Job 33:31 — Word Study
WLCהַקְשֵׁ֖ב אִיּ֥וֹב שְֽׁמַֽע־ לִ֑י הַ֝חֲרֵ֗שׁ וְאָנֹכִ֥י אֲדַבֵּֽר׃
BSAPay attentionqâshab [mark well, take note] JobʼÎyôwb [the patriarch famous for his patience] and listenshâmaʻ [hearken, give ear] be silentchârash [hold thy peace, keep quiet] ◂and Iʼânôkîy [the speaker, referring to oneself] will speakdâbar▸ [communicate, express thoughts]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| הַקְשֵׁ֖ב | pay attention | Verb, Hiphil, imperative second person masculine singular |
| אִיּ֥וֹב | O Job | Noun proper masculine |
| שְֽׁמַֽע־ | listen | Verb, Qal, imperative second person masculine singular |
| לִ֑י | to me | Preposition, suffix |
| הַ֝חֲרֵ֗שׁ | keep quiet | Verb, Hiphil, imperative second person masculine singular |
| וְאָנֹכִ֥י | and I | Conjunction, pronoun |
| אֲדַבֵּֽר׃ | I will speak | Verb, Piel, imperfect first person common singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Pay attention, Job, and listen to me; be silent, and I will speak. |
| KJV | Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak. |
| ASV | Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: Hold thy peace, and I will speak. |
| YLT | Attend, O Job, hearken to me, Keep silent, and I — I do speak. |
| WEB | Mark well, Job, and listen to me. Hold your peace, and I will speak. |
| BBE | Take note O Job, give ear to me; keep quiet, while I say what is in my mind. |
The translations agree on Elihu's call for Job to listen and be silent.
The sentence is structured around imperatives, emphasizing Elihu's urgent call for Job's attention and silence.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאָנֹכִי
verbקָשַׁב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Job 33:31
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Elihu's Address to Jobgenerated
Job 33:31 is part of a larger conversation where Elihu, one of Job's friends, attempts to provide insight into Job's suffering. He encourages Job to pay attention and listen to his words, emphasizing the importance of silence and reflection before responding. This moment is crucial as it sets the stage for Elihu's explanation of God's communication with humanity, particularly in times of distress.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Job 13:6 | Hear now my argument, and listen to the plea of my lips. |
| 2 | Job 18:2 | “How long until you end these speeches? Show some sense, and then we can talk. |
| 3 | Job 21:2 | “Listen carefully to my words; let this be your consolation to me. |
| 4 | Job 32:11 | Indeed, I waited while you spoke; I listened to your reasoning; as you searched for words, |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — הַקְשֵׁ֖ב, hak.Shevgenerated
The verb קָשַׁב (qashab) is in the Hiphil form, which indicates causative action, urging Job to actively listen and pay attention. This word is often used in contexts that require careful listening, such as in Proverbs and Isaiah, highlighting its significance in communication.
Elihu's use of this verb implies that Job needs to be attentive to the message being conveyed, suggesting that understanding requires more than just hearing; it requires an active engagement with the words spoken.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The verse is translated in the Berean Standard Bible, and all versions agree on the key phrases of Elihu urging Job to listen and be silent.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The structure of the verse revolves around a series of imperatives directed at Job. The main verbs are הַקְשֵׁ֖ב (pay attention), שְֽׁמַֽע (listen), and הַ֝חֲרֵ֗שׁ (keep quiet), with Elihu as the subject who will then אֲדַבֵּֽר (speak).
This imperative structure emphasizes the urgency of Elihu's message and the need for Job to pause and reflect before responding.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates הַקְשֵׁ֖ב as ἐνωτίζου, which carries a similar meaning of paying attention or heeding. This choice reflects a consistent understanding of the need for attentiveness in communication.
Elihu's call for Job to listen is thus preserved in the Greek, highlighting the importance of careful listening in the context of divine revelation.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Job 33:31 shows Elihu instructing Job to pay attention and listen carefully. He emphasizes the need for Job to be silent so that he can communicate his thoughts clearly. This moment highlights the importance of listening before responding, especially in the context of Job's suffering.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Elihu is urging Job to listen carefully to what he has to say, indicating that understanding requires focused attention.
