reflects the psalmist's belief in God's justice.

How does this verse relate to the surrounding context?

This verse fits within a broader theme in the Psalms where the righteous seek God's intervention against the wicked, emphasizing the contrast between good and evil.

What can we learn from the psalmist's plea for justice?

The psalmist's plea reminds us of the importance of seeking justice and accountability, trusting that God will address wrongdoing.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways do I see justice being served in my life or community?
  2. How can I respond to wrongdoing in a way that aligns with seeking justice?
  3. What does it mean for me to trust in God's timing for justice?
  4. How can I ensure that my own actions reflect righteousness rather than wickedness?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early commentators like Jerome and Augustine reflect on the themes of justice and recompense in this verse, emphasizing the moral implications of the psalmist's plea.

JeromeBRIEF COMMENTARY ON Psalms 28 c. 347–420
Because they do not understand through blessings, they will understand through suffering.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 28 →
Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 28 354–430
"Give unto them according to their works" [Psalms 28:4]. Give unto them according to their works, for this is just.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 28 →
Theodoret of CyrusCOMMENTARY ON THE Psalms 28:3 c. 393–460
Let no one think, however, that the righteous person is cursing his enemies: the words are a mark not of cursing but of a just verdict.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 28 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 28:4 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Give them according to their deeds,.... According to the demerit of them, which is death, even death eternal; and according to the wickedness of their endeavours; for though wicked men do not always

Read John Gill on Psalms 28 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert. Give them. "Them:" the wicked, enemies.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 28 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

David useth these imprecations, partly, to vindicate himself from the slanders of his enemies, who reported him to be as wicked as they were, only more close and cunning therein; which, if he had been, he had bitterly cursed himself; which it could not reasonably be presumed that he would do; partly, from his great and long experience of their implacable and incorrigible malignity, not only against him, but against God, and his declared will, and against all truly good men, and that covered with pretences of piety to God, and of peaceableness towards their neighbours, , which made their wickedness more inexcusable and detestable; partly, by the instinct and direction of God’ s Spirit, by…

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 28 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 28:4 Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert.Ver. 4. Give them according to their deeds] God loveth to retaliate; and David, out of a public and prophetic spirit (not from private revenge, or troubled affections), taketh thus upon him to imprecate. And according to the wickedness of their endeavours] They were therefore old, habituated, irreclaimable sinners whom he thus cursed, and against such this and such like imprecations are still in force. Give them after the works of their hands] Because they regard not the works of thine hands, Psalms 28:5. Par pari, saith…

Read John Trapp on Psalms 28 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(4) Give them according to their deeds.—The justice of the lex talionis was deeply impressed on the mind of Israel, and we need not wonder to find its enforcement made the subject of prayer. A general notice of the imprecations of the Psalms will be found in the General Introduction (VI.). Here it is enough to remark that there is no indication of personal animosity or vindictiveness. The poet, even if expressing his own feelings, was identified with devout Israel, to whom it was natural not only to expect from Jehovah the manifestation of judgment which could alone remove the conditions that were so unfavourable to the true religion, but also to pray that He would at the same time…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 28 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 4. Give them] Is the same as thou wilt give them; a prophetic declaration of what their lot will be.

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 28 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

4. Give them according to their work, And according to the evil of their doings: Give them according to the operation of their hands. This is not a vindictive craving for personal revenge, but a solemn prayer that Jehovah will openly convict false and wicked men by manifesting His righteous judgements upon them, and punishing them as they deserve. See Introd. p. xc. Give] Of a judicial sentence. Cp. Hosea 9:14; Jeremiah 32:19. their desert] The word denotes an action either good or bad, and its fitting reward.

