1 John 1

Westcott

‹ Chapter 0 1 John — All Chapters Chapter 2 ›

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!6 2 1 8 0 0 �� ) Chapter 1) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Tertullian twice quotes the verse (omitting C &� �� ) as if he read C ��, C ��, �� !�� v �1 �� …… 7 1 -1 9 0 0 adv. Prax.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 15, qued vidimus, qued audivimus, oculis nostris vidimus et manus & & ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 de An.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 17). Probably the transposition came from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3. This being adopted, the omission of C before �� became necessary. The same transposition occurs in the free quotation contained in the Muratorian Fragment, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 quS vidimus oculis nostris et auribus audivimus et manus nostrS palpaverunt hSc scripsimus vobis) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 1 -1 9 0 0 N. T. Canon) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 535). In 5:3 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 harl transpose conversely and read ��. ��v ��.) 6 1 2 8 0 0 Introduction. The facts of the Gospel issuing in fellowship and joy. 5 1 -1 9 0 0 1:1 4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .)) 6 1 3 8 0 0 This preface to the Epistle corresponds in a remarkable manner with the preface to the Gospel 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1-43.1.18|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1 18) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); but the two passages are complementary and not parallel. The introduction to the Gospel treats of the personal Word (A ��), and so naturally leads up to the record of His work on earth: the introduction to the Epistle treats of the revelation of life (A �� ) which culminated in the Incarnation, and leads up to a view of the position and privileges and duties of the Christian. In the former the Apostle sets forth the Being of the Word in relation to God and to the world 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.2-43.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 2 5) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the historic manifestation of the Word generally (6 13), the Incarnation as apprehended by personal experience (14 18). In the latter he states first the various parts which are united in the fulness of the apostolic testimony 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.1|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); then he dwells specially on the historic manifestation of the Life (1:2); and lastly, he points out the personal results of this manifestation (1:3, 1:4). Thus there is a harmonious correspondence between the two sections regulated by the primary difference of subject. In each the main subject is described first 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.1|AUTODETECT|” 2 5: 1 John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ): then the historical manifestation of it 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.2|AUTODETECT|” John 1:6 13: 1 John 1:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ): then its personal apprehension 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.3|AUTODETECT|” John 1:14 18: 1 John 1:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). Comp. Introd. � 7. The parallel was noticed by Dionysius of Alexandria 7 1 -1 9 0 0 H. E.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7:25. 7:14 f.).) 6 2 3 8 0 0 St John throughout this section uses the plural (contrast 2:1, 2:7, &c.) as speaking in the name of the apostolic body of which he was the last surviving representative.) )

1 John 1:1

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!5 1 1 8 0 0 1 3.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 That which was & that which we have seen and heard declare we & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The construction of the passage is broken by the parenthesis of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 2, which may for the moment be dismissed from consideration. The beginning of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3 (C ��. ��v ��.) thus stands out clearly as a resumption of the construction and (in part) of the words of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0

The relatives in the two verses (C ��., C ��.) must therefore be identical in meaning; and the simple resumptive clause gives the clue to the interpretation of the original more complex clause. Now in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3 there can be no doubt that the relative E is strictly neuter, that which : it can have no direct personal reference. The sense is perfectly simple: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we have & heard, we declare & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 If to such a sentence the phrase, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 concerning the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (��v �� ) be added, there can still be no doubt as to the meaning. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is the subject as to which the Apostle has gained the knowledge which he desires to communicate to others: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we & have heard concerning the word of life we declare & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 So far the general interpretation of the passage appears to be quite clear; nor can the addition of other clauses in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1 alter it. Whatever view be adopted as to the meaning of the phrase, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , it can only be taken, according to the natural structure of the sentence, as the object of the various modes of regard successively enumerated. The apparent harshness of combining the clause ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 concerning the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was from the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which & our hands handled,) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is removed by the intervening phrases; and the preposition (��) concerning, in regard to, is comprehensive in its application. The ordinary construction by which the clause is treated as co-ordinate with the clauses which precede: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was from the beginning, that which we have heard & even concerning the word of life & we declare to you) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , seems to be made impossible (1) by the resumptive words in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3, (2) by the break after ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1, (3) by the extreme abruptness of the change in the form of the object of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we declare) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 5 1 1 8 0 0 1.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The contents of this verse correspond closely with ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” 1:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 In the beginning was the Word & There was the Light, the true Light, which lighteth every man, coming into the World & And the Word became flesh & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 But, as has been already noticed, here the thought is of the revelation and not of the Person.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 C &� … C ��., C ��., C � … ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 That which was & that which & , that which & that which & handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . These four clauses, separated by the repeated relative, which follow one another in a perfect sequence from the most abstract (C &� �� ) to the most material aspect of divine revelation (C � … �1 �. ��), bring into distinct prominence the different elements of the apostolic message. Of this, part extended to the utmost limits of time, being absolutely when time began: part was gradually unfolded in the course of human history. The succession of tenses marks clearly three parts of the message: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (&�) & ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we have heard) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (��) & , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we beheld & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (�� …). That which we understand by the eternal purpose of God 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the relation of the Father to the Son 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.5|AUTODETECT|” John 17:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the acceptance of man in the Beloved 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 already, and entered as a factor into the development of finite being, when the succession of life began 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was from the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But these truths were gradually realised in the course of ages, through the teaching of patriarchs, lawgivers, and prophets, and lastly of the Son Himself, Whose words are still pregnant with instruction 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which we have heard) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and above all, through the Presence of Christ, the lessons of Whose Life abide unchangeable with the Church and are realised in its life 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which we have seen with our eyes) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And this Presence of Christ itself, as a historic fact, was the presence of One truly man. The perfection of His manhood was attested by the direct witness of those who were sensibly convinced of it 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which we beheld and our hands handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). All the elements which may be described as the eternal, the historical, the personal, belong to the one subject, to the fulness of which they contribute, even ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 As there is a succession of time in the sequence of the clauses, so there is also a climax of personal experience, from that which was remotest in apprehension to that which was most immediate 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was from the beginning & that which our hands handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �� ] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 from the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Comp. c. 2:7 note. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 From the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is contrasted with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The latter marks what ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 already at the initial point, looking to that which is eternal, supra-temporal: the former looks to that which starting at the initial point has been operative in time. The latter deals with absolute being (A �� &� ��x� �x� ��); the former with temporal development. Compare �x �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.8|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 13:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.8|AUTODETECT|” 17:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.26|AUTODETECT|” 9:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) as contrasted with ��x ��. �. 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.24|AUTODETECT|” John 17:24) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The absence of the definite article both here and in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is to be traced back finally to ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (LXX.). The beginning is not regarded as a definite concrete fact, but in its character, according to man s apprehension, that to which we look as beginning. The use of �� e�� in c 2:18, �� !�� ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 3:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is similar. Compare 3:10 �� . note.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The Greek commentators justly dwell on the grandeur of the claim which St John makes for the Christian Revelation as coeval in some sense with creation: �� t �� 6�� x �� !�� , �� r� ��v �v �� P�x �� r �� , C� �� t �0�� v ��x� �� 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Argum.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And again in a note upon the verse: �� v ��x� 8�� v ��x� �� 3 a� �� x �� !�� 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The hearing concerning the word of life is not to be limited to the actual preaching of the Lord during His visible presence, though it includes this. It embraces the whole divine preparation for the Advent provided by the teaching of Lawgiver and Prophets 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) fulfilled at last by Christ. This the Apostles had heard faithfully when the Jewish people had not heard 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.37|AUTODETECT|” John 5:37) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.29|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). So also the seeing, as it appears, reaches beyond the personal vision of the Lord. The condition of Jew and Gentile, the civil and religious institutions by which St John was surrounded 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:28) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the effects which the Gospel wrought, revealed to the eye of the Apostle something of the Life. Hearing and seeing are combined in the work of the seer: ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.8|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 22:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The clear reference to the Risen Christ in the word ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , makes it probable that the special manifestation indicated by the two aorists (��, ��) is that given to the Apostles by the Lord after the Resurrection, which is in fact the revelation of Himself as He remains with His Church by the Spirit. The two words are united with one relative, and they express in ascending order the ground of the Apostle s personal belief in the reality of the true humanity of Christ as He Isaiah 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we beheld & and handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 Thus there is a survey of the whole course of revelation in the four clauses, more complete than has been already indicated. The personal experience of the Presence of Christ is crowned by the witness to the Risen Christ. This witness of what he had actually experienced is part of the message which the Apostle had to give 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:22) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The Resurrection was the final revelation of life. At the same time the four clauses bind together inseparably the divine and human. There is, as we have seen, but one subject whether this is revealed as eternal 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was from the beginning) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), or through the experience of sense 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which our hands handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 have heard) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3, 5, 4:3; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” John 4:42) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.37|AUTODETECT|” 5:37) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.21|AUTODETECT|” 18:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The perfect in every case preserves its full force.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��. �. @��.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 have seen with our eyes) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The addition ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 with our eyes) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , like ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 our hands) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 below, emphasises the idea of direct personal outward experience in a matter marvellous in itself. The vision was not of the soul within, but in life. Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.3.21|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 3:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.3|AUTODETECT|” 4:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.11.7|AUTODETECT|” 11:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.21.7|AUTODETECT|” 21:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 9:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; Ecclus. 16:5. See also ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.27|AUTODETECT|” John 20:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 On sight and hearing, see Philo, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 de Sacr. A. et C.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 � 22, 1. 178.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 C �� … C �� …] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 quod vidimus & quod perspeximus) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which we have seen & which we beheld) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The general relation of these clauses has been touched upon already. They offer also contrasts in detail. The change of tense marks the difference between that which was permanent in the lessons of the manifestation of the Lord, and that which was once shewn to special witnesses. The change of the verbs also is significant. ��, like ��, expresses the calm, intent, continuous contemplation of an object which remains before the spectator. Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” John 1:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 n. On the other hand the emphatic addition of �� @�� !�� to �� emphasises the personal nature of the witness as �� emphasises its exactness. Generally the first two verbs 7 1 -1 9 0 0 heard, seen) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) express the fact, and the second two 7 1 -1 9 0 0 beheld, handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the definite investigation by the observer.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 Bede 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) brings out the moral element in ��: Non solum quippe corporalibus oculis sicut ceteri Deminum viderunt sed et perspexerunt, cujus divinam quoque virtutem spiritualibus oculis cernebant.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 contrectaverunt) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 tractaverunt, palpaverunt, perscrutatS sunt) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . There can be no doubt that the exact word is used with a distinct reference to the invitation of the Lord after His Resurrection: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Handle me & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:39) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ). The tacit reference is the more worthy of notice because St John does not mention the fact of the Resurrection in his Epistle; nor does he use the word in his own narrative of the Resurrection. From early times it has been observed that St John used the term to mark the solid ground of the Apostolic conviction: �P �p� a� �� @�� 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��v �� ] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 de verbo vitS) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 de sermone vitS) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , Tert.), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 concerning the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the message of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , or, according to the more modern idiom, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the revelation of life. The word) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (A ��) conveys the notion of a connected whole 7 1 -1 9 0 0 sermo) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and is not merely an isolated utterance 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.68|AUTODETECT|” John 6:68) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 0��). Hence ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is the whole message from God to man, which tells of life, or, perhaps, out of which life springs, which beginning to be spoken by the prophets, was at last fully proclaimed by one who was His Son 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Hebr. 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Christ is, indeed, Himself the Word, but in the present passage the obvious reference is to the whole ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Gospel) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , of which He is the centre and sum, and not to Himself personally. This follows both from the context and from the appended genitive (�� ). It is ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 and not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the word) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 which is said to have been manifested; and again in the four passages where A �� is used personally 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ter) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , 14) the term is absolute. On the other hand we have A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� P�� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.32|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:32) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 1:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 5:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� P�� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 2:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ��. �� ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.18|AUTODETECT|” James 1:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), in all of which the genitive describes the subject of the tidings or record. There can then be no reason for departing from the general analogy of this universal usage here, since it gives an admirable sense, and the personal interpretation of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is not supported by any parallel. Moreover, a modification of the phrase itself occurs in St Paul, �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 : compare also ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 1:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 0�� #� �� … �� … �x� �� P�� & : ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.68|AUTODETECT|” John 6:68) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The personal interpretation could not fail to present itself to later readers, in whose speculation the Word occupied a far larger place than it occupies in the writings of St John, and to become popular. In a most true sense Christ is the gospel; and the name of the triumphant conqueror in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.13|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 19:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.6|AUTODETECT|” 15:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 &c.) shews the natural transition in meaning from the Word of God to Him who is the Word of God. Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.35|AUTODETECT|” John 10:35) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The Peshito Syriac (not Harcl.) appears to support the interpretation which has been given; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which is the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The sense of the genitive �� , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , is doubtful. According to general usage noticed above, it would specify the contents of the message: the revelation which proclaims and presents life to men. It must however be noticed that in other connexions St John uses the words (�� ) to describe the character of that to which they are applied, as life-giving, or life-sustaining: �x �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 2:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 &c.), A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 2:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), �� v Q�� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 7:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), �x U�� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.6|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 21:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 &c.), ! �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 3:5) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 &c.), and more particularly A �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.35|AUTODETECT|” John 6:35) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), �x �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.12|AUTODETECT|” John 8:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), which suggest such a sense as the life-containing, life-communicating word. The context here, which speaks of the manifestation of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , appears at first sight to require the former interpretation; for it is easy to pass from the idea of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 as the subject of the divine revelation to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 made manifest, while the conception of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 as characteristic of the word does not prepare the way for the transition so directly. On the other side the usage of the Gospel is of great weight; and it is not difficult to see how the thought of the revelation, which from first to last was inspired by and diffused life, leads to the thought that the life itself was personally manifested.) 6 2 1 8 0 0 It is most probable that the two interpretations are not to be sharply separated. The revelation proclaims that which it includes; it has, announces, gives life. In Christ life as the subject and life as the character of the Revelation were absolutely united. See Additional Note on 5:20.) The preposition (��) is used in a wide sense, in regard to, in the matter of. Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” John 16:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The subject is not simply a message, but all that had been made clear through manifold experience concerning it.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 If we now look back over the verse it is not difficult to see why St John chose the neuter form 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which was) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 and not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Him that was) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and why he limited the record of his experience by the addition ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 concerning the word of life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . He does not announce Christ or the revelation of life, but he announces something relating to both. Christ is indeed the one subject of his letter, yet not the Person of Christ absolutely but what he had himself come directly to know of Him. Nor yet again does the apostle write all that he had come to know of Christ by manifold intercourse, but just so much as illustrated the whole revelation of life 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.30|AUTODETECT|” John 20:30) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). His pastoral is not a Gospel nor a dogmatic exposition of truth, but an application of the Truth to life.) 5 1 1 8 0 0 2.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The whole verse is parenthetical. Elsewhere St John interrupts the construction by the introduction of a reflective comment 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 3 b; c. 2:27, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” John 1:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

