1 Corinthians 8

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 e StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size StandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsBoldUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueSubSuperScriptTypervsssSuperScriptUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicUnicode SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicfsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump SizeStandardCharsetANSI_CHARSET SizeDoubleFontNameTimes New RomanStylefsItalicColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNo Unicode Jump Size-9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 �BiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabsStandardSpaceBefore SpaceAfterTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 3 8 0 0 8. Food Offered to Idols) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 (8:1 13)) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Outline (continued) ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

1 ^ TPF0 TRVTableSWT.ColorclNoneT.BorderLightColorclWindowTextT.CellBorderLightColorclWindowText T.OptionsrvtoEditing rvtoRowSizing rvtoColSizing rvtoRowSelect rvtoColSelectrvtoHideGridLinesT.TextRowSeparator T.TextColSeparator

T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.Bottom T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacing�T.CellHSpacing�CTDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 8:1 13) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data MI-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 B. Food Offered to Idols) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 8:1 3) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data 51-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0

1. Knowledge) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 8:4 6) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
2. Unity) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 8:7 8) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data 73-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
3. Conscience) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 8:9 13) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
4. Sin) 7 2 3 8 0 0 B. Food Offered to Idols ) 8:1 13 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Now concerning the food offered to idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up. 2 If someone supposes that he knows something, he does not yet know as he ought to know. 3 But if someone loves God, he is known by God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 4 Concerning the eating of food offered to idols, then, we know that there is really no such thing as an idol in this world ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”

1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� and that there is no God except one. 5 For even if there are so-called gods either in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords, 6 yet, ) 7 9 3 8 0 0 for us there is one God the Father, ) from whom all things are and ) for whom we live, ) and one Lord Jesus Christ, ) through whom all things are and ) through whom we live. ) 7 However, not everyone has this knowledge. Because they are accustomed to the idol even now, some people eat food as if offered to idols. And their conscience, being weak, is defiled. 8 But food will not bring us close to God. We are neither losing anything if we do not eat nor gaining anything if we do eat. 9 But beware that this right of yours not become a hindrance to those who are weak. 10 For if someone sees you who have knowledge dining in an idol s temple, will not the conscience of someone who is weak be emboldened so that he will eat food offered to idols? 11 For the weak brother for whom Christ died is destroyed by your knowledge. 12 Thus you sin against Christ by sinning against your brothers and by wounding their weak conscience. 13 Therefore if food causes my brother to stumble into sin, I will never eat meat again that I may not cause my brother to stumble. ) After discussing the ethical question of marriage in the previous chapter, Paul now proceeds to a topic that is both ethical and religious: may a Christian eat meat that had been offered to idols? The matter concerns the domestic and social life of numerous Christian families who have to make decisions whether or not to eat with Gentile friends. ) In Paul s day, pagan sacrifices were religious acts that involved the family. Animals brought to the priest were slaughtered and sacrificed to the gods.

Certain parts were burned on the altar, other parts were taken by the priest, and the rest of the consecrated meat was returned to the family that had offered the animal as a sacrifice. The family would invite friends and relatives, among whom were Christians, to a feast. At other times, consecrated meat was sold in the markets. Christians then bought the meat and consumed it in their homes. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.7.16-21.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Members of the Corinthian church faced the question whether they should eat meat that had been consecrated to an idol in a pagan temple. Were they free to go to such a feast? Could they enjoy themselves in the name of Christian liberty (see 6:12; 10:23)? The conscience of some believers was clear while that of others was burdened (8:7). The one party could say to the other party, Do not be overrighteous, and the second party could retort, Do not be overwicked 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.7.16-21.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Eccl. 7:16 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0

1. Knowledge) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 8:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
2. Now concerning the food offered to idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. Now concerning the food offered to idols. With the first two words of this text (see 7:1, 25; 12:1; 16:1, 12), Paul turns to the next question in the letter he had received from the Corinthians. The expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 food offered to idols) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” is a direct reminder of the Jerusalem Council s instructions to Gentile Christians: to abstain from food that had been sacrificed to idols 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.25|AUTODETECT|” 21:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.20|AUTODETECT|”

20. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By implication, the Gentile Christians were debating whether the injunction was comprehensive or flexible. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” We expect that Jewish Christians consumed only kosher food, yet they were free to eat with Gentile Christians 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And then there was also the brother with a weak conscience (vv. 7 13), who was at a loss to know what to do. In short, the issue of food that had been offered to idols was hotly debated in the Corinthian church. And Paul at this juncture in his epistle devotes much time and effort to the sensitive question of Christian liberty in relation to food that was eaten in a Jewish-Gentile setting (10:14 33). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. We know that we all have knowledge. Scholars agree that the last part of this sentence is a quotation taken from the letter which the Corinthians had sent to Paul.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
21. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Throughout this epistle, Paul repeatedly employs the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to know) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in his debate with the Corinthians (see, for example, 1:16; 3:16; 6:2, 3; 8:1, 4). The Christians in Corinth had been boasting about their knowledge. Notice that they do not say: We have knowledge. Instead, they assert that all the Christians in the Corinthian community and elsewhere possess knowledge.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3”
22. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Even though Paul fails to explain the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 knowledge,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 we deduce a few facts from the context. The Corinthians believed that idols were nothing and that God is one (v. 4). Thus, they knew that this one God is Father, and that the one Lord is Jesus Christ (v. 6). Paul soberly reminds them that not everyone knows this (v. 7). However, if the Corinthians exalt knowledge, Paul has something to say to them. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up. In an earlier context in which he commended the readers for having this treasure (1:5), Paul had already spoken about knowledge. But now Paul suggests that knowledge leads to arrogance, which should be absent from a Christian lifestyle (v. 11; 13:2). A Christian must begin with love. He is able to build his spiritual life only on the foundation of love. Knowledge without love puffs up. Love itself is never arrogant (13:4) but is always constructive. By implication, knowledge that is subordinate to love becomes useful. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

2. If someone supposes that he knows something, he does not yet know as he ought to know. 3. But if someone loves God, he is known by God.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 We observe these two points: ) a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Knowledge.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul continues his response to the letter he had received from the Corinthians. He reacts to the attitude of a church member who supposes that knowledge is everything. The emphasis is on the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 suppose,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 a verb that reveals the haughty stance of the Corinthian who glorifies knowledge. But elsewhere in this epistle Paul observes that knowledge passes away, because it is incomplete and imperfect (13:8 10). By itself knowledge is always limited in scope, extent, and depth. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 In the first clause, Paul uses the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to know) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.3|AUTODETECT|” in the perfect tense. With this tense, he indicates that the person who imagines he possesses knowledge has accumulated and perfected it for some time already. The result is that this person thinks he knows everything. But Paul wants to have nothing to do with this haughty attitude; he cuts the person off by saying: he does not yet know as he ought to know. Paul already has told the Corinthians that if any of you thinks that he is wise in this age, let him become foolish that he may become wise 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.3|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 What, then, is the beginning of true knowledge? John Calvin notes that the foundation of true knowledge is personal knowledge of God.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4”

4. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” �� We are able to recognize such knowledge when we see grace, humility, integrity, and obedience at work in a person s life. A believer recognizes his limitations when he confesses that only God has infinite knowledge and wisdom. Hence, Paul urges the Corinthians to reexamine their perspective on knowledge and to understand what they ought to know. They must realize that all knowledge is derivative and comes from God through Christ. All the treasures of God s wisdom and knowledge are stored in Christ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). True knowledge therefore has a spiritual dimension that relates to God, who bases knowledge on love. Knowledge by itself is not wrong; indeed it is essential to life. But when a person fails to link knowledge to divine love, he deceives himself and fails utterly. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Love.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 But if someone loves God, he is known by God. Human knowledge is temporal but divine love is eternal. Here Paul links the two concepts and intimates that the essential ingredient of knowledge is love. Without true love, knowledge ceases to be meaningful. But the believer, who loves God, fully comprehends that he is known by God. This does not mean that because of man s love for God he receives divine recognition. The initiator is not man but God. G. G. Findlay provides a quaint but nevertheless characteristic summary: Paul would ascribe nothing to human acquisition; religion is a bestowment, not an achievement; our love or knowledge is the reflex of the divine love and knowledge directed toward us. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5”
5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� In fact, the Greek uses the perfect tense for the passive verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 is known) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to imply that the act of knowing took place in the past but has a result that is evident in the present. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.12|AUTODETECT|” Two concluding remarks to this segment. First, the message of verse 3 with its emphasis on love contrasts the essence of verse 2 with its emphasis on knowledge. Next, the last part of verse 3 is a small digression from Paul s intention to speak about food offered to idols. Yet, Paul had to stress the biblical truth that God has shown his people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.12|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 33:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.17|AUTODETECT|”
6. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.19|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Practical Considerations in 8:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.1-58.6.2|AUTODETECT|” In the first century, when people aspired to church membership they were baptized and instructed in the truths of Christianity. These truths were the elementary teachings of Christ 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.1-58.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 6:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and in later years included both the Apostles Creed and the Lord s Prayer. From the sixth to the sixteenth century, instruction in the Christian faith was given primarily in the family circle. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 The Reformation necessitated the writing of numerous catechisms. In 1529, Martin Luther wrote his larger and shorter catechisms to instruct the people who were ignorant of the basic teachings of Christianity. John Calvin composed a catechism in 1536 and diligently educated the people in Geneva every week. The Heidelberg Catechism of 1563 became a standard instructional guide in the Reformed churches in Germany, the Netherlands, and America. In England, the Westminster theologians composed their shorter and larger catechisms in 1646 and 1647 respectively. These educational tools were designed to inculcate the Christian faith especially in the hearts and minds of the children of believers and of inquirers. ) Throughout the centuries following the Reformation, teachers of the catechisms have been instrumental in imparting biblical knowledge.

At times this instruction became an intellectual exercise separated from genuine faith and love. Consequently, knowledge was glorified, with ecclesiastical stagnation following as an inevitable result. ) In recent times, however, the problem which the church faces is not a lack of love but a lack of knowledge. The problem with the members of the church is not intellectual arrogance but rather biblical ignorance. The rich heritage of the past is no longer passed on from generation to generation. Apart from the Apostles Creed, the Lord s Prayer, and the Ten Commandments, many church members know little of the Bible s content. Because of this scriptural illiteracy, the church s need of the hour is solid instruction in the truths of God s Word. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 8:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �0��������� this substantivized verbal adjective in the neuter genitive plural derives from the noun �4����� (idol) and the verb ��� (I sacrifice). It signifies meat that was sacrificed to an idol and either eaten at feasts or sold in the marketplace.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6” 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Its synonym 1�������� (meat sacrificed to a divinity) appears in 10:28. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ! ������ in this text, the noun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 knowledge) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is an attribute ascribed not to God but to man. Some scholars see a link between the situation in Corinth and the Gnostic movement of the second century. However, all we are able to say with certainty is that in the middle of the first century, the beginning stages of Gnosticism were scattered here and there. As the epistles of John reflect, toward the end of that first century the Gnostic heresy entered the church. But in Paul s day Gnosticism was still in the stage of being born.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7” 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 2 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 �������� the perfect active infinitive of ������� (I know) denotes an action in the past with lasting effect in the present. ) ��� the aorist tense of this verb is ingressive and is qualified by the negative ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 not yet) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ������� the middle/passive voice of this verb in the perfect tense is not middle but passive, he is known [by God]. The verb is synonymous with the verbs ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 called) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 chosen) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28-45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” by God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28-45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:28 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 2. Unity) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 8:4 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 4. Concerning the eating of food offered to idols, then, we know that there is really no such thing as an idol in this world and that there is no God except one. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 a. Concerning the eating of food offered to idols, then. In this passage, Paul resumes the subject he introduced earlier (v. 1) and once more speaks about the matter of food offered to idols. This problem is both vexing for the readers and intricate for Paul, who had to give answers to a Christian community with a divided and varied constituency. Many of the members had roots in paganism and needed Paul s guidance to cope with the question of eating sacrificial food that had come from a pagan temple. ) b. We know that there is really no such thing as an idol in this world. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.44.12-23.44.20|AUTODETECT|” �� Once again Paul quotes from the letter which the Corinthians had sent to him. He presents the line with the same phrase used earlier (v. 1) and says, We know. Paul repeats a spiritual truth which the Corinthians learned from the Scriptures and which now surfaces in the letter: an idol is nothing 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.44.12-23.44.20|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 44:12 20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The unknown psalmist compares Israel s God to the idols of the nations and says: ) 7 11 3 8 0 0 But their idols are silver and gold, ) made by the hands of men. ) They have mouths, but cannot speak, ) eyes, but they cannot see; ) they have ears, but cannot hear, ) noses, but they cannot smell; ) they have hands, but cannot feel, ) feet, but they cannot walk; ) nor can they utter a sound with their throats. ) Those who make them will be like them, ) and so will all be who trust in them. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.115.4-19.115.8|AUTODETECT|” [) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.115.4-19.115.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 115:4 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.135.15-19.135.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.135.15-19.135.18|AUTODETECT|” 135:15 18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ] ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.4|AUTODETECT|” c. And that there is no God except one. The last part of the verse is also taken from the letter which the Corinthians addressed to Paul. It echoes the scriptural teaching that there is but one God. This is summarized in the Hebrew creed: Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 6:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.10|AUTODETECT|” ; see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.86.10|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 86:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.44.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.44.8|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 44:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.5|AUTODETECT|” 45:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The Jews recited this creed twice a day, in the morning and in the evening. The Christian church inherited this creed from the Jews, but did not recite it morning and evening. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Corinthians confess their belief that God is one; for that reason, they say, no idol really exists. If there are no real idols but merely inanimate objects made out of wood, stone, or metal, the Corinthians argue, they are free to partake of meat which had been dedicated to such idols.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9” 9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� They regard their freedom to eat this food in the context of Christian liberty. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5. For even if there are so-called gods either in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 Paul writes the first part of a concessive sentence in this verse, but he fails to complete it grammatically. In verse 6 he begins a new sentence. This is due to the poetic structure of verse 6 and a lack of a smooth transition between the two verses. ) What is Paul saying when he states that there are so-called gods in heaven or on earth? Is he not contradicting the preceding confession of the Corinthians that there is but one God? Not at all. He allows the Gentiles to employ their word choice when they say that there are gods in heaven and on earth. But by inserting the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 so-called,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 he effectively questions the reality of these gods. Like the psalmists, Paul repudiates the gods whom the Gentiles worship.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10” 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.31|AUTODETECT|” �� He notes that these gods exist in name only; they are devoid of authenticity. They fail to lay claim to divinity, because God rules supreme in heaven and on earth. Even though people worship Satan, whom Jesus called the prince of this world 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.31|AUTODETECT|” John 12:31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.30|AUTODETECT|” 14:30) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” 16:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), Satan is not and never will be divine. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The Gentiles worshiped numerous gods and lords. They paid homage to gods that dwelled in heaven, were on the earth, and were in the sea.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11” 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 lords) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 probably signifies spiritual beings of a lower rank who were regarded as subordinates to the gods themselves. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 6. Yet,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 for us there is one God the Father,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 from whom all things are and for whom we live,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and one Lord Jesus Christ,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 through whom all things are and through whom we live.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Scholars debate whether Paul composed this verse, because it appears here in the form of a creedal statement. Some say that Paul is the author��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12” 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� while others contend that he borrowed the statement.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13” 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Did Paul write these words or did he quote a confessional formula that was current in Hellenistic Jewish communities of the Christian church? The evidence is inconclusive. But in his epistles, Paul demonstrates an ability to compose doctrinal tenets, so we are unable to preclude Pauline authorship. To illustrate, Paul formulates his doctrinal tenets on the resurrection of the dead (e.g., see 15:12 18, 42 44). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.7-19.139.10|AUTODETECT|” a. Yet, for us there is one God the Father. The contrast that Paul presents is between the so-called gods and the one God and Father. The Gentiles placed their gods in either heaven, earth, or sea. But our God, says Paul, is one God who is not confined to one location but is everywhere 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.139.7-19.139.10|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 139:7 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.9|AUTODETECT|” In the Gospels and even in Acts (1:4, 7), Jesus teaches his disciples to address God as Father 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). When he refers to God, he repeatedly uses that name. God and the Father are one. The apostles likewise note that God is Father of both Jesus and the believers.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14” 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� With the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Father,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul suggests the family concept and intimates that we are God s children. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.15-44.14.17|AUTODETECT|” b. From whom all things are and for whom we live. When Paul addresses Gentiles in both Lystra and Athens, he teaches that God created this world 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.15-44.14.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:15 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.24-44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.24-44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” 17:24 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.28|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul provides instructive doctrine for the Corinthian Christians. It corresponds with his Areopagus speech, we are his offspring 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ). And he emphasizes his teaching that all things come from God as we live for him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:36) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 In Greek, the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 all things) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.16|AUTODETECT|” signify the totality of things without any exclusion; God has made everything in all his creation. These two words also occur in Paul s account of Christ creating the universe 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; and compare ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.3|AUTODETECT|” John 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Thus, God the Father has created all things through his Son, the Lord Jesus Christ. We owe our existence to God the Father and therefore live for him. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 c. And one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things are. Notice that Paul calls Jesus Lord but not God. At the same time, he intimates that Jesus is divine through the work of creation and redemption. Here Paul treads softly, so that he will not be accused of contradicting his earlier statement that God is one. Yet, he teaches Jesus divinity and eternity by stating that all things in creation came into being through Jesus Christ. ) d.

