Menu

Psalms 77:12 — Word Study

Depth

WLCוְהָגִ֥יתִי בְכָל־ פָּעֳלֶ֑ךָ וּֽבַעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יךָ אָשִֽׂיחָה׃

BSAto rememberzâkar to rememberzâkar deedmaʻălâl LORDYâhh forkîy to rememberzâkar frontqedem wonderpeleʼ

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 77
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 12 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('a.Si.chah) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 77:12quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist expresses a commitment to reflect deeply on God's past actions and to consider His powerful deeds.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, reflecting on God's works.
Where we areIn the midst of a meditation on God's historical deeds, specifically in Psalm 77.
The hard wordעֲלִילָה
Take awayThe act of meditation is a deliberate engagement with God's past works.
5 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Cambridge & more — read them › clause verbמַעֲלָל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 77:12

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Meditation on God's Deedsgenerated

11I will remember the works of the LORD; yes, I will remember Your wonders of old.
12I will reflect on all You have done and ponder Your mighty deeds.
13Your way, O God, is holy. What god is so great as our God?
14You are the God who works wonders; You display Your strength among the peoples.

Psalm 77:12 is part of a reflective passage where the psalmist recalls the mighty works of God. This meditation is a response to the psalmist's earlier remembrance of God's wonders, as seen in verse 11. The psalmist's intention is to engage deeply with God's actions and to articulate those thoughts, highlighting the importance of remembering God's faithfulness and power in times of trouble.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 104:34May my meditation be pleasing to Him, for I rejoice in the LORD.
2Psalm 143:5I remember the days of old; I meditate on all Your works; I consider the work of Your hands.
3Psalm 71:24My tongue will indeed proclaim Your righteousness all day long, for those who seek my harm are disgraced and confounded.
4Psalm 105:2Sing to Him, sing praises to Him; tell of all His wonders.
5Psalm 145:4–11One generation will commend Your works to the next, and will proclaim Your mighty acts—

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 7 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word הָגִ֥יתִי, ha.Gi.tigenerated

The verb הָגָה (hagah) means to meditate or ponder. It is derived from a root that implies vocal expression, suggesting a deep, contemplative process that may involve muttering or murmuring thoughts aloud. The parsing indicates a sequential perfect form, showing a completed action in the first person singular, emphasizing the psalmist's personal commitment to this reflection.

This meditation is not merely a passive thought but an active engagement with God's deeds, as the psalmist seeks to understand and articulate the significance of what God has done.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

All translations agree on the essence of the verse, emphasizing the psalmist's intention to meditate on God's works and ponder His deeds.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb הָגִ֥יתִי governs the sentence, indicating the psalmist's action of meditation. The structure includes a prepositional phrase detailing the object of meditation, followed by a noun phrase that specifies the works of God.

The second verb אָשִֽׂיחָה introduces a parallel action, reinforcing the psalmist's intention to engage with God's deeds through both reflection and consideration.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates the key term for 'works' as ἔργων (ergōn), which carries a similar meaning but lacks the depth of meditation implied in the Hebrew. This choice reflects a more straightforward rendering of the concept of God's actions.

The translation indicates a focus on the acts themselves rather than the process of reflection, suggesting a different interpretative approach by the translators.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 77:12 expresses the psalmist's desire to think deeply about all that God has done and to consider His powerful deeds. This meditation is part of a larger reflection on God's past actions, emphasizing the importance of remembering His faithfulness.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to meditate on God's works?

Meditating on God's works involves reflecting deeply on His actions and understanding their significance in our lives, as the psalmist does in this verse.

Why is remembering God's deeds important?

Remembering God's deeds helps strengthen our faith and provides encouragement during difficult times, reminding us of His power and faithfulness.

How can I practice meditation on God's works?

You can practice meditation by taking time to reflect on specific instances of God's faithfulness in your life, perhaps journaling or praying about those experiences.

What are some examples of God's mighty deeds?

Examples include His creation of the world, the miracles performed in the Bible, and personal experiences of His guidance and provision in our lives.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What specific deeds of God have I witnessed in my life that I can reflect on?
  2. How can I incorporate meditation on God's works into my daily routine?
  3. What challenges do I face when trying to remember and reflect on God's faithfulness?
  4. In what ways can reflecting on God's deeds impact my understanding of His character?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early commentary on this verse includes Augustine, who reflects on the act of meditation in relation to God's works.

Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 77 354–430
"And I will meditate on all Your works, and on Your affections I will babble" [Psalms 77:12].
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 77 →

Commentators on this verse — 5 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 77:12 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

I will meditate also of all thy work,.... Or "works" (t), which were many; he desired not to forget any of them, but remember the multitude of his tender mercies, and not only call them to mind, but

Read John Gill on Psalms 77 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And I said, This is my infirmity: but I will remember the years of the right hand of the most High. -This is the transition point to hope.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 77 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 77:12 I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings.Ver. 12. I will meditate also of all thy works, and talk, &c.]

Read John Trapp on Psalms 77 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

12. I will meditate also upon all thy work, And muse on thy doings. (R.V.) For work cp. Habakkuk 3:2.

Read Cambridge on Psalms 77 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

I will meditate also of all thy work - That is, with a view to learn thy real character; to see whether I am to be constrained by painful facts to cherish the thoughts which have given me such

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 77 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

I will reflect on all You have done and ponder Your mighty deeds.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

I will also meditate on all your work, and consider your doings.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

I will reflect on all You have done and ponder Your mighty deeds.

NETBNew English Translation2006

I will think about all you have done; I will reflect upon your deeds!”

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

I will meditate also upon all thy work, And muse on thy doings.

RVARevised Version, American1894

I will meditate also upon all thy work, and muse on thy doings.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

I did also meditate all thy woorkes, and did deuise of thine actes, saying,

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And I will meditate upon all thy work, and muse upon thy doings.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And I have meditated on all Thy working, And I talk concerning Thy doings.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And I have meditated on all Your working, || And I talk concerning Your doings.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(77:13) I will meditate also of all thy work, and on thy deeds will I reflect.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

I will ponder all your deeds and will reflect on them.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Wonderful things did he do in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Tanis.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I will think about all you have accomplished; I will think deeply about how you have acted.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

I will give thought to all your work, while my mind goes over your acts of power.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclauseverbהָגִ֥יתִיI.will.meditateprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְonnoun phraseכָלallnoun phraseפָּעֳלֶ֑workךָyourוּֽandclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַonnoun phraseעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יdeedsךָyourverbאָשִֽׂיחָהI.will.meditate

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in content, with four out of five words matching. The differences in word order and articles in the Septuagint reflect its own syntactical structure rather than a significant variation in meaning.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְהָגִ֥יתִי בְכָל־ פָּעֳלֶ֑ךָ וּֽבַעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יךָ אָשִֽׂיחָה׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְהָגִ֥יתִיἔργωνבְכָל־ὅτιפָּעֳלֶ֑ךָἀπὸוּֽבַעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יךָσου

4 of the 5 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 77:12הָגָהand I will and I will mediהָגָהכֹּלon allon allכֹּלפֹּ֫עַלwork yourwork yourפֹּ֫עַלעֲלִילָהand on deedand on deeds yoעֲלִילָהשִׂיחַI will mediI will meditateשִׂיחַכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלפָּעַלto workto workפָּעַלעָלַלto abuseto abuseעָלַלהָגִיגmeditationmeditationהָגִיגקִירof Moabiteof Moabite citiקִיריוֹנָהdovedoveיוֹנָהעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהזַךְpurepureזַךְשָׁלֵםto completto completeשָׁלֵםשָׁחַתto ruinto ruinשָׁחַתדֶּ֫רֶךְway: roadway: roadדֶּ֫רֶךְפִּקּוּדpreceptpreceptפִּקּוּדפָּלָאto wonderto wonderפָּלָא
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 77:12

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and I will meditate on all work your and on deeds your I will meditate
וְהָגִ֥יתִיve.ha.Gi.ti and I will meditate H1897 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect first person common singular
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To mutter or ponder, as seen in Psalm 1:2 where it means to meditate on God's law, and also in Psalm 37:35 where it describes plotting evil.
Tyndale gloss
to mutter
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָגָה (hagah) encompasses a range of meanings related to vocal expressions, including to moan, growl, and utter. It can imply both inarticulate sounds and more deliberate actions like meditation and devising thoughts. The entries suggest uses in various contexts, including distress and magical mutterings, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָגָה vb. moan, growl, utter, speak, muse (only poet.)

Qal

of inarticulate sounds

growl, of lion growling over prey

groan, moan, in distress (like dove)

utter

of inarticulate sounds

(soliloquize) meditate, muse

imagine, devise

Po. a conceiving and an uttering, out of the heart, lying words

Hiph. those that make chirpings and mutterings, of necromancers and wizards

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1897 הָגָה moan, growl, utter, speak, muse (only poet.) .. of inarticulate sounds . growl, of lion growling over prey

. groan, moan, in distress (like dove)

. utter

. of inarticulate sounds . (soliloquize) meditate, muse

. imagine, devise

. a conceiving and an uttering, out of the heart, lying words

. those that make chirpings and mutterings, of necromancers and wizards

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1897 hagah daw-gaw'

a primitive root (compare 1901); to murmur (in pleasure or

anger); by implication, to ponder:--imagine, meditate, mourn,

mutter, roar, X sore, speak, study, talk, utter.

see HEBREW for 01901

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָגָה (ha.gah) — to mutter.