6 1 -1 9 0 0 :16, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :1, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :16 ff., ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.31|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 ff., ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.19|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :35, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and pauses after some critical statement to consider and realise its significance. And so here the mention of the whole revelation of life, which extends throughout time, leads him to rest for a moment upon the one supreme fact up to which or from which all revelation comes. Concerning the word of life, he seems to say, Yes, concerning that revelation which deals with life and which brings life in all its manifold relations; and yet while our thoughts embrace this vast range which it includes, we may never forget that the life itself was shewn to us in a personal form. What we have to declare is not a word (��) only: it is a fact. ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The simple statement is given first 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life was manifested) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and then subject and predicate are more fully explained 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life eternal which was with the Father) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was manifested to us) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The phrase, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life was manifested) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , recals the corresponding phrase in the prologue to the Gospel, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the Word became flesh) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The latter regards the single fact of the Incarnation of the Word Who was God ; this regards the exhibition in its purity and fulness of the divine movement. And yet further, in the Gospel St John speaks directly of a Person: here he is speaking of the revelation which he had received of the energy of a Person. The full difference is felt if for a moment the predicates are transferred. The reality of the Incarnation would be undeclared if it were said: the Word was manifested ; the manifoldness of the operations of life would be circumscribed if it were said: the life became flesh. The manifestation of the life was a consequence of the Incarnation of the Word, but it is not co-extensive with it.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��v ! ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and the life & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . This use of the simplest conjunction (��) is characteristic of St John. It seems to mark the succession of contemplation as distinguished from the sequence of reasoning. Thought is added to thought as in the interpretation of a vast scene open all at once before the eyes, of which the parts are realised one after the other.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ! ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” John 14:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 n., 11:25 n. The usage of the word in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.4|AUTODETECT|” John 1:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is somewhat different. Here life is regarded as final and absolute: there life is the particular revelation of life given in finite creation. Christ ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 the life which He ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 brings) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , and which is realised by believers ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Him. In Him the life became visible. Comp. c. 5:11, 5:12, 5:20; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.6|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :23; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 4:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.1|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . But the term the life is not to be regarded as simply a personal name equivalent to the Word: it expresses one aspect of His Being and Working. Looking to Him we see under the conditions of present human being the embodied ideal of life, which is fellowship with God and with man in God.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 manifestata est) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 apparuit) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was manifested) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The word is used of the revelation of the Lord at His first coming 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.31|AUTODETECT|” John 1:31) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. c. 4:9; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.4|AUTODETECT|” John 7:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 Tim. 3:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.26|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); of His revelation after the Resurrection 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.14|AUTODETECT|” John 21:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.1|AUTODETECT|” 21:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; [Mark] 16:12, 16:14); and of the future Revelation 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 5:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In all these ways the Word Incarnate and glorified is made known as the Life. ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �� … �� … �� …] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 seen & bear witness & declare & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The three verbs give in due sequence the ideas of personal experience, responsible affirmation, authoritative announcement, which are combined in the apostolic message. The first two verbs are probably used absolutely, though the object of the third 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life eternal) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is potentially included in them. Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.34|AUTODETECT|” John 1:34) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.35|AUTODETECT|” 19:35) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . So Augustine, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 et vidimus et testes sumus) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.35|AUTODETECT|” John 19:35) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.34|AUTODETECT|” 1:34) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.7|AUTODETECT|” 14:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.9|AUTODETECT|” 14:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is worthy of notice that this is the only part of the verb which is used by St John in the Gospel and Epistles 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.10|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 19:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.9|AUTODETECT|” 22:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 : not 18:18; nor ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.2|AUTODETECT|” John 6:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and in these books it is singularly frequent.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 Severus 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Cat. ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), comparing these words with 4:12 ��x� �P��v� �� , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 no man hath beheld God at any time) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , remarks: �� v �� x� ��v ��x� �� P�� [A ��], �P� C &� ��v� ��v ��v� �� C �� 7� �p� Q�� v �� A �P�x� &� ��v ��x� ��v �� v �� t Q�� v �� …) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] Comp. 4:14; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.24|AUTODETECT|” John 21:24) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . For the characteristic use of the idea of witness in St John see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Introd. to Gospel of St John) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 44. ff.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 Augustine dwells on the associations of the Greek �� which were lost in the Latin ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 testes:) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Ergo hoc dixit Vidimus et testes sumus: Vidimus et martyres sumus; testimonium enim dicendo & cum displiceret ipsum testimonium hominibus adversus quos dicebatur, passi sunt omnia qu� passi sunt martyres 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 adnunciamus) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we declare) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The word occurs again in St John s writings in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.25|AUTODETECT|” John 16:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (it is falsely read 4:51, 20:18). In the Synoptists and Acts it is not uncommon in the sense of bearing back a message from one to another. This fundamental idea underlies the use here and in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.25|AUTODETECT|” John 16:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The message comes from a Divine Presence and expresses a divine purpose.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.25|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 14:25) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (LXX.); ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 5 note.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The application of the words must not be confined to the Epistle, which is in fact distinguished from the general proclamation of the Gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 4, ��v �� ), but rather understood of the whole apostolic ministry. More particularly perhaps we may see a description of that teaching which St John embodied in his Gospel.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �t� �. �t� �0.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the eternal life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , more exactly, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , even ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 life ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 eternal) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The phrase used in the beginning of the verse is first taken up and then more fully developed. This form of expression in which the two elements of the idea are regarded separately is found in the N.T. only here and in 2:25. The simpler form ! �0�� is also very rare 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.3|AUTODETECT|” John 17:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.46|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:46) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” 1 Tim. 6:12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and in each case where it occurs describes the special Messianic gift brought by Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the eternal life) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) as distinguished from the general conception 7 1 -1 9 0 0 life eternal) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 This eternal life is seen in this passage to be the divine life, the life that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 and which was visibly shewn in Christ, and not merely an unending continuance 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.16|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , �. ��). Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.3|AUTODETECT|” John 17:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The equivalent phrase appears to occur first in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 12:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Comp. 2 Macc. 7:9 �0� �0�� !�� .) 6 2 1 8 0 0 For the use of the article (! �. ! �0.) see c. 2:7 (! ��. ! �.) note; and for the idea of eternal life the Additional Note on 5:20.) %�� &� …] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which was & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . This clause not only defines but in part confirms the former statement. The relative is not the simple relative (%), but the qualitative relative (%��). Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.53|AUTODETECT|” John 8:53) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (E�� ); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:7) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.24|AUTODETECT|” 2:24) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.11.8|AUTODETECT|” 11:8) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” 20:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . We declare with authority such is the apostle s meaning the life which is truly eternal, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 seeing that) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 the life of which we speak was with the Father, and so is independent of the conditions of time; and it was manifested to us apostles, and so has been brought within the sphere of our knowledge. ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 &� ��x� �. �.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 erat apud patrem) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was with the Father) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The life was not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 the Father, nor in fellowship (��) or in combination (��) with Him, but realised with Him for its object and law (&� ��). That which is true of the Word as a Person, is true necessarily of the Word in action, and so of the Life which finds expression in action. The verb (&�) describes continuous and not past existence; or rather, it suggests under the forms of human thought an existence which is beyond time 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 4:11) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 &��; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|” John 1:3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �x� ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Father) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , the title of God when regarded relatively, as the One God, of whom (� �W) are all things 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.6|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 8:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The relation itself is defined more exactly either in reference to the material world: ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.17|AUTODETECT|” James 1:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 A ��t� �� ; or to men: ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 A ��t� Q��, &c.; or, more commonly and peculiarly, to our Lord, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the Son) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 : ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� , &c. The difference of the paternal relation of the One Father to Christ and to Christians is indicated in a very remarkable manner in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.17|AUTODETECT|” John 20:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (�� x� �x� �� v ��. Q��) where the unity of the Person is shewn by the one article common to the two clauses, and the distinctness of the relations by the repetition of the title with the proper personal pronoun. The simple title A �� occurs rarely in the Synoptic Gospels, and always with reference to the Son : ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 || ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:22) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:36) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 || ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.13.32|AUTODETECT|” Mark 13:32) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.9.26|AUTODETECT|” Luke 9:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.13|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. A � �P��; the usage in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 || ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.21|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.36|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:36) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 is different.) In the Acts it is found only in the opening chapters; 1:4, 1:7; 2:33. In St Paul only ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ( �� … ��p �� .); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.6|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 8:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (�7� ��x� A ��); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (�t� ��t� … ��x� �x� ��); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :12?; 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 || ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:6) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and not at all in the Epistles of St Peter, St James or St Jude, or in the Apocalypse. In St John s Gospel, on the contrary, and in his Epistles (1:2.) the term is very frequent 10 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Ep.) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|” 2:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :13, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :15, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :18, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :22 ff.; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 3:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 4:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 10 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Ep.) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 3, 4) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.3.9|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Comp. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21|AUTODETECT|” John 4:21) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 add. note; and the additional note on this passage.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 In this place the idea of Fatherhood comes into prominence in connexion with life 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life was with the Father) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In the Gospel the absolute idea of Godhead is placed in connexion with the Word 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 A�. &� ��x� �x� ��, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the Word was with God) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In both passages a glimpse is given of the essential relations of the Divine Persons, and we learn that the idea of Father lies in the Deity itself and finds fulfilment in the Deity. The simplest conception which we can form of God in Himself as absolutely perfect and self-sufficing includes Tripersonality.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��. !��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 apparuit nobis) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 manifestata est in nobis) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 Aug., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 palam facta est) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c. all.) ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was manifested to us) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The general statement given before 7 1 -1 9 0 0 was manifested) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is made personal. Actual experience is the foundation of St John s testimony.) 5 1 1 8 0 0 3.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 In the parenthesis 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0
St John has described the subject of his message as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the life eternal) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 he now describes it as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we have seen and heard) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The fulness of apostolic experience, the far-reaching knowledge of the Son of God, is indeed identical with the life. By appropriating that knowledge of the Son the life is appropriated.) 6 2 1 8 0 0 Life is manifested in fellowship; and in regarding the end of his message St John looks at once to a twofold fellowship, human and divine, a fellowship with the Church and with God. He contemplates first the fellowship which exists in the Christian body itself, and then rises from this to the thought of the wider privileges of such fellowship as resting on a divine basis. Manifeste ostendit B. Johannes quia quicunque societatem cum Deo habere desiderant primo ecclesi� societati debent adunari & . (Bede).) C ��. ��v ��.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we have seen and heard & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The transposition of the verbs in this resumptive clause 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 heard & seen & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is natural and significant. Before the Apostle was advancing up to the Incarnation, now he is starting from it. At the same time the two elements of experience are brought together and not (as before) separated by the repeated relative 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which & that which & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��v Q��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 unto you also) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The revelation was not for those only to whom it was first given; but for them also who had not seen. The message was for them also that they also might enjoy the fruits of it. There is no redundance in the repeated ��.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 This thought is well brought out by Augustine, who asks the question: Minus ergo sumus felices quam illi qui viderunt et audierunt? and answers it by recalling the history of St Thomas 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.26|AUTODETECT|” John 20:26) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.) who rose by Faith above touch: Tetigit hominem, confessus est Deum. Et Dominus consolans nos qui ipsum jam in c�lo sedentem manu contrectare non possumus sed fide contingere, ait illi ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Quia vidisti credidisti, beati qui non viderunt et credunt) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Nos descripti sumus, nos designati sumus. Fiat ergo in nobis beatitudo quam Dominus pr�dixit futuram: manifestata est ipsa vita in carne & ut res qu� solo corde videri potest videretur et oculis, ut corda sanaret 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ad loc.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 5�� … �� !��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ut et vos societatem habeatis nobiscum) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that ye also may have fellowship with us, i.e.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 may be united with us, the apostolic body, in the bonds of Christian communion 7 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 6, 7; 4:6) by the apprehension of the fulness of the truth; that you may enjoy to the uttermost by spiritual power what we gained in the outward experience of life 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.29|AUTODETECT|” John 20:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The last of the apostles points to the unbroken succession of the heritage of Faith. It will be observed that St John always assumes that knowledge carries with it the corresponding action 7 1 -1 9 0 0 e.g.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 2:3). The words cannot without violence be made to give the sense: that ye may have the same fellowship [with God and Christ] as we have. ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The phrase �� , as distinguished from the simple verb �� 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 11) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 4:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), expresses not only the mere fact, but also the enjoyment, the conscious realisation, of fellowship. Comp. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 8 (�� ) note.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��. �� !��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 fellowship with) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The preposition (��) emphasises the mutual action of those who are united. �� is also used with a genitive of the person 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 1:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), as in the case of things 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 10:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ), when the thought is of a blessing imparted by fellowship in the person, or of a fellowship springing from the person 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.13|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 13:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word is also used absolutely ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:42) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��v ! ��. �� …] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 et societas nostra sit) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 V., Aug., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 yea and our fellowship & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 The connecting particles (�� … ��) and the possessive pronoun (! �. ! !��) are both emphatic. The particles lay stress on the characteristics of the fellowship which are to be brought forward: the possessive in place of the personal pronoun marks that which peculiarly distinguishes Christians rather than simply that which they enjoy. And the fellowship itself in fact to which we call you, the fellowship which is truly Christian fellowship, &c. ) 6 1 1 8 0 0 For �� … �� compare ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” John 6:51) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.16|AUTODETECT|” 8:16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.8|AUTODETECT|”
6 1 -1 9 0 0 :17; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.27|AUTODETECT|” 15:27) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 3 John 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The combination occurs sparingly throughout the N. T. The �� serves as the conjunction, while �� emphasises the words to which it is attached.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 For ! ��. ! !�� compare ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.9|AUTODETECT|” John 15:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 n. (! �. ! ��), 15:11, 15:12; 17:13, 17:24; 18:36, &c.; c. 2:7 note.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The insertion of the �� makes the false construction 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Latt.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and that our fellowship may be & impossible. The whole clause is like ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 2 (see note), a development of the preceding idea over which the apostle lingers as it were in personal reflection. For the foundation of the thought see ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.20|AUTODETECT|” John 17:20) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 f.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 ��p �� … 8. �.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 with the Father & his Son Jesus Christ & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The thought prepared in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 1, 2 now finds full expression. The revelation of the life had brought men into connexion with the Father. The life was apprehended in a true human personality in virtue of the Incarnation, and so men could have fellowship with the life and with the source of life. Through the Son God was revealed and apprehended as Father. It must also be observed that fellowship with the Father and fellowship with His Son are directly co-ordinated 7 1 -1 9 0 0 with & and with & ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Such coordination implies sameness of essence. And yet further: the fellowship with the Father is not only said to be established ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 through) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 the Son: the fellowship with the Father is involved in fellowship with the Son (comp. 2:23). The consummation of this fellowship is the being in God (c. 5:20) a quo fontaliter omnia procedunt, in quo finaliter omnes sancti fruibiliter requiescunt (Th. Kemp. 1:15. 2).) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �� 1�� P. 8. �.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 His Son Jesus Christ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . By the use of this full title St John brings out now both aspects of the Lord s Person which he had indicated before 7 1 -1 9 0 0 which was with the Father) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 our hands handled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The full title is found again in 3:23; 5:20 (?); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 3) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 1:9) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.19|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 1:19) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Compare also 1:7 (4:15; 5:5); ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.10|AUTODETECT|” 1 Thess. 1:10) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:14) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . In each case it will be seen to be significant in all its elements.)

