γάρ, a conjunction, which ace. to its composition, γέ and dpa (i. 4. ἄρ), is properly a particle of affirmation and conclusion, denoting truly therefore, verily as the case stands, “ the thing is first aflirmed by the particle yé, and then is referred to what precedes by the force of the particle dpa” (Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 232; οἵ. Kiihner ii. p. 724; [Jelf § 786; W. 445 (415) sq-]). Now since by a new affirmation not infrequently the reason and nature of something previously mentioned are set forth, it comes to pass that, by the use of this particle, either the reason and cause of a foregoing statement is added, whence arises the causal or argumentative force of the particle, for (Lat. nam, enim; Germ. denn) ; or some previous declaration is explained, whence γάρ takes on an ex plicative force: YP Sor, the fact is, namely (Lat. videlicet, Germ. ndmilich). Thus the force of the particle is either conclusive, or demonstrative, or explicative and declaratory; cf. Rost in Passow’s Lex. i. p. 535 sqq.; Kiihner li. pp. 724 sqq. 852 sqq.; [ef. L. andS.s. v.]. The use of the particle in the N. T. does not differ from that in the classics. I. Its primary and original Conclusive force is seen in questions (in Grk. writ. also in exclamations) and answers expressed with emotion; where, acc. to the connexion, it may be freely represented by assuredly, verily, forsooth, why, then, ete. : ἐν yap τούτῳ ete. ye profess not to know whence he is; herein then is assuredly a marvellous thing, why, herein etc. Jn. ix. 30; ob yap, ἀλλὰ etc. by no means in this state of things, nay verily, but ete. Acts xvi. 37; certainly, if that is the case, 1 Co. viii. 11 LT Tr WH. It is joined to interrogative particles and pronouns: μὴ yap ete. Jn. vii. 41 (do ye then suppose that the Christ comes out of Galilee? What, doth the Christ, ete.?); μὴ yap -..ovx, 1 Co. xi. 22 (what! since ye are so eager to eat and drink, have ye nol, ete.?) ; tis yap, τί γάρ: Mt. xxvii. 23 (τί yap κακὸν ἐποίησεν, ye demand that he be crucified like a malefactor, Why, what evil hath he done?); Mt. ix. 5 (your thoughts are evil; which then do ye suppose to be the easier, etc. ?) ;Mt. xvi. 26; xxiii. 17,19; Lk. ix. 25; Acts xix. 35; ri yap; for ri γάρ ἐστι, what then ? i.e. what, under these circumstances, ought to be the conclusion? Phil. i. 18 [cf. Ellic. ad loc.]; πῶς yap, Acts viii. 31; cf. Klotz |. c. p. 245 sqq.; Kiihner ii. p. 726; [Jelf ii. p. 608]; W. 447 (416). Here belongs also the vexed passage LK. xviii. 14 ἢ yap ἐκεῖνος (so GT Tr mrg., but L WH Tr txt. wap’ ἐκεῖνον) or do ye suppose then that that man went down approved of God? cf. W. 241 (226). II. It adduces the Cause or gives the Reason of a preceding statement or opinion ; 1. univ.: Mt. ii. δ: vas 24 ΜῈ τον ax. 8... Moker eae 18: σαὶ Alone ers 25; Acts ii. 25; Ro.i. 9,11; 1 Co. xi.5; Heb.ii. 8; 1 Jn. ii. 19; Rev. i. 3, and very often. In Jn. iv. 44 yap assigns the reason why now at length Jesus betook himself into Galilee; for the authority denied to a prophet in his own country (Galilee), he had previously to seek and obtain among strangers; cf. 45; Meyer [yet see ed. 6 (Weiss)] ad loc.; Strauss, Leben Jesu, i. 725 ed. 3; Neander, Leben Jesu, p. 385 sq. ed. 1 [Am. trans. pp. 100, 168]; Ewald, Jahrbb. d. bibl. Wissensch. x. p. 108 566. 2. Often the sentences are connected in such a way that either some particular statement is established by a general proposition (‘the particular by the universal’), as in Mt. vii. 8 ; xiii. 12; xxii. 14; Mk. iv. 22, 253; Jn. iii. 20; 1 Co. xii. 12; Heb. v. 13, etc.; or what has ‘been stated generally, is proved to be correctly stated by a particular instance (‘the universal by the particular’): Mk. vii. 10; Lk. xii. 52,58; Ro. vii. 2; 1 Co. i. 26; xii. 8. 3. To sentences in which something is commanded or forbidden, yap annexes the reason why the thing must either be done or avoided: Mt. i. 20 sq.; ii. 20; iii. 9; vii. 2; Ro. xiii. 11; Col. iii. 3; 1 Th. iv. 3; Heb. ii. 2, and very often. In Phil. ii. 13 yap connects the verse with vs. 12 thus: work out your salvation with most intense earnestness, for nothing short of this accords with God’s saving efficiency within your souls, to whom you owe both the good desire and the power to execute that desire. 4. To questions, yap annexes the reason why the question is asked: Mt. ii. 2 (we ask this with good reason, for we have seen the star which announces his birth); Mt. xxii. 28; Ro. xiv. 10; 1 Co. xiv. 9; Gal. i. 10. 5. Frequently the statement which contains the cause is interrogative; ris, tiydp: Lk. xxii. 27; Ro. iv. 3; xi. 34; 1 Co.ii. 16; vii. 16; Heb.i.5; xii. 7; τί yap for τί γάρ ἐστι, Ro. iii. 3 (ef. Fritzsche ad loc.; [Ellic. on Phil. i. 18]); ἵνα τί γάρ, 1 Co. x. 29; ποία yap, Jas. iv. 14 [WH txt. om. Tr br. yap]. 6. Sometimes in answers it is so used to make good the substance of a preceding question that it can be rendered yea, assuredly: 1 Co. ix. 10; 1 Th. ii. 20; cf. Kuhner ii. p. 724. 7. Sometimes it confirms, not a single statement, but the point of an entire discussion: Ro. ii. 25 (it is no advantage to a wicked Jew, for ete.). On the other hand, it may so confirm but a single thought as to involve the force of asseveration and be rendered assuredly, yea: Ro. xv. 27 (εὐδόκησαν yap); so also καὶ yap, Phil. ii. 27. 8. It is often said that the sentence of which yap introduces the cause, or renders the reason, is not expressed, but must be gathered from the context and supplied in thought. But that this ellipsis is wholly imaginary is clearly shown by Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1 p. 236 sq., ef. W. 446 (415) sq. The particle is everywhere used in reference to something expressly stated. Suflice it to append a very few examples; the true nature of many others is shown under the remaining heads of this article: In Mt. v. 12 before yap some supply ‘nor does this happen to you alone’; but the reason is added why a great reward in heaven is reserved for those who suffer persecution, which reason consists in this, that the prophets also suffered persecution, and that their reward is great no one can doubt. In Ro. viii. 18 some have supplied ‘do not shrink from this suffering with Christ’; but on the use of yap here, see III. a. below. On Mk. vii. 28 [T Tr WH om. L br. yap], where before καὶ yap some supply ‘but help me,’ or ‘ yet we do not suffer even the dogs to perish with hunger,’ ‘see 10 b. below. In Acts ix. 11 before yap many supply ‘he will listen to thee’; but it introduces the reason for the precedingcommand. 9. When in successive statements ydp is repeated twice or thrice, or even four or five times, either a. one and the same thought is confirmed by as many arguments, each having its own force, as there are repetitions of the particle [Mey. denies the codrdinate use of yap in the N.T., asserting that the first is argumentative, the second ex plicative, see his Comm. on the pass. to follow, also on Ro. viii. 6]: Mt. vi. 32; Ro. xvi. 18 sq.; or b. every succeeding statement contains the reason for its immediate predecessor, so that the statements are subordinate one to another: Mk. vi. 52; Mt. xvi. 25-27; Jn. 111. 19sq.; v.21sq.; Acts ii. 15; Ro. iv. 13-15 ; viii. 3 sq. 5 sq.; 1 Co. iii. 8 sq.; ix. 15-17 (where five times in GL T Tr WH); 1 Co. xvi. 7; Jas. ii. 10, etc.; or c. it is repeated in a different sense: Mk. ix. 39-41; Ro. v. 6 sq. (where ef. W. 453 (422)); x. 2-5 (four times) ; Jas. iv. 14 [WH txt. om. Tr br. the first yap, LWHnrg. om. the second]. 10. καὶ γάρ (on which cf. Kihner ii. p. 854 sq.; W.448 (417); [Ellic. on 2 Thess. iii. 10]) is a. for, and truly, (elenim, namque, [the simple rendering for is regarded as inexact by many; cf. Mey. on 2 Co. xiii. 4 and see Hartung, Partikeln, i137 sq.; Kriiger § 69, 32, 21]): Mk. xiv. 70; Lk. xxii. 37 [L Tr br. yap]; 1 Co. v. 7; xi. 9; xii. 13. Ὁ. for also, for even, (nam etiam): Mt. viii. 9; Mk. x. 45; Lk. vi. 32; Jn. iv. 45; 1 Co. xii. 14, ete. In Mk. vii. 28 καὶ yap [RG L br.] τὰ κυνάρια ete. the woman, by adducing an example, confirms what Christ had said, but the example is of such a sort as also to prove that her request ought to be granted. τὲ yap for indeed (Germ. denn ja): Ro. vii. 7; ef. Fritzsche ad loc.; W. 448 (417). ἰδοὺ yap, see under ἰδού. III. It serves to explain, make clear, illustrate, a preceding thought or word: for i. q. that is, namely ; a. so that it begins an exposition of the thing just announced [cf. W. 454 (423) sq.]: Mt. i. 18 [RG]; xix.12; Lk. xi. 30; xviii. 32. In Ro. viii. 18 yap introduces a statement setting forth the nature of the συνδοξασθῆναι just mentioned. Ὄ. so that the explanation is intercalated into the discourse, or even added by way of appendix: Mt. iv. 18; Mk. i. 16; ii. 15; v. 42; Ro. vii. 1; 1 Co. xvi. 5. In Mk. xvi. 4 the information ἦν yap μέγας σφόδρα is added to throw light on all that has been previously said (in vs. 3 sq.) about the stone. Iv. As respects Position: yap never occupies the first place in a sentence, but the second, or third, or even the fourth (ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ yap vids, 2 Co. i. 19 —ace. to true text). Moreover, ‘not the number but the nature of the word after which it stands is the point to be noticed,” Hermann on Soph. Phil. 1437.