Read Cambridge on Psalms 28 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Give them according to their deeds - Deal righteously with them. Recompense them as they deserve. And according to the wickedness of their endeavours - Their designs; their works; their plans.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 28 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Repay them according to their deeds and for their works of evil. Repay them for what their hands have done; bring back on them what they deserve.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Give them according to their work, and according to the wickedness of their doings. Give them according to the operation of their hands. Bring back on them what they deserve.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Repay them according to their deeds and for their works of evil. Repay them for what their hands have done; bring back on them what they deserve.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Pay them back for their evil deeds! Pay them back for what they do! Punish them!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Give them according to their work, and according to the wickedness of their doings: Give them after the operation of their hands; Render to them their desert.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Give them according to their work, and according to the wickedness of their doings: give them after the operation of their hands; render to them their desert.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavors: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Reward them according to their deedes, and according to the wickednes of their inuentions: recompense them after the woorke of their handes: render them their reward.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Give them according to their doing, and according to the wickedness of their deeds; give them after the work of their hands, render to them their desert.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Give to them according to their acting, And according to the evil of their doings. According to the work of their hands give to them. Return their deed to them.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Give to them according to their acting, || And according to the evil of their doings. Give to them according to the work of their hands. Return their deed to them.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Give unto them according to their doing, and according to the evil of their deeds; according to the work of their hands do thou give unto them: bestow their [just] recompense on them.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Give them what their deeds deserve and repay them what their wickedness demands, repay them for the work of their hands and render to them their due.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

The voice of the Lord is in power; the voice of the Lord in magnificence.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Give them what they deserve for their evil actions. Pay them back for what they've done. Give them the reward they've earned!

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Give them the right reward of their acts, and of their evil doings: give them punishment for the works of their hands, let them have their full reward.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbתֶּןrequiteprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoהֶ֣םthemprepositional phrase · prepositionalprepositional phraseכְּaccordingnoun phraseפָעֳלָtoם֮their.workוּandprepositional phraseכְaccordingnoun phraseרֹ֪עַto.the.wickednessnoun phraseמַֽעַלְלֵ֫יtheir.deedsהֶ֥םtheirclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalכְּaccordingnoun phraseמַעֲשֵׂ֣הto.the.worknoun phraseיְ֭דֵיtheir.handsהֶםtheirverbתֵּ֣ןrequiteprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoהֶ֑םthemclauseverbהָשֵׁ֖בrepaynoun phrase · objectגְּמוּלָ֣recompenseםtheirprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoהֶֽםthem

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text presents the verse as it is traditionally understood, while the Septuagint closely matches in meaning, with only minor differences in word order. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, indicating the verse's preservation through history.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

תֶּן־ לָהֶ֣ם כְּפָעֳלָם֮ וּכְרֹ֪עַ מַֽעַלְלֵ֫יהֶ֥ם כְּמַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יְ֭דֵיהֶם תֵּ֣ן לָהֶ֑ם הָשֵׁ֖ב גְּמוּלָ֣ם לָהֶֽם׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
תֶּן־δὸςלָהֶ֣םαὐτοῖςכְּפָעֳלָם֮ἔργαוּכְרֹ֪עַκατὰמַֽעַלְלֵ֫יהֶ֥םἐπιτηδευμάτωνכְּמַעֲשֵׂ֣הἔργαיְ֭דֵיהֶםξειρῶνתֵּ֣ןδὸςלָהֶ֑םαὐτοῖςהָשֵׁ֖בἀπόδοςלָהֶֽם׃αὐτοῖς

11 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q85a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[תן] ל׳הם [כפעל׳ם] [וכרע] [מעללי׳הם] [כמעשה] ידי׳הם [תן] [ל׳הם] [השב] [גמול׳ם] [ל׳הם]