Elihu wants Job to refrain from speaking so that he can express his thoughts without interruption, suggesting that silence is necessary for understanding.
Elihu serves as a mediator who seeks to provide clarity and insight into God's ways, contrasting with the views of Job's other friends.
This verse highlights the theme of communication with God and the importance of listening, especially in times of suffering and confusion.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I practice active listening in my own life, especially when discussing difficult topics?
- What are some ways I can be more attentive to the messages being communicated to me?
- In what situations do I find it hard to be silent and listen, and how can I improve in those moments?
- How does understanding the importance of listening change my perspective on conversations about faith and suffering?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early Church Fathers often referenced Job's dialogues to discuss themes of suffering and divine communication. Here, a quotation from Gregory the Dialogist illustrates the depth of Elihu's words.
Eliu has uttered great and very powerful words. But it is a characteristic of every boastful person, that, while giving utterance to truths and mysteries, he suddenly blends with them, through pride of heart,Early Church Fathers on Job 33 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Job 33:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleMark well, O Job,.... Consider and weigh well what has been said; or rather attend to what is further to be said: hearken unto me; to what he was about to say; for he was full of matter, and had not
Read John Gill on Job 33 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryMark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak. No JFB commentary on this verse.
Read Robert Jamieson on Job 33 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleHold thy peace; attend to what I have further to say to thee with patience and silence.
Read Matthew Poole on Job 33 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJob 33:31 Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak.Ver. 31. Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me] For I speak from God, and for God. It was a good speech of Austin to Manicheus, contesting with him for audience. Hear me, hear me, said Manicheus. Nay, saith Austin, Nec ego to, nec tu me, sed ambo audiamus Apostolum, dicentem, Peccatum non cognovi, &c., Neither will I hear thee nor do thou hear me, but let us both hear the apostle, saying, "I had not known lust," &c.
Read John Trapp on Job 33 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 31. Mark well, O Job] Pay the deepest attention to what I have said, and to what I shall say.
Read AdamClarke on Job 33 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges31–33. The speaker requests Job to hear his further arguments (Job 33:31); or if he can reply to what has been said, by all means let him do so, for Elihu desires that he should be in the right (Job 33:32); but if not let him listen and learn wisdom (Job 33:33).
Read Cambridge on Job 33 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleMark well, O Job, hearken unto me ... - Elihu designs to intimate that he had much more to say which demanded close attention. He begged, therefore, that Job would hear him patiently through.
Read Albert Barnes on Job 33 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Pay attention, Job, and listen to me; be silent, and I will speak.
Mark well, Job, and listen to me. Hold your peace, and I will speak.
Pay attention, Job, and listen to me; be silent, and I will speak.
Pay attention, Job – listen to me; be silent, and I will speak.
Tyndale line
Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak.
Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: Hold thy peace, and I will speak.
Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak.
Mark well, O Job, hearken to me: hold thy peace, and I will speak.
Marke well, O Iob, and heare me: keepe silence, and I will speake.
Strictly literal
Mark well, Job, hearken unto me; be silent, and I will speak.
Attend, O Job, hearken to me, Keep silent, and I — I do speak.
Attend, O Job, listen to me, || Keep silent, and I speak.
Listen well, O Job, hearken unto me: keep silence, and I will truly speak.
Pay attention, Job, and listen to me; be silent and I will speak.
From the Latin
Attend, Job, and hearken to me: and hold thy peace, whilst I speak.
Simplified
Pay attention Job, and listen to me! Be quiet—let me speak!
Take note O Job, give ear to me; keep quiet, while I say what is in my mind.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with six out of seven words matched. The Septuagint's translation reflects the same imperative tone found in the Hebrew, maintaining the focus on Elihu's urgent call for Job's attention.
