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Genesis 31:38 — Word Study

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WLCזֶה֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים שָׁנָ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ רְחֵלֶ֥יךָ וְעִזֶּ֖יךָ לֹ֣א שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ וְאֵילֵ֥י צֹאנְךָ֖ לֹ֥א אָכָֽלְתִּי׃

BSAI haveʼânôkîy been withʻim [together, in companionship] you forzeh twentyʻesrîym [a score, two decades] years nowshâneh Your sheeprâchêl [female sheep, ewes] and goatsʻêz [she-goats, female goats] have notlôʼ miscarriedshâkôl [been bereaved, lost their young] nor have Ilôʼ eatenʼâkal [devoured, consumed] the ramsʼayil [strong male sheep, leaders] of your flocktsôʼn [sheepfold, pastoral care]

Word
Listen & take awayGenesis 31
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 38 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('a.Khal.ti) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Genesis 31:38quick helps
In a sentenceJacob recounts his faithful service over two decades, emphasizing his care for Laban's livestock.
Who is speakingJacob, addressing Laban, his father-in-law.
Where we areIn a tense moment of negotiation, Jacob asserts his integrity and the care he took during his years of service.
The hard wordשִׁכֵּ֑לוּ
Take awayJacob's commitment and honesty are clear; he has not taken advantage of his position.
5 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectאָנֹכִי verbשָׁכֹל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Genesis 31:38

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Jacob's Defense to Labangenerated

37You have searched all my goods! Have you found anything that belongs to you? Put it here before my brothers and yours, that they may judge between the two of us.
38I have been with you for twenty years now. Your sheep and goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten the rams of your flock.
39I did not bring you anything torn by wild beasts; I bore the loss myself. And you demanded payment from me for what was stolen by day or night.
40As it was, the heat consumed me by day and the frost by night, and sleep fled from my eyes.

Genesis 31:38 presents Jacob defending his actions to Laban after years of service. He emphasizes his dedication over twenty years, highlighting that he has not caused any loss among Laban's livestock and has never taken from the flock for himself. This moment is crucial as it sets the stage for the resolution of their conflict and Jacob's departure.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 30:27–30But Laban replied, “If I have found favor in your eyes, please stay. I have learned by divination that the LORD has blessed me because of you.”
2Exodus 23:26No woman in your land will miscarry or be barren; I will fulfill the number of your days.
3Deuteronomy 28:4The fruit of your womb will be blessed, as well as the produce of your land and the offspring of your livestock— the calves of your herds and the lambs of your flocks.
4Ezekiel 34:2–4“Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel. Prophesy and tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Woe to the shepherds of Israel, who only feed themselves! Should not the shepherds feed their flock?

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ, shi.Ke.lugenerated

The verb שִׁכֵּל (shi.Ke.lu) is in the Piel stem, indicating an intensive action, specifically meaning 'to miscarry' or 'to be bereaved.' This word conveys the loss of offspring, often used in the context of livestock and fertility.

In this verse, it underscores Jacob's claim that Laban's sheep and goats have not suffered loss under his care, reinforcing his integrity and the trustworthiness of his service.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses miscarried for שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ (they have miscarried) governs the structure of the sentence, with Jacob's pronoun אָנֹכִי (I) as the subject. The sentence is constructed to emphasize Jacob's claims about the livestock.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on Jacob's personal involvement and integrity, with the verbs clearly stating what he has not done in relation to Laban's property.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ as ἠτεκνώθησαν (they have not borne children), which broadens the meaning to include the idea of not producing offspring, aligning with the context of livestock.

This choice reflects a direct concern for the fertility and productivity of the animals, further emphasizing Jacob's claim of care.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Genesis 31:38 shows Jacob explaining to Laban that he has worked for him for twenty years. He claims that Laban's sheep and goats have not lost their young and that he has never eaten from Laban's flock. This statement highlights Jacob's integrity and the care he took during his service.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Jacob mean by saying the sheep and goats have not miscarried?

Jacob is asserting that he has taken good care of Laban's livestock, ensuring that they have remained healthy and productive.

Why is Jacob emphasizing his years of service?

Jacob is defending his character and reliability after a long period of work, aiming to show that he has been a trustworthy servant.

What is the significance of Jacob's statement about not eating the rams?

This reinforces Jacob's integrity, indicating that he did not take advantage of his position to benefit himself at Laban's expense.

How does this verse relate to the overall narrative of Jacob and Laban?