1 word on the leather — 1 partly restored, 10 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 28:4נָתַןrequiterequiteנָתַןהֶםto themto themהֶםפֹּ֫עַלaccording taccording to woפֹּ֫עַלרֹעַand accordiand according tרֹעַמַעֲלָלdeeds theirdeeds theirמַעֲלָלמַעֲשֶׂהaccording taccording to [tמַעֲשֶׂהיָדhands theirhands theirיָדנָתַןrequiterequiteנָתַןהֶםto themto themהֶםשׁוּבrepayrepayשׁוּבגְּמוּלrecompense recompense theiגְּמוּלהֶםto themto themהֶםפָּעַלto workto workפָּעַלרָעַעbe evilbe evilרָעַעעָלַלto abuseto abuseעָלַלעָשָׂהto maketo makeעָשָׂהכַּףpalmpalmכַּףגָּמַלto weanto weanגָּמַלנַחֲלָהinheritancinheritanceנַחֲלָהזֶ֫רַעseedseedזֶ֫רַעשָׁלֵםto completto completeשָׁלֵםזַךְpurepureזַךְמַעֲלָלdeeddeedמַעֲלָלכָּבָהto quenchto quenchכָּבָהרֹעַevilevilרֹעַיָטַבbe goodbe goodיָטַבשָׁנִיscarletscarletשָׁנִישֵׁשׁalabasteralabasterשֵׁשׁחָזָקstrongstrongחָזָקנָצַלto rescueto rescueנָצַל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 28:4

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
תֶּן־ten- requite H5414 Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singular
2,011× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Tyndale gloss
to give: give
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set

Qal 1917

give

Put, set

Make, constitute

Niph.

82be given

Be put, set

Hoph.

be given, bestowed

= be given to one for wife

be put upon

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give

. Put, set

. Make, constitute

. . be given

. Be put, set

. . . be given, bestowed

. = be given to one for wife

. be put upon

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5414 nathan naw-than'

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of

application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,

assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,

hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +

cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X

without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),

grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),

(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,

occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X

pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send

(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,

strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,

turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)

God, yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.

: give/deliver/send/produce

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend

1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate

1a3) to make, constitute

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned

1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up

1c2) to be put upon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.

: put/set/apppoint

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2ms — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singular
HVqv2ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
לָהֶ֣םla.Hem to them H9038 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֶם (hem) — them.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
כְּפָעֳלָם֮ke.fo.'o.Lam according to work their H6467 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
37× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A work or deed is what this word refers to, describing something that has been done or made. It can also mean wages or the result of an action.
Amplified meaning
works, actions
Tyndale gloss
work
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֹּ֫עַל (po'al) refers to an act or work, encompassing meanings like deed, thing done, and wages of work. It is noted as poetic and late in usage. The word is built from the root associated with action, and it can also imply acquisition, particularly of treasures.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֹּ֫עַל 37 n.m. doing, deed, work (poet. and late)

deed, thing done

work, thing made

wages of work

acquisition of treasures

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6467 פֹּ֫עַל doing, deed, work (poet. and late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6467 po`al po'-al

from 6466; an act or work (concretely):--act, deed, do,

getting, maker, work.

see HEBREW for 06466

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֹּ֫עַל (po.al) — work.

1) work, deed, doing

1a) deed, thing done

1b) work, thing made

1c) wages of work

1d) acquisition (of treasure)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HR/Ncmsc/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
וּכְרֹ֪עַu.khe.Ro.a' and according to [the] wickedness of H7455 Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
19× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word describes something as bad or evil, whether physically or morally. It is used in books like Genesis and Isaiah to convey a sense of wrongdoing. The concept of evil is central to the Bible's teachings.
Amplified meaning
wickedness, morally bad actions
Tyndale gloss
evil
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רֹעַ (roa`) refers to badness or evil, covering both moral and physical aspects. It can denote qualities like wilfulness and sadness, as well as the badness of cattle. The entries consistently emphasize its ethical implications, with no significant disagreements among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רֹעַ n.[m.] badness, evil

badness, bad quality, of cattle

wilfulness

ethical, evil, badness

sadness

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7455 רֹעַ badness, evil . badness, bad quality, of cattle

. wilfulness

. ethical, evil, badness

. sadness

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7455 roa` ro'-ah

from 7489; badness (as marring), physically or morally:--X

be so bad, badness, (X be so) evil, naughtiness, sadness,

sorrow, wickedness.

see HEBREW for 07489

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רֹעַ (ro.a) — evil.

