Psalms 100:1 — Word Study
WLCהָרִ֥יעוּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּל־ הָאָֽרֶץ׃
BSAA Psalmmizmôwr of thanksgivingtôwdâh Make a joyful noiserûwaʻ [loud, triumphant, shout, sing] to the LORDYᵉhôvâh [Yehovah, the Lord of all] allkôl [every part of] the earthʼerets [land, world, creation]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| הָרִ֥יעוּ | shout for joy | Verb, Hiphil, imperative second person masculine plural |
| לַ֝יהוָ֗ה | to Yahweh | Preposition, noun proper |
| כָּל־ | O all | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| הָאָֽרֶץ׃ | the earth | Particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all the earth. |
| KJV | Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands. |
| ASV | Make a joyful noise unto Jehovah, all ye lands. |
| YLT | A Psalm of Thanksgiving. Shout to Jehovah, all the earth. |
| WEB | Shout for joy to Yahweh, all you lands! |
| BBE | Make a glad sound to the Lord, all the earth. |
Translations agree on the joyful call to worship in this verse.
The structure is simple, with a clear command followed by the recipient and the direction.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbמִזְמוֹר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 100:1
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Call to Joyful Worshipgenerated
Psalm 100:1 is a joyful proclamation inviting all the earth to make a loud noise in worship to the LORD. This psalm encourages believers to serve God with gladness and recognize His sovereignty as the Creator. It sets the tone for the rest of the psalm, which continues to express themes of gratitude and acknowledgment of God's goodness.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 145:1 | I will exalt You, my God and King; I will bless Your name forever and ever. |
| 2 | Psalm 32:11 | Be glad in the LORD and rejoice, O righteous ones; shout for joy, all you upright in heart. |
| 3 | Psalm 47:1–5 | Clap your hands, all you peoples; shout unto God with a voice of triumph. |
| 4 | Psalm 66:1–4 | Make a joyful noise to God, all the earth! |
| 5 | Psalm 95:1–2 | Come, let us sing for joy to the LORD; let us shout to the Rock of our salvation! |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 16 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — הָרִ֥יעוּ, ha.Ri.'ugenerated
The verb הָרִ֥יעוּ (ha.Ri.'u) is a Hiphil imperative, meaning 'shout for joy.' It is derived from the root רוּעַ (ruwa`), which encompasses actions like shouting, making a loud noise, or signaling. The parsing indicates that it is a command directed to a group, emphasizing collective worship.
This word captures the essence of joyful expression, whether through shouting, singing, or making a triumphant noise. It is often associated with moments of celebration or divine intervention, as seen in other biblical contexts.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In this study, we reference the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), which translates הָרִ֥יעוּ as Make a joyful noise.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb is הָרִ֥יעוּ, shout for joy, which governs the entire verse. The structure is straightforward, with the subject implied as 'you' (the earth) and the action directed towards the LORD.
The phrase לַ֝יהוָ֗ה (to Yahweh) follows the verb, indicating to whom the joyful noise is directed, while כָּל־ (all) and הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (the earth) complete the thought by specifying who is to make this joyful noise.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates הָרִ֥יעוּ as ἀλαλάχατε (alalákhate), which means 'shout' or 'cry out.' This choice reflects a similar emphasis on vocal expression of joy and worship.
The Greek term used here conveys the same sense of communal celebration as the Hebrew, suggesting a consistent understanding of the psalm's intent across languages.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 100:1 invites everyone on earth to make a joyful noise to the LORD. This verse encourages us to express our joy and gratitude in worship, reminding us that our praise is meant to be loud and communal.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Making a joyful noise means expressing happiness and praise, often through shouting or singing, as an act of worship to God.
The call is universal, inviting everyone and everything to join in worship, reflecting the belief that all creation should acknowledge and praise the Creator.
You can express joy in worship through singing, shouting, or any form of joyful expression that comes from your heart as you connect with God.
Serving the LORD with gladness means approaching our duties and responsibilities in faith with joy and a positive attitude, recognizing God's goodness.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways can I make a joyful noise in my daily life?
- How can I encourage others to join in worship and express their joy?