1 John 1:4

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!5 1 1 8 0 0 4.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ��v ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and these things) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The apostolic message which had been regarded before in its unity 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is now regarded in some special aspects of its manifold power. St John embraces in the vision of his heart 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:18) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) all that his letter contains, though it was then unwritten.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 The phrase, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 these things) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , is not however co-extensive with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that which) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . St John has present to his mind both the general revelation of the Gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we declare) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) of which the end was to create spiritual fellowship between God and man and men; and the particular view of it which he purposes to lay before his readers 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we write) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) with a view to establishing the fulness of joy in the Church.) 6 1 1 8 0 0 �� !��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 write we) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . Both the pronoun and the verb are emphatic. The proclamation 7 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 2, 3) was presented in an abiding form: not spoken only but written, so far as there was need, that it might work its full effect. And it was written by those who had full authority to write. Nor is it fanciful to suppose that by the stress laid on the word ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 write) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , which is emphasised by the absence of a personal object 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to you) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 of the common text is to be omitted), St John looks forward to his apostolic service to later ages.) 6 2 1 8 0 0 The plural (��) which belongs to the form of the apostolic message stands in contrast with the personal address (��) which immediately follows in c. 2:1. Elsewhere in the epistle the verb occurs only in the singular (2:7 f., 2:12 ff., 2:21, 2:26; 5:13).) 5�� ! �. !�� (�. Q��) � ��.] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 that our) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 1 -1 9 0 0 your) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ) ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 joy may be fulfilled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The fulfilment of Christian joy depends upon the realisation of fellowship. The same thought underlies the other passages where the phrase occurs (see next note). Fellowship with Christ, and fellowship with the brethren, fellowship with Christ in the brethren, and with the brethren in Christ, is the measure of the fulness of joy. Both readings (!�� and Q��) are well supported and both give good sense. The object of the apostle may be regarded either as to the fulfilment of his work relatively to himself, or as to the fulfilment of his work relatively to his disciples. The joy of the apostle as well as the joy of the disciples is secured by the same result.) 6 2 1 8 0 0 !�� p� Q�� (Rcum. Q�� … !��) �� t� �� (l. ��p�) !��, #� �� A �� z� � �� v �� E�� P�� (l. �P��) �� (Theophlct.).) ��] ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 plenum) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 (V., Aug.), ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 fulfilled) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . The phrase is characteristic. Comp. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 12) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.29|AUTODETECT|” John 3:29) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 :11, ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 :24; ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.13|AUTODETECT|” 17:13) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 . For the use of the resolved form see 4:12 n. Gaudium doctorum fit plenum cum multos pr�dicando ad sanct� ecclesi� societatem & perducunt (Bede). Comp. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:2) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 6 1 1 8 0 0 A. The Problem of Life and those to whom it is proposed 5 1 -1 9 0 0 1:5 2:17) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 ).)

1 John 1:5

-8 1 3 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 rvsDyna

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!9 1 5 8 0 0

) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1:5 10.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Nature of God and the consequent relation of man to God.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The section contains 1 the description of the Being of God 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 5); and then 2 the description of man s relation to God as thus made known (6 10), in answer to the three typical false pleas (1) of the indifference of moral action in regard to spiritual fellowship (6, 7); (2) of the unreality of sinfulness as a permanent consequence of wrong action (8, 9); and (3) of actual personal freedom from sinful deeds (10). These pleas are shewn to depend (1) on immediate denial of what is distinctly known (6); (2) on self-deception (8); and (3) on disregard of divine revelation (10).) 9 1 5 8 0 0
) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 The Nature of God) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 8 1 4 8 0 0 5.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��; and the absolute use of it in the two Epistles cannot but mark a position wholly exceptional. One who could claim for himself the title the elder must have occupied a place which would not necessarily be suggested by the title of an apostle ; and it is perfectly intelligible that St John should have used the title in virtue of which he wrote, rather than that which would have had no bearing upon his communication. As an illustration of the superintendence exercised in the Asiatic Churches by St John, see Euseb. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 H. E.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3:23.) 13 1 3 8 0 0

10 1 -1 9 0 0 That which was from the beginning, that which we have heard, that which we have seen with our eyes, that which we beheld and our hands handled, concerning the word of life) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 13 1 -1 9 0 0
10 1 -1 9 0 0 and the life was manifested, and we have seen, and bear witness, and declare unto you the life) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , even ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 life ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 eternal, which was with the Father and was manifested to us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 13 1 -1 9 0 0
10 1 -1 9 0 0 that which we have seen and heard) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (I say) ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 declare we unto you also, that you also may have fellowship with us; yea and our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ;) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 13 1 -1 9 0 0
10 1 -1 9 0 0 and these things write we that our) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10 1 -1 9 0 0 your) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 joy may be fulfilled) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 13 1 4 8 0 0
10 1 -1 9 0 0 And this is the message which we have heard from him and announce to you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The connexion of this verse with what precedes is not at once obvious. The declaration which it contains as to the nature of God is not, as far as we know, a direct repetition of any words of the Lord; nor is it clear at first sight how it gathers up what has been already said of the revelation of life as apprehended in apostolic experience. Fuller consideration appears to shew that the idea of spiritual fellowship furnishes the clue to the course of St John s thought. Fellowship must repose upon mutual knowledge. If we have fellowship with God we must know truly what He is and what we are, and the latter knowledge flows from the former.

The revelation of life from first to last is the progressive manifestation of God and the progressive assimilation to God. The revelation through the Incarnation Completes all that was revealed before: Christ came not to destroy but to fulfil : and this revelation is briefly comprehended in the words God is light, absolutely pure, glorious, self-communicating from His very nature. He imparts Himself, and man was made to receive Him; and, in spite of sin, man can receive Him. Thus the fundamental ideas of Christianity lie in this announcement: God is light ; and man turns to the Light as being himself created in the image of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.1.27|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 1:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.7|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 11:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and recreated in Christ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Hac sententia B. Johannes & divin� puritatis excellentiam monstrat quam nos quoque imitari jubemur dicente ipso: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Sancti estote quoniam ego sanctus Dominus Deus vester) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.2|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 19:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (Bede).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �� …] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 And & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The declaration is the simple development of the statement in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3: We declare unto you what we have seen and heard, in order to establish your fellowship with us, and to fulfil our joy. And this ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the message which has such divine power. ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �� U��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 this is the message) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The original order 10 1 -1 9 0 0 et hSc est) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) in which the substantive verb stands first with unusual emphasis 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Hebr. 11:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 note), marks the absoluteness, the permanence, of the message. The ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 is not merely a copula, but predicates existence in itself. Comp. c. 5:16, 5:17; 2:15 note; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.45|AUTODETECT|” John 5:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.50|AUTODETECT|” 8:50) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.54|AUTODETECT|” 8:54) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The exact form of expression is unique. On the other hand see c. 2:25; 3:11, 3:23; 5:4, 5:9, 5:11, 5:14 and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.6|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 adnuntiatio) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 message) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The word occurs only here and 3:11 in the N.T., and it is rare in the LXX. The corresponding verb occurs in the N.T. only in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.18|AUTODETECT|” John 20:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The simplest word appears to be chosen to describe the divine communication. The announcement as to the nature of God is a personal revelation and not a discovery. God gives tidings of Himself and so only can man know Him.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �� P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 from him) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is, the Son of the Father, Jesus Christ, in whom the life was manifested, and who has been the main subject of the preceding verses.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The from (�� P��) marks the ultimate and not necessarily the immediate source (�� P��). The phrase �� is not found elsewhere in St John 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) while �� is frequent: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.40|AUTODETECT|” John 1:40) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.45|AUTODETECT|” 6:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.51|AUTODETECT|” 7:51) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.26|AUTODETECT|” 8:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 :38, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 :40; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.15|AUTODETECT|” 15:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The message which the Apostle announces had been heard not only from the lips of Christ but in fact also from all those in whom He had spoken in earlier times 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He was the source even where He was not the speaker. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.23|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cot. 11:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� and c. 2:27 note.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 adnuntiamus) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we announce) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The simple verb and its derivatives convey shades of meaning which cannot be preserved in a version. �� simply ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 to bring tidings) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs only ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.18|AUTODETECT|” John 20:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . �� to report, with the additional idea of bringing the tidings ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 up to) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 or ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 back to) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the person receiving them. �� to announce with a distinct reference to the ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 source) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 or ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 place from) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 which the message comes. �� to proclaim with authority, as commissioned to spread the tidings ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 throughout) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 those who hear them. In �� the recipient, in �� the origin, in �� the relation of the bearer and hearer of the message, are respectively most prominent. (1) Thus ��. has in nine cases a personal pronoun Q��, !��) after it, and in the two remaining places where it occurs 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.18|AUTODETECT|” 19:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) the persons to whom the announcement is made are placed in clear prominence. The word is not found in the Synoptic Gospels 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.14|AUTODETECT|” Mark 5:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 false readings). For its meaning compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Q��, tidings which were lately brought as far as up to you. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.27|AUTODETECT|” 20:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� t �� Q�� not to extend my declaration of the Gospel even to you; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.13|AUTODETECT|” John 16:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.14|AUTODETECT|” 16:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.15|AUTODETECT|” 16:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.7|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 7:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . (2) The proper sense of ��., again, is seen clearly ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��. ��, from the place where you find the Christ, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.13|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��. �� , from Emmaus where the revelation was made; [) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.51|AUTODETECT|” John 4:51) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��. ��, from his house where the sick child lay;] ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.25|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 14:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��., from the assembly at which he was moved. The word is frequent in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Acts; elsewhere, in addition to the places quoted, it occurs only ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Thess. 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 1:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 LXX.) Comp. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 2 note. (3) �� is found only in Acts 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and St Paul. Its force appears ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� , 17:3 C� �| ��, &c.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In connexion with these words it may be noticed that St John never uses in his Gospel or Epistles �P�� (or cognates). Cf. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.6|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 14:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.10.7|AUTODETECT|” 10:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 E�� … ��v� �� … �P� �� …] The combination of the positive and negative statements brings out (1) the idea of God s nature, and (2) the perfect realisation of the idea: He is light essentially, and in fact He is perfect, unmixed, light. The form of the negative statement is remarkable: Darkness there is not in Him, no, not in any way. �P�� is added similarly to a sentence already complete in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.11|AUTODETECT|” John 19:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (6:63; 12:19). The double negative is lost in the Latin: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 tenebrS in eo non sunt ullS) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Positive and negative statements are combined ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6, 8; 2:4, 2:27; 5:12; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|” John 1:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

9 1 -1 9 0 0 :5, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :20; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.25|AUTODETECT|” 2:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (20).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 A ��x� �� ] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Deus lux est) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The statement is made absolutely as to the nature of God, and not directly as to His action: as to what He ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , and not as to what He ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 does) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is not said that He is a light, as one out of many, through Whom or from Whom illumination comes; nor again, that He is the light, in relation to created beings. But it is said simply He is light. The words are designed to give us some conception of His Being. Comp. Philo ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 de ) 17 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=22.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Somn.) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=22.1.0|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 . p. 362 �� r� A ��x� �� … ��v �P �� p ��v ��x� �� x� ��, �� r �� v �� ….) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus the phrase is at once distinguished from the cognate phrases which are defined by some addition; as when creation, so far as it is a manifestation of the life of the Word, that is, as Life, is spoken of as being ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the light of men) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.4|AUTODETECT|” John 1:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.): or when ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the light, the true light, which lighteth every man) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 is spoken of as ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 coming into the world) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.9|AUTODETECT|” John 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. c. 2:8); or when Christ the Incarnate Word declares Himself to be ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the light of the world) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.12|AUTODETECT|” John 8:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.5|AUTODETECT|” 9:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. 12:46); or ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.19|AUTODETECT|” John 3:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.35|AUTODETECT|” 12:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.); or when Christians, as representing Christ, are also called by Him ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the light of the world) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 On the other hand it is closely parallel with two other phrases in St John s writings with which it must be compared and combined: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is spirit) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.24|AUTODETECT|” John 4:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is love) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (c. 4:8, 4:16).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 To a certain degree this phrase unites the two others. It includes the thought of immateriality, which finds its most complete expression in the idea of spirit, and that of diffusiveness, which finds its most complete expression in the idea of love. But to these thoughts it adds those of purity and glory, which find their most complete expression in relation to man as he is in the idea of fire 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.12.29|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 3 4 8 0 0 In order to enter into the meaning of the revelation given in the words, it is necessary to take account both of the biblical application of the term light and of the thoughts which are naturally suggested by a consideration of the nature of light.) In each region of being light represents the noblest manifestation of that energy to which it is applied. Physically light embodies the idea of splendour, glory: intellectually of truth: morally of holiness.) Again: in virtue of light, life and action become possible. Light may exist close beside us and yet we ourselves be in darkness, wholly unconscious of its presence, unless some object intervene and itself become visible by reflecting into our eyes that which we had not before seen. Comp. Philo ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 de prjSm. et pSn.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