This verse highlights the tension between Jacob and Laban, setting the stage for Jacob's eventual departure and the resolution of their conflicts.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does Jacob's commitment to Laban's livestock teach us about responsibility in our own lives?
  2. How can we demonstrate integrity in our work or relationships, similar to Jacob's example?
  3. In what ways can we recognize and appreciate the care others have taken in our lives?
  4. How do we respond when faced with accusations or misunderstandings, as Jacob did?

Commentators on this verse — 5 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Genesis 31:38 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

This twenty years [have] I been [with] thee,.... So that he now must have been ninety seven years of age: thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young: or very few of them: it was a rare case

Read John Gill on Genesis 31 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me? Jacob answered and said to Laban.

Read Robert Jamieson on Genesis 31 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Thy she-goats have not cast their young, which thou owest in a great measure to my care and diligence in ordering them, and principally to God’ s blessing given to thee for my sake, by thy own confession, .

Read Matthew Poole on Genesis 31 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Genesis 31:38 This twenty years [have] I [been] with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.Ver. 38. The rams of thy flock have I not eaten.] A lively picture of a careful pastor. He fats not himself, but feeds the flock; he seeks not theirs, neither fleece nor flesh, but them and their welfare. He takes not to him "the instruments of a foolish shepherd"; that is, forcipes et mulctram, that he may carry away lac et lanam; but feeds the flock of God, and takes care of the cure, as Peter bids; "not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind," &c. About the year of Christ 1260, the people and clergy of England, the Pope’ s ass, as it…

Read John Trapp on Genesis 31 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

38. This twenty years] Jacob’s indignant protest proclaims (1) his length of service, (2) his perfect honesty, (3) his uncomplaining endurance of hardship, in spite of capricious changes in his wage. And now that he has left Haran, it was only because of God’s mercy, and not through Laban’s kindness, that he did not go empty-handed.

Read Cambridge on Genesis 31 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

I have been with you for twenty years now. Your sheep and goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten the rams of your flock.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

“These twenty years I have been with you. Your ewes and your female goats have not cast their young, and I haven’t eaten the rams of your flocks.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

I have been with you for twenty years now. Your sheep and goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten the rams of your flock.

NETBNew English Translation2006

“I have been with you for the past twenty years. Your ewes and female goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten rams from your flocks.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

These twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flocks have I not eaten.

RVARevised Version, American1894

This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flocks have I not eaten.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

These twenty years have I been with thee: thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

This twenty yere I haue bin with thee: thine ewes and thy goates haue not cast their yong, and the rammes of thy flocke haue I not eaten.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

These twenty years have I been with thee: thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock I have not eaten.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

'These twenty years I [am] with thee: thy ewes and thy she-goats have not miscarried, and the rams of thy flock I have not eaten;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

These twenty years I [am] with you: your ewes and your female goats have not miscarried, and the rams of your flock I have not eaten;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

These twenty years have I been with thee: thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young; and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

For twenty years I have been with you. Your ewes and your female goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten any rams from your flocks.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Have I therefore been with thee twenty years? thy ewes and goats were not barren, the rams of thy flocks I did not eat:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I've worked for you for these past twenty years. During that time none of your sheep and goats miscarried, and I haven't eaten a single ram from your flock.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

These twenty years I have been with you; your sheep and your goats have had young without loss, not one of your he-goats have I taken for food.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · adverbialזֶה֩thisnoun phraseעֶשְׂרִ֨יםtwentyשָׁנָ֤הyear[s]subjectאָנֹכִי֙Iprepositional phrase · predicateעִמָּ֔[haveךְbeen].with.youclausenoun phrase · subjectnoun phraseרְחֵלֶ֥יewesךָyourוְandnoun phraseעִזֶּ֖יyour.femaleךָgoatsadverbialלֹ֣אnotverbשִׁכֵּ֑לוּthey.have.miscarriedוְandclausenoun phrase · objectאֵילֵ֥יthe.ramsnoun phraseצֹאנְyour.flockךָ֖youradverbialלֹ֥אnotverbאָכָֽלְתִּיI.have.eaten

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text is matched by the Samaritan Pentateuch, which agrees word for word. The Septuagint also aligns closely, providing a consistent witness to the text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

זֶה֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים שָׁנָ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ רְחֵלֶ֥יךָ וְעִזֶּ֖יךָ לֹ֣א שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ וְאֵילֵ֥י צֹאנְךָ֖ לֹ֥א אָכָֽלְתִּי׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
זֶה֩ταῦτάעֶשְׂרִ֨יםεἴκοσιשָׁנָ֤הἔτηאָנֹכִי֙ἐγώעִמָּ֔ךְσοῦרְחֵלֶ֥יךָσουוְעִזֶּ֖יךָσουלֹ֣אοὐκשִׁכֵּ֑לוּἠτεκνώθησανוְאֵילֵ֥יκριοὺςצֹאנְךָ֖σουלֹ֥אοὐאָכָֽלְתִּי׃κατέφαγον

13 of the 13 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

זה עשׂרים שׁנה אנכי עמך רחליך ועזיך לא שׁכלו אילי צאנך לא אכלתי

Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Genesis 31:38זֶהthisthisזֶהעֶשְׂרִיםtwentytwentyעֶשְׂרִיםשָׁנָהyear[s]year[s]שָׁנָהאָֽנֹכִ֫יIIאָֽנֹכִ֫יעִם[have been][have been] witעִםרָחֵלewes yourewes yourרָחֵלעֵזand female and female goatעֵזלֹאnotnotלֹאשָׁכֹלthey have mthey have miscaשָׁכֹלאַ֫יִלand [the] rand [the] rams אַ֫יִלצֹאןflock yourflock yourצֹאןלֹאnotnotלֹאאָכַלI have eateI have eatenאָכַלעֶשֶׂרtentenעֶשֶׂרשָׁנָהto changeto changeשָׁנָהעָמַםto darkento darkenעָמַםעָזַזbe strongbe strongעָזַזזֶהthisthisזֶהזֹהthisthisזֹהאוּלstrengthstrengthאוּלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדעֶשְׂרִיםtwentytwentyעֶשְׂרִיםיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלאַיwhere?where?אַיהֶ֫בֶלvanityvanityהֶ֫בֶלרֹ֫חַבwidthwidthרֹ֫חַבאַמָּהcubitcubitאַמָּהמָלַךְto reignto reignמָלַךְצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהמִצְוָהcommandmencommandmentמִצְוָהשָׁכַבto lie dowto lie down: laשָׁכַב
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Genesis 31:38

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
זֶה֩zeh this H2088 Particle
1,180× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is a pronoun meaning this or that, used to point out a specific person or thing. It appears in many contexts, including Genesis and Psalms, to indicate something specific. The KJV translates it as he, here, or it.
Tyndale gloss
this
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זֶה (zeh) is a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' or 'here.' It can stand alone, be used appositively, or function as a predicate. The word can also attach enclitically to interrogative pronouns, adding emphasis and directness. In poetry, it may serve as a relative pronoun, though this usage is rare.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זֶה demonstr.pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here

standing alone

In appos. to subst.

More oft. as pred.

It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

With prefixes (in special senses)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2088 זֶה demonstr. pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here . standing alone

. In appos. to subst.

. More oft. as pred.

. It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.

. In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)

. With prefixes (in special senses)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2088 zeh zeh

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this

or that:--he, X hence, X here, it(-self), X now, X of him, the

one...the other, X than the other, (X out of) the (self) same,

such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on

that side, X thus, very, which. Compare 2063, 2090, 2097,

2098.

see HEBREW for 02063

see HEBREW for 02090

see HEBREW for 02097

see HEBREW for 02098

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זֶה (zeh) — this.

1) this, this one, here, which, this...that, the one...the other, another, such

1a) (alone)

1a1) this one

1a2) this...that, the one...the other, another

1b) (appos to subst)

1b1) this

1c) (as predicate)

1c1) this, such

1d) (enclitically)

1d1) then

1d2) who, whom

1d3) how now, what now

1d4) what now

1d5) wherefore now

1d6) behold here

1d7) just now

1d8) now, now already

1e) (poetry)

1e1) wherein, which, those who

1f) (with prefixes)

1f1) in this (place) here, then

1f2) on these conditions, herewith, thus provided, by, through this, for this cause, in this matter

1f3) thus and thus

1f4) as follows, things such as these, accordingly, to that effect, in like manner, thus and thus

1f5) from here, hence, on one side...on the other side

1f6) on this account

1f7) in spite of this, which, whence, how

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Particle
HTm
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
עֶשְׂרִ֨ים'es.Rim twenty H6242 Adj
315× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means twenty, and is also used as an ordinal number, like twentieth, as seen in Genesis 31:38. It can refer to a specific age or quantity.
Amplified meaning
a score, two decades
Tyndale gloss
twenty
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶשְׂרִים (esriym) means 'twenty' and can also refer to the ordinal 'twentieth.' It is derived from the root word for 'ten' and has an Aramaic equivalent, עֶשְׂרִין (es.rin). The entries consistently define the term without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶשְׂרִים (a) twenty

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6242 עֶשְׂרִים (a) twenty

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6242 `esriym es-reem'

from 6235; twenty; also (ordinal) twentieth:--(six-)score,

twenty(-ieth).

see HEBREW for 06235

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶשְׂרִים (es.rim) — twenty.

twenty, twentieth

Aramaic equivalent: es.rin (עֶשְׂרִין "twenty" H6243)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

twen'-ti.

See NUMBER.

this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
שָׁנָ֤הsha.Nah year[s] H8141 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
877× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word also means a year, like when Abraham was 100 years old in Genesis 21. It is used to describe a period of time, age, or a lifetime.
Tyndale gloss
year
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁנָה (shaneh) means 'year' and is derived from the root meaning to change or revolve. It encompasses various aspects of time, including divisions of time, measures of age, and even a lifetime. The Aramaic equivalent is שְׁנָה (she.nah), also meaning 'year'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁנָה 877 n.f. year (etym. v. √[v.ek.aa])

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8141 שָׁנָה year (etym. v. √[8138a])

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8141 shaneh shaw-neh'

(in plura or (feminine) shanah {shaw-naw'}; from 8138; a year

(as a revolution of time):--+ whole age, X long, + old,

year(X -ly).

see HEBREW for 08138

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁנָה (sha.neh) — year.

1) year

1a) as division of time

1b) as measure of time

1c) as indication of age

1d) a lifetime (of years of life)

Aramaic equivalent: she.nah (שְׁנָה "year" H8140)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
אָנֹכִי֙'a.no.Khi I H595 Pronoun
359× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This simple Hebrew word just means 'I', referring to the speaker, like in Genesis 27 where Esau says 'I' when talking to his father Isaac.
Tyndale gloss
I
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אָֽנֹכִ֫י (*anokiy*) is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is a variant spelling of אֲנִי (*ani*), which also means 'I.' The entries confirm its use as a personal pronoun without significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי pron. 1s. comm. I

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H595 אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי I

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

595 'anokiy aw-no-kee'

sometimes {aw-no'-kee}; a primitive pro.; I:--I, me, X

which.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָֽנֹכִ֫י (a.no.khi) — I.

I (first pers. sing.)

Another spelling of a.ni (אֲנִי, אָֽנֹכִ֫י "I" H0589)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp1bs
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
עִמָּ֔ךְ'i.Makh [have been] with you H5973 Preposition · suffix
1,052× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means with or together, like when God is with his people in Exodus 33:14-15. It's used to describe accompaniment or association, and can also mean against or beside. The word is used to convey a sense of relationship or proximity between people or things.
Amplified meaning
together, in companionship
Tyndale gloss
with
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עִם (im) is a preposition meaning 'with' and covers a range of relationships, including companionship, locality, and possession. It can imply actions done jointly, equality, or even opposition in contexts like combat. The related form מֵעִם (me.im) means 'from with' or 'beside.' The entries reflect various nuances but do not present significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִם prep. with

of fellowship and companionship

of aid

Of actions done jointly with another

If the common action be of the nature of a contest or combat, with in the sense of against

Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another

Of a common lot together with the wicked

Of equality or resemblance generally aid

Of time, as long as

Of a locality, close to, beside

Of persons, עִם is spec.

in the house or family or service of

In possession of

In the custody or care of

Beside = except

With = friendly with

Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

base

מֵעִם 72 from with or beside

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5973a עִם with . of fellowship and companionship

. Of a locality, close to, beside

. Of persons, עִם is spec. . in the house or family or service of

. In possession of

. In the custody or care of

. Beside = except

. With = friendly with

. Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one

. Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding

H5973b מֵעִם from with, beside

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5973 `im eem

from 6004; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction

with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with;

often with prepositional prefix (and then usually

unrepresented in English):--accompanying, against, and, as (X

long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from

(among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-)to,

with(-al).

see HEBREW for 06004

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִם (im) — with.

1) with

1a) with

1b) against

1c) toward

1d) as long as

מֵעִם (me.im) — from with.

1a) beside, except

1b) in spite of

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Suff — Preposition · suffix
HRd/Sp2ms
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
רְחֵלֶ֥יךָre.che.Lei.kha ewes your H7353 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to a female sheep, or ewe. It is a type of animal, often mentioned in the Bible as part of a flock or herd, and is known for its ability to travel well.
Amplified meaning
female sheep, ewes
Tyndale gloss
ewe
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָחֵל (rachel) means 'ewe' and refers specifically to female sheep, which are often seen as the predominant members of a flock. The term is derived from an unused root meaning to journey, highlighting the idea of a good traveler. The entries consistently focus on its meaning related to sheep.

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7353 רָחֵל ewe

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7353 rachel raw-kale'

from an unused root meaning to journey; a ewe (the females

being the predominant element of a flock) (as a good

traveller):--ewe, sheep.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָחֵל (ra.chel) — ewe.

ewe

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp2ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
וְעִזֶּ֖יךָve.'i.Zei.kha and female goats your H5795 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
74× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Refers to a female goat, often translated as she-goat or kid, and is also related to goat's hair in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
she-goats, female goats
Tyndale gloss
goat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֵז (ez) refers to a she-goat or female goat, and can also denote a kid. It is derived from a root meaning strength, and in the plural form, it can refer to goats in general or goat's hair. The word appears in various contexts in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֵז 74 n.f. she-goat

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5795 עֵז she-goat

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5795 `ez aze

from 5810; a she-goat (as strong), but masculine in plural

(which also is used ellipt. for goat's hair):--(she) goat,

kid.

see HEBREW for 05810

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֵז (ez) — goat.

female goat, she-goat, goat, kid

Aramaic equivalent: ez (עֵז "goat" H5796)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-fp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/Ncmpc/Sp2ms
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
לֹ֣אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
שִׁכֵּ֑לוּshi.Ke.lu they have miscarried H7921 Verb · Piel · perfect third person common plural
23× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Barrenness refers to the inability to have children. In the Bible, this word is used to describe someone who has lost a child or is unable to conceive, like Hannah in 1 Samuel 1:5-6.
Amplified meaning
been bereaved, lost their young
Tyndale gloss
be bereaved
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׁכֹל (shakol) primarily means 'to be bereaved' or 'to miscarry,' indicating loss or childlessness. It can refer to causing barrenness or abortion and includes related forms like שָׁכוּל (shakul), meaning 'childless.' The entries reflect a range of meanings associated with loss of children, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁכֹל, שָׁכַל] vb. be bereaved

Qal be bereaved

Pi.

make childless

cause barrenness, or abortion

shew barrenness, or abortion

Hiph. miscarrying womb

base

[שָׁכוּל] adj. childless (through bereavement);—fs. Is 49:21

ref

מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת n.f.abstr. barrenness, 2 K 2:21

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7921a שָׁכֹל, שָׁכַל be bereaved .be bereaved

. . make childless

. . cause barrenness, or abortion

. shew barrenness, or abortion

. miscarrying womb

H7921b שָׁכוּל childless H7921c מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת n. f. abstr. childless (through bereavement)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7921 shakol shaw-kole'

a primitive root; properly, to miscarry, i.e. suffer

abortion; by analogy, to bereave (literally or

figuratively):--bereave (of children), barren, cast calf

(fruit, young), be (make) childless, deprive, destroy, X

expect, lose children, miscarry, rob of children, spoil.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁכֹל (sha.khol) — be bereaved.

1) to be bereaved, make childless, miscarry

1a) (Qal) to be bereaved

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to make childless

1b2) to cause barrenness, show barrenness or abortion

1b3) to miscarry

1c) (Hiphil) miscarrying (participle)

שָׁכוּל (sha.khul) — childless.

adj

childless (through bereavement)

Also means: shak.kul (שַׁכּוּל "childless" H7909)

מְשַׁכֶּ֫לֶת (me.sha.ke.let) — barenness.

barrenness

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3cp — Verb · Piel · perfect third person common plural
HVpp3cp
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
וְאֵילֵ֥יve.'ei.Lei and [the] rams of H352 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct
187× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A strong tree, like an oak or a ram, symbolizes strength and power, as seen in 1 Kings 7:2 where Solomon builds a house with strong pillars. It can also refer to a chief or leader, like in 1 Chronicles 12:14 where the leaders of the tribes are listed.
Amplified meaning
strong male sheep, leaders
Tyndale gloss
ram
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַ֫יִל (ayil) encompasses several meanings, including 'ram,' 'projecting pillar or pilaster,' 'leader or chief,' and 'terebinth.' It is derived from a root meaning strength, suggesting a connection to might and support. The term appears in various contexts, reflecting its diverse applications in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַ֫יִל 156 n.m. ram (as leader of flock)

base

אַ֫יִל n.[m.] projecting pillar or pilaster

base

[אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. leader, chief

base

[אַ֫יִל ?] n.m. terebinth

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H352a אַ֫יִל ram H352b אַ֫יִל projecting pillar or pilaster H352c אַ֫יִל leader, chief H352d אַ֫יִל terebinth

