Proverbs 10:31 — Word Study
WLCפִּֽי־ צַ֭דִּיק יָנ֣וּב חָכְמָ֑ה וּלְשׁ֥וֹן תַּ֝הְפֻּכ֗וֹת תִּכָּרֵֽת׃
BSAThe mouthpeh [lip, edge of something] of the righteoustsaddîyq [just, having God's nature] brings forthnûwb▸ [to bear fruit, produce] wisdomchokmâh [skill, prudence, good judgment] but a perversetahpukâh [stubborn, disobedient] tonguelâshôwn [language, speech] will be cut outkârath▸ [destroyed, removed, severed]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| פִּֽי־ | [the] mouth of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| צַ֭דִּיק | a righteous [person] | Adj |
| יָנ֣וּב | it will bear fruit | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| חָכְמָ֑ה | wisdom | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| וּלְשׁ֥וֹן | and a tongue of | Conjunction, noun common both singular construct |
| תַּ֝הְפֻּכ֗וֹת | perversities | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| תִּכָּרֵֽת׃ | it will be cut off | Verb, Niphal, imperfect third person feminine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but a perverse tongue will be cut out. |
| KJV | The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out. |
| ASV | The mouth of the righteous bringeth forth wisdom; But the perverse tongue shall be cut off. |
| YLT | The mouth of the righteous uttereth wisdom, And the tongue of frowardness is cut out. |
| WEB | The mouth of the righteous produces wisdom, but the perverse tongue will be cut off. |
| BBE | The mouth of the upright man is budding with wisdom, but the twisted tongue will be cut off. |
Where they part company is תַּהְפֻּכֹות — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence has a main clause followed by a contrasting clause, emphasizing the difference between the outcomes of the righteous and the wicked.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbנוּב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 10:31
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Wisdom and Speech in Proverbsgenerated
Proverbs 10:31 presents a comparison between the mouth of the righteous and the tongue of the wicked. The righteous are depicted as wise, bringing forth beneficial speech, while the wicked are warned of the consequences of their perverse language. This verse fits within a broader context that emphasizes the importance of moral integrity and the impact of one's words, as seen in the surrounding verses that describe the outcomes for both the upright and the wicked.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Proverbs 10:11–13 | The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life, but the mouth of the wicked conceals violence. |
| 2 | Psalm 37:30 | The mouth of the righteous man utters wisdom, and his tongue speaks justice. |
| 3 | Psalm 31:18 | May lying lips be silenced— lips that speak with arrogance against the righteous, full of pride and contempt. |
| 4 | Psalm 63:11 | But the king will rejoice in God; all who swear by Him will exult, for the mouths of liars will be shut. |
| 5 | Psalm 120:3–4 | What will He do to you, and what will be added to you, O deceitful tongue? |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יָנ֣וּב, ya.Nuvgenerated
The verb יָנ֣וּב (*ya.Nuv*) is an imperfect form of the root נוּב (*nuwb*), meaning 'to bear fruit' or 'to produce'. This implies an ongoing action, suggesting that the mouth of the righteous continually brings forth wisdom as a natural outcome of their character.
This word encapsulates the idea of flourishing and positive results stemming from righteous living. It reflects the biblical theme that wisdom is a fruit of a life aligned with God's principles.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the meaning of יָנ֣וּב, with all versions using forms of 'brings forth' or 'bears fruit'.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The structure of this verse centers around two main clauses: the first describes the action of the mouth of the righteous, and the second presents the consequence for the perverse tongue. The finite verbs יָנ֣וּב ('will bear fruit') and תִּכָּרֵֽת ('will be cut off') anchor the sentence, with the subject phrases highlighting the contrast between the righteous and the wicked.
This arrangement emphasizes the outcomes of speech, with the righteous producing wisdom while the wicked face destruction, reinforcing the moral lesson of the proverb.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the word יָנ֣וּב is rendered as ἀποστάζει, which suggests a pouring forth or an abundance, emphasizing the richness of wisdom that comes from the righteous.
The choice of ἀδίκου for תַּהְפֻּכֹות indicates a focus on the unjust nature of the tongue, aligning with the overall theme of moral contrast in this verse.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 10:31 tells us that the mouth of the righteous produces wisdom, while the tongue of the wicked will face destruction. This highlights the importance of speaking wisely and the consequences of harmful speech.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that the words spoken by a righteous person are filled with insight and good judgment, reflecting their character.
A perverse tongue will be cut off, indicating that harmful speech leads to severe consequences.
This verse illustrates the contrast between the outcomes of righteous and wicked behavior, a central theme in Proverbs that emphasizes moral integrity.
Yes, it serves as a reminder of the importance of speaking wisely and the impact our words can have on ourselves and others.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How can I ensure that my speech reflects wisdom and righteousness?
- What are some examples of how harmful speech has affected relationships around me?
- In what ways can I cultivate a character that produces wise words?
- How does this verse challenge me to think about the words I choose to use daily?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 10:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom,.... As the earth brings forth its increase, and a tree brings forth its fruit; hence speech is called the fruit of the lips; wisdom is good fruit; a good
Read John Gill on Proverbs 10 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThe mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out. The mouth of the just bringeth forth, [as fruit produced from a good tree, yaanuwb (H5107); Psalms 92:14; Matthew 7:17] wisdom.
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 10 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleBringeth forth, freely, and abundantly, and constantly, as the earth or a tree bring forth their proper fruit, as the word properly signifies. Wisdom; wise counsels, by which he directeth and secureth himself and others. Shall be cut out, because it bringeth forth not wisdom, but folly and wickedness.
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 10 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 10:31 The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out.Ver. 31. The mouth of the just, &c.] Heb., Buddeth forth, as a fruit tree, to which the tongue is fitly and finely here resembled. Hence speech is called the "fruit of the lips." But the froward tongue shall be cut out.] As a fruitless tree is cut down to the fire. Nestorius the heretic his tongue was eaten off with worms. Archbishop Arundel’ s tongue rotted in his head. From Miriam’ s example, the Jewish doctors gather that leprosy is a punishment for an evil tongue, and in special for speaking against rulers. The Lady de Breuse had by her virulent and railing tongue more exasperated the…
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 10 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(31) Bringeth forth wisdom.—As the fields their “increase” (Deuteronomy 32:13); hence words are termed the “fruit of the lips” (Isaiah 57:19). The froward tongue.—See above on Proverbs 2:12. Shall be cut out.—Comp. Christ’s warning (Matthew 12:36). Sins of the tongue will be severely judged, because, besides doing mischief to others, they are signs of an evil mind within (Matthew 5:34).
Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 10 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 31. The froward tongue shall be cut out.] This probably alludes to the punishment of cutting out the tongue for blasphemy, treasonable speeches, profane swearing, or such like. The tunge of schrewis schal perishen. - Old MS. Bible. Were the tongue of every shrew or scold to be extracted, we should soon have much less noise in the world.
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 10 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges31. bringeth forth] as a tree its leaves or fruit: “buddeth with,” R.V. marg.
Read Cambridge on Proverbs 10 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleBringeth forth ... - As a tree full of life and sap brings forth its fruit.
Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 10 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but a perverse tongue will be cut out.
The mouth of the righteous produces wisdom, but the perverse tongue will be cut off.
The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but a perverse tongue will be cut out.
The speech of the righteous bears the fruit of wisdom, but the one who speaks perversion will be destroyed.
Tyndale line
The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out.
The mouth of the righteous bringeth forth wisdom; But the perverse tongue shall be cut off.
The mouth of the righteous bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut off.
The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out.
The mouth of the iust shall be fruitfull in wisdome: but the tongue of the froward shall be cut out.
Strictly literal
The mouth of a righteous [man] putteth forth wisdom; but the froward tongue shall be cut out.
The mouth of the righteous uttereth wisdom, And the tongue of frowardness is cut out.
The mouth of the righteous utters wisdom, || And the tongue of contrariness is cut out.
The mouth of the just uttereth wisdom; but the tongue of perverseness shall be cut out.
Out of the mouth of the righteous person comes the fruit of wisdom, but the perverse tongue will be cut out.
From the Latin
The mouth of the just shall bring forth wisdom: the tongue of the perverse shall perish.
Simplified
What good people say produces wisdom, but liars will have their tongues cut out.