1) badness, evil

1a) badness, bad quality

1b) wilfulness

1c) evil, badness (ethical)

1d) sadness

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep | N-ms — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/R/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
מַֽעַלְלֵ֫יהֶ֥םma.'a.Lei.Hem deeds their H4611 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Maalal means a deed or act, which can be good or bad, such as a practice or invention. It is used in the Bible to describe human actions and their consequences. This term is found in various biblical contexts.
Tyndale gloss
deed
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַעֲלָל (ma`alal) refers to a deed or practice, often with a negative connotation. It encompasses actions or works, whether good or bad, and is derived from a root meaning to act. The entries consistently highlight its focus on deeds and practices.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מַעֲלָל] 41 n.m. deed, practice

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4611 מַעֲלָל deed, practice

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4611 ma`alal mah-al-awl'

from 5953; an act (good or bad):--doing, endeavour,

invention, work.

see HEBREW for 05953

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַעֲלָל (ma.a.lal) — deed.

1) deed, practice

1a) practice (usually bad)

1b) deeds

1c) acts

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
כְּמַעֲשֵׂ֣הke.ma.'a.Seh according to [the] work of H4639 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
236× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to an action or deed, which can be good or bad. It is used to describe various activities, such as work, business, or achievements. The KJV translates it as act, deed, or labor.
Tyndale gloss
deed: judgement
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַעֲשֶׂה (ma`aseh) means deed or work, encompassing a range of actions from good to bad, and includes concepts like business, labor, and products made. It can refer to specific achievements, works of God, or even customs. The entries suggest a broad application in various contexts, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַעֲשֶׂה 233 n.m. deed, work

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4639 מַעֲשֶׂה deed, work

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4639 ma`aseh mah-as-eh'

from 6213; an action (good or bad); generally, a transaction;

abstractly, activity; by implication, a product (specifically,

a poem) or (generally) property:--act, art, + bakemeat,

business, deed, do(-ing), labor, thing made, ware of making,

occupation, thing offered, operation, possession, X well,

((handy-, needle-, net-))work(ing, - manship), wrought.

see HEBREW for 06213

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: work.

: work/product

1) deed, work

1a) deed, thing done, act

1b) work, labour

1c) business, pursuit

1d) undertaking, enterprise

1e) achievement

1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)

1g) work, thing made

1h) work (of God)

1i) product

מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: justice.

: justice/right/righteousness

1) deed, work

1a) deed, thing done, act

1b) work, labour

1c) business, pursuit

1d) undertaking, enterprise

1e) achievement

1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)

1g) work, thing made

1h) work (of God)

1i) product

מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: judgement.

: judgement/punishment

1) deed, work

1a) deed, thing done, act

1b) work, labour

1c) business, pursuit

1d) undertaking, enterprise

1e) achievement

1f) deeds, works (of deliverance and judgment)

1g) work, thing made

1h) work (of God)

1i) product

מַעֲשֶׂה (ma.a.seh) — deed: custom.

: custom/manner

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
HR/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
יְ֭דֵיהֶםYe.dei.hem hands their H3027 Noun common both dual construct · suffix
1,619× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, 'yad' refers to an open hand, symbolizing power or direction. It can also mean strength or a part of something, like a side or a share. The word is used in many contexts, including anatomy and everyday life.
Amplified meaning
power, strength
Tyndale gloss
hand
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָד (yad) means 'hand' and can also refer to strength or power in a figurative sense. It encompasses various technical uses, such as a sign or monument, parts or shares, and even specific components in construction, like axle-trees and supports for the laver. The word is versatile, appearing in both literal and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָד 1604 n.f. hand

hand

Fig. = strength, power

Fig. = side

יָד is used in various special, technical senses:—

sign, monument

part, fractional part or share

time, repetition

axle-trees

stays, supports for laver

tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle

a (beckoning) hand

יַד with prep.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3027 יָד hand . hand