הַקְשֵׁ֖ב אִיּ֥וֹב שְֽׁמַֽע־ לִ֑י הַ֝חֲרֵ֗שׁ וְאָנֹכִ֥י אֲדַבֵּֽר׃
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Job 33:31
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
קָשַׁב (qashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to listen or pay attention, particularly with reference to inclining one's ears. It encompasses actions like hearkening and giving heed. The word appears in contexts such as Isaiah 32:3, where it emphasizes attentiveness. The entries consistently describe its usage in both the Qal and Hiphil forms.
[קָשַׁב] 46 vb. incline, attend, of ears
Qal Is 32:3
Hiph. give attention
base
H7181 קָשַׁב incline, attend, of ears
7181 qashab kaw-shab'
a primitive root; to prick up the ears, i.e.
hearken:--attend, (cause to) hear(-ken), give heed, incline,
mark (well), regard.
קָשַׁב (qa.shav) — to listen.
1) to hear, be attentive, heed, incline (of ears), attend (of ears), hearken, pay attention, listen
1a) (Qal) incline, attend (of ears), hearken, pay attention, listen
1b) (Hiphil) to pay attention, give attention
V-Hiphil-Impv-2ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person masculine singularHVhv2ms
אִיּוֹב (Iyowb) refers to Job, a patriarch known for his patience, as described in the book of Job. The name is associated with the meaning 'hated' or 'persecuted.' It is mentioned in the context of the Exile and Return, and its exact meaning remains uncertain.
אִיּוֹב n.pr.m. Job (meaning unknown)
base
H347 אִיּוֹב
347 'Iyowb ee-yobe'
from 340; hated (i.e. persecuted); Ijob, the patriarch famous
for his patience:--Job.
see HEBREW for 0340
אִיּוֹב (iy.yov) — Job.
A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Job.1.1
Also named: Iōb (Ἰώβ "Job" G2492)
§ Job = "hated"
a patriarch, the subject of the book of Job
N-proper — Noun proper masculineHNpm
job ('iyobh, meaning of name doubtful; some conjecturing "object of enmity," others "he who turns," etc., to God; both uncertain guesses; Iob): The titular hero of the Book of Job, represented as a wealthy and pious land-holder who lived in patriarchal times, or at least conditions, in the land of Uz, on the borders of Idumea. Outside of the Book of Job he is mentioned by Ezekiel (Eze 14:14,20) as one of 3 great personages whose representative righteousness would presumably avail, if that of any individuals could, to redeem the nation; the other two being Noah, an ancient patriarch, and Daniel, a contemporary of the prophet. It is difficult to determine whether Job was an actual personage or not. If known through legend, it must have been on account of some such experience as is narrated in the book, an experience unique enough to…
Job
Persecuted, an Arabian patriarch who resided in the land of Uz (q.v.). While living in the midst of great prosperity, he was suddenly overwhelmed by a series of sore trials that fell upon him. Amid all his sufferings he maintained his integrity. Once more God visited him with the rich tokens of his goodness and even greater prosperity than he had enjoyed before. He survived the period of trial for one hundred and forty years, and died in a good old age, an example to succeeding generations of integrity (Ezek. 14:14, 20) and of submissive patience under the sorest calamities (James 5:11). His history, so far as it is known, is recorded in his book.
the patriarch, from whom one of the books of the Old Testament is named. His residence in the land of Uz marks him as belonging to a branch of the Aramean race, which had settled in the lower part of Mesopatamia (Probably to the south or southeast of Palestine, in Idumean Arabia), adjacent to the Sabeans and Chaldeans. The opinions of Job and his friends are thus peculiarly interesting as exhibiting an aspect of the patriarchal religion outside of the family of Abraham, and as yet uninfluenced by the legislation of Moses. The form of worship belongs essentially to the early patriarchal type; with little of ceremonial ritual, without a separate priesthood, it is thoroughly domestic in form and spirit. Job is represented as a chieftain of immense wealth and high rank, blameless in all the relations of life. What we know of his history is given in the book that bears his name.
A patriarch distinguished for his integrity and piety, his wealth, honors, and domestic happiness, whom God permitted, for the trial of his faith, to be deprived of friends, property, and health, and at once plunged into deep affliction. He lived in the land of Uz, lying, it is generally thought, in Eastern Edom, probably not far from Bozrah.
THE BOOK OF JOB, has originated much criticism, and on many points a considerable diversity of opinion still exists. Sceptics have denied its inspiration, and called it a mere philosophical romance; but no one who respects revelation can entertain this notion, or doubt that Job was a real person. Inspired writers testify to both. See Eze 14:14 Jas 5:11, and compare 1Co 3:19 with
The Hebrew word שָׁמַע (shama`) means 'to hear' and encompasses a range of meanings including listening, obeying, and proclaiming. It is built from a primitive root and can imply attention and understanding. The entries highlight various grammatical forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of hearing and obeying. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
שָׁמַע 1152 vb. hear
Qal 1052
subj. pers. hum.
י׳ (God) subj.
Niph. 42 be heard, of voice, sound
be heard of
be regarded, obeyed
= (favourable) hearing was granted to their voice.
Pi. he caused the people to hear
Hiph. 63
of man
י׳ subj.
base
H8085 שָׁמַע hear
8085 shama` shaw-mah'
a primitive root; to hear intelligently (often with
implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to
tell, etc.):--X attentively, call (gather) together, X
carefully, X certainly, consent, consider, be content,
declare, X diligently, discern, give ear, (cause to, let, make
to) hear(-ken, tell), X indeed, listen, make (a) noise, (be)
obedient, obey, perceive, (make a) proclaim(-ation), publish,
regard, report, shew (forth), (make a) sound, X surely, tell,
understand, whosoever (heareth), witness.
שָׁמַע (sha.ma) — to hear: hear.
: hear
v
1) to hear, listen to, obey
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to hear (perceive by ear)
1a2) to hear of or concerning
1a3) to hear (have power to hear)
1a4) to hear with attention or interest, listen to
1a5) to understand (language)
1a6) to hear (of judicial cases)
1a7) to listen, give heed
1a7a) to consent, agree
1a7b) to grant request
1a8) to listen to, yield to
1a9) to obey, be obedient
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be heard (of voice or sound)
1b2) to be heard of
1b3) to be regarded, be obeyed
1c) (Piel) to cause to hear, call to hear, summon
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to hear, tell, proclaim, utter a sound
1d2) to sound aloud (musical term)
1d3) to make proclamation, summon
1d4) to cause to be heard
n m
2) sound
שָׁמַע (sha.ma) — to hear: obey.
: obey
v
1) to hear, listen to, obey
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to hear (perceive by ear)
1a2) to hear of or concerning
1a3) to hear (have power to hear)
V-Qal-Impv-2ms — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singularHVqv2ms
נִי (ni) — me.
Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular
HR/Sp1bs — Preposition · suffixHR/Sp1bs
The Hebrew word חָרַשׁ (*charash*) encompasses meanings related to cutting, engraving, and plowing, as well as devising, often with a negative connotation. It also has a related form, חָרֵשׁ (*charesh*), which means to be silent or deaf. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical actions to metaphorical implications of secrecy and silence.
[חָרַשׁ] vb. cut in, engrave, plough, devise
Qal
cut in, engrave
plough
devise
Niph. Zion, as a field she shall be ploughed
Hiph. fabricating mischief against
base
[חָרֵשׁ] vb. 1. be silent, dumb, speechless; 2. be deaf; chiefly poet.
Qal
be silent, alw. of God’s keeping silence when men pray
be deaf
Hiph.
be silent (= exhibit silence)
once causat. make silent
be deaf, shew deafness
base
H2790a חָרַשׁ cut in, engrave, plough, devise H2790b חָרֵשׁ . be silent, dumb, speechless
. be deaf; chiefly poet.
2790 charash khaw-rash'
a primitive root; to scratch, i.e. (by implication) to
engrave, plough; hence (from the use of tools) to fabricate
(of any material); figuratively, to devise (in a bad sense);
hence (from the idea of secrecy) to be silent, to let alone;
hence (by implication) to be deaf (as an accompaniment of
dumbness):--X altogether, cease, conceal, be deaf, devise,
ear, graven, imagine, leave off speaking, hold peace,
plow(-er, man), be quiet, rest, practise secretly, keep
silence, be silent, speak not a word, be still, hold tongue,
worker.
חָרַשׁ (cha.rash) — to plow/plot.
1) to cut in, plough, engrave, devise
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to cut in, engrave
1a2) to plough
1a3) to devise
1b) (Niphal) to be ploughed
1c) (Hiphil) to plot evil
חָרֵשׁ (cha.resh) — be quiet.
1) to be silent, be dumb, be speechless, be deaf
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be silent
1a2) to be deaf
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to be silent, keep quiet
1b2) to make silent
1b3) to be deaf, show deafness
1c) (Hithpael) to remain silent
V-Hiphil-Impv-2ms — Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person masculine singularHVhv2ms
kwi'-et: Verb or adjective only in English Versions of the Bible, "quietness" being used for the noun. No special Hebrew or Greek words are represented, but in the Old Testament usually for some form or derivative of shaqaT, "be undisturbed" (Jud 18:7; compare Pr 1:33, sha'ar, "to loll," "be at ease"; Ec 9:17, nachath, "quiet," "be set on"). For "them that are quiet in the land", in Ps 35:20, see MEEKNESS; POOR. For "quiet prince in Jer 51:59, the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes "chief chamberlain," margin "quartermaster." "Jacob was a quiet (tam, "gentle"] man" (
The Hebrew word אָֽנֹכִ֫י (*anokiy*) is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is a variant spelling of אֲנִי (*ani*), which also means 'I.' The entries confirm its use as a personal pronoun without significant disagreement among lexicons.
אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי pron. 1s. comm. I
base
H595 אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי I
595 'anokiy aw-no-kee'
sometimes {aw-no'-kee}; a primitive pro.; I:--I, me, X
which.
אָֽנֹכִ֫י (a.no.khi) — I.
I (first pers. sing.)
Another spelling of a.ni (אֲנִי, אָֽנֹכִ֫י "I" H0589)
Conj | Pron — Conjunction · pronounHC/Pp1bs
דָבַר (dabar) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning 'to speak.' It encompasses a range of actions including declaring, commanding, and conversing. The root suggests a figurative use of words, with some entries noting a rare destructive sense of subduing. Various forms of the verb indicate different nuances, such as speaking with one another or making promises.
[דָבַר] 1142 vb. speak (original mng. dub.)
Qal speak
Niph. reciprocal sense, speak with one another, talk
Pi. speak
Pu. in the day when she may be spoken for
Hithp. speaking this word
Hiph. either leads subject, or puts to flight, fig. for subdues
base
H1696 דָבַר speak (original mng. dub.)
1696 dabar daw-bar'
a primitive root; perhaps properly, to arrange; but used
figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive
sense) to subdue:--answer, appoint, bid, command, commune,
declare, destroy, give, name, promise, pronounce, rehearse,
say, speak, be spokesman, subdue, talk, teach, tell, think,
use (entreaties), utter, X well, X work.
דָבַר (da.var) — to speak: speak.
: speak/tell/command
1) to speak, declare, converse, command, promise, warn, threaten, sing
1a) (Qal) to speak
1b) (Niphal) to speak with one another, talk
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to speak
1c2) to promise
1d) (Pual) to be spoken
1e) (Hithpael) to speak
1f) (Hiphil) to lead away, put to flight
דָבַר (da.var) — to speak: subdue.
: subdue
1) to speak, declare, converse, command, promise, warn, threaten, sing
1a) (Qal) to speak
1b) (Niphal) to speak with one another, talk
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to speak
1c2) to promise
1d) (Pual) to be spoken
1e) (Hithpael) to speak
1f) (Hiphil) to lead away, put to flight
דָבַר (da.var) — to speak: promise.
: promise/declare
1) to speak, declare, converse, command, promise, warn, threaten, sing
1a) (Qal) to speak
1b) (Niphal) to speak with one another, talk
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to speak
1c2) to promise
1d) (Pual) to be spoken
1e) (Hithpael) to speak
V-Piel-Imperf-1cs — Verb · Piel · imperfect first person common singularHVpi1cs