And through whom we live. Of these lines, the last part relates to the redemption Christ has given us. Christ has created and redeemed us, so that we live through him. In a few short parallel lines, Paul teaches the doctrines of God, Christ, creation, and salvation. By inference, we conjecture that these doctrines were known to the Corinthians. ) Presuming that Paul composed these lines, we have no difficulty seeing that they were easily learned, memorized, and adopted by his readers. The parallelism is striking indeed, and in their simplicity they convey deep spiritual truths that strengthen the Christian s faith. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 8:4 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 4 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ���v ��� with the repetition of ���� (see v. 1), Paul resumes his discussion prompted by the Corinthians query on food offered to idols. ) The Majority Text, reflected in at least three translations -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15” KJV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16” NKJV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17” NJB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), inserts the word ����� (other). Stronger and more widely representative witnesses lack this word; hence most scholars do not include it. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ��0 & �4��� even if. The particle ��� is intensive and enclitic. The clause is concessive; nevertheless, the truth of the principal sentence is stoutly affirmed in the face of this one objection. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18” 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Paul puts it as an extreme case. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 � �W the preposition denotes origin but the relative pronoun refers to God, from whom. In the combination ��� �W (through whom), the preposition signifies agency, but the pronoun refers to Christ. ) �p ����� the definite article strengthens the adjective to make the concept all-inclusive. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 3. Conscience) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 8:7 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 7. However, not everyone has this knowledge. Because they are accustomed to the idol even now, some people eat food as if offered to idols. And their conscience, being weak, is defiled.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. However, not everyone has this knowledge. The first word is a strong adversative. It reveals that not every believer in Corinth had full knowledge of the doctrines of God, Christ, and creation which Paul had just expounded. Paul has in mind those Christians who recently had come out of paganism and whose faith in the Lord was weak because of ignorance. As a pastor and teacher, Paul is responsible for the entire membership of the church. Although he wrote that in general all of them have knowledge (v. 1), he now asserts that the weak Christians lack particular knowledge.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19” 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� We assume that Paul learned about the lack of knowledge among some of the believers from the Corinthian delegation (Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus [16:17]). Now he addresses their need. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 b. Because they are accustomed to the idol even now, some people eat food as if offered to idols. This sentence seems almost out of place if we consider that Paul calls the Corinthians sanctified and holy (1:2). He tells them that they are God s temple and that God s Spirit lives within them (3:16; 6:19). Yet in the present verse he reveals that the weak Christians in Corinth are accustomed to idols. ) The contradiction vanishes when we realize that in the Greek Paul uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 idols) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the singular. If he had used the plural, he would have shown that some of the weak believers were still serving the gods of paganism. With the use of the singular, however, Paul refers to the pagan environment out of which the believers recently had come. The customs of their Gentile relatives, friends, and acquaintances were integrally tied to an idol. And these customs continued to have a conceptual influence on the weak Christians.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20” 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Even though they no longer worshiped and served idols, they were not yet released from the influence of their own past. The believers who were strong said that idols were nothing but wood and stone. Yet every time the weak Christians came in contact with something that related to an idol, they were confronted with a conflict. They were like a former addict who fights an inner battle every time he comes in contact with drugs. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 With the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 even now,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul acknowledges the spiritual problems the weak Christians are encountering. The association they have had with the idol until their conversion remains with them to the present even after their conversion. Paul ministers to these people by showing his understanding of their plight and thus displays his love. He knows that in their associations with Gentiles, they no longer worship idols. Later in this context he exhorts them to continue their efforts to shun idolatry (10:14). But now he deals with their problem of eating food which might have been offered to idols. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” c. Eat food as if offered to idols. The spiritually strong Christians could declare that food which might have come from a temple remains ordinary food, but those who were spiritually weak were unable to say so. For them, the associations with the practices of paganism made them cringe when they ate meat that probably had come from an animal sacrificed in a temple. Any link with paganism became a stumbling block for the weak Christians. They probably were acquainted with the decree of the Jerusalem Council 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Although the strong might even enter a temple and eat meat that had been sacrificed (v. 10), the weak would not even think of buying this meat at the marketplace and preparing it in their homes.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21” 18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Beside staying away from the temples, they refused to consume sacrificial meat even in their own houses (see 10:27 28). ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 d. And their conscience, being weak, is defiled. Paul is describing the subjective experience of the weak believers when he writes about their conscience being defiled. If they ate food that derived from a pagan temple, they thought that they had participated in idol worship in some way. ) What is the meaning of a person s conscience being defiled? Those who are weak lack definitive principles of conduct. When they eat meat that is tainted by idolatry, they are burdened by a conscience that similarly has been stained. Their conscience is weak because knowledge of themselves is deficient in comparison with fellow believers.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22” 19) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� They lack knowledge and self-confidence. A person s conscience must be well informed to function properly. If this is not the case, he or she needlessly stumbles at various places on life s pathway (vv. 10 12). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 8. But food will not bring us close to God. We are neither losing anything if we do not eat nor gaining anything if we do eat. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Text.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 If we compare a few translations, we immediately notice two differences. One concerns the verb tense in the first sentence; some translations have the future, will not bring -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23” RSV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref24 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn24” NRSV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref25 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn25” NEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref26 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn26” REB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and others emphasize the present, does not bring -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref27 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn27” NIV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref28 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn28” NAB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , NJB). The manuscript evidence favors the future tense, which scholars explain in relation to the judgment day. The question is whether the Corinthians are concerned about their coming to God in worship or about the effects of the final judgment. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The other difference influences the word order in the second sentence. Does the negative precede the positive or should the order be reversed? A few translators begin with the positive -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref29 11 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn29” Phillips) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), whereas the others have adopted the order we prefer. Gordon D. Fee surmises that the order of the negative followed by the positive is the more difficult reading and hence the original.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref30 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn30” 20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Origin.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 This particular chapter lists a few quotations from the Corinthians to which Paul responds. In this verse we also seem to have a statement that the strong Corinthians used in their conversations with the weaker members of the church. Because the next verse (v. 9) definitely is Paul s response, the present verse appears to come from the Corinthians themselves.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref31 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn31” 21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Meaning.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.17|AUTODETECT|” But food will not bring us close to God. What the strong Corinthians are saying is that food in itself has no religious significance. Paul readily agrees with that opinion. In another epistle he writes, For the kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In other words, these Corinthians are telling their weaker brothers and sisters not to worry about consequences when they eat food that may have been offered to an idol. Do not be burdened by a guilty conscience, say the strong, for God will not hold you responsible in the day of judgment.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref32 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn32” 22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The Corinthian slogan Food is for the stomach and the stomach is for food (6:13) expresses the same thought. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” We are neither losing anything if we do not eat nor gaining anything if we do eat. The second part of the quotation from the letter written by the Corinthians emphasizes the first part. Since food by itself has no moral value, the strong believers were saying that they are not losing or gaining anything. They eat or obtain food and show their obedience to God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Notice that they are not using the expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 food offered to idols;) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 instead they talk about ordinary food that is eaten. Perhaps by their choice of words, the Corinthians wish to indicate that even meat offered to an idol is only common food. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Paul would have to agree with those Corinthians who championed the cause of Christian liberty. But he had to take issue with them for their lack of love and compassion for weaker brothers and sisters. By calling all foods common, they refused to see the point of view of those whose conscience bothered them when they ate food that had been sacrificed to an idol. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 8:7 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ��� note the strong adversative that follows the preceding verses but refers to the first verse (v. 1). ) �������� this noun features a causal connotation, because of custom. The word has strong manuscript support, but this is equally true for the alternate reading. However, textual scholars hold that the alternate reading, ���������� (conscience), apparently arose through assimilation to the following ����������. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref33 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn33” 23) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���������� in the future active tense from the verb ��������� (I bring before). It is a legal term and refers to court proceedings. Like the noun �������� (v. 7), it has the support of the stronger manuscripts and is preferred to the reading with the present tense, ���������. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 4. Sin) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 8:9 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 9. But beware that this right of yours not become a hindrance to those who are weak.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” With an adversative, Paul indicates that although he agrees with the general sentiment of the quotation (v. 8), he rejects the context in which it is used. In preceding verses (vv. 1 2), he had told the Corinthians that knowledge and love must go hand in hand. Knowledge by itself results in arrogance, but when it is accompanied by love, it edifies. And Paul, discovering an absence of love in the conduct of some Corinthians 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), now registers a pastoral objection. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Paul detects a dangerous attitude that will undermine the unity of the church. He commands the readers to beware of their own conduct. He drafts the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this right of yours,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in which the pronoun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.30|AUTODETECT|” reflects a trace of his dislike for the apparent haughtiness of some Corinthians 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.30|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Moreover, this is the second time the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 weak) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs in this chapter (see v. 7). If this expression comes not from Paul but from these spiritually strong Corinthians, a measure of arrogance seems obvious.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref34 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn34” 24) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� They aggressively claim for themselves the right to Christian liberty. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.14|AUTODETECT|” However, just as knowledge without love produces pride, so freedom without love generates arrogance. The Corinthians have the right to assert their freedom to eat food, for Paul himself teaches that no food is unclean in itself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Yet Christian liberty must always be observed in the context of love for one s neighbor in general and the spiritually weak brother or sister in particular. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The right that a Christian legitimately exercises should never become a hindrance to a fellow believer. Paul uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 stumbling block) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to describe a specific obstacle a Christian can place on someone s pathway. And the hindrance here is eating sacrificial meat, which was an offense to others in the church. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” The freedom which a Christian enjoys must always be asserted in the context of serving one another in love 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). His attitude should not be a hindrance to the weaker members of the church. Paul is not saying that those who are weak take offense but rather that those who are strong give offense. The members who promote their right to be free are exerting undue pressure on those whose conscience restricts them from eating certain kinds of meat. Paul, therefore, alerts the freedom-loving Corinthians to demonstrate love by not offending their fellow church members. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 10. For if someone sees you who have knowledge dining in an idol s temple, will not the conscience of someone who is weak be emboldened so that he will eat food offered to idols?) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 We make these observations: ) a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Dining.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Taking a situation from daily life, Paul envisions the possibility of a spiritually strong Corinthian who sits and eats in the temple of an idol. This believer might be asked to come to a celebration held in one of the many dining rooms of the temple. There the meat of an animal sacrificed to an idol would be consumed. He could reason that the idol was nothing more than a piece of hewn stone and the meat was ordinary food. His faith in God remained strong. Further, he would refuse to break bonds of family or friendship.

He would feel obligated to attend a feast to which he was invited and would consider the meal an occasion for fellowship with relatives and friends. Because of his firm knowledge of the Christian faith, he would not see any harm in his presence at a festive meal in a temple dining room. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Although Paul provides an illustration by using the singular ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 you,) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” his intention is to portray the reality of a common occurrence. The possibility is not unreal that Erastus, for example, who was the city s director of public works in Corinth 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:23) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and a member of the local church, might attend such functions. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Maintaining Christian liberty, Paul does not reprove a person who eats in a temple dining room. He correctly observes that a spiritually strong believer is not worshiping an idol but only enjoying the company of family and friends. By contrast, in a later passage (10:19 20) Paul comments on idolatry and there delineates the sin of worshiping an idol.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref35 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn35” 25) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Now he calls attention not to the eating in a dining room but to the effect this action may have on a weaker brother. This action has the potential of leading a weaker brother into idolatry. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Conscience.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The weak brother is probably not a Jew, for a Jew would not think of entering a temple to eat meat that was sacrificed to an idol. Instead, the weak brother is likely a Gentile who recently converted to Christianity, whose spiritual knowledge is limited, and whose conscience is weak.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref36 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn36” 26) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Paul now asks the strong Christian a question that probably conveys a touch of irony: Does the act of eating in a temple embolden the conscience of the weaker brother? ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref37 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn37” 27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 By his conduct, the one who is strong is leading the weak one; but the fact is that he leads his brother astray. If a spiritually weak person enters the dining room and eats, his conscience is defiled instead of strengthened (see v. 7). Hence, not the weak brother but his weak conscience is emboldened. The inner voice of his conscience no longer keeps him in check.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref38 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn38” 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� At the beginning of his discussion of this subject, Paul noted that knowledge leads to pride and love leads to edification (v. 1). Paul now reiterates the same thought in different words. Conduct without love and consideration can be disastrous, especially for the spiritually weak who follow the example of the strong person to lead the way. The full responsibility for the spiritual health of the brother rests on the shoulders of the person who has knowledge. His inconsiderate conduct constitutes a sin against Christ.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref39 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn39” 29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 11. For the weak brother for whom Christ died is destroyed by your knowledge.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 When the weak brother eats sacrificial meat in a pagan temple, he associates his act with idol worship. His confidence is destroyed because of his qualms of conscience. Instead of being built up he is torn down. Paul looks at the consequences of the conduct of the knowledgeable brother who intentionally overrides the objections that the weak brother raises. Paul knows that the insensitive conduct of the brother with knowledge destroys the weak brother for whom Christ died. ) What the apostle is saying in this verse concerns the spiritual life of the weak Christians. Here is a threefold explanation of Paul s point of view: ) First, with the word order, Paul makes every word count in this text; he stresses especially the verbs ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to destroy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to die) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . These two verbs are key words. In this sentence, the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to destroy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is in the present tense to indicate that the action already is occurring.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref40 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn40” 30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The weaker brother is being destroyed. With the present tense he conveys progressive action but not the thought that the weak brother has been lost. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Next, the immediate context (v. 12) features the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to injure, wound) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the present tense. This verb is a synonym Paul uses to explain the meaning of to destroy. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” And last, the parallel passage in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” Romans 14:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and its context shed light on the present verse. If your brother is distressed because of what you eat, you are no longer acting in love. Do not by your eating destroy your brother for whom Christ died. If Christ paid the supreme sacrifice by dying for this weak brother, then the least a strong brother can do is to demonstrate neighborly love to fellow Christians by not eating certain foods. The intent of this verse is to depict the contrast between the death of Christ and the callousness of the strong Corinthians. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.4|AUTODETECT|” Two additional observations on this passage. First, Paul is not teaching that a strong Christian can cause a spiritually weak brother to perish, for he writes brother instead of sinner or man. He implies that Christ continues to protect this person from harm and will enable him to stand 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In brief, loving this brother so much that he died for him, Christ will also make him withstand temptation. Second, some translators introduce the helping verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 could) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref41 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn41” JB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) or ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 would) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref42 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn42” SEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) to convey the probability of experiencing ruin but not the actuality of being lost eternally. The weak brother is stunted in his spiritual growth by the lack of love from fellow Christians.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref43 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn43” 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10-58.2.11|AUTODETECT|” �� Nonetheless, Christ has redeemed and sanctified him (1:2) and regards him as his brother 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10-58.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:10 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Paul no longer speaks in generalities but addresses the strong Corinthians personally. He writes, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 your) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 knowledge, and calls attention to the loveless attitude of these Corinthians who are puffed up by knowledge (v. 1). Also, the use of the personal pronoun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 you) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 seems to reveal that the current problem involved a number of people. By contrasting Christ s death as an illustration of the greatest love imaginable with the loveless knowledge of some Corinthians, Paul encourages his readers to express their love to the weaker members of the church. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 12. Thus you sin against Christ by sinning against your brothers and by wounding their weak conscience.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Conclusively, the apostle comes to the heart of the matter. He writes the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to sin) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 twice in the same sentence. In the Greek, he accentuates this word by having the form ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sinning) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 near the beginning of the sentence and the form ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sin) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 at the very end. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 Note these terms: ) a. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Sin against Christ.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 By writing the present tense of the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to sin,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul notes that the Corinthians are in the process of committing the sin of lovelessness against Christ. The present tense points out the relevance and seriousness of their insult to Christ, even though their insensitivity is directed against their own brothers in Christ. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.5|AUTODETECT|” When Paul was blinded by heavenly light near Damascus, Jesus asked why he persecuted him. In bewilderment, Paul queried Jesus who he was. The reply was, I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.8|AUTODETECT|” 22:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15|AUTODETECT|” 26:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.41-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus and his brothers and sisters are one, so that an offense against a believer is an offense against Jesus 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.41-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:41 46) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Against your brothers.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.12|AUTODETECT|” The strong Corinthians are sinning against their own brothers, that is, the church. They commit sin by their attitude toward fellow members in Christ. And consequently, not their fellow members but they themselves are culpable and will face judgment. Soldiers fighting a war ought not to aim their weapons at fellow soldiers. Christian brothers who sin against fellow Christians sin against God and meet him as judge who is able to save and destroy 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.12|AUTODETECT|” James 4:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Wounding their weak conscience.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Here is a literal translation of this phrase: striking their conscience that is in a weakened condition. Believers who are expected to encourage and instruct fellow members repeatedly strike their weakened conscience. What requires the tenderest handling is brutally treated, so that its sensibility is numbed. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref44 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn44” 32) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� From an objective point of view, the strong Corinthians continually wound the weak conscience of a brother by inducing him to eat sacrificial meat. They hit him not physically but spiritually; they strike an already weak conscience that becomes numb. From a subjective point of view the wounded conscience of the believer causes a lack of self-esteem.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref45 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn45” 33) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 13. Therefore if food causes my brother to stumble into sin, I will never eat meat again that I may not cause my brother to stumble.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The conclusion to this part of the discussion is that Paul himself will provide leadership in the Corinthian church even while he is physically absent. If the spiritually strong Christians fail in their responsibility to strengthen the weak, Paul will set the example. This verse is a conditional sentence that expresses reality and certainty. The readers can be assured that Paul indeed will do that which he is telling them. ) Paul writes the general word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