γάρ gar 1x

for; it is, however, frequently used with an ellipsis of the clause to which it has reference, and its force must then be variously expressed: Mt. 15:27; 27:23, et al.; it is also sometimes epexegetic, or introductory of an intimated detail of circumstances, now, then, Mt. 1:18

γάρ, co-ordinating particle, contr. of γε ἄρα, verily then, hence, in truth, indeed, yea, then, why, and when giving a reason or explanation, for, the usage in NT being in general accord with that of cl.; explicative and epexegetic: Mt 4:18 19:12, Mk 1:16 5:42 16:4, Lk 11:30, Ro 7:1, I Co 16:5, al.

Conclusive, in questions, answers and exclamations: Mt 9:5 27:23, Lk 9:25 22:27, Jo 9:30, Ac 8:31 16:37 19:35, Ro 15:26, I Co 9:10, Phl 1:18 (Ellic., in l.), I Th 2:20, al.

Causal: Mt 1:21 2:2, 5, 6, 3:23, Mk 1:22, 9:6, Lk 1:15, 18, Jo 2:25, Ac 2:25, Ro 1:9, 11, I Co 11:5, Re 1:3, al.; giving the reason for a command or prohibition, Mt 2:20 3:9, Ro 13:11, Col 3:3, I Th 4:3, al.; where the cause is contained in an interrog. statement, Lk 22:27, Ro 3:3 4:3, I Co 10:29; καὶ γάρ, for also, Mk 10:45, Lk 6:32, I Co 5:7, al. id. as in cl. = etenim, where the καί loses its connective force (Bl., §78, 6; Kühner 3, ii, 854f.), Mk 14:70, Lk 1:66 22:37, II Co 13:4. The proper place of γάρ is after the first word in a clause, but in poets it often comes third or fourth, and so in late prose: II Co 1:19. Yet "not the number but the nature of the word after which it stands is the point to be noticed" (v. Thayer, s.v.).

γάρ (gar) — for. γάρ (γε, ἄρα), causal conjunction, used alone or with other Particles.

I. introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, for, τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν [Refs 8th c.BC+]; but frequently in explanation of that which is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα.. τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον [Refs]

I. b in simple explanations, especially after a Pronoun or demonstrative adjective, ἀλλὰ τόδ᾽ αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον.. ὁ Ζεὺς γ... [Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι.. [Refs 4th c.BC+]; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ... [Refs 5th c.BC+]; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ... [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I. c to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I. d in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, yes,.., no,.. , οὔκουν.. ἀνάγκη ἐστ;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη, ay doubtless it is necessary, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, [Refs]; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ᾽ εἰκός.—οὐ γ.: [Refs]

I.2. by inversion, preceding the fact explained, since, as, Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί.. τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι [Refs 8th c.BC+]; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι.. (ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.), ποίει ὅκως.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; the principal proposition is sometimes

I.2. b blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.2. c attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ᾽ εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.2. d repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ... [Refs]

I.3. in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,

I.3. a frequently in Trag. dialogue and [Refs 5th c.BC+], when yes or no may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ᾽ ἐτόλμας τούσδ᾽ ὑπερβαίνειν νόμου;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes], for it was not Zeus, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινό; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ..; [why,] could there be.. ? [Refs 5th c.BC+] [do so], yet shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., see below[Refs]

I.3. b to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this], for it will sting thee, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.3. c in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, else, οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν (i.e. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία for in that case, [Refs 4th c.BC+]

I.4. in abrupt questions, why, what, τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκε; why who hath sent thee? [Refs 8th c.BC+]; πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμο; what, wilt thou.. ? [Refs 4th c.BC+]..; what, was it.. ? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τί γ.; quid enim? i. e. it must be so, [Refs]; τί γ. δή ποτ; [Refs 4th c.BC+]; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. ο;, see at {πῶς}.

I.5. to strengthen a wish, with optative, κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο O that you might perish ! [Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.

II. joined with other Particles:

II.1. ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ᾽ ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ.. but [far otherwise], for.., [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ᾽ αἵδ᾽ ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν but [hush], for.., [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γ. σ᾽ ἐθέλω.. but [look out] for.., [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.2. γ. ἄρα for indeed, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.3. γ. δή for of course, for you know, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; φάμεν γ. δή yes certainly we say so, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.4. γ. νυ [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.5. γ. οὖν for indeed, to confirm or explain, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; φησὶ γ. οὖν yes of course he says so, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare τοιγαροῦν.

II.6. γ. που for I suppose, especially with negatives, [Refs]

II.7. γ. ῥα, ={γὰρ ἄρα}, [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.8. γ. τε, [Refs]; also τε γ. [Refs 4th c.BC+]

II.9. γ. τοι for surely.., [Refs 8th c.BC+]; compare τοιγάρτοι. __B POSITION: γάρ properly stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it frequently stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ.. [Refs]; τό τ᾽ εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ.. [Refs]; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ.. [Refs 4th c.BC+]: sometimes for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third [Refs 5th c.BC+]; in later Comedy texts fifth [Refs 4th c.BC+]; once sixth in [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.2 inserted before the demonstrative -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γά; compare νυνί. __C QUANTITY: γάρ is sometimes long in [Refs 8th c.BC+].—In Attic dialect always short: [Refs 5th c.BC+]