The mouth of the upright man is budding with wisdom, but the twisted tongue will be cut off.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text aligns closely with the Septuagint, with all seven words matched in translation. The Dead Sea Scrolls reflect similar wording, although one word is partly restored and six are supplied by an editor, indicating some textual preservation despite damage.
פִּֽי־ צַ֭דִּיק יָנ֣וּב חָכְמָ֑ה וּלְשׁ֥וֹן תַּ֝הְפֻּכ֗וֹת תִּכָּרֵֽת׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[פי] [צדיק] [ינוב] [חכמה] [ולשון] [תהפכות] תכרת
nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 6 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 10:31
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word פֶּה (*peh*) means 'mouth' and encompasses various meanings, including the mouth of a person or animal, as well as openings or orifices. It can also refer to speech, edges, and portions. Additionally, it denotes a weight equal to one third of a shekel, found in 1 Samuel 13:21.
פֶּה 485 n.m. mouth
mouth, of man, organ of eating and drinking
external organ
much oftener, as organ of speech, of man
as laughing; panting
of God
of idols
of musical instr. = sound
of animals; hence of edge of sword
mouth = opening, orifice
extremity, end
= portion
with preps.
base
H6310 פֶּה mouth . . mouth, of man, organ of eating and drinking
. external organ
. . much oftener, as organ of speech, of man
. as laughing; panting
. of God
. of idols
. of musical instr. = sound
. of animals
. mouth = opening, orifice
. . extremity, end
. = portion
. with preps.
6310 peh peh
from 6284; the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether
literal or figurative (particularly speech); specifically
edge, portion or side; adverbially (with preposition)
according to:--accord(-ing as, -ing to), after, appointment,
assent, collar, command(-ment), X eat, edge, end, entry, +
file, hole, X in, mind, mouth, part, portion, X (should)
say(-ing), sentence, skirt, sound, speech, X spoken, talk,
tenor, X to, + two-edged, wish, word.
see HEBREW for 06284
פֶּה (peh) — lip.
: lip/mouth
peh
1) mouth
1a) mouth (of man)
1b) mouth (as organ of speech)
1c) mouth (of animals)
1d) mouth, opening, orifice (of a well, river, etc)
1e) extremity, end pim
2) a weight equal to one third of a shekel, occurs only in 1Sa 13:21
פֶּה (peh) — lip: edge.
: edge
peh
1) mouth
1a) mouth (of man)
1b) mouth (as organ of speech)
1c) mouth (of animals)
1d) mouth, opening, orifice (of a well, river, etc)
1e) extremity, end pim
2) a weight equal to one third of a shekel, occurs only in 1Sa 13:21
פֶּה (peh) — lip: word.
: word/command
peh
1) mouth
1a) mouth (of man)
1b) mouth (as organ of speech)
1c) mouth (of animals)
1d) mouth, opening, orifice (of a well, river, etc)
1e) extremity, end pim
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
צַדִּיק (tsaddiyq) means just or righteous, covering various aspects such as lawful behavior, moral conduct, and being justified by God. It is derived from a related root and is used to describe individuals who are upright in character and actions.
צַדִּיק 206 adj. just, righteous
base
H6662 צַדִּיק just, righteous
6662 tsaddiyq tsad-deek'
from 6663; just:--just, lawful, righteous (man).
see HEBREW for 06663
צַדִּיק (tsad.diq) — righteous.
1) just, lawful, righteous
1a) just, righteous (in government)
1b) just, right (in one's cause)
1c) just, righteous (in conduct and character)
1d) righteous (as justified and vindicated by God)
1e) right, correct, lawful
Adj — AdjHAamsa
נוּב (nuwb) is a primitive root meaning to germinate or bear fruit, often used figuratively to indicate flourishing or uttering words. It appears in various forms, such as making something flourish or bringing forth fruit. The entries suggest a poetic usage, particularly in relation to wisdom and prosperity.
[נוּב] vb. bear fruit (poet.)
Qal only fig., abs. of righteous under fig. of tree; if wealth beareth fruit; beareth the fruit of wisdom.
Po‛l. fig. for makes to flourish.
base
H5107 נוּב
5107 nuwb noob
a primitive root; to germinate, i.e. (figuratively) to
(causatively, make) flourish; also (of words), to
utter:--bring forth (fruit), make cheerful, increase.
נוּב (nuv) — to bear fruit.
1) to bear fruit
1a) (Qal) to bear fruit
1b) (Pilel) to make to flourish (fig.)
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
froot.
See FOOD; BOTANY, and special articles on APPLE; FIG; VINE, etc.
Fruit
A word as used in Scripture denoting produce in general, whether vegetable or animal. The Hebrews divided the fruits of the land into three classes:,
(1.) The fruit of the field, “corn-fruit” (Heb. dagan); all kinds of grain and pulse.
(2.) The fruit of the vine, “vintage-fruit” (Heb. tirosh); grapes, whether moist or dried.
(3.) “Orchard-fruits” (Heb. yitshar), as dates, figs, citrons, etc.
Injunctions concerning offerings and tithes were expressed by these Hebrew terms alone (Num. 18:12; Deut. 14:23). This word “fruit” is also used of children or offspring (Gen. 30:2; Deut. 7:13; Luke 1:42;
חָכְמָה (chokmah) means wisdom and encompasses various forms of skill, including in war and administration, as well as shrewdness and ethical prudence. It is built from the root word for wisdom, חָכַם (chakam). The term appears in contexts related to both practical and religious matters.
חָכְמָה n.f. wisdom
skill in war
wisdom, in administration
shrewdness, wisdom
wisdom, prudence in religious affairs
wisdom, ethical and religious
base
H2451 חָכְמָה wisdom . skill in war
. wisdom, in administration
. shrewdness, wisdom
. wisdom, prudence in religious affairs
. wisdom, ethical and religious
2451 chokmah khok-maw'
from 2449; wisdom (in a good sense):--skilful, wisdom,
wisely, wit.
see HEBREW for 02449
חׇכְמָה (chokh.mah) — wisdom.
1) wisdom
1a) skill (in war)
1b) wisdom (in administration)
1c) shrewdness, wisdom
1d) wisdom, prudence (in religious affairs)
1e) wisdom (ethical and religious)
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
wiz'-dum:
1. Linguistic
2. History
3. Religious Basis
4. Ideals
5. Teaching of Christ
6. Remainder of the New Testament
(1) James
(2) Paul
7. Hypostasis
LITERATURE
1. Linguistic:
In the Revised Version (British and American) the noun "wisdom" and its corresponding adjective and verb ("be wise," "act wisely," etc.) represent a variety of Hebrew words: bin (binah, and in the English Revised Version tebunah), sakhal (sekhel, sekhel), lebh (and in the English Revised Version labhabh), tushiyah (and in the English Revised Version Te`em, `ormah, piqqach. None of these, however, is of very frequent occurrence and by far the most common group is the verb chakham, with the adjective chakham, and the nouns chokhmah, chokhmoth, with something over 300 occurrences in the Old Testament (of which rather more than half are in Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes). Cokhmah, accordingly, may be treated as the Hebrew…
The Hebrew word לָשׁוֹן (*lashon*) primarily means 'tongue,' referring to both the organ of speech in humans and animals. It can also denote 'language' and has figurative uses, such as a 'tongue-shaped' wedge or bay. The entries highlight its literal and metaphorical applications, but do not present any significant disagreements among the lexicons.
לָשׁוֹן n.m. and (more oft.) f. tongue
tongue of men
= language
tongue of animals
tongue of fire
= (tongue-shaped) wedge of gold
= (tongue-shaped) bay of sea
base
H3956 לָשׁוֹן tongue . tongue of men
. = language
. tongue of animals
. tongue of fire
. = (tongue-shaped) wedge of gold
. = (tongue-shaped) bay of sea
3956 lashown law-shone'
or lashon {law-shone'}; also (in plural) feminine lshonah
{lesh-o-naw'}; from 3960; the tongue (of man or animals), used
literally (as the instrument of licking, eating, or speech),
and figuratively (speech, an ingot, a fork of flame, a cove of
water):--+ babbler,bay, + evil speaker, language, talker,
tongue, wedge.
see HEBREW for 03960
לָשׁוֹן (la.shon) — tongue.
