Proverbs 20:18 — Word Study
WLCמַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּעֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן וּ֝בְתַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה׃
BSASetkûwn▸ ◂plansmachăshâbâh [with wise help] by consultationʻêtsâh and wageʻâsâh warmilchâmâh [make battle, engage in conflict] under sound guidancetachbulâh [with wise planning, wise direction]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת | plans | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| בְּעֵצָ֣ה | by counsel | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| תִכּ֑וֹן | it is established | Verb, Niphal, imperfect third person feminine singular |
| וּ֝בְתַחְבֻּל֗וֹת | and by wise directions | Conjunction, preposition, noun common feminine plural absolute |
| עֲשֵׂ֣ה | make | Verb, Qal, imperative second person masculine singular |
| מִלְחָמָֽה׃ | war | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Set plans by consultation, and wage war under sound guidance. |
| KJV | Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war. |
| ASV | Every purpose is established by counsel; And by wise guidance make thou war. |
| YLT | Purposes by counsel thou dost establish, And with plans make thou war. |
| WEB | Plans are established by advice; by wise guidance you wage war! |
| BBE | Every purpose is put into effect by wise help: and by wise guiding make war. |
Where they part company is מַחֲשָׁבוֹת — see How Translations Differ.
Two main actions with accompanying phrases that specify how they should be carried out.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectמַחֲשָׁבָה
verbכּוּן
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Proverbs 20:18
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Wisdom in Planning and Actiongenerated
Proverbs 20:18 emphasizes the necessity of wise counsel when making plans and engaging in conflict. The surrounding verses highlight the consequences of deceit and the importance of discretion. This context reinforces the value of strategic thinking in both personal and communal decisions.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Proverbs 15:22 | Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed. |
| 2 | Proverbs 24:6 | Only with sound guidance should you wage war, and victory lies in a multitude of counselors. |
| 3 | Proverbs 25:8 | do not bring hastily to court. Otherwise, what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? |
| 4 | Judges 1:1–2 | After the death of Joshua, the Israelites inquired of the LORD, “Who will be the first to go up and fight for us against the Canaanites?” |
| 5 | Judges 9:29 | If only this people were under my authority, I would remove Abimelech; I would say to him, ‘Muster your army and come out!’” |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 9 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מַחֲשָׁבוֹת, Ma.cha.sha.Votgenerated
The noun מַחֲשָׁבוֹת (machashavot) is the plural form of מַחֲשָׁבָה, meaning plans or devices. It is derived from a root that conveys the idea of devising or plotting, indicating both creativity and intention. In this verse, it refers to the thoughtful plans that should be made with careful consideration.
This word appears frequently in the Bible, often in contexts that emphasize the importance of wise planning and the consequences of both good and bad intentions. The parsing as a feminine plural noun suggests a collective aspect to planning, highlighting that it is often a communal effort.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses set plans and wage war to convey the actions of planning and conflict.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb תִכּ֑וֹן, it is established, governs the sentence, with two phrases describing how plans should be set and how war should be waged. The structure emphasizes the importance of both consultation and guidance in these actions.
The sentence is constructed with a series of phrases that elaborate on the main actions, indicating a logical flow from planning to execution. The use of prepositional phrases adds depth to the instructions given.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint does not provide a direct translation for this verse, but it matches five of the six Hebrew words. This indicates a close relationship between the Hebrew text and the Greek translation, though the Greek may have its own nuances in expression.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Proverbs 20:18 teaches that making plans should involve wise counsel and that engaging in conflict requires careful direction. This verse highlights the importance of collaboration and strategic thinking in decision-making.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It means that making effective plans should involve seeking advice and input from others, ensuring that decisions are well thought out.
Wise guidance helps to navigate the complexities of conflict, ensuring that actions taken are strategic and informed.
You can apply this verse by seeking counsel from trusted individuals when making important decisions or facing challenges.
Examples include the advice given by Jethro to Moses in Exodus 18 and the counsel of Solomon in Proverbs.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what areas of my life do I need to seek wise counsel before making decisions?
- How can I ensure that my plans are established with good guidance?
- What steps can I take to involve others in my decision-making process?
- How do I discern between good and bad advice when seeking counsel?
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Proverbs 20:18 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible[Every] purpose is established by counsel,.... Or "the thought" (f) of a man, everyone of them, what he has thought to do, formed a scheme of in his mind, and resolved upon, by taking advice of his
Read John Gill on Proverbs 20 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryEvery purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war. And with good advice make war - for victory is more often obtained by skill than by strength.
Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 20 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleEvery purpose is established by counsel; the way to bring our purposes and desires to a good effect, is to manage them with serious consideration and good advice. And; or, therefore. This is necessary in every common undertaking, and much more in a thing of such high importance as war is.
Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 20 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsProverbs 20:18 [Every] purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war.Ver. 18. Every purpose is established by counsel.] That thy proceedings be not either unconstant or uncomfortable, deliberate long ere thou resolve on any enterprise. Advise with God especially, who hath said, "Woe be to the rebellious children that take counsel, but not of me." David had able counsellors about him: but those he most esteemed and made use of were God’ s testimonies. "Thy testimonies also are my delight, and the men of my counsel." Princes had learned men ever with them, called Mνημονες, remembrancers, monitors, counsellors; as Themistocles had his Anaxagoras; Alexander his Aristotle…
Read John Trapp on Proverbs 20 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 18. With good advice make war,] Perhaps there is not a precept in this whole book so little regarded as this. Most of the wars that are undertaken are wars of injustice, ambition, aggrandizement, and caprice, which can have had no previous good counsel. A minister, who is perhaps neither a good nor a great man, counsels his king to make war; the cabinet must be brought into it, and a sufficient number out of the states of the kingdom gained over to support it. By and by, what was begun through caprice must be maintained through necessity. Places must be created, and offices must be filled with needy dependents, whose interest it may be to protract the war, till they get enough to pay…
Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 20 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges18. with good advice] or, by wise guidance, R.V., make war. Comp. Luke 14:31-32.
Read Cambridge on Proverbs 20 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible18. Every purpose, etc. — Or, thou shall establish purposes, plans, enterprises, etc., by counsel — thus thou shall make them sure and successful.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Proverbs 20 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Set plans by consultation, and wage war under sound guidance.
Plans are established by advice; by wise guidance you wage war!
Set plans by consultation, and wage war under sound guidance.
Plans are established by counsel, so make war with guidance.
Tyndale line
Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war.
Every purpose is established by counsel; And by wise guidance make thou war.
Every purpose is established by counsel: and by wise guidance make thou war,
Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war.
Establish the thoughtes by counsell: and by counsell make warre.
Strictly literal
Plans are established by counsel; and with good advice make war.
Purposes by counsel thou dost establish, And with plans make thou war.
You establish purposes by counsel, || And with plans you make war.
Plans are established by counsel; and with wise reflection conduct war.
Plans are established by advice and only with wise guidance should you wage war.
From the Latin
Designs are strengthened by counsels: and wars are to be managed by governments.
Simplified
With sound advice, plans are successful; if you're going to war, make sure you have good guidance.
Every purpose is put into effect by wise help: and by wise guiding make war.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text of Proverbs 20:18 states, "מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּעֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן וּ֝בְתַחְבּ֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה׃" which translates to "Set plans by consultation, and wage war under sound guidance." The Septuagint, while not providing a direct translation here, aligns closely with the Masoretic Text in its word structure, although the exact wording and order may differ due to translation choices. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not provide additional textual variants for this verse, indicating a strong agreement with the Masoretic Text in this instance. Thus, the primary witnesses here show a consensus on the core message of the verse regarding planning and guidance in warfare.
מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּעֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן וּ֝בְתַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה׃
5 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 20:18
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
מַחֲשָׁבָה (machashabah) refers to thoughts, devices, plans, or inventions, encompassing both good and bad intentions. It is derived from a root meaning to contrive or devise. The entries consistently highlight its use in contexts relating to intention and creativity.
מַחֲשָׁבָה n.f. thought, device
thought
device, plan, purpose
invention
base
H4284 מַחֲשָׁבָה thought, device . thought
. device, plan, purpose
. invention
4284 machashabah makh-ash-aw-baw'
or machashebeth {makh-ash-eh'-beth}; from 2803; a
contrivance, i.e. (concretely) a texture, machine, or
(abstractly) intention, plan (whether bad, a plot; or good,
advice):--cunning (work), curious work, device(-sed),
imagination, invented, means, purpose, thought.
see HEBREW for 02803
מַחֲשָׁבָה (ma.cha.sha.vah) — plot.
1) thought, device
1a) thought
1b) device, plan, purpose
1c) invention
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
עֵצָה (`etsah) refers to counsel or advice, and can also imply a plan or purpose. It is derived from a root meaning to advise or provide guidance. The entries consistently emphasize its use in contexts related to providing counsel or making decisions.