1) to moan, growl, utter, muse, mutter, meditate, devise, plot, speak

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to roar, growl, groan

1a2) to utter, speak

1a3) to meditate, devise, muse, imagine

1b) (Poal) to utter

1c) (Hiphil) to mutter

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Hc/Vqq1cs — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect first person common singular
Hc/Vqq1cs
and I will meditate on all work your and on deeds your I will meditate
בְכָל־ve.khol- on all H3605 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncmsc — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
HR/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and I will meditate on all work your and on deeds your I will meditate
פָּעֳלֶ֑ךָpo.'o.Le.kha work your H6467 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
37× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A work or deed is what this word refers to, describing something that has been done or made. It can also mean wages or the result of an action.
Tyndale gloss
work
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֹּ֫עַל (po'al) refers to an act or work, encompassing meanings like deed, thing done, and wages of work. It is noted as poetic and late in usage. The word is built from the root associated with action, and it can also imply acquisition, particularly of treasures.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֹּ֫עַל 37 n.m. doing, deed, work (poet. and late)

deed, thing done

work, thing made

wages of work

acquisition of treasures

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6467 פֹּ֫עַל doing, deed, work (poet. and late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6467 po`al po'-al

from 6466; an act or work (concretely):--act, deed, do,

getting, maker, work.

see HEBREW for 06466

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֹּ֫עַל (po.al) — work.

1) work, deed, doing

1a) deed, thing done

1b) work, thing made

1c) wages of work

1d) acquisition (of treasure)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsc/Sp2ms — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp2ms
and I will meditate on all work your and on deeds your I will meditate
וּֽבַעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יךָu.va.'a.Li.lo.Tei.kha and on deeds your H5949 Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
24× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word can mean wantonness or evil deeds, but also a great exploit or achievement. It's used to describe God's mighty acts and human actions, both good and bad, like in Psalm 9.
Tyndale gloss
wantonness
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֲלִילָה (aliylah) refers to wantonness or a deed, often implying negative connotations such as evil practices. It is derived from the root meaning to effect or perform, and can denote an act, work, or occasion. The entries consistently emphasize its association with bad deeds.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֲלִילָה n.f. wantonness, deed

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5949 עֲלִילָה wantonness, deed

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5949 `aliylah al-ee-law'

or malilah {al-ee-law'}; from 5953 in the sense of effecting;

an exploit (of God), or a performance (of man, often in a bad

sense); by implication, an opportunity:--act(-ion), deed,

doing, invention, occasion, work.

see HEBREW for 05953

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֲלִילָה (a.li.lah) — wantonness.

1) wantonness, deed, doing

1a) wantonness

1b) deed

1c) practices, evil deeds

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/R/Ncfpc/Sp2ms — Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
HC/R/Ncfpc/Sp2ms
and I will meditate on all work your and on deeds your I will meditate
אָשִֽׂיחָה׃'a.Si.chah I will meditate H7878 Verb · Qal · infinitive construct first person common singular
20× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to think deeply about something, like a problem or an idea, and to talk to oneself or others about it, as seen in the book of Psalms where David ponders God's creation.
Tyndale gloss
to muse
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שִׂיחַ (siyach) is a Hebrew verb meaning to muse or complain, encompassing a range of actions such as talking, singing, and meditating. It can imply conversing with oneself or aloud, and includes nuances of pondering and declaring thoughts. The entries consistently highlight its use in contexts of communication and reflection.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שִׂיחַ vb. denom. muse, complain, poet. talk (of)

Qal

complain

muse

talk (about), sing (of)

talk (with)

Pôl‛el meditate, consider

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7878 שִׂיחַ vb. denom. muse, complain, poet. talk of

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7878 siyach see'-akh

a primitive root; to ponder, i.e. (by implication) converse

(with oneself, and hence, aloud) or (transitively) utter:--

commune, complain, declare, meditate, muse, pray, speak, talk

(with).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שִׂיחַ (si.ach) — to muse.

1) to put forth, mediate, muse, commune, speak, complain, ponder, sing

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to complain

1a2) to muse, meditate upon, study, ponder

1a3) to talk, sing, speak

1b) (Polel) to meditate, consider, put forth thoughts

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqc1cs — Verb · Qal · infinitive construct first person common singular
HVqc1cs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate