Job 20:11 — Word Study
WLCעַ֭צְמוֹתָיו מָלְא֣וּ עֲלוּמָ֑יו וְ֝עִמּ֗וֹ עַל־ עָפָ֥ר תִּשְׁכָּֽב׃
BSAThe youthful vigorʻâlûwm [full of sin, young strength] that fillsmâlêʼ■ his bonesʻetsem [the substance or essence of his being] will lie downshâkab▸ [rest, sleep] with himʻim [together, in company] inʻal the dustʻâphâr [dry earth, clay]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו | bones his | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| מָלְא֣וּ | they were full | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| עֲלוּמָ֑יו | youthful vigor his | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| וְ֝עִמּ֗וֹ | and with him | Conjunction, preposition, suffix |
| עַל־ | on | Preposition |
| עָפָ֥ר | [the] dust | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| תִּשְׁכָּֽב׃ | it will lie down | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person feminine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The youthful vigor that fills his bones will lie down with him in the dust. |
| KJV | His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust. |
| ASV | His bones are full of his youth, But it shall lie down with him in the dust. |
| YLT | His bones have been full of his youth, And with him on the dust it lieth down. |
| WEB | His bones are full of his youth, but youth will lie down with him in the dust. |
| BBE | His bones are full of young strength, but it will go down with him into the dust. |
The translations agree on the essential meaning of the verse, emphasizing the connection between vitality and mortality.
The sentence is structured with a main clause followed by two subordinate phrases that clarify the action and its context.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbמָלֵא
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Job 20:11
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Fate of the Wickedgenerated
Job 20:11 explores the theme of the fleeting nature of life and vitality, particularly in the context of the wicked. Job asserts that the youthful vigor, which may seem to promise strength and success, will ultimately lie down with the individual in death, returning to the dust from which they came. This verse is part of a larger discourse on the consequences of a life lived in sin, contrasting temporary triumph with ultimate demise.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Job 13:26 | For You record bitter accusations against me and bequeath to me the iniquities of my youth. |
| 2 | Job 19:20 | My skin and flesh cling to my bones; I have escaped by the skin of my teeth. |
| 3 | Psalm 25:7 | Remember not the sins of my youth, nor my rebellious acts; remember me according to Your loving devotion, because of Your goodness, O LORD. |
| 4 | Proverbs 5:11–13 | At the end of your life you will groan when your flesh and your body are spent, |
| 5 | Ezekiel 32:27 | They do not lie down with the fallen warriors of old, who went down to Sheol with their weapons of war, whose swords were placed under their heads, whose shields rested on their bones, although the terror of the mighty was once in the land of the living. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 10 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו, Atz.mo.tavgenerated
The word עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו (atzmotav) refers to 'his bones,' but it carries deeper implications. It denotes not just the physical bones but also the essence of a person, their very being. This dual meaning emphasizes the connection between physicality and identity, suggesting that the vitality within a person is intimately tied to their physical form.
In this verse, the parsing indicates that it is a feminine plural noun with a construct suffix, indicating possession. This highlights the personal nature of the vitality being discussed — it belongs to the individual, linking their essence to their fate.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verbs מָלְא֣וּ (they were full) and תִּשְׁכָּֽב (it will lie down) govern the structure of the verse. The first verb establishes the subject's state of being, while the second verb describes the ultimate fate of that state.
The sentence is structured with a main clause followed by a prepositional phrase indicating the location of this final state, emphasizing the inevitability of returning to the earth.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו is rendered as αὐτοῦ (autou), meaning 'his.' This choice simplifies the imagery, focusing on the individual rather than the physical aspect of bones.
The verb מָלְא֣וּ is translated as ἐνεπλήσθησαν (eneplēsthesan), which conveys a sense of being filled, aligning with the Hebrew meaning but emphasizing completion.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Job 20:11 states that the youthful vigor that fills a person's bones will lie down with them in the dust. This reflects the idea that strength and vitality are temporary and ultimately return to the earth, highlighting the transient nature of life.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Job is referring to the strength and energy of youth, which may seem enduring but is ultimately temporary.