- What are some specific moments in my life where I have felt the urge to shout for joy?
- How does recognizing God's creation inspire me to worship Him?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early church father Augustine of Hippo references this psalm to emphasize the call to joyful worship, highlighting its importance in the life of believers.
"Jubilate," therefore, "unto the Lord, all you lands" [Psalms 100:1]. This Psalm gives this exhortation to us, that we jubilate unto the Lord.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 100 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 100:1 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleMake a joyful noise unto the Lord, all ye lands. Or, "all the earth" (c); that is, as the Targum, all the inhabitants of the earth, who are called upon to shout unto him as their King; as the angels
Read John Gill on Psalms 100 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryMake a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands. Psalms 100:1-5.-Invitation to praise (Psalms 100:1); ground of it: serve Yahweh, because He hath made us, and adopted us as His people by redemption (Psalms 100:2-3).
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 100 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BiblePsalms 100 THE This Psalm seems to have been composed for the use of the Israelites in their thank-offerings, or upon other solemn occasions of praising God, as the title speaks; but withal it hath a further prospect, even to the days of the Messiah, as some of the Hebrew doctors acknowledge, and to the calling of the Gentiles, whom he invites to join with them in the praises of God their Lord and Maker. An exhortation to praise God joyfully, ,2, for his greatness, power, ,4, goodness, and faithfulness to his church, . Make a joyful noise; partly with voices and songs of rejoicing and thanksgiving; and partly with musical instruments, as the manner then was. All ye lands; all the…
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 100 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 100:1 « A Psalm of praise. » Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands.A Psalm of praise] Suavis et gravis, short and sweet; appointed, likely, to be sung at the thank offerings, quando pacifica erant offerenda, say the Italian and Spanish annotators. See Psalms 100:4. Enter with thanksgiving, or with thank sacrifice, Leviticus 7:12. Ver. 1. All ye lands] Both Jews and Gentiles, Romans 15:10-11, for your common salvation.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 100 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(1) Make a joyful noise.—See Psalms 98:4. All ye lands.—Or, all the earth.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 100 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BiblePSALM C All nations are exhorted to praise the Lord, 1, 2; to acknowledge him to be the Sovereign God and their Creator and that they are his people and the flock of his pasture, 3; to worship him publicly, and be grateful for his mercies, 4. The reasons on which this is founded; his own goodness, his everlasting mercy, and his ever-during truth, 5. NOTES ON PSALM C This Psalm is entitled in the Hebrew מזמור לתודה mizmor lethodah, not "A Psalm of Praise," as we have it, but "A Psalm for the confession, or for the confession-offering," very properly translated by the Chaldee: שבחא על קורבן תודתא shibcha al kurban todetha, "Praise for the sacrifice (or offering) of confession." The Vulgate…
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 100 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges1. Shout unto Jehovah, all the earth, (as in Psalms 98:4; Psalms 66:1), greeting Him as King. See note on Psalms 98:4. Render, as A.V. there and in Psalms 66:1, all the earth, not all ye lands. In the worship of Jehovah mankind is to regain its lost unity.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 100 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleMake a joyful noise unto the Lord - See the notes at Psalms 95:1. All ye lands - Margin, as in Hebrew, “all the earth.” The margin expresses the sense.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 100 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all the earth.
Shout for joy to Yahweh, all you lands!
A Psalm of thanksgiving. Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all the earth.
Shout out praises to the Lord, all the earth!
Tyndale line
Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands.
Make a joyful noise unto Jehovah, all ye lands.
Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands.
A Psalm of praise. Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all ye lands.
A Psalme of Praise. Sing ye loude vnto the Lord, all the earth.
Strictly literal
Shout aloud unto Jehovah, all the earth!
A Psalm of Thanksgiving. Shout to Jehovah, all the earth.
A PSALM OF THANKSGIVING. Shout to YHWH, all the earth!
“A psalm of thanksgiving.” Shout joyfully unto the Lord, all ye lands.
Shout joyfully to Yahweh, all the earth.
From the Latin
A psalm for David himself. Mercy and judgment I will sing to thee, O Lord: I will sing,
Simplified
Everyone on earth shout for joy to the Lord!