415 A ��x� �� b� �� P�� . See also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.36.10|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 36:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . As light it cannot but propagate itself; and, as far as its own nature is concerned, propagate itself without bound. All that limits is darkness.) 9 6 4 8 0 0 It must not however be supposed that in speaking of God as light St John is speaking metaphorically, as if earthly light were the reality to which God is likened. On the contrary according to his thought the earthly light, with all its associations, is but a reflection in the finite and sensible world of the heavenly light. Through the reflection we rise, according to our power, to the reality.) This being so, the description of God as light is fitted to bring before us the conception that He is in Himself unapproachable, infinite, omnipresent, unchangeable, the source of life, of safety, of the transfiguration of all things.) And yet more than this the phrase has a direct bearing upon the economy of Redemption. It implies that God in Himself is absolutely holy; and at the same time that it is His nature to impart Himself without limit.) The first fact carries with it the condition of man s fellowship with Him. The second fact suggests that He will make some provision for the redemption and atonement of man fallen, in accordance with the purpose of creation.) The revelation of the Word, the Life, of Jesus, the Son of God, fulfils the condition and the hope. By this we apprehend in all fulness that God is light, self-communicating, making the darkness felt to be what it is, conquering the darkness, while He claims from man complete self-surrender to His influence.) Here then as in every other place the revelation of the nature of God is not a satisfaction of speculative questionings: it is the groundwork of practical results.) 10 1 4 8 0 0 God is light:) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore men must walk in the light.) 10 1 4 8 0 0 God is spirit:) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore men must worship in spirit 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.24|AUTODETECT|” John 4:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 10 1 4 8 0 0 God is love:) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore the manifestation of love is the sign of divine childship (4:7, 4:8, 4:16).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.12.29|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 2 4 8 0 0 See Additional Note on 4:8.) The general opposition of light and darkness, which occurs throughout all Scripture, as throughout all literature, in its manifold partial applications, gives additional meaning to the phrase.) -60 3 6 0 2 0

1 � TPF0 TRVTableSW T.OptionsrvtoEditing rvtoRowSizing rvtoColSizing rvtoRowSelect rvtoColSelectrvtoHideGridLinesT.ColorclNoneT.TextRowSeparator T.TextColSeparator T.BorderLightColorclWindowText T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.BottomT.CellBorderLightColorclWindowText T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacingT.CellHSpacingCTDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data PL-8 1 3 10 1 2 8 0 0 Category of Light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data VR-8 1 3 10 1 2 8 0 0 Category of Darkness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) TDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data %!-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 truth) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data /+-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 falsehood.) TDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data #-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 good) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data %!-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 evil.) TDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data !-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 joy) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data )%-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 sorrow.) TDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data ‘#-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 safety) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data ‘#-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 peril.) TDC.BestWidth�C.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data #-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 life) TDC.BestWidthC.VisibleBorders.LeftC.VisibleBorders.RightC.VisibleBorders.TopC.VisibleBorders.BottomC.VAlignrvcTopC.Data ‘#-8 1 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 death.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 4:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.79|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:79) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.35|AUTODETECT|” 11:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.19|AUTODETECT|” John 3:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 :20; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 2:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.6|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 4:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.14|AUTODETECT|” 6:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 27:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (and Hupfeld s note).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 ��v �� …] The light which God is, is infinite, unbounded by any outline, and absolutely pure. It follows that all that is in darkness, all that is darkness, is excluded from fellowship with God by His very nature. There is in Him nothing which has affinity to it.) In speaking of light and darkness it is probable that St John had before him the Zoroastrian speculations on the two opposing spiritual powers which influenced Christian thought at a very early date. Comp. Basilides, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 fragm.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Quidam enim [barbarorum] dixerunt initia omnium duo esse quibus bona et mala associaverunt, ipsa dicentes initia sine initio esse et ingenita: id est, in principiis lucem fuisse ac tenebras, qu� ex semetipsis essent non qu� esse dicebantur (ap. Iren. Stieren, 1. p. 901).) 9 1 5 8 0 0 2. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 The relation of men to God) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1:6 10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The revelation of what God is determines man s relation to Him; for it is assumed that man knows (or can know) what he himself is in himself. The declaration of the majesty of God therefore raises tiao question of the possibility of man s fellowship with Him; of the possibility, that is, of the fulfilment of the Apostle s purpose 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3). How can the message ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 issue in our ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 communion with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ?) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The answer lies, as we have seen, in the fact that it is of the essence of light-nature to communicate itself. The true sense of what God is takes us out of ourselves. He gives Himself: we must welcome Him; and so reflecting His glory we become like Him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 3:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 But this assimilation to God (A�� p �� ) requires a frank recognition of what we are. St John therefore considers the three false views which man is tempted to take of his position. He may deny the reality of sin (6, 7), or his responsibility for sin (8, 9), or the fact of sin in his own case (10). By doing this he makes fellowship with God, as He has been made known, impossible for himself. On the other hand, God has made provision for the realisation of fellowship between Himself and man in spite of sin.) The contrasts and consequences involved in this view of man s relation to God can be placed clearly in a symmetrical form 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6, 8, 10):) 10 1 4 8 0 0 Him, and walk in the darkness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ,) 10 1 4 8 0 0 we) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 lie, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and) 10 1 4 8 0 0 we do not the truth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 10 1 4 8 0 0 we) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 deceive ourselves ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and) 10 1 4 8 0 0 the truth is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 10 1 4 8 0 0 we) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 make Him a liar ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and) 10 1 4 8 0 0 His word is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 On the other hand 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 7, 9):) 10 1 4 8 0 0 But if we walk in the light, as He is in the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ,) 10 1 4 8 0 0 we have fellowship one) 10 2 4 12 0 0 with another, and) the blood of Jesus His) 10 1 4 8 0 0 Son cleanseth us from all sin) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 10 1 4 8 0 0 He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our) 10 1 4 12 0 0 sins, and) 10 1 4 8 0 0 to cleanse us from all) 10 1 4 12 0 0 unrighteousness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 3 4 8 0 0 The third contrast passes into a different form (2:1 f.).) The whole description refers to the general character and tendency of life, and not to the absolute fulfilment of the character in detail.) The progress in the development of the thought is obvious from the parallelisms. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 We lie) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we deceive ourselves) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we make Him a liar) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 we are false, that is, to our own knowledge; we persuade ourselves that falsehood is truth; we dare to set ourselves above God. And again: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we do not the truth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the truth is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 His word is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 we do not carry into act that which we have recognised as our ruling principle; the Truth, to which conscience bears witness, is not the spring and law of our life; we have broken off our vital connexion with the Truth when it comes to us as the Word of God with a present, personal force.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Corresponding to this growth of falsehood we have a view of the general character of the Christian life, a life of spiritual fellowship and sanctification; and then of its detailed realisation in spite of partial failures.) 8 1 4 8 0 0 6.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 4��] St John considers only the case of professing Christians. In doing this he unites himself with those whom he addresses; and recognises the fact that he no less than his fellow-Christians has to guard against the temptations to which the three types of false doctrine correspond.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The exact form of expression (p� �4��) is found only in this passage 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6, 8, 10; comp. 4:20 �� 4��). It contemplates a direct assertion of the several statements, and not simply the mental conception of them.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 E��] The particle here and in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8, 10 seems to be recitative. Comp. 2:4; 4:20; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.20|AUTODETECT|” John 1:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

9 1 -1 9 0 0 :32; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.17|AUTODETECT|” 4:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.4|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :25; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.14|AUTODETECT|” 6:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.12|AUTODETECT|” 7:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.9|AUTODETECT|” 9:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.9|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :23, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.9.9|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :41.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��. �� P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 with Him, i.e.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 with God (the Father), the subject which immediately precedes.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The statement is the simple assertion of the enjoyment of the privileges of the Christian faith, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3, note: If we claim to have reached the end of Christian effort & ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��v � �� . ��.] The compatibility of indifference to moral action with the possession of true faith has been maintained by enthusiasts in all times of religious excitement. Comp. c. 2:4; 3:6; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 3 John 11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 For early forms of the false teaching see Iren. 1:6, 1:2; Clem. Alex. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Strom.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3:4 �� 31 f.; 5 � 40. Comp. Jude ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 4.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 � �� . ��.] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 walk in the darkness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , choose and use the darkness as our sphere of action. The question is not directly of the specific character of special acts, but of the whole region of life outward and inward. The darkness (�x ��) is the absolute opposite of the light. To choose this as our sphere of movement is necessarily to shun fellowship with God. Part of the thought included in walking in darkness may be expressed by saying that we seek to hide part of our lives from ourselves, from our neighbour, from God. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.20|AUTODETECT|” John 3:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 For the phrase see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.9.2|AUTODETECT|” Is. 9:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.12|AUTODETECT|” John 8:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (� �� ). Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 4:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.79|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:79) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . �� occurs in St John only here and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.19|AUTODETECT|” John 3:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 note.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The image of walking, resting on the Old Testament ) 11 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , LXX. ��, is not found applied to conduct in classical writers, but is common in St John and St Paul. The word is not found in this sense in St James or St Peter, and in the Synoptic group of writings only in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 7:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . St John, it may be added, does not use ��, ��, which are common in St Peter and occur in St Paul and St James; nor ��, which is found in St Luke (Gosp. Acts), St Peter (1, 2), and St Jude. Such walking is not to be limited to mere outward conduct, but covers the whole activity of life.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �� … �P �� …] The combination of the positive and negative expressions here again 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
presents the two sides of the thought. Men who profess to combine fellowship with God with the choice of darkness as their sphere of life, actively affirm what they know to be false; and on the other hand, they neglect to carry out in deed what they claim to hold. The two clauses 10 1 -1 9 0 0 lie & do) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) correspond with the two which precede 10 1 -1 9 0 0 say & walk) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��] The assertion is not only false in fact, but known to be false: it is at variance with man s nature. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.14|AUTODETECT|” James 3:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �P �� t� ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 non facimus veritatem) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we do not the truth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10 1 -1 9 0 0 do not advance in & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Truth is not only in thought and word, but also in action. The Truth (! ��) which reaches to every part of human nature the sum of all that is must find expression in a form answering to the whole man. I act, in the words of Whichcote, and therefore I am. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.21|AUTODETECT|” John 3:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 note; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.9.33|AUTODETECT|” Neh. 9:33) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (LXX.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In the Old Testament the phrase to do mercy and truth (LXX.) occurs not unfrequently: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.47.29|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 47:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 2:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.2.6|AUTODETECT|” 2 Sam. 2:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.15.20|AUTODETECT|” 15:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c. Contrast �� , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.27|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 21:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 8 1 4 8 0 0 7.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Walking in the darkness is fatal to fellowship with God, but such fellowship is still possible. The Christian can in his measure imitate God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and as he does so, he realises fellowship with the brethren, which is the visible sign of fellowship with God. At the same time Christ s Blood cleanseth him constantly, and little by little, from all sin. The chosen rule of life the walking in light is more and more perfectly embodied in deed. The failure which is revealed in the presence of God is removed.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 God ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 is) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 in the light absolutely and unalterably: man moves in the light from stage to stage as he advances to the fulness of his growth; and under the action of the light he is himself transfigured.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The process of this great change is written significantly in the N. T. Christ by resurrection from the dead first proclaimed light 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), that is life reflecting the divine glory; to this God has called us 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 2:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and opened our eyes ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 to look on the illumination of the gospel of the glory of Christ who is the image of God) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 4:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); who ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 believing on the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 we ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 become sons of light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.36|AUTODETECT|” John 12:36) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 : comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.5|AUTODETECT|” 1 Thess. 5:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and finally are ourselves ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 light in the Lord) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 Walking in the light brings two main results in regard to our relation to men and to God. We realise fellowship one with another, and in the vision of God s holiness we become conscious of our own sin. That fellowship is the pledge of a divine fellowship: that consciousness calls out the application of the virtue of Christ s life given for us and to us.) �� …] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 but if we walk & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 There is a sharp contrast between the vain profession of fellowship and godlike action. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 But) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , setting aside mere words, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 if we walk in the light & ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 � �� . ��.] The one absolute light is opposed to the darkness. To choose the light as the sphere of life is to live and move as in the revealed presence of God. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Is. 2:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.51.4|AUTODETECT|” 51:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The thought of walking in light and in darkness soon found expression in the allegory of The two ways. Barn. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Ep.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

ff. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Doctrine of the Apostles) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , 1 6.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 a� �P�� …] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 sicut et ipse) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Latt., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 as He Himself is in the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . God is light, and He is in the light. Being light He radiates (as it were) His glory and dwells in this light unapproachable 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 Tim. 6:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The realm of perfect truth and purity in which He is completely corresponds to His own nature. Under another aspect light is His garment 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.2|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 104:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), which at once veils and reveals His Majesty.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 Bede expresses well the contrast of �� and �6��: Notanda distinctio verborum & Ambulant & justi in luce cum virtutum operibus servientes ad meliora proficiunt & Deus autem sine aliquo profectu semper bonus, justus, verusque existit.) �P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 He Himself) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , our Lord and King. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.39|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:39) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.41.4|AUTODETECT|” Is. 41:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (Cheyne); 43:10; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 5:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.102.28|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 102:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 11 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��. �. �� .] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 societatem habemus ad invicem) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we have fellowship one with another) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is, brother with brother: we enjoy the fulness of Christian communion. The transcendental fellowship with God which the false Christian claimed becomes for us a practical fellowship in actual life. True fellowship with God comes through men. Love of the brethren is the proof of the love of God: fellowship with the brethren is the proof of fellowship with God.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 St John does not repeat the phrase which he has quoted from the vain professors of Christianity 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we have fellowship with Him) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6), but gives that which is its true equivalent according to the conditions of our being. Comp. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The supposition that �� means we with God and God with us is against the apostolic form of language 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.17|AUTODETECT|” John 20:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and also against the general form of St John s argument, for he takes the fellowship of Christians as the visible sign and correlative of fellowship with God: 4:7, 4:12. Comp. 3:11, 3:23.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��v �x �7�� …] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and the blood & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 This clause is coordinate with that which goes before. The two results of walking in the light are intimately bound together. Active fellowship shows the reality of that larger spiritual life, which is life in God; and at the same time the action of Christ upon the members of His Body brings about that real sinlessness which is essential to union with God.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 The case taken is that of those who are in Christ s Body. The question is not of justification, but of sanctification. Walking in the light is presupposed, as the condition for this application of the virtue of Christ s Life and Death. See Additional Note.) 8�� 1�� P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus His Son) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The union of the two natures in the one Person is clearly marked by the contrast ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus Christ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 His Son) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Compare (4:15); 5:5; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.); and for the full title ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3 note. Here the human name 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) brings out the possibility of the communication of Christ s Blood; and the divine name brings out its all-sufficing efficacy.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Mire & ait ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 et sanguis Jesu filii ejus:) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Filius quippe Dei in divinitatis natura sanguinem habere non potuit; sod quia idem Filius Dei etiam Filius hominis factus est recte propter unitatem person� ejus Filii Dei sanguinem appellat ut verum eum corpus assumpsisse, verum pro nobis sanguinem fudisse demonstraret (Bede). So Ignatius 10 1 -1 9 0 0 ad ) 17 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Eph.) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.1.0|AUTODETECT|”