This phrase signifies death and the return to the earth, emphasizing the inevitability of mortality.
This verse underscores the theme of the fleeting nature of life and the consequences of living in wickedness, contrasting temporary strength with ultimate demise.
Job uses metaphor and imagery to convey the relationship between youth, vitality, and mortality, creating a poignant reflection on life.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do I view the concept of youth and vitality in my own life?
- In what ways can I prepare for the inevitability of mortality?
- How does understanding the transient nature of life affect my daily choices?
- What lessons can I learn from Job's reflections on strength and weakness?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators have reflected on this verse, noting its implications regarding prosperity and mortality, as seen in the quotation from Ishodad of Merv.
“Their bones are full of marrow and will lie down in the dust with them.” By the “marrow” that is inside the bones, the author signifies prosperity.Early Church Fathers on Job 20 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Job 20:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleHis bones are full [of the sins] of his youth,.... Man is born in sin, and is a transgressor from the womb; and the youthful age is addicted to many sins, as pride, passion, lust, luxury,
Read John Gill on Job 20 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryHis bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust. (Psalms 25:7); so the Vulgate. Gesenius has 'full of youth'-namely, in the fullness of his youthful strength he shall be laid in the dust.
Read Robert Jamieson on Job 20 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHis bones, i.e. his whole body, even the strongest parts of it, which may seem most remote from danger. Of the sin of his youth, Heb. of his youth, i.e. of his youthful pleasures and lusts, by a metonymy of the subject. And this may be understood either, 1. Of the sins themselves, that he shall persevere in his youthful lusts even in old age, and shall die without repentance. Or rather, 2. Of the punishment of his sins, of which he is speaking both in the foregoing and following verses. He shall feel the sad effects of those sins in his riper years, as riotous sinners commonly do; and, as it follows, attended him to his grave. Or, with his secret ways or sins, as others render it; whereby…
Read Matthew Poole on Job 20 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJob 20:11 His bones are full [of the sin] of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust.Ver. 11. His bones are full of the sin of his youth] Foul practices have so grown up together with some sinful people, that they may say of them as the strumpet Quartilla did of her virginity, that she could not remember that ever she had been a maid, Iunonem meam iratam habeam si unquam me meminerim Virginem (Petron.). "This hath been thy manner from thy youth, that thou obeyedst not my voice," Jeremiah 22:21. Then thou hadst no mind to it, but now thou hast less, thy heart being hardened by the deceitfulness of sin, Hebrews 3:17. Now in the froth of these youthful vanities unrepented of…
Read John Trapp on Job 20 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(11) His bones are full of the sin of his youth.—Rather, of his youth, or youthful vigour, as in Job 33:25 : “He shall return to the days of his youth,” and Psalms 89:46 : “The days of his youth hast thou shortened.” “Though he is in the full vigour of life, yet it shall lie down with him in the dust.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 20 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 11. His bones are full of the sin of his youth] Our translators have followed the VULGATE, Ossa ejus implebuntur vitiis adolescentiae ejus; "his bones shall be filled with the sins of his youth." The SYRIAC and ARABIC have, his bones are full of marrow; and the TARGUM is to the same sense. At first view it might appear that Zophar refers to those infirmities in old age, which are the consequences of youthful vices and irregularities. עלומו alumau, which we translate his youth, may be rendered his hidden things; as if he had said, his secret vices bring down his strength to the dust. For this rendering Rosenmuller contends, and several other German critics. Mr. Good contends for the…
Read AdamClarke on Job 20 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges11. full of the sin of his youth] Rather, his bones axe full of his youth, but it shall lie down, &c.; in the midst of his years, when his bones are full of his youthful strength, like a vigorous marrow, he shall be cut off, and his youth go down to the grave with him.
Read Cambridge on Job 20 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleHis bones are full of the sin of his youth - The words “of the sin” in our common translation are supplied by the translators.