. Fig. = strength, power

. Fig. = side

. יָד is used in various special, technical senses:— . sign, monument

. part, fractional part or share

. time, repetition

. axle-trees

. stays, supports for laver

. tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle

. a (beckoning) hand

. יַד with prep.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3027 yad yawd

a primitive word; a hand (the open one (indicating power,

means, direction, etc.), in distinction from 3709, the closed

one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of

applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate

and remote (as follows):--(+ be) able, X about, + armholes,

at, axletree, because of, beside, border, X bounty, + broad,

(broken-)handed, X by, charge, coast, + consecrate, +

creditor, custody, debt, dominion, X enough, + fellowship,

force, X from, hand(-staves, -y work), X he, himself, X in,

labour, + large, ledge, (left-)handed, means, X mine,

ministry, near, X of, X order, ordinance, X our, parts, pain,

power, X presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay,

draw with strength, stroke, + swear, terror, X thee, X by

them, X themselves, X thine own, X thou, through, X throwing,

+ thumb, times, X to, X under, X us, X wait on, (way-)side,

Read the full entry →
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָד (yad) — hand.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)

1d) (various special, technical senses)

1d1) sign, monument

1d2) part, fractional part, share

1d3) time, repetition

1d4) axle-trees, axle

1d5) stays, support (for laver)

1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)

1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)

1d8) wrists

יָד (yad) — hand: power.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)

1d) (various special, technical senses)

1d1) sign, monument

1d2) part, fractional part, share

1d3) time, repetition

1d4) axle-trees, axle

1d5) stays, support (for laver)

1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)

1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)

1d8) wrists

יָד (yad) — hand: themselves.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cd | Suff — Noun common both dual construct · suffix
HNcbdc/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
תֵּ֣ןten requite H5414 Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singular
2,011× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Tyndale gloss
to give: give
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set

Qal 1917

give

Put, set

Make, constitute

Niph.

82be given

Be put, set

Hoph.

be given, bestowed

= be given to one for wife

be put upon

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give

. Put, set

. Make, constitute

. . be given

. Be put, set

. . . be given, bestowed

. = be given to one for wife

. be put upon

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5414 nathan naw-than'

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of

application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,

assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,

hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +

cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X

without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),

grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),

(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,

occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X

pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send

(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,

strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,

turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)

God, yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.

: give/deliver/send/produce

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend

1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate

1a3) to make, constitute

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned

1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up

1c2) to be put upon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.

: put/set/apppoint

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2ms — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singular
HVqv2ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
לָהֶ֑םla.Hem to them H9038 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֶם (hem) — them.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
הָשֵׁ֖בha.Shev repay H7725 Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person masculine singular
1,057× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to return or turn back, and can be used literally or figuratively. It is often used to describe someone returning to God or repenting from sin, as seen in the book of Psalms and the prophets.
Tyndale gloss
to return: return
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שׁוּב (shuwb) means to turn back or return, covering a wide range of contexts including physical, spiritual, and relational. It can denote returning to a previous state, repenting, or even apostatizing. The entries describe various forms and uses, including bringing back, restoring, and refreshing. Notably, it can also imply a change in course of action.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שׁוּב 1056 vb. turn back, return

Qal 683;—turn back, return:

turn back

return, come or go back

esp. return unto

of dying

of revival from death

fig. of human relations:

return to leader, king

= change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)

turn, i.e. resort to

return to a physical condition

abs. = change course of action

fig., specif. of spiritual relations:

turn back from God = apostatize

of י׳, turn away

turn back to God (= seek penitently)

abs. repent

turn back from evil

of י׳

of י׳, return (to shew favour)

of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):

denoting repetition, etc.

trans.

Pō‛l.

bring back

fig. restore, refresh

restore, repair

lead away (enticingly)

shew turning = apostatize

Hiph. 353 cause to return, bring back

bring back into bondage

put back

= draw back

= give back, restore

= relinguish

= give in payment, requital

bring one back (from dead)

bring back heart

= refresh

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7725 שׁוּב turn back, return .—turn back, return: . turn back

. return, come or go back

. esp. return unto

. . of dying

. of revival from death

. fig. of human relations: . return to leader, king

. = change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)

. turn, i.e. resort to

. return to a physical condition

. abs. = change course of action

. fig., specif. of spiritual relations: . turn back from God = apostatize

. of י׳, turn away

. turn back to God (= seek penitently)

. abs. repent

. turn back from evil

. of י׳

. of י׳, return (to shew favour)

. of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):

. denoting repetition, etc.

. trans.

. . bring back

. . fig. restore, refresh

. restore, repair

. lead away (enticingly)

. shew turning = apostatize

. cause to return, bring back . . bring back into bondage

. put back

. = draw back

. = give back, restore

. = relinguish

. = give in payment, requital

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7725 shuwb shoob

a primitive root; to turn back (hence, away) transitively or

intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily

with the idea of return to the starting point); generally to

retreat; often adverbial, again:--((break, build, circumcise,

dig, do anything, do evil, feed, lay down, lie down, lodge,

make, rejoice, send, take, weep)) X again, (cause to) answer

(+ again), X in any case (wise), X at all, averse, bring

(again, back, home again), call (to mind), carry again (back),

cease, X certainly, come again (back), X consider, +

continually, convert, deliver (again), + deny, draw back,

fetch home again, X fro, get (oneself) (back) again, X give

(again), go again (back, home), (go) out, hinder, let, (see)

more, X needs, be past, X pay, pervert, pull in again, put

(again, up again), recall, recompense, recover, refresh,

relieve, render (again), requite, rescue, restore, retrieve,

Read the full entry →
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שׁוּב (shuv) — to return: return.

: return

1) to return, turn back

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to turn back, return

1a1a) to turn back

1a1b) to return, come or go back

1a1c) to return unto, go back, come back

1a1d) of dying

1a1e) of human relations (fig)

1a1f) of spiritual relations (fig)

1a1f1) to turn back (from God), apostatise

1a1f2) to turn away (of God)

1a1f3) to turn back (to God), repent

1a1f4) turn back (from evil)

1a1g) of inanimate things

1a1h) in repetition

1b) (Polel)

1b1) to bring back

1b2) to restore, refresh, repair (fig)

1b3) to lead away (enticingly)

1b4) to show turning, apostatise

1c) (Pual) restored (participle)

1d) (Hiphil) to cause to return, bring back

1d1) to bring back, allow to return, put back, draw back, give back, restore, relinquish, give in payment

1d2) to bring back, refresh, restore

1d3) to bring back, report to, answer

1d4) to bring back, make requital, pay (as recompense)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Impv-2ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person masculine singular
HVhv2ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
גְּמוּלָ֣םge.mu.Lam recompense their H1576 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
19× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means a reward or recompense for something, like a payment for work done. In the Bible, it is used to describe God's rewards for the faithful, like in Psalm 19. The KJV translates it as recompense or reward.
Amplified meaning
their recompense, reward
Tyndale gloss
recompense
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גְּמוּל (gmuwl) refers to dealing, recompense, or benefit, encompassing acts of good or ill and implying service or requital. It is built from the root meaning treatment or act, and covers concepts of reward and deserving. The term appears in contexts related to how one has been treated or compensated.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גְּמוּל n.m. dealing, recompense, benefit

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1576 גְּמוּל dealing, recompense, benefit

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1576 gmuwl ghem-ool'

from 1580; treatment, i.e. an act (of good or ill); by

implication, service or requital:--+ as hast served, benefit,

desert, deserving, that which he hath given, recompense,

reward.

see HEBREW for 01580

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גְּמוּל (ge.mul) — recompense.

1) dealing, recompense, benefit

1a) dealing (of one's hand)

1b) recompense

1c) benefit

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3mp
requite to them according to work their and according to [the] wickedness of deeds their according to [the] work of hands their requite to them repay recompense their to them
לָהֶֽם׃la.Hem to them H9038 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֶם (hem) — them.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp3mp — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp3mp
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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