9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) ventures to write � �5�� . Comp. Lightfoot on Clem. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� P��, and the Additional Note in the Appendix, pp. 400 ff.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 For the title see Additional Note on 3:23.) ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 emundat) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 purgabit) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Aug., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 cleanseth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.10|AUTODETECT|” John 13:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The thought is not of the forgiveness of sin only, but of the removal of sin. The sin is done away; and the purifying action is exerted continuously.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The idea of cleansing is specially connected with the fitting preparation for divine service and divine fellowship. Ritual cleanness was the condition for the participation in the privileges of approach to God, under the Old Covenant. So the blood of Christ cleanses the conscience for service to Him Who is a Living God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.13|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” 9:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). He gave Himself for us, to cleanse for Himself a peculiar people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Tit. 2:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He cleansed the Church to present it to Himself in glory 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.26|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The fulness of the thought is expressed in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the blessing of the clean (��) in heart is that they shall see God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 . �� .] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 from all sin) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , so that men are made like to God, in Whom is no darkness 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 5). The thought here is of sin and not of sins : of the spring, the principle, and not of the separate manifestations. For the singular compare c. 3:8 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” John 1:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 : for the plural ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 9; 2:2, 2:12; 4:10; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The sing. and plur. are used in significant connexion, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.21|AUTODETECT|” John 8:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.24|AUTODETECT|” 8:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 For the use of �� with abstract nouns see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.2|AUTODETECT|” James 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.12|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 12:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Q��, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 2 Pet. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� . Contrast ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.7|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 5:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ! ��, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.22|AUTODETECT|” John 5:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (�� ), 16:13 (�t� �� ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The apostle describes the end and consummation of Christ s work, towards which the believer is ever moving. There is no promise that the end will be reached on earth.) 8 1 4 8 0 0 8.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The mention of sin at the end of ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 7 leads on to a new thought and a new plea. How, it may be asked, has the Christian anything more to do with sin? How does it still continue? The question has real difficulty.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Some who do not venture to affirm the practical indifference of action, may yet maintain that sin does not cleave to him who has committed it, that man is not truly responsible for the final consequences of his conduct. This is the second false plea: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 We have no sin;) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sin is a transient phenomenon which leaves behind no abiding issues: it is an accident and not a principle within us.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 The issue of this second false plea is also presented in a positive and negative form. By affirming our practical irresponsibility we lead ourselves astray positively, and negatively we shew that the truth is not in us as an informing, inspiring power.) �. �P� ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we have no sin) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The phrase �� is peculiar to St John in the N. T. Like corresponding phrases �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 17:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.21|AUTODETECT|” 21:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c.), ��t� �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.26|AUTODETECT|” John 5:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.40|AUTODETECT|” 5:40) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c.), �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.21|AUTODETECT|” John 16:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.), &c., it marks the presence of something which is not isolated but a continuous source of influence 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 3).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 Thus to have sin is distinguished from to sin as the sinful principle is distinguished from the sinful act in itself. To have sin includes the idea of personal guilt: it describes a state both as a consequence and as a cause.) Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.41|AUTODETECT|” John 9:41) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.22|AUTODETECT|” 15:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , note, 24; 19:11.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The word sin is to be taken quite generally and not confined to original sin, or to sin of any particular type. A tempting form of this kind of error finds expression in a fragment of Clement of Alexandria 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Ecl. Proph.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � 15, p. 993 P.) A �r� �� , A �� t� �� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 ��z� ��.] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 ipsi nos seducimus) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we deceive ourselves) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , or rather, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we lead ourselves astray) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Our fatal error is not only a fact 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.47|AUTODETECT|” John 7:47) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but it is a fact of which we are the responsible authors. The result is due to our own efforts. We know that the assertion which we make is false (��); and, more than this, we persuade ourselves that it is true.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The phrase does not occur again in N. T. For the use of �� with the first person see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.1|AUTODETECT|” 15:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.31|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 11:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c. St John uses it with the second person c. 5:21; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.8|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.42|AUTODETECT|” John 5:42) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.53|AUTODETECT|” 6:53) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.8|AUTODETECT|” 12:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The idea of �� (c. 4:6) is in all cases that of straying from the one way 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.19|AUTODETECT|” James 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.): not of misconception in itself, but of misconduct. Such going astray is essentially ruinous.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The cognate terms are used of the false christs and prophets 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.4|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 2:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.13.14|AUTODETECT|” 13:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.20|AUTODETECT|” 19:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. c. 4:6; 2 Ep. 7); of Satan 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.9|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 12:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.3|AUTODETECT|” 20:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.), of Babylon 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.23|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 18:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), of Balaam 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Jude 11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 ��, �� (��, ��) are not found in the writings of St John. In this group of words the primary idea is that of deception, the conveying to another a false belief.) ��v ! �. �P� . � !�.] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and the truth is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . According to the true reading the pronoun is unemphatic 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10). The thought of the Truth prevails over that of the persons. In St John the Truth is the whole Gospel as that which meets the requirements of man s nature. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.32|AUTODETECT|” John 8:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.37|AUTODETECT|” 18:37) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Introd. to Gospel of St John, p. 44.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The same conception is found in the other apostolic writings; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 2 Thess. 2:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.8|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 13:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.15|AUTODETECT|” 1 Tim. 3:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.3|AUTODETECT|” 4:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.5|AUTODETECT|” 6:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 2:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.18|AUTODETECT|” 2:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Tit. 1:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.26|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.22|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.14|AUTODETECT|” James 3:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The Truth may therefore in this most comprehensive sense be regarded without us or within us: as something outwardly realised 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6 ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 do the truth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), or as something inwardly efficacious 10 1 -1 9 0 0 the truth is in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Comp. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10 note. With this specific statement ! �. �P� �� !�� (comp. 2:4) contrast the general statement �P� �� . � �P�� ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.44|AUTODETECT|” John 8:44) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 8 1 4 8 0 0 9.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 How then, it may be asked, can consequences be done away? If sin is something which clings to us in this way, how can it be effaced ? The answer is that the same attributes of God which lead to the punishment of the unrepentant lead to the forgiveness and cleansing of the penitent. He meets frank confession with free blessing. And the divine blessing connected with the confession of sins is twofold. It includes (1) the remission of sins, the remission of the consequences which they entail, and (2) the cleansing of the sinner from the moral imperfection which separates him from God: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 6:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.13.27|AUTODETECT|” Luke 13:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 p� A��.] There is no sharp opposition in form between this verse and ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8, as there is between 7 and 6 10 1 -1 9 0 0 if we say but if) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (p� ��) ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we walk) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Open confession and open assertion are acts of the same order.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 A��. �p� �.] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 confess our sins) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , not only acknowledge them, but acknowledge them openly in the face of men. Comp. 2:23; 4:2, 4:3, 4:15; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 3:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.20|AUTODETECT|” John 1:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.22|AUTODETECT|” 9:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.42|AUTODETECT|” 12:42) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , &c. The exact phrase is not found elsewhere in N.T.; but the kindred phrase �� (��) occurs ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 || ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.16|AUTODETECT|” James 5:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Comp. Ecclus. 4:26 �t �0�� A�� , Sus. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 14 a�� t� ��.) 9 3 4 8 0 0 Nothing is said or implied as to the mode in which such confession is to be made. That is to be determined by experience. Yet its essential character is made clear. It extends to specific, definite acts, and not only to sin in general terms. That which corresponds to saying we have no sin is not saying we have sin, but confessing our sins. The denial is made in an abstract form: the confession is concrete and personal.) Augustine says with touching force: Ista levia qu� dicimus noli contemnere. Si contemnis quando appendis, expavesce quando numeras. And again: Vis ut ille ignoscat? tu agnosce.) �� …] The subject (God) is necessarily supplied from the context, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 5 ff. The form of the sentence (�� … 5��) presents the issue as that which is, in some sense, contemplated in the divine character. Forgiveness and cleansing are ends to which God, being what He is, has regard. He is not, as men are, fickle or arbitrary. On the contrary, He is essentially faithful and righteous. Comp. 1 Clem. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 ad Cor.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 c. 27.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 =�� is construed with adjectives in other cases: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.27|AUTODETECT|” John 1:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 5�� … ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.6|AUTODETECT|” Luke 7:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 1��x� 5�� …, but these are not strictly parallel; see c. 3:11 note.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The epithet faithful (��) is applied to God not unfrequently in the Pauline epistles as being One who will fulfil His promises 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.11|AUTODETECT|” 11:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and complete what He has begun 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.24|AUTODETECT|” 1 Thess. 5:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and guard those who trust in Him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.13|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 10:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.19|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 4:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), because this is His Nature 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tim. 2:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). With these passages those also must be compared in which Christ is spoken of as faithful 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 2 Thess. 3:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and that both in regard to God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and to man 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 God (the Father) again is spoken of in the New Testament as righteous (��) in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 16:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.25|AUTODETECT|” John 17:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.26|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and so also Christ, c. 2:1, 3:7; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 3:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.24|AUTODETECT|” 27:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.47|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:47) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 is different). The subject in c. 2:29 is doubtful.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 The essence of righteousness lies in the recognition and fulfilment of what is due from one to another. Truth passing into action is righteousness. He is said to be righteous who decides rightly, and he also who passes successfully through a trial.) Righteousness is completely fulfilled in God both in respect of what He does and of what He is. Here action and character (as we speak) absolutely coincide. And yet further, the righteousness of God answers to His revealed purpose of love; so that the idea of righteousness in this case draws near not unfrequently to the idea of mercy. Compare the use of righteousness in the second part of Isaiah 10 1 -1 9 0 0 e.g.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 42:6, Cheyne).) 9 4 4 8 0 0 It may indeed be said most truly that the righteousness of God is His love seen in relation to the discipline of man; and that love is righteousness seen in relation to the purpose of God.) So far as righteousness is manifested in the life of one whose powers and circumstances change, the principle, which is unchanging, will receive manifold relative embodiments from time to time.) The forgiveness and the cleansing of those who confess their sins are naturally connected with God s faithfulness and righteousness. They answer to what He has been pleased to make known to us of His being in Scripture and life and history. He has laid down conditions for fellowship with Himself which man can satisfy and which He will satisfy.) It is not difficult to see how this view of God s action is included in the fundamental message: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Light necessarily imparts itself (��), and imparts itself as light (��).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The two epithets are applied to God as a righteous and faithful witness, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.42.5|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 42:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �� !�� p� �.] The verb �� occurs in this connexion in St John c. 2:12; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” John 20:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The phrase �� (Synn., Acts, Eph., Col., Heb.) is not found in his writings. The image of remission, forgiveness, presents sin as a debt, something external to the man himself in its consequences, just as the image of cleansing marks the personal stain.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 The repetition of the pronoun (!��, !��) is to be noticed.) �� … ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 remittat & emundet ab & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 dimittat & purget ex & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Aug., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 forgive & cleanse & ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Both acts are here spoken of in their completeness. The specific sins (�1 ��) are forgiven (see Additional Note): the character (��) is purified. The Christian character 10 1 -1 9 0 0 righteousness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) depends on a distinct relation to God in Christ. This admits of no degree; but there is a progressive hallowing of the Christian which follows after to the end of life 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 7).) 9 3 4 8 0 0 The two parts of the divine action answer to the two aspects of righteousness already noticed. As judging righteously God forgives those who stand in a just relation to Himself: as being righteous He communicates His nature to those who are united with Him in His Son.) Hence it is said that God cleanses there can be no doubt as to the subject as before that the blood of Christ cleanses. The Father, the one Fountain of Godhead, cleanses by applying the blood of the Son to believers. It is significant also that sin is here regarded under the relative aspect of duty as unrighteousness (c. 5:17).) ��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 iniquitate) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 unrighteousness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The word occurs elsewhere in St John only in c. 5:17; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.7.18|AUTODETECT|” John 7:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 2 4 8 0 0 Generally the kindred words (��, &c.) are rare in his writings. Righteousness and unrighteousness are regarded by him characteristically under the aspect of truth and falsehood: that is, under the form of being rather than under the form of manifestation.) The correspondence of ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 righteous) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 unrighteousness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 is lost in the Latin 10 1 -1 9 0 0 justus & iniquitate) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and hence in A.V.) 8 1 4 8 0 0 10.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 So far the Apostle has dealt with the two main aspects of the revelation ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God is light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . He has shewn what is the character which it fixes for the man who is to have fellowship with Him 10 1 -1 9 0 0 if we walk in the light) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and he has shewn also how that character can be obtained 10 1 -1 9 0 0 if we confess our sins) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Man must become like God; and to this end he must recognise his natural unlikeness to Him.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 A third plea still remains. He who recognises the true character of sin, and the natural permanence of sin as a power within, may yet deny that he personally has sinned. This plea is suggested by the words our sins in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 9, just as the plea in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8 was suggested by all sin in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

Conviction in this case is sought not primarily in consciousness 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we lie, v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6; ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we deceive ourselves, v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8), but in the voice of God 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we make Him a liar) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The consequences of this assertion of sinlessness are stated in the same form as before 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6, 8). By making it we affirm (positively) that God deals falsely with men; and (negatively) we are without the voice of God within us which converts His revelation for each one into a living Word.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus divine revelation is regarded first from without and then from within. God speaks; and (it is implied) His word enters into the soul of the believer, and becomes in him a spring of truth 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” John 4:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and a power of life (c. 2:14). By claiming sinlessness we first deny generally the truth of the revelation of God; and, as a consequence of this denial, we lose the privilege of converse with Him: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 His word is not in us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Philo in an interesting passage 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Leg. Alleg.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 1:13: 1. p. 50 M.) notices the grounds on which men seek to escape the charge of sin: A �t ��v� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 2:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) �t� ��t� ��t� �� b� �� 7� %�� 6�� a� �� , �� p� �� v �P�� … �� r �� x �� 4 �� p �� v �p ��p �� P�r �� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �P� !��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we have not sinned) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . The statement is quite unlimited. It is an absolute denial of the fact of past sin as carrying with it present consequences.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 �. �� P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 mendacem facimus eum) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 we make Him a liar) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is God (the Father) who is the main subject of the whole section 6 10 10 1 -1 9 0 0 with Him, v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 6; ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 as He is, v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 7; ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 He is faithful, v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 9). The conclusion follows from a consideration of the nature of divine revelation. Revelation is directed in the first instance to making clear the position of man towards God. Such an office St Paul assigns to law, and to the Law particularly. And generally all the communications of God to men presuppose that the normal relations between earth and heaven have been interrupted. To deny this is not only to question God s truth in one particular point, but to question it altogether; to say not only He lieth in the specific declaration, but He is a liar in His whole dealing with mankind. Comp. c. 5:10.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The peculiar phrase �. �� is characteristic of St John 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.18|AUTODETECT|” John 5:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.53|AUTODETECT|” 8:53) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.33|AUTODETECT|” 10:33) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.7|AUTODETECT|” 11:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.11.12|AUTODETECT|”

9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and carries with it the idea of overweening, unrighteous self-assertion.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 A �� P��] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 His word) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , the word of God, 2:14. Comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.55|AUTODETECT|” John 8:55) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.35|AUTODETECT|” 10:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.6|AUTODETECT|” 17:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.17.17|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The phrase is used specially for the Gospel message, which is the crown of all revelation: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 5:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.11|AUTODETECT|” 8:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.21|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.28|AUTODETECT|” 11:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and habitually in the Acts: 4:31; 6:2, 7; 8:14; 11:1; 12:24; 13:5, 7, 44, 46, &c.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The word here differs from the truth in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 8 as the process differs from the result. The truth is the sum considered objectively of that which the word expresses. The word as a living power makes the truth real little by little to him who receives it 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.31|AUTODETECT|” John 8:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.8.32|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And further, the word is personal: it calls up the thought of the speaker: it is the word of God. The truth on the other hand is abstract, though it is embodied in a Person.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The word, like the truth, can be regarded both as the moving principle which stirs the man and as the sphere in which the man moves. The word abides in him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.38|AUTODETECT|” John 5:38) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , comp. 8:37), and conversely he abides in the word 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.31|AUTODETECT|” John 8:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 10 1 2 8 0 0 Additional Note on 1:2. The Fatherhood of God) 9 2 4 8 0 0 The idea of the Divine Fatherhood, answering to that of human sonship and childship (see Additional Note on 3:1), occupies an important place in the writings of St John. It cannot be rightly understood without reference to its development in the Old Testament and in the Synoptic Gospels.) In the Old Testament the general notion of Fatherhood was made personal by the special covenants which He was pleased to establish with representative men. He thus became the Father of the chosen people in a peculiar sense 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.4.22|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 4:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.6|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. 1:31, 8:5; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.16|AUTODETECT|” Is. 63:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.64.8|AUTODETECT|” 64:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. 43:1, 43:6, 43:21, 44:2, 44:24, 46:3 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.9|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.20|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 11:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 2:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. 1:6); and each member of the nation was His child 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.14.1|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 14:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Is. 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.30.1|AUTODETECT|” 30:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.30.9|AUTODETECT|” 30:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.43.6|AUTODETECT|” 43:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.8|AUTODETECT|” 63:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 3:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.3.19|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.26|AUTODETECT|” 15:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But this sonship was regarded as an exceptional blessing. It belonged to the nation as priests and kings to the Lord; and so we find that the relationship of privilege, in which all the children of Israel shared in some manner, was in an especial degree the characteristic of the theocratic minister 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.82.6|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 82:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Of the king, the representative head of the royal nation, God said ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Thou art my Son, this day) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , that is at the moment of the solemn consecration, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 have I begotten thee) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 2:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ): and again, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 He shall cry unto me: Thou art my Father, my God, and the rock of my salvation. Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.89.26|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 89:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.7.12|AUTODETECT|” 2 Sam. 7:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.). Comp. Ecclus. 23:1, 4.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 It will however be observed on a study of the passages that the idea of Fatherhood in the Old Testament is determined by the conceptions of an Eastern household, and further that it is nowhere extended to men generally. God is the great Head of the family which looks back to Him as its Author. His children owe Him absolute obedience and reverence: they are in His hand : and conversely He offers them wise counsel and protection. But the ruling thought throughout is that of authority and not of love. The relationship is derived from a peculiar manifestation of God s Providence to one race 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.4.22|AUTODETECT|” Ex. 4:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=28.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Hos. 11:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and not from the original connexion of man as man with God. If the nobility of sonship is to be extended to Gentiles, it is by their incorporation in the chosen family 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.87.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 87) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 So far the conception of a Divine Fatherhood is (broadly speaking) national among the Jews as it was physical in the Gentile world. But in the Gospels the idea of Sonship is spiritual and personal. God is revealed as the Giver and Sustainer 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.) of a life like His own, to those who were created in His image, after His likeness, but who have been alienated from Him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.11|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.). The original capacity of man to receive God is declared, and at the same time the will of God to satisfy it. Both facts are set forth once for all in the person of Him who was both the Son of man and the Son of God.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The idea of the Divine Fatherhood and of the Divine Sonship as realised in Christ appears in His first recorded words and in His dedication to His public ministry. The words spoken in the Temple: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Wist ye not that I must be in my Father s house?) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:49) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � �� ) appear to mark in the Lord, from the human side, the quickened consciousness of His mission at a crisis of His life, while as yet the local limitations of worship are fully recognised 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21|AUTODETECT|” John 4:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The voice at the Baptism declares decisively the authority of acknowledged Sonship as that in which He is to accomplish His work 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 and parallels; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.34|AUTODETECT|” John 1:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In the Sermon on the Mount the idea of God s Fatherhood in relation both to Christ and to the disciples is exhibited most prominently. The first notice of the sonship of men is remarkable and if rightly interpreted most significant: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called sons of God) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This benediction is seen in its true light by comparison with the angelic hymn: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 On earth peace among men of well-pleasing) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The peace of which Christ speaks is that of reunited humanity 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.). The blessing of sonship is for those who, quickened by God s Spirit 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), help to realise on earth that inward brotherhood of which He has given the foundation and the pledge.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The teaching which follows the beatitude enforces and unfolds this thought. The sign of Sonship is to be found in god-like works which cannot but be referred at once to their true and heavenly origin 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). These are to be in range no less universal than the most universal gifts of God, the rain and the sunshine 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.), in order that the fulness of divine sonship may be attained and manifested 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 45 E�� 1�v �� . Q. �� P�.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.6.35|AUTODETECT|” Luke 6:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 1�v Q��). At the same time the standard of judgment, even all-knowing love, impresses a new character upon action 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.4|AUTODETECT|” 6:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.6|AUTODETECT|” 6:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.18|AUTODETECT|” 6:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The obligations of kindred to others follow from the privilege of kindred with the common Father 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.14|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.11.25|AUTODETECT|” Mark 11:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). The Father s knowledge anticipates the petitions of the children 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.30|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:30) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and duly provides for their wants 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.24|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.). Here and elsewhere the laws of natural affection are extended to spiritual relations 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.11|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 From these passages it will be seen how immeasurably the conception of Fatherhood is extended by the Lord beyond that in the Old Testament. The bond is moral, and not physical: it is personal and human, and not national. It suggests thoughts of character, of duty, of confidence which belong to a believer as such and not peculiarly to those who stand in particular outward circumstances. In the few other passages in the Synoptic Gospels in which the title your Father occurs, it has the same force: it conveys implicitly grounds of trust and the certainty of future triumph 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” Mat. 10:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.29|AUTODETECT|” 10:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The name of Him whom the Lord made known was, it may be said truly, the Father, even as the name of Him who sent Moses was Jehovah, the absolute, the self-existent��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

format=1 N-8 1 3 13 1 0 8 0 0

14 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 There is really no strict representative of the name Jehovah in the New Testament except in the ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 Ad�) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 of the Apocalypse, and even there it is modified: Apoc. 1:4, 1:8, 4:8 18 1 -1 9 0 0 Ab��vA&��vA��) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 ), 11:17, 16:5 18 1 -1 9 0 0 Ab��vA&�) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��. And in this connexion the first petition of the Lord s Prayer gains a new meaning: ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the supreme revelation of Fatherhood 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.2|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The revelation of the Father is indeed distinctly claimed by the Lord for Himself alone 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). True discipleship to Him is the fulfilment of His Father s will 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He pronounces with authority upon the divine counsels and the divine working, as being of His Father 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.17|AUTODETECT|” 16:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.10|AUTODETECT|” 18:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.14|AUTODETECT|” 18:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.19|AUTODETECT|” 18:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.35|AUTODETECT|” 18:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.34|AUTODETECT|” 25:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.29|AUTODETECT|” 26:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.29|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He speaks of His Father s promise 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:49) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and of His Father s presence 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.32|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.) with the confidence of a Son. But with the confidence of a Son the Lord maintains also the dependence of a Son. Every prayer which He makes will be answered 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.53|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:53) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), yet He places Himself wholly in His Father s hands 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:39) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” 26:42) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and He reserves some things for His Father alone 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.23|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Such a revelation of the Divine Fatherhood through the Son to sons definitely distinguishes the Christian doctrine of God from Pantheism and Theism. As against Pantheism it shews God as distinct from and raised immeasurably above the world; as against Theism it shews God as entering into a living fellowship with men, as taking humanity into personal union with Himself. The unseen King of the divine Kingdom is made known as One to whom His people can draw near with the confidence of children��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

format=1 �-8 1 3 13 1 0 8 0 0

5 1 -1 9 0 0 The simple title my Father is comparatively rare in the Synoptic Gospels. It is not found in St Mark (comp. 8:38 || Matt. 16:27). It occurs in St Luke:) 5 1 1 8 0 0 2:49 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 5 2 1 8 0 0 10:22 (parallel to Matt. 11:27)) 22:29 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|��A� � ��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 24:49 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �t�� ) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 5 2 1 8 0 0 In St Matthew it is found more frequently) 11:27 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��Q�x�� ) 5 1 1 8 0 0 20:23 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �7�!��Q�x�� ) 5 1 1 8 0 0 25:34 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �1�P�� ) 5 1 1 8 0 0 26:29 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 5 1 1 8 0 0 26:39, 42 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 6:53 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��x��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 But most frequently with the addition ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A�(�� P��(A�P��) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 5 1 1 8 0 0 7:21, 12:50 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �x�� (�� P�) 5 1 1 8 0 0 10:32, 33 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� (�� P�) 5 1 1 8 0 0 15:13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 #��P��A� � A�P��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 6:17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �P��A� � A��P�) 5 1 1 8 0 0 18:10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �x�� P�) 5 1 1 8 0 0 18:19 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��P��p�� P�) 15 1 0 8 0 0 18:35 ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 �U��vA� � A�P��Q��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The revelation of God as the Father is specially brought out by St John; but in a somewhat different form from that in which it is found in the Synoptists. Two titles occur commonly in the Gospel in relation to Christ: (�) The Father; and (�) My Father. Both of these occur in the Synoptists each nine or ten times. But on the other hand St John never uses the phrases A �� A � �P�� (A �P��), A ��t� Q�� A � �P��, which occur each nine times in the Synoptic Gospels; nor does he use the phrase A ��t� Q�� except 20:17 (in contrast); nor yet the Pauline phrase A ��t� !�� in his own writings. In the Epistles he uses uniformly the absolute title A �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) without any addition; and in the Apoc. A ��t� �P�� (��) but not A ��.) 9 2 4 8 0 0 These differences though minute are really significant. St John in his latest writings regards the relation of the Divine Fatherhood in its eternal, that is, in its present, realisation, and not in regard to another order. Or to look at the truth from another point of view, St John presents to us the Sonship of Christ, the foundation of the sonship of men, from its absolute side, while the Synoptists connect it with the fulfilment of the office of the Messianic King.) The full sense of the title the Father will be seen by an examination of the passages in which the titles A �� and A �� occur in close connexion:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.18|AUTODETECT|” John 1:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� … �0� �x� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.34|AUTODETECT|” John 3:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. A �� … �p �� … A ��t� �� … ! @��t �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21|AUTODETECT|” John 4:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. �� … �� … A �� … �� A ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.27|AUTODETECT|” John 6:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A ��, A ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.45|AUTODETECT|” John 6:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f. �� … �� … �x� �� … �� … �x� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.3|AUTODETECT|” John 13:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 E�� P�� A �� … ��v E�� x �� v ��x� �x� ��x� Q��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.1|AUTODETECT|” John 14:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.14.2|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.14.9|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x� �� … �� … �x� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. �x� �� … �� … �� … �� … �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� … ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 4:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. A �� … �� … A �� … �� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The title my Father as used by the Lord marks the special relation of God to the Son Incarnate, and so, mediately, to man in virtue of the Incarnation, and to all revelation as leading up to it. It is found ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.16|AUTODETECT|” John 2:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.5|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :17, 43, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.6|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :32, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.6|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :40, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :19, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :49, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :54, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :18, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :25, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :29, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :37, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :2, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :7, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :20, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :21, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.14|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :23, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :1, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :8, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :15, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :23, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.15|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :24, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.20|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :17.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 As to the relation of the two titles the Father and my Father, it may be said generally that the former suggests those thoughts which spring from the consideration of the moral connexion of God and man in virtue of the creation of man in the image of God, while the latter points to those which spring from what has been made known to us in the course of the history of the world, the revelation of the connexion of the Incarnate Son with God and with man. The Father corresponds under this aspect with the group of ideas gathered up in the Lord s title the Son of man 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.27|AUTODETECT|” John 6:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.28|AUTODETECT|” 8:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and my Father with those which are gathered up in the titles, the Son of God, the Christ. ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The first instances in which the Lord uses the two titles seem to mark their meaning.) 9 1 3 8 0 0 2:16 A �6�� . ��, comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:49) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 3 8 0 0 4:21, 23 �� , comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 3 8 0 0 And the first great discourse which lays the foundation of the Lord s claims unfolds the relation of the Son to the Father and to men, and so of men to the Father 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.19|AUTODETECT|” John 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In this discourse it will be noticed that the title my Father is found at the beginning and the end 10 1 -1 9 0 0 vv.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 17, 43), but elsewhere only the absolute titles the Father, the Son. ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The two titles occur not unfrequently in close connexion, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 e.g.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 :) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.43|AUTODETECT|” John 5:43) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� @�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.45|AUTODETECT|” John 5:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �t �� E�� | �� Q�� x� �x� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.27|AUTODETECT|” John 6:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A ��t� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.32|AUTODETECT|” John 6:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� Q�� x� �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.27|AUTODETECT|” John 10:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��p �� A ��t� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” John 10:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� t� ��t� �� p �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” John 10:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� C �� … �� x� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.7|AUTODETECT|” John 14:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.9|AUTODETECT|” John 14:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A ��|� �r �� x� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.17|AUTODETECT|” John 20:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �T�� x� �x� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.17|AUTODETECT|” John 20:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �x� �� & ) 9 1 4 8 0 0 They are found also in phrases otherwise identical to which they give a sensible difference of colour.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.11|AUTODETECT|” John 14:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| � �� v ��v A ��t� � ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.20|AUTODETECT|” John 14:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| � �� v Q�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.31|AUTODETECT|” John 14:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��t� �� A ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” John 10:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� t� �� p �� .) 9 2 4 8 0 0 If we try to go a little further into detail we notice the title the Father :) (1) In relation to men:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.21|AUTODETECT|” John 4:21 3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.45|AUTODETECT|” John 5:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �t �� E�� | �� Q�� x� �x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.45|AUTODETECT|” John 6:45) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A �� p �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.46|AUTODETECT|” John 6:46) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �P� E�� x� �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.65|AUTODETECT|” John 6:65) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 p� �t � �� P�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” John 10:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.32|AUTODETECT|” John 10:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Q�� p � �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.26|AUTODETECT|” John 12:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� P�x� A �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” John 14:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �P��v� �� x� �x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.8|AUTODETECT|” John 14:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� � … �� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.16|AUTODETECT|” John 15:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 E�� 0�� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.23|AUTODETECT|” John 16:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � �� 0�� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.26|AUTODETECT|” John 16:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �. ��v Q��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.27|AUTODETECT|” John 16:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �� Q��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.1|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �x� �. (note).) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.14|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ! �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �P� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� !�� A �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.4|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��t� �� p �� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (2) In relation to the Son absolutely:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.18|AUTODETECT|” John 1:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A b� �0� �x� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.35|AUTODETECT|” John 3:35) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �� x� �1�� (comp. 15:9).) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.26|AUTODETECT|” John 5:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A � … �� 1� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.46|AUTODETECT|” John 6:46) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �W�� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.57|AUTODETECT|” John 6:57) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��| �� p �x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” John 10:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| ��v A �. � ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.28|AUTODETECT|” John 14:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.15|AUTODETECT|” John 16:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� E�� A �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 %�� &� ��x� �x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 1�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 2 John 9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��v �x� �. ��v �x� �1x� �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.22|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (3) In relation to the Mission of the Son the Father that sent me :) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.23|AUTODETECT|” John 5:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. A �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.36|AUTODETECT|” John 5:36) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A �. … �� E�� A �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.37|AUTODETECT|” John 5:37) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.16|AUTODETECT|” 8:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.18|AUTODETECT|” 8:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.49|AUTODETECT|” 12:49) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.24|AUTODETECT|” 14:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.44|AUTODETECT|” John 6:44) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. A �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.36|AUTODETECT|” John 10:36) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 C� A �. !�� v ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.21|AUTODETECT|” John 20:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|� �� A �.) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Comp. 16:27 f. ��p �� ., � �� . ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 4:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �� x� �1��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.22|AUTODETECT|” 2:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.23|AUTODETECT|” 2:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.24|AUTODETECT|” 2:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �., A �1��.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (4) More particularly in relation to the form of the Mission:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.36|AUTODETECT|” John 5:36) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A �. 5�� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.27|AUTODETECT|” John 6:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �1x� �� … �� A �. ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.28|AUTODETECT|” John 8:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|� �� A �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.38|AUTODETECT|” John 8:38) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| �� p �� . ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.50|AUTODETECT|” John 12:50) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|� �4�� A �. �U�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.31|AUTODETECT|” John 14:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|� ��t� �� A �. �U�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.10|AUTODETECT|” John 15:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��|� �| �� . �p� ��p� ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.11|AUTODETECT|” John 18:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x �� C �� A �.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (5) And also to the active communion between the Father and the Son in the accomplishment of it:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.19|AUTODETECT|” John 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. � �t �� x� �. ��, A �. �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.37|AUTODETECT|” John 6:37) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 C �� A �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.15|AUTODETECT|” John 10:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A �. ��| �� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.38|AUTODETECT|” John 10:38) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � ��v A �. ��| � �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.10|AUTODETECT|” John 14:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. � ��v �� p �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.11|AUTODETECT|” John 14:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| � �� . ��v A �. � ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.31|AUTODETECT|” John 14:31) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.32|AUTODETECT|” John 16:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (6) And to the consummation of the Mission:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.17|AUTODETECT|” John 10:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��p �� A �. �� E�� | �� t� �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.12|AUTODETECT|” John 14:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �| ��x� �x� �. ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.13|AUTODETECT|” John 14:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 5�� A �. � �� 1�.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.16|AUTODETECT|” John 14:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �. ��v �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.28|AUTODETECT|” John 14:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.28|AUTODETECT|” 16:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �x� �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.10|AUTODETECT|” John 14:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��x� �x� �. Q��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.17|AUTODETECT|” John 14:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Q�� x� �x� �.) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Comp. 13:1 5�� … ��x� �x� �.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (7) And to the Mission of the Spirit:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” John 14:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x �� x �� C �� A �. � �� @�� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.26|AUTODETECT|” John 15:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� C� �| �� Q�� ., �x �� & C ��p �� . ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.25|AUTODETECT|” John 16:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��v �� . �� Q��.) 9 4 4 8 0 0 In each respect the particular relation is traced up to the primal relation of the perfect divine love expressed in the idea of Fatherhood and Sonship.) The title my Father is far more rare than the Father, though it has been not unfrequently substituted for it in the later texts it, order to bring out a more obvious sense. It fixes attention, as has been already remarked, upon the actual circumstances of Christ as the Incarnate Son, as serving to convey the true idea of God as Father.) Hence it is used) (1) Specially in connexion with the office of Christ as the Fulfiller of the old Covenant, the Interpreter of the God of Israel Who had been misunderstood by the Jews. Looking to Christ, to His acts and words, Israel might see the true character of the Lord. The Son was the revelation of His Father:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.16|AUTODETECT|” John 2:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x� �6�� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.17|AUTODETECT|” John 5:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �. �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.32|AUTODETECT|” John 6:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �. �� Q�� x� �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.19|AUTODETECT|” John 8:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �T�� 4�� T�� x� �. �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.49|AUTODETECT|” John 8:49) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �. �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.54|AUTODETECT|” John 8:54) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A �. �. A �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.37|AUTODETECT|” John 10:37) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �0 �P �� p �� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1|AUTODETECT|” John 15:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �. A �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.8|AUTODETECT|” John 15:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � �� A �. �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.23|AUTODETECT|” John 15:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �� v �x� �. �. ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.24|AUTODETECT|” John 15:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� v �r ��v �x� �. �.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 (2) And more widely of the particular aspect under which Christ presented the divine character in His own Person and Life:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.40|AUTODETECT|” John 6:40) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x �� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” John 10:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� t� �� p �� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.29|AUTODETECT|” John 10:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �. C �� .) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.2|AUTODETECT|” John 14:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � �� 0�� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.7|AUTODETECT|” John 10:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �0 �� v �x� �. �. � ��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.20|AUTODETECT|” John 10:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� E�� | � �� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.21|AUTODETECT|” John 10:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� r �� Q�x �� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.23|AUTODETECT|” John 10:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �. �. �� P��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.15|AUTODETECT|” John 15:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 $�� . �. �� Q��.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.17|AUTODETECT|” John 20:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� x� �x� �. �. ��v �� Q��.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus we can see the full force of the phrase I came in My Father s name, and not simply in the Father s name. Christ consummated the earlier teaching and presented in a pattern of complete sacrifice the fulfilment of that love which is the source of being:) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.43|AUTODETECT|” John 5:43) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� @�� . �.) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.25|AUTODETECT|” John 10:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �p �� | �� @�� . �.) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Comp. 17:6, 11, 12, 26 (�x D�� .).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 My Father in the revelation of Christ brings the Father close to us 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Still one other title must be noticed, the living Father, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.57|AUTODETECT|” John 6:57) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . This phrase is unique, though it corresponds to the common title the living God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.2|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 7:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� , 15:7 �� 0� ��z� �0., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A �1x� �� . �� . &c.) In the view which it gives of the continuous activity of the divine love it completes the view of the divine sovereignty given by the phrase A �� 0��, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.17|AUTODETECT|” 1 Tim. 1:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.15.3|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 15:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 10 1 4 8 0 0 Additional Note on 1:7. The idea of Christ s Blood in the New Testament��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 19 0 0 no-protect 0 1

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20 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 On the subject of this note I may refer to the very suggestive note of Dr Milligan, ) 16 1 -1 9 0 0 The Resurrection of Our Lord) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 263 ff. Compare Additional Note on Hebr. 9:12.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The interpretation of the passages in the New Testament which refer to the blessings obtained by the Blood of Christ must rest finally upon the interpretation given to the use of Blood in the sacrificial system of the O.T. Our own natural associations with Blood tend, if not to mislead, at least to obscure the ideas which it suggested to a Jew.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 And here it is obvious that the place occupied by Blood in the Jewish sacrifices was connected with the general conception attached to it throughout the Pentateuch. The Blood is the seat of Life in such a sense that it can be spoken of directly as the Life itself 11 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 9:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.12.23|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 12:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). More exactly the Life is said to be in the Blood 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.17.11|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 17:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Hence it was forbidden to eat flesh with the blood 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 9:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.7.26|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 7:26) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.17.11|AUTODETECT|” 17:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.12.23|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 12:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.): a man might not use another s life for the support of his physical life.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 For it must be observed that by the outpouring of the Blood the life which was in it was not destroyed, though it was separated from the organism which it had before quickened: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 4:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.24|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (��p �x� ��); ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 6:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 This prohibition of the use of Blood as food gave occasion for the clearest declaration of its significance in sacrifice 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=3.17.10|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 17:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.): ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among the people. For the soul life ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 11 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 of the flesh is in the blood; and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls lives) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 11 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 for the Blood, it atones through the soul life) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 11 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 i.e.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 its atoning virtue lies not in its material substance but in the life of which it is the vehicle. Moreover, the Blood already shed is distinctly treated as living. When it is sprinkled upon the altar it makes atonement in virtue of the life which is in it.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus two distinct ideas were included in the sacrifice of a victim, the death of the victim by the shedding of its blood, and the liberation, so to speak, of the principle of life by which it had been animated, so that this life became available for another end��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