עֵצָה n.f. counsel, advice
base
H6098 עֵצָה counsel, advice
6098 `etsah ay-tsaw'
from 3289; advice; by implication, plan; also
prudence:--advice, advisement, counsel(l-(or)), purpose.
see HEBREW for 03289
עֵצָה (e.tsah) — counsel.
counsel, advice, purpose
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHR/Ncfsa
→ General scriptures concerning Pr 1:5; 9:9; 11:14; 12:15; 15:22; 19:20; 20:18; 24:6; 27:9
→ See PRUDENCE
→ REJECTED Pr 1:24-33
(1) The importance of Seeking
Pr 11:14; 12:15; 13:10; 15:22; 20:18
--SEE Instruction (1), INSTRUCTION
Guidance, (3), GUIDANCE
Counsellors, COUNSELLORS
(2) Wise, Examples of
כּוּן (kuwn) is a Hebrew verb meaning to establish or prepare. It encompasses a range of meanings, including to be firm, to fix, to direct, and to be ready, with applications in both literal and figurative contexts. The entries indicate various forms of the verb, such as Niph'al (to be established) and Hiph'il (to establish), but there is a note on a noun form, נָכוֹן (nakhon), meaning 'blow'.
[כּוּן] 218 vb. prob. be firm, only in der. conj.
Niph.
be set up, established, fixed
in a moral sense, be directed aright, of ways
prepare, be ready
pass. be prepared, of judgments
Hiph.
establish, set up
fix, so as to be ready, make ready, prepare, a gift
provide for, provide, furnish
direct one's face toward
arrange, order
Hoph.
be established, of throne
be prepared for
Po‛lēl.
set up, establish
constitute, make, a man (in womb)
fix, so as to be ready
direct
Po‛lal. be established
Hithpo‛l. be established
base
נָכוֹן n. [m.] = blow Jb 12:5
ref
H3559a כּוּן prob. be firm, only in der. conj. . . be set up, established, fixed
. in a moral sense, be directed aright, of ways
. prepare, be ready
. pass. be prepared, of judgments
. . establish, set up
. . fix, so as to be ready, make ready, prepare, a gift
. provide for, provide, furnish
. direct one's face toward
. arrange, order
. . be established, of throne
. be prepared for
. . set up, establish
. constitute, make, a man (in womb)
. fix, so as to be ready
. direct
. be established
. be established
H3559b נָכוֹן n. [m.] = blow
3559 kuwn koon
a primitive root; properly, to be erect (i.e. stand
perpendicular); hence (causatively) to set up, in a great
variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix,
prepare, apply), or figurative (appoint, render sure, proper
or prosperous):--certain(-ty), confirm, direct, faithfulness,
fashion, fasten, firm, be fitted, be fixed, frame, be meet,
ordain, order, perfect, (make) preparation, prepare (self),
provide, make provision, (be, make) ready, right, set (aright,
fast, forth), be stable, (e-)stablish, stand, tarry, X very
deed.
כּוּן (kun) — to establish: prepare.
: prepare/direct
1) to be firm, be stable, be established
1a) (Niphal)
1a1) to be set up, be established, be fixed
1a1a) to be firmly established
1a1b) to be established, be stable, be secure, be enduring
1a1c) to be fixed, be securely determined
1a2) to be directed aright, be fixed aright, be steadfast (moral sense)
1a3) to prepare, be ready
1a4) to be prepared, be arranged, be settled
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to establish, set up, accomplish, do, make firm
1b2) to fix, make ready, prepare, provide, provide for, furnish
1b3) to direct toward (moral sense)
1b4) to arrange, order
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be established, be fastened
1c2) to be prepared, be ready
1d) (Polel)
1d1) to set up, establish
1d2) to constitute, make
1d3) to fix
1d4) to direct
1e) (Pulal) to be established, be prepared
1f) (Hithpolel) to be established, be restored
נָכוֹן (na.khon) — blow.
V-Niphal-Imperf-3fs — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person feminine singularHVNi3fs
תַּחְבֻּלָה (tachbulah) refers to direction or counsel, derived from the idea of steering or managing ropes. It encompasses guidance, wise advice, and can also imply plans or strategies. The term appears only in plural form and is associated with both good and wicked counsel.
[תַּחְבֻּלָה] n.f. direction, counsel (prob. orig. of rope-pulling, i.e. steering, directing a ship)
base
H8458 תַּחְבֻּלָה, תַּחְבּוּלָה
8458 tachbulah takh-boo-law'
or tachbuwlah {takh-boo-law'}; from 2254 as denominative from
2256; (only in plural) properly, steerage (as a management of
ropes), i.e. (figuratively) guidance or (by implication) a
plan:--good advice, (wise) counsels.
see HEBREW for 02254
see HEBREW for 02256
תַּחְבֻּלָה (tach.bu.lah) — counsel.
1) direction, counsel, guidance, good advice, (wise) counsel
1a) direction, guidance
1b) counsel
1b1) good or wise counsel
1b2) of the wicked
Conj | Prep | N-fp — Conjunction · preposition · noun common feminine plural absoluteHC/R/Ncfpa
עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.
עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make
Qal 2524
do (1560 t.)
deal with
oft. in phr. do kindness with
abs. act, act with effect
make (670 t.)
produce, yield
prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
make offering
attend to, put in order
observe, celebrate, religious festival
acquire property of various kinds
appoint priests
bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
use
spend, pass, days of life
Niph.
97be done
be made, of concr. things
be produced from vine
be prepared, of food
be offered
be observed, passover
be used
Pu. I was made
base
[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze
base
H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)
. deal with
. oft. in phr. do kindness with
. abs. act, act with effect
. . make (670 + t.)
. produce, yield
. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food
. make offering
. attend to, put in order
. observe, celebrate, religious festival
. acquire property of various kinds
. appoint priests
. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance
. use
. spend, pass, days of life
. . be done
. . be made, of concr. things
. be produced from vine
. be prepared, of food
. be offered
. be observed, passover
. be used
. I was made
H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze
6213 `asah aw-saw'
a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and
widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,
appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,
bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal
(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)
execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +
finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go
about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X
indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,
make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,
bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,
provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,
spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be
(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.
: do/perform
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
1a2c) to prepare
1a2d) to make (an offering)
1a2e) to attend to, put in order
1a2f) to observe, celebrate
1a2g) to acquire (property)
1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute
1a2i) to bring about
1a2j) to use
1a2k) to spend, pass
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be done
1b2) to be made
1b3) to be produced
1b4) to be offered
1b5) to be observed
1b6) to be used
1c) (Pual) to be made
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.
(Piel) to press, squeeze
עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.
: make(OBJECT)
1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to do, work, make, produce
1a1a) to do
1a1b) to work
1a1c) to deal (with)
1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect
1a2) to make
1a2a) to make
1a2b) to produce
V-Qal-Impv-2ms — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine singularHVqv2ms
מִלְחָמָה (milchamah) means 'battle' or 'war.' It is derived from the root word for fighting and encompasses both specific engagements and the broader concept of warfare. The entries consistently define it in this way, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.
מִלְחָמָה 319 n.f. battle, war
base
H4421 מִלְחָמָה battle, war
4421 milchamah mil-khaw-maw'
from 3898 (in the sense of fighting); a battle (i.e. the
engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare):--battle,
fight(-ing), war((-rior)).
see HEBREW for 03898
מִלְחָמָה (mil.cha.mah) — battle.
battle, war
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
War
The Israelites had to take possession of the Promised Land by conquest. They had to engage in a long and bloody war before the Canaanitish tribes were finally subdued. Except in the case of Jericho and Ai, the war did not become aggressive till after the death of Joshua. Till then the attack was always first made by the Canaanites. Now the measure of the iniquity of the Canaanites was full, and Israel was employed by God to sweep them away from off the face of the earth. In entering on this new stage of the war, the tribe of Judah, according to divine direction, took the lead.
In the days of Saul and David the people of Israel engaged in many wars with the nations around, and after the division of the kingdom into two they often warred with each other. They had to defend themselves also against the inroads of the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and the Babylonians. The whole history of…
The most important topic in connection with war is the formation of the army which is destined to carry it on. [ARMY] In (1 Kings 9:22) at a period (Solomon’s reign) when the organization of the army was complete, we have apparently a list of the various gradations of rank in the service, as follows: "Men of war" = privates ; "servants," the lowest rank of officers --lieutenants ; "princes" = captains ; "captains," perhaps = staff officers ; "rulers of the chariots and his horsemen" = cavalry officers . Formal proclamations of war were not interchanged between the belligerents. Before entering the enemy’s district spies were seat to ascertain the character of the country and the preparations of its inhabitants for resistance. (Numbers 13:17;
One of the evil fruits of the fall, and an appalling manifestation of the depravity of mankind, Ge 6:11-13 Isa 9:5 Jas 4:1-2, often rendered apparently inevitable by the assaults of enemies, or commanded by God for their punishment. See AMALEKITES and CANAAN.
By this scourge, subsequently to the conquest of Canaan, God chastised both his own rebellious people and the corrupt and oppressive idolaters around them. In many cases, moreover, the issue was distinctly made between the true God and idols; as with the Philistines, 1Sa 17:43-47; the Syrians, 1Ki 20:23-30; the Assyrians,
→ Divine approval of 2Sa 22:35
→ Civil Jud 12:1-6; 20; 2Sa 2:12-31; 3:1; 20; 1Ki 14:30; 16:21; Isa 19:2
→ Forbidden 2Ch 11:4
→ Averted Jos 22:11-34
→ Enemy harangued by the general of the opposing side 2Ki 18:19-36; 2Ch 13:4-12
→ Of extermination Nu 31:7-17; De 2:33,34; 3:6; 20:13-18;