Make a glad sound to the Lord, all the earth.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads הָרִ֥יעוּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּל־ הָאָֽרֶץ׃, and the Septuagint matches this closely, indicating that the primary message has remained intact. The Dead Sea Scrolls show partial restoration, but the essential wording aligns with the Masoretic Text.
הָרִ֥יעוּ לַ֝יהוָ֗ה כָּל־ הָאָֽרֶץ׃
4 of the 4 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
הריעו [ליהוה] [כל] [הארץ]
nothing on the leather here — 1 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 100:1
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
רוּעַ (ruwa`) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning to shout or raise a sound. It encompasses a range of actions, including giving a blast with a horn, shouting in alarm or joy, and even signaling for battle. The word can also imply destruction in certain contexts. The entries highlight its use in various forms, such as Hiphil and Niphal.
[רוּעַ] vb. Hiph. 40 1. raise a shout. 2. give a blast with clarion or horn
Pō‛lal. a shout shall not be uttered
Hithpō‛l.
shout in triumph
shout for joy
base
H7321 [רוּעַ] Hiph. 1. raise a shout. 2. give a blast with clarion or horn
7321 ruwa` roo-ah'
a primitive root; to mar (especially by breaking);
figuratively, to split the ears (with sound), i.e. shout (for
alarm or joy):--blow an alarm, cry (alarm, aloud, out),
destroy, make a joyful noise, smart, shout (for joy), sound an
alarm, triumph.
רוּעַ (ru.a) — to shout.
1) to shout, raise a sound, cry out, give a blast
1a) (Hiphil)
1a1) to shout a war-cry or alarm of battle
1a2) to sound a signal for war or march
1a3) to shout in triumph (over enemies)
1a4) to shout in applause
1a5) to shout (with religious impulse)
1a6) to cry out in distress
1b) (Polal) to utter a shout
1c) (Hithpolel)
1c1) to shout in triumph
1c2) to shout for joy
2) (Niphal) destroyed
V-Hiphil-Impv-2mp — Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person masculine pluralHVhv2mp
joi (simchah; chara):
1. Terms:
The idea of joy is expressed in the Old Testament by a wealth of synonymous terms that cannot easily be differentiated. The commonest is simchah (1Sa 18:6, etc.), variously translated in English Versions of the Bible "joy," "gladness," "mirth"; from sameah, properly "to be bright," "to shine" (Pr 13:9, "The light of the righteous rejoiceth," literally, "is bright"), but generally used figuratively "to rejoice," "be glad" (Le 23:40 and very frequent).
Other nouns are masos and sason, both from sus, properly "to spring," "leap," hence, "exult," "rejoice"; rinnah, "shouting." "joy"; gil, from verb gil or gul, "to go in a circle," hence, "be excited" (dancing round for joy), "rejoice." In the New…
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) is the proper name of the God of Israel, often rendered as Jehovah or the Lord. It signifies the self-existent or eternal nature of God. The name is closely associated with the revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:12-15 and is used in conjunction with other terms to denote sacred places. Some scholars suggest it derives from a root meaning 'to bring into being.'
יהוה c. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel—(1. MT יְהֹוָה 6518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהֹוִה 305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים) 2. Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph. of הוה (= היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver)
יהוה is not used by E in Gn, but is given Ex 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb
יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D
the phrase † אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy
יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh
base
H3068 יהוה i.e. יַהְוֶה n. pr. dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel
3068 Yhovah yeh-ho-vaw'
from 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish
national name of God:--Jehovah, the Lord. Compare 3050, 3069.
see HEBREW for 01961
see HEBREW for 03050
see HEBREW for 03069
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — LORD.
Jehovah = "the existing One"
1) the proper name of the one true God
1a) unpronounced except with the vowel pointings of a.do.na (אֲדֹנָי "Lord" H0136)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — The Lord.
Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — (Jerusalem of) the Lord.
Combined with ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun properHR/Npt
כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.
כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all
with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
Absolutely:
without the art., all things, all
with the art. הַכֹּל
where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
base
H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every
. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all
. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned
. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)
3605 kol kole
or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;
hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a
plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any
(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as
many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,
whoso(-ever).
see HEBREW for 03634
כֹּל (kol) — all.
1) all, the whole
1a) all, the whole of
1b) any, each, every, anything
1c) totality, everything
Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.
(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.
(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).
אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.
אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land
earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
earth, opp. to heaven, sky
earth = inhabitants of earth
land =
country, territory
district, region
trial territory
piece of ground
specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
= inhabitants of land
used even of Shᵉʼôl
ground, surface of ground
soil, as productive
אֶרֶץ in phrases
people of the land
in measurements of distance
the country of the plain, level or plain country
land of the living
end(s) of the earth
pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
base
H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)
. earth, opp. to heaven, sky
. earth = inhabitants of earth
. land = . country, territory
. district, region
. trial territory
. piece of ground
. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel
. = inhabitants of land
. used even of Shᵉʼôl
. . ground, surface of ground
. soil, as productive
. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land
. in measurements of distance
. the country of the plain, level or plain country
. land of the living
. end(s) of the earth
. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.
776 'erets eh'-rets
from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth
(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,
field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.
: country/field
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
1b2) district, region
1b3) tribal territory
1b4) piece of ground
1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
1b6) inhabitants of land
1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world
1b8) city (-state)
1c) ground, surface of the earth
1c1) ground
1c2) soil
1d) (in phrases)
1d1) people of the land
1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
1d3) level or plain country
1d4) land of the living
1d5) end(s) of the earth
1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
1e1) lands, countries
1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.
: soil
1) land, earth
1a) earth
1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
1a3) earth (inhabitants)
1b) land
1b1) country, territory
Art | N-cs — Particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHTd/Ncfsa
urth ('adhamah, 'erets, 'aphar; ge, oikoumene):
In a hilly limestone country like Palestine, the small amount of iron oxide in the rocks tends to be oxidized, and thereby to give a prevailing reddish color to the soil. This is especially the case on relatively barren hills where there is little organic matter present to prevent reddening and give a more blackish tinge.
'Adhamah (compare 'adham, "a man," and Adam) is from 'adham, "to be red," and is used in the senses: "earth" (Ex 20:24), "land" (Ps 105:35), a "land" or country (Isa 14:2), "ground" (Ge 4:11), "the earth" (Ge 7:4).
Earth
(1.) In the sense of soil or ground, the translation of the word adamah’. In Gen. 9:20 “husbandman” is literally “man of the ground or earth.” Altars were to be built of earth (Ex. 20:24). Naaman asked for two mules’ burden of earth (2 Kings 5:17), under the superstitious notion that Jehovah, like the gods of the heathen, could be acceptably worshipped only on his own soil.
(2). As the rendering of ’erets, it means the whole world (Gen. 1:2); the land as opposed to the sea (1:10). Erets also denotes a country (21:32); a plot of ground (23:15); the ground on which a man stands (33:3); the inhabitants of the earth (6:1; 11:1); all the world except Israel (
The term is used in two widely-different senses: (1) for the material of which the earth’s surface is composed; (2) as the name of the planet on which man dwells. The Hebrew language discriminates between these two by the use of separate terms, adamah for the former, erets for the latter. Adamah is the earth in the sense of soil or ground, particularly as being susceptible of cultivation. (Genesis 2:7) Erets is applied in a more or less extended sense-- (1) to the whole world, (Genesis 1:1) (2) to land as opposed to sea, (Genesis 1:10) (3) to a country, (Genesis 21:32) (4) to a plot of ground, (Genesis 23:15) and (5) to…
In both Hebrew and Greek the same word is used to denote the earth as a whole, and a particular land. Only the context can enable us to decide in which of these senses it is to be taken in a given passage.
Thus in Mt 27:45 we might, so far as the original word is concerned, render either "there was darkness over all the land," or over all the earth. The expression "all the earth" is sometimes used hyperbolically for a large portion of it, Ezr 1:2. The word is used of the whole world, etc. In a moral sense, earthly is opposed to what is heavenly, spiritual and holy, Joh 3:31 1Co 15:47 Col 3:2