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14 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 Compare Philo, ) 16 1 -1 9 0 0 qu. det. pot. ins.) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 �23, 1. 207 M.: ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 !�r��V��t��x��P��6��!�r�� x��… ��v�� #�@��0��…) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��. The ritual of sacrifice took account of both these moments in the symbolic act. The slaughtering of the victim, which was properly the work of the offerer, was sharply separated from the sprinkling of the blood, which was the exclusive work of the priest. The death was inflicted by him who in his representative acknowledged the due punishment of his sin; the bringing near to God of the life so rendered up was the office of the appointed mediators between God and men. Death and life were both exhibited, death as the consequence of sin, and life made by the divine appointment a source of life. And it is worthy of notice that these two thoughts of the shedding and of the sprinkling of the Blood, which embrace the two elements in the conception of atonement, were equally expressed by the one word �1��, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 sanguinis effusio) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 10 1 -1 9 0 0 fusio) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) V., ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 outpouring of blood) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 So far the thoughts suggested by the Jewish animal sacrifices seem to be clear; but they were necessarily imperfect and transitional. The union between the offerer and the offering was conventional and not real. The victim was irrational, so that there could be no true fellowship between it and the offender. Its death was involuntary, so that it could not embody in the highest form surrender to the divine will.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 All that was foreshadowed by the Mosaic sacrificial system, all that was from the nature of the case wanting in it, Christ supplied. With Him, the Son of Man, all men are made capable of vital union: in Him all men find their true life. His sacrifice of Himself, through life and through death, was in every part a reasonable service. He endured the Cross at the hands of men. He was at once offered and offered Himself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.28|AUTODETECT|” 9:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and by His own blood He entered in once for all into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus in accordance with the typical teaching of the Levitical ordinances the Blood of Christ represents Christ s Life (1) as rendered in free self-sacrifice to God for men, and (2) as brought into perfect fellowship with God, having been set free by death. The Blood of Christ is, as shed, the Life of Christ given for men, and, as applied, the Life of Christ now given to men, the Life which is the spring of their life 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.24|AUTODETECT|” John 12:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In each case the efficacy of the Life of Christ depends, from man s side, on the incorporation of the believer in Christ. ) 9 2 4 8 0 0 It will be evident from what has been said that while the thought of Christ s Blood (as shed) includes all that is involved in Christ s Death, the Death of Christ, on the other hand, expresses only a part, the initial part, of the whole conception of Christ s Blood. The Blood always includes the thought of the life preserved and active beyond death.) This conception of the Blood of Christ is fully brought out in the fundamental passage, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.53-43.6.56|AUTODETECT|” John 6:53 56) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 . Participation in Christ s Blood is participation in His life 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 56). But at the same time it is implied throughout that it is only through His Death His violent Death that His Blood can be made available for men.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In the other passages of St John s writings, where reference is made to the Blood of Christ, now one part of the whole conception and now the other predominates. In ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� v �� !�� [!��] � �� 5�� P��, and in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 5:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 E�� v �� 5��, the idea of the single act, the pouring out of blood in death, is most prominent and yet not exclusively present. In the one case the present participle (��) seems to extend the act beyond the moment of accomplishment; and in the other � �� 5�� is felt to add something to �� which is not included in it. The Blood is not simply the price by which .the redeemed were purchased but the power by which they were quickened so as to be capable of belonging to God.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 On the other hand in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.11|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 12:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� P�x� �� x �7�� , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.14|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 7:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� P�p� [�p� ��] � �� 5�� , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.7|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x �7�� 8�� 1�� P�� !�� x �� , the conception of the Blood as an energetic power, as a fountain of life, opened by death and flowing still, is clearly marked.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 This latter thought explains the stress which St John lays on the issue of the blood and the water from the side of the Lord after the Crucifixion 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.34|AUTODETECT|” John 19:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.6|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 5:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. notes). That which was outwardly, physically, death, was yet reconcileable with life. Christ lived even in Death and through Death.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The simple idea of the Death of Christ, as separated from His Life, falls wholly into the background in the writings of St John 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.50|AUTODETECT|” John 11:50) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.14|AUTODETECT|” 18:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.24|AUTODETECT|” 12:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.12.12|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :33; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.32|AUTODETECT|” 18:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is only in the words of Caiaphas that the virtue of Christ s death is directly mentioned. In this respect his usage differs from that of St Paul and St Peter (��). If the Good Shepherd lays down His life for the sheep 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), this last act only reveals the devotion of His care for them.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In the Epistle to the Hebrews the manifold efficacy of Christ s Blood is directly illustrated by a parallel with two representative sacrifices, the Covenant Sacrifice by which Israel was brought into fellowship with God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.), and the Service of the Day of Atonement, by which the broken fellowship was again restored 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The Blood of Christ is the Blood of the New Covenant: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.28|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.24|AUTODETECT|” Mk. 14:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.22.20|AUTODETECT|” Lc. 22:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.25|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 11:25) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.27|AUTODETECT|” 11:27) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 Cor. 10:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and it is the Blood through which He as our High Priest enters into the Presence of God for us: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.23|AUTODETECT|” 9:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; comp. 13:12, 1:3. These two aspects of the truth need to be carefully regarded. By sprinkling of Christ s Blood the believer is first brought into fellowship with God in Christ; and in the imperfect conduct of his personal life, the life of Christ is continually communicated to him for growth and cleansing. He himself enters into the Divine Presence in the Blood of Jesus 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) surrounded, as it were, and supported by the Life which flows from Him��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

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14 1 -1 9 0 0 1 ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 Compare a remarkable passage of Clement of Alexandria: ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 ��x��r�x�7�� x�r��P�� x�r�� v��x�7��8��0��r��x�� a��7��) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 16 1 -1 9 0 0 PS.) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 2:2, �19).) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Similar thoughts find expression in the other writings of the New Testament. Thus we read with predominant reference to the initial act of salvation:) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �t� �� #� �� p �� 5�� 0��.) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f. �� … �� 5�� a� �� v �� .) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �0�� p �� 5�� P��.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 But even in such cases the first act is not regarded as an isolated act of forgiveness. It is the beginning of a state which continues:) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 4�� P�� P��.) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:7) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � � �� t� �� p �� 5�� P��.) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:13) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� z� � �� 5�� .) 9 1 4 8 0 0 In other places the thought of the continuous efficacy of Christ s Blood as a power of life is even more conspicuous:) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 1 Pet. 1:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (��) �1� Q��t� ��v ��x� �5�� 8�� .) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �x �7�� … �� t� �� x �� 0� �x �� .) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ..�� 0� �t� �4�� 5�� 8�� … �� …) 12 1 4 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.24|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (��) �5�� p �x� ��.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The two elements which are thus included in the thought of Christ s Blood, or, in the narrower sense of the word, of Christ s Death and Christ s Blood, that is of Christ s Death (the Blood shed) and of Christ s Life (the Blood offered), are indicated clearly in ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 v.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 9 [) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 God) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ] ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (the virtue of Christ s Death); ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 (the virtue of Christ s Life).) 10 1 2 8 0 0 Additional Note on 1:9. The idea of sin in St John) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The treatment of the doctrine of sin by St John requires to be considered briefly in its main features for the understanding of many details in the Epistle. Sin, St John says in a phrase of which the terms are made convertible, is lawlessness 10 1 -1 9 0 0 peccatum est iniquitas) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V.). The description is absolutely exhaustive. Man is constituted with a threefold relation, a threefold obligation to self, to the world, to God. To violate the law by which this relation is defined in life is to sin. Each conscious act by which the law is broken is a sin : the principle which finds expression in the special acts is sin 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” John 1:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 )��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

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5 1 -1 9 0 0 This use of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 !��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 is not found in the Synoptic Gospels nor in the Acts. It occurs in St Paul: Rom. 5:12, &c.) 15 1 0 8 0 0 Many of the special terms which are used for sin in different aspects in other writings of the New Testament, are wanting in St John, ) 16 1 -1 9 0 0 e.g.) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 (St Paul, St Peter, St Jude), ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 18 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 ; 18 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 18 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 15 1 -1 9 0 0 (St Matthew, St Mark, St Paul). He commonly speaks of sin under the terms darkness, hatred, wandering. Compare the very interesting enumeration of typical forms of sin in Ecclus. 41:17 f.) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 When traced back to its last form this sin is the self-assertion of the finite in violation of the limits which guide the harmonious fulfilment of the idea of its being. Every such act, being in its essence self-regarding, self-centred, must be a violation of love. Thus lawlessness is under another aspect selfishness; or as it is characterised by St John, hatred in opposition to love 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.14|AUTODETECT|” 3:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.20|AUTODETECT|” 4:20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). There can be essentially no middle term.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The law which determines man s right conduct finds manifold declaration, through special divine utterances 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.8|AUTODETECT|” John 17:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ��), commandments (c. 2:3 ��), which are gathered up in the unity of one revelation (��) without and within (c. 2:7, 2:14). To disregard any of these is to sin.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 It follows that �� and �� have two distinct meanings. �� may describe a single act impressed by the sinful character 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.16|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 5:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.), or sin regarded in the abstract 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” John 16:8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). And again �� may be to commit a sinful act (c. 1:10) or to present a sinful character (c. 3:6). The plural �� offers no ambiguity 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.24|AUTODETECT|” John 8:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” 20:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 2:2) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
9 1 -1 9 0 0 :12; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 3:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 4:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.4|AUTODETECT|” 18:4) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 This distinction between the principle, the power, of sin and the manifestation of the power in individual sins is of primary importance. The wrong-doer embodies sin in deed 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.34|AUTODETECT|” John 8:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ), just as the right-doer embodies the Truth (c. 1:6 �� t� ��; and by so doing he contracts a character corresponding to his deeds (c. 1:8 �� ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Sin, as a fact, is universal 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.10|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and the end of sin is death 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.15|AUTODETECT|” James 1:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Or, as St John states the case, looking at the eternal relations of things, man in his natural state is in death 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.14|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 0� �t� ��; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.24|AUTODETECT|” John 5:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.40|AUTODETECT|” 5:40) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.22|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 || Lc. 9:60; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Lc. 15:24) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The wrath of God abideth upon him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.36|AUTODETECT|” John 3:36) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� P��; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� @��). He needs salvation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.17|AUTODETECT|” John 3:17) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.34|AUTODETECT|” 5:34) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.9|AUTODETECT|” 10:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.47|AUTODETECT|” 12:47) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; �� ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.42|AUTODETECT|” John 4:42) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 4:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ! �� ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.22|AUTODETECT|” John 4:22) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 7:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” 12:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.1|AUTODETECT|” 19:1) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 It may come to pass that sin and sins surround the sinner and become as it were the element in which he exists 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.21|AUTODETECT|” John 8:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � �� , 24 � �� , comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 5:19) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 � ��, �� ). He who sins has not seen God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.6|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:6) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Darkness not only hinders the use of sight but destroys the organ of sight 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.11|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). There is even in the Christian body a sin unto death 10 1 -1 9 0 0 peccatum ad mortem) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V.) which excludes from the privileges of the Christian society, the natural forces of the Christian life.) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The efficacy of Christ s work extends both to sin and sins. As the Lamb of God He taketh away the sin of the world 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” John 1:29) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A ��x� �� , A �4�� t� �� , V. ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 Agnus Dei & qui tollit peccatum mundi) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and again He was manifested that He may take away sins, not simply our sins 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� 5�� 4�� p� ��, ) 10 1 -1 9 0 0 apparuit ut peccata tolleret) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V.). Under another aspect this removal of sins is an undoing, an abrogation of the works of the devil 10 1 -1 9 0 0 apparuit Filius Dei ut dissolvat opera diaboli) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 V.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 The consequences of sin once committed place the need of the sinner in a clear light. Sin unless it be taken away abideth 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.9.41|AUTODETECT|” John 9:41) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and its consequences fall under three main heads. The sinner incurs a debt; he falls into bondage; and he is estranged from God. The particular act calls for a proportionate reparation, the moral discipline of the debtor coinciding with the satisfaction due to the broken law; the wrong-doing impairs so far the powers of the doer; and it also places a barrier between him and God. The notion of debt 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:12) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is recognised in that of the remission of sins 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” John 20:23) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ): the notion of bondage finds a most emphatic exposition in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.32|AUTODETECT|” John 8:32) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.: the love of the Father is incompatible with the love of the world, out of which sin springs 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 2:15) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:18) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:21) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Thus it is that man needs forgiveness, redemption, reconciliation. Forgiveness in order to be complete involves not only the remission of the penalty of the deed but the removal of the direct results of the act on the doer. As long as a debtor finds that his debt is remembered though the payment of it will not be exacted, forgiveness is not complete. The exercise of such a power of forgiveness corresponds with a new creation. Thus when the Lord claims as Son of man the power of the forgiveness of sins He offers as a sign of it a creative Acts 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 9:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.; comp. ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.14|AUTODETECT|” John 5:14) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And so St John appeals to the divine promise assured to the penitent to forgive their sins and cleanse them from all unrighteousness 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 1:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Redemption again includes two elements, the deliverance of the sinner from thraldom to a foreign power, and the restoration of his lost strength. St John does not use the group of words connected with �� (��, ��, ��, ��), but he has the simple �� 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and in the Apocalypse he carries out the notion yet further, representing Christians as bought for God (5:9; 14:3 f.).) 9 1 4 8 0 0 Man s estrangement from God by sin can also be regarded in two ways. Sin cannot but be a bar to God s love; and conversely man as sinful cannot love God. He requires a change in condition and a change in feeling, propitiation and reconcilement. The latter thought finds its plainest expression in the group of words ��, ��, ��, which are peculiar to St Paul: the former in the group 1��, 1��, 1��. The change in the personal relation of man to God, from the side of man, indicated by reconcilement 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.18-47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” 2 Cor. 5:18 20) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.), is referred to its source by St John, who shews that the love of God in the Mission of His Son calls out man s love 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 4:10) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). On the other hand God looks with good pleasure on man in Christ: Christ is the propitiation for our sins (c. 2:2). He loosed us from our sins in His blood 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Apoc. 1:5) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). His blood cleanseth from all sin 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:3) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ��x� �. ��, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.22.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:16) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 �� p� �.)��) -203 9 -1 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 no-protect 0 1

format=1 � -8 1 3 13 1 0 8 0 0

5 1 -1 9 0 0 It will be of interest to put together without any discussion the various phrases which describe the action of Christ with regard to sin and sins.) 5 2 1 8 0 0 (1) As to sin itself, He brought) condemnation by His Incarnation; Rom. 8:3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A��x��x��1x��… ��t��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 disannulling by His sacrifice: Heb. 9:26 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �0�� p��P��…) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 Comp. Rom. 6:7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A��|��x��) 5 2 1 8 0 0 (2) AS to the sins of men Christ) makes propitiation for them: Heb. 2:17 & ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��… �0�1��p��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 forgives them: Matt. 9:2 ff.: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��1��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 Comp. Col. 2:13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��p��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 takes them away, by bearing them: 1 John 3:5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 4��p��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 John 1:29 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A�4��t��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 Comp. Heb. 10:4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 ; 10:11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 looses men from them: Apoc. 1:5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��… ��!�� 5��P��) 5 1 -1 9 0 0 Comp. Rom. 6:22 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ��x��) 5 1 1 8 0 0 cleanses men from all sin: 1 John 1:7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �x�7��8��… ��!� �x� �) 15 1 0 8 0 0 saves from sins: Matt. 1:21 ) 18 1 -1 9 0 0 ��… �x��) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The last phrases lead at once to St John s view of the way in which the work of the Word Incarnate avails for forgiveness, for redemption, for reconcilement. By dying on the Cross He made His Life His blood available for all who believe in Him. The gift of God is eternal, divine, life, and this life is in His Son 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.11|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 5:11) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 f.). The possession of such life is the destruction of past sin, and safety from sin to come 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.3.9|AUTODETECT|” 1 John 3:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By incorporation with Christ the believer shares the virtue of His humanity 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.51|AUTODETECT|” John 6:51) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.57|AUTODETECT|” 6:57) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus finally unbelief in Him is the test of sin 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.16.9|AUTODETECT|” John 16:9) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 9 2 4 8 0 0 Compare additional notes on 1:7; 2:2, 2:13.) It may be added that it will be evident from this sketch of the teaching of the N.T. on sin, according to which the fundamental conception of sin is the self-assertion of the finite against the infinite, that the relation of good to evil is not one which exists of necessity in the nature of things. The difference is not metaphysical, inherent in being, so that the existence of evil is involved in the existence of good; nor physical, as if there were an essential antagonism between matter and spirit; but moral, that is recognised in the actual course of life, so that evil when present is known to be opposed to good.) 9 1 2 8 0 0 )

Westcott's Commentaries

Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) was an English biblical scholar, Bishop of Durham, and Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, best known for his collaboration with F.J.A. Hort in producing the landmark critical edition of the Greek New Testament. His commentaries on the Gospel of John, Hebrews, …

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