Read Albert Barnes on Job 20 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The youthful vigor that fills his bones will lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of his youth, but youth will lie down with him in the dust.
The youthful vigor that fills his bones will lie down with him in the dust.
His bones were full of his youthful vigor, but that vigor will lie down with him in the dust.
Tyndale line
His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of his youth, But it shall lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of his youth, but it shall lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of the sinne of his youth, and it shall lie downe with him in the dust.
Strictly literal
His bones were full of his youthful strength; but it shall lie down with him in the dust.
His bones have been full of his youth, And with him on the dust it lieth down.
His bones have been full of his youth, and it lies down with him on the dust.
[Now] his bones are full of his youthful vigor; but it will [suddenly] lie down with him in the dust.
His bones are full of youthful strength, but it will lie down with him in the dust.
From the Latin
His bones shall be filled with the vices of his youth, and they shall sleep with him in the dust.
Simplified
Though the wicked have bodies that are young and strong, they will die and be buried.
His bones are full of young strength, but it will go down with him into the dust.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text of Job 20:11 reads, "עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו מָלְא֣וּ עֲלוּמָ֑יו וְ֝עִמּ֗וֹ עַל־ עָפָ֥ר תִּשְׁכָּֽב׃" which translates to, "The youthful vigor that fills his bones will lie down with him in the dust." The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in terms of the overall meaning, as all seven words match in a word-by-word correspondence, although the order and articles may differ due to the nature of Greek syntax. There are no significant differences noted in the Samaritan Pentateuch or the Dead Sea Scrolls for this verse, indicating a strong textual consistency across these ancient witnesses.
עַ֭צְמוֹתָיו מָלְא֣וּ עֲלוּמָ֑יו וְ֝עִמּ֗וֹ עַל־ עָפָ֥ר תִּשְׁכָּֽב׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Job 20:11
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
עֶ֫צֶם (etsem) primarily means 'bone' but extends to concepts of substance and self. It can refer to the physical body, limbs, or essence. The word is derived from a root related to strength, indicating a connection between physicality and identity.
עֶ֫צֶם 125 n.f. bone, substance, self
base
H6106 עֶ֫צֶם bone, substance, self
6106 `etsem eh'tsem
from 6105; a bone (as strong); by extension, the body;
figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame:--body,
bone, X life, (self-)same, strength, X very.
see HEBREW for 06105
עֶ֫צֶם (e.tsem) — bone.
: bone/limb
1) bone, essence, substance
1a) bone
1a1) body, limbs, members, external body
1b) bone (of animal)
1c) substance, self
עֶ֫צֶם (e.tsem) — bone: same.
: same/very
1) bone, essence, substance
1a) bone
1a1) body, limbs, members, external body
1b) bone (of animal)
1c) substance, self
עֶ֫צֶם (e.tsem) — bone: body.
: body
1) bone, essence, substance
1a) bone
1a1) body, limbs, members, external body
1b) bone (of animal)
1c) substance, self
N-fp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3ms
מָלֵא (male') means 'to fill' or 'be full,' with applications ranging from literal filling to figurative uses like accomplishing or completing something. It appears in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, Piel, and Hithpael, indicating different nuances such as being satisfied or confirming. Notably, it can also refer to massing against someone.
מָלֵא 249 vb. be full, fill
Qal 99
be full, usu. c. acc. material
trans. fill
Niph.
be filled
be accomplished, ended
Pi.
fill
special uses are:
fulfil, accomplish, complete, obj. week, year, day
Pu. filled
Hithp. mass themselves against me
base
H4390 מָלֵא be full, fill .. be full, usu. c. acc. material
. trans. fill
. . be filled
. be accomplished, ended
. . fill
. special uses are:
. fulfil, accomplish, complete, obj. week, year, day
. filled
. mass themselves against me
4390 male' maw-lay'
or malae (Esth. 7:5) {maw-law'}; a primitive root, to fill or
(intransitively) be full of, in a wide application (literally
and figuratively):--accomplish, confirm, + consecrate, be at
an end, be expired, be fenced, fill, fulfil, (be, become, X
draw, give in, go) full(-ly, -ly set, tale), (over-)flow,
fulness, furnish, gather (selves, together), presume,
replenish, satisfy, set, space, take a (hand-)full, + have
wholly.