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

352 'ayil ah'-yil

from the same as 193; properly, strength; hence, anything

strong; specifically a chief (politically); also a ram (from

his strength); a pilaster (as a strong support); an oak or

other strong tree:--mighty (man), lintel, oak, post, ram,

tree.

see HEBREW for 0193

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — ram.

1) ram

1a) ram (as food)

1b) ram (as sacrifice)

1c) ram (skin dyed red, for tabernacle)

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — pillar.

pillar, door post, jambs, pilaster

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — leader.

strong man, leader, chief

אַ֫יִל (a.yil) — terebinth.

mighty tree, terebinth

Aramaic equivalent: i.lan (אִילָן "tree" H0363)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct
HC/Ncmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
צֹאנְךָ֖tzo.ne.Kha flock your H6629 Noun common both singular construct · suffix
274× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a flock of sheep or goats, and is sometimes used to describe people in a figurative sense. It is also associated with the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem, a significant location in biblical times.
Amplified meaning
sheepfold, pastoral care
Tyndale gloss
Sheep (Gate)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צֹאן (tso'n) refers to small cattle, specifically sheep and goats, and is used to denote a flock or flocks. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a multitude. The term appears in contexts such as Psalm 144:13, where it emphasizes the collective nature of these animals.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

צֹאן 273 n.coll.f. small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6629 צֹאן small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6629 tso'n tsone

or tsaown (Psalm 144:13) {tseh-one'}; from an unused root

meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock (of sheep or

goats); also figuratively (of men):--(small) cattle, flock

(+ -s), lamb (+ -s), sheep((-cote, -fold, -shearer, -herds)).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צֹאן (tson) — flock.

1) small cattle, sheep, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

1a) small cattle (usually of sheep and goats)

1b) of multitude (simile)

1c) of multitude (metaphor)

צֹאן (tson) — Sheep (Gate).

This name means sheep and goats

Also named: probatikos (προβατικός "Sheep Gate" G4262)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs | Suff — Noun common both singular construct · suffix
HNcbsc/Sp2ms
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
לֹ֥אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
this twenty year[s] I [have been] with you ewes your and female goats your not they have miscarried and [the] rams of flock your not I have eaten
אָכָֽלְתִּי׃'a.Khal.ti I have eaten H398 Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singular
810× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.
Amplified meaning
devoured, consumed
Tyndale gloss
to eat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָכַל (akal) means 'to eat' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including literal consumption by humans and animals, as well as figurative uses like devouring by fire or destruction. It can describe actions such as feeding or causing to eat, and it also appears in contexts of oppression and destruction. The verb has various forms, indicating different subjects and nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָכַל 806 vb. eat

Qal

eat, human subject

of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

fig. of fire, devour, consume

of sword, devour, slay

in genl., devour, consume, destroy

fig. of oppression, devour the poor

Niph.

be eaten by man

be devoured by fire, consumed

be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

Pu. be consumed

Hiph.

cause to eat, feed with

cause to devoure, obj. sword

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H398 אָכַל eat .. eat, human subject

. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

. fig. of fire, devour, consume

. of sword, devour, slay

. in genl., devour, consume, destroy

. fig. of oppression, devour the poor

. . be eaten by man

. be devoured by fire, consumed

. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

. be consumed

. . cause to eat, feed with

. cause to devoure, obj. sword

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

398 'akal aw-kal'

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively):--X at

all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up),

feed (with), food, X freely, X in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay)

meat, X quite.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָכַל (a.khal) — to eat.

1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to eat (human subject)

1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds)

1a3) to devour, consume (of fire)

1a4) to devour, slay (of sword)

1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought)

1a6) to devour (of oppression)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be eaten (by men)

1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire)

1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh)

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to cause to eat, feed with

1c2) to cause to devour

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to feed

1d2) to cause to eat

1e) (Piel)

1e1) consume

Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singular
HVqp1cs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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