: tongue/words
1) tongue
1a) tongue (of men)
1a1) tongue (literal)
1a2) tongue (organ of speech)
1b) language
1c) tongue (of animals)
1d) tongue (of fire)
1e) wedge, bay of sea (tongue-shaped)
לָשׁוֹן (la.shon) — tongue: language.
: language
1) tongue
1a) tongue (of men)
1a1) tongue (literal)
1a2) tongue (organ of speech)
1b) language
1c) tongue (of animals)
1d) tongue (of fire)
1e) wedge, bay of sea (tongue-shaped)
לָשׁוֹן (la.shon) — tongue: bar.
: bar/projection/bay
1) tongue
1a) tongue (of men)
1a1) tongue (literal)
1a2) tongue (organ of speech)
1b) language
1c) tongue (of animals)
1d) tongue (of fire)
1e) wedge, bay of sea (tongue-shaped)
Conj | N-cs — Conjunction · noun common both singular constructHC/Ncbsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
תַּהְפֻּכָה (tahpukah) refers to a concept of perversity or a perverse thing. The entries consistently define it as a form of fraud or frowardness, emphasizing its negative connotation. It is linked to the root word for 'perversity' in Hebrew.
[תַּהְפֻּכָה] n.f. perversity, perverse thing
base
H8419 [תַּהְפֻּכָה] perversity, perverse thing
8419 tahpukah tah-poo-kaw'
from 2015; a perversity or fraud:--(very) froward(-ness,
thing), perverse thing.
see HEBREW for 02015
תַּהְפֻּכָה (tah.pu.khah) — perversity.
perversity, perverse thing
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
כָּרַת (karath) is a Hebrew verb meaning to cut off, cut down, or make a covenant. It encompasses a range of actions from physically cutting to forming alliances, often implying destruction or elimination. The verb appears in various forms, indicating different nuances such as being cut off or destroyed. Notably, it can also refer to the act of making a covenant, which traditionally involved cutting flesh.
כָּרַת 291 vb. cut off, cut down
Qal
cut off
cut down
hew, timber
cut, or make a covenant
Niph.
be cut off
be cut down
be chewed between the teeth
be cut off, in a more general sense fail
Pual
be cut off
be cut down
Hiph.
cut off, flattering lips
cut off, destroy the life of
cut down, destroy, cities
take away
permit to perish
base
H3772 כָּרַת cut off, cut down .. cut off
. cut down
. hew, timber
. cut, or make a covenant
. . be cut off
. be cut down
. be chewed between the teeth
. be cut off, in a more general sense fail
.. be cut off
. be cut down
. . cut off, flattering lips
. cut off, destroy the life of
. cut down, destroy, cities
. take away
. permit to perish
3772 karath kaw-rath'
a primitive root; to cut (off, down or asunder); by
implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant
(i.e. make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutting flesh
and passing between the pieces):--be chewed, be
con-(feder-)ate, covenant, cut (down, off), destroy, fail,
feller, be freed, hew (down), make a league ((covenant)), X
lose, perish, X utterly, X want.
כָּרַת (ka.rat) — to cut: cut.
: cut/fell
1) to cut, cut off, cut down, cut off a body part, cut out, eliminate, kill, cut a covenant
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to cut off
1a1a) to cut off a body part, behead
1a2) to cut down
1a3) to hew
1a4) to cut or make a covenant
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be cut off
1b2) to be cut down
1b3) to be chewed
1b4) to be cut off, fail
1c) (Pual)
1c1) to be cut off
1c2) to be cut down
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cut off
1d2) to cut off, destroy
1d3) to cut down, destroy
1d4) to take away
1d5) to permit to perish
1e) (Hophal) cut off
כָּרַת (ka.rat) — to cut: make(covenant).
: make(covenant)
1) to cut, cut off, cut down, cut off a body part, cut out, eliminate, kill, cut a covenant
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to cut off
1a1a) to cut off a body part, behead
1a2) to cut down
1a3) to hew
1a4) to cut or make a covenant
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be cut off
1b2) to be cut down
1b3) to be chewed
1b4) to be cut off, fail
V-Niphal-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person feminine singularHVNi3fs