מָלֵא (ma.le) — to fill.
1) to fill, be full
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be full
1a1a) fulness, abundance (participle)
1a1b) to be full, be accomplished, be ended
1a2) to consecrate, fill the hand
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be filled, be armed, be satisfied
1b2) to be accomplished, be ended
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to fill
1c2) to satisfy
1c3) to fulfil, accomplish, complete
1c4) to confirm
1d) (Pual) to be filled
1e) (Hithpael) to mass themselves against
Aramaic equivalent: me.la (מְלָא "to fill" H4391)
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
עָלוּמִים, transliterated as aluwm, refers to youth or youthful vigor, appearing only in the plural form. It is derived as a passive participle from related roots, indicating a sense of adolescence and vitality.
[עָלוּמִים] n.pl.abstr. youth, youthful vigour
base
H5934 עָלוּמִים, עָלוּם
5934 `aluwm aw-loom'
passive participle of 5956 in the denominative sense of 5958;
(only in plural as abstract) adolescence; figuratively,
vigor:--youth.
see HEBREW for 05956
see HEBREW for 05958
עָלוּמִים (a.lum) — youth.
youth, youthful, vigour
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp3ms
עִם (im) is a preposition meaning 'with' and covers a range of relationships, including companionship, locality, and possession. It can imply actions done jointly, equality, or even opposition in contexts like combat. The related form מֵעִם (me.im) means 'from with' or 'beside.' The entries reflect various nuances but do not present significant disagreement.
עִם prep. with
of fellowship and companionship
of aid
Of actions done jointly with another
If the common action be of the nature of a contest or combat, with in the sense of against
Of dealing with a person, or of the relation in which one stands with, or towards, another
Of a common lot together with the wicked
Of equality or resemblance generally aid
Of time, as long as
Of a locality, close to, beside
Of persons, עִם is spec.
in the house or family or service of
In possession of
In the custody or care of
Beside = except
With = friendly with
Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one
Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding
base
מֵעִם 72 from with or beside
base
H5973a עִם with . of fellowship and companionship
. Of a locality, close to, beside
. Of persons, עִם is spec. . in the house or family or service of
. In possession of
. In the custody or care of
. Beside = except
. With = friendly with
. Idiom. of a thought or purpose present with one
. Metaph. together with = in spite of, notwithstanding
H5973b מֵעִם from with, beside
5973 `im eem
from 6004; adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction
with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with;
often with prepositional prefix (and then usually
unrepresented in English):--accompanying, against, and, as (X
long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from
(among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-)to,
with(-al).
see HEBREW for 06004
עִם (im) — with.
1) with
1a) with
1b) against
1c) toward
1d) as long as
מֵעִם (me.im) — from with.
1a) beside, except
1b) in spite of
Conj | Prep | Suff — Conjunction · preposition · suffixHC/R/Sp3ms
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
עָפָר (aphar) refers to dry earth or dust, encompassing meanings such as powder, ashes, and rubbish. It is derived from a root meaning to be dry and is used in various contexts, including clay and mortar. The entries consistently highlight its association with loose earth and debris.
עָפָר n.m. dry earth, dust
base
H6083 עָפָר dry earth, dust
6083 `aphar aw-fawr'
from 6080; dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth,
mud:--ashes, dust, earth, ground, morter, powder, rubbish.
see HEBREW for 06080
עָפָר (a.phar) — dust.
1) dry earth, dust, powder, ashes, earth, ground, mortar, rubbish
1a) dry or loose earth
1b) debris
1c) mortar
1d) ore
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
dust (`aphar; koniortos, chous): Small particles of earth. The word has several figurative and symbolic meanings:
(1) Dust being the material out of which God is said to have formed man (Ge 2:7), it became a symbol of man's frailty (Ps 103:14, "For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust"; compare Ge 18:27; Job 4:19, etc.), and of his mortality (Ge 3:19, "Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return"; compare Job 34:15; Ps 104:29; Ec 3:20…
Dust
Storms of sand and dust sometimes overtake Eastern travellers. They are very dreadful, many perishing under them. Jehovah threatens to bring on the land of Israel, as a punishment for forsaking him, a rain of “powder and dust” (Deut. 28:24).
To cast dust on the head was a sign of mourning (Josh. 7:6); and to sit in dust, of extreme affliction (Isa. 47:1). “Dust” is used to denote the grave (Job 7:21). “To shake off the dust from one’s feet” against another is to renounce all future intercourse with him (Matt. 10:14; Acts 13:51). To “lick the dust” is a sign of…
[MOURNING]
Jos 7:6. Dust or ashes put upon the head was a sign of mourning; sitting in the dust, a sign of affliction, La 3:29 Isa 47:1. "Dust" is also put for the grave, Ge 3:19 Job 7:21. It signifies a multitude, Ge 13:16, and a low and mean condition, 1Sa 2:8. We have two remarkable instances of casting dust recorded in Scripture, and they seem to illustrate a practice common in Asia: those who demanded justice against a criminal were accustomed to throw dust upon him, signifying that he deserved to be cast into the grave.…
The Hebrew word שָׁכַב (shakab) is a primitive root meaning 'to lie down.' It covers a range of meanings including resting, lodging, engaging in sexual relations, and lying down in death. The word appears in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Pual, Hiphil, and Hophal, indicating different nuances of lying down. Notably, it can also figuratively mean to relax.
שָׁכַב 212 vb. lie down
Qal
lie down
= lodge (for night)
of sexual relations, lie with
lie down in death
esp. in phr. lie down with his fathers
fig. = relax
Niph. Pu. = be lain with (sexually; subj. women), only as Qr for Kt [שָׁגֵל] Niph. Pu. q.v.
Hiph. lay
Hoph. laid
base
H7901 שָׁכַב lie down .. lie down
. = lodge (for night)
. of sexual relations, lie with
. . lie down in death
. esp. in phr. lie down with his fathers
. fig. = relax
. Pu. = be lain with (sexually; subj. women), only as Qr for Kt [שָׁגֵל] Niph. Pu. q.v.
. lay
. laid
7901 shakab shaw-kab'
a primitive root; to lie down (for rest, sexual connection,
decease or any other purpose):--X at all, cast down,
((lover-))lay (self) (down), (make to) lie (down, down to
sleep, still with), lodge, ravish, take rest, sleep, stay.
שָׁכַב (sha.khav) — to lie down: lay down.
: lay_down/lie_with
1) to lie down
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lie, lie down, lie on
1a2) to lodge
1a3) to lie (of sexual relations)
1a4) to lie down (in death)
1a5) to rest, relax (fig)
1b) (Niphal) to be lain with (sexually)
1c) (Pual) to be lain with (sexually)
1d) (Hiphil) to make to lie down
1e) (Hophal) to be laid
שָׁכַב (sha.khav) — to lie down: sleep.
: sleep/rest
1) to lie down
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lie, lie down, lie on
1a2) to lodge
1a3) to lie (of sexual relations)
1a4) to lie down (in death)
1a5) to rest, relax (fig)
1b) (Niphal) to be lain with (sexually)
1c) (Pual) to be lain with (sexually)
1d) (Hiphil) to make to lie down
1e) (Hophal) to be laid
שָׁכַב (sha.khav) — to lie down: have sex.
: have_sex
1) to lie down
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to lie, lie down, lie on
1a2) to lodge
1a3) to lie (of sexual relations)
1a4) to lie down (in death)
1a5) to rest, relax (fig)
V-Qal-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person feminine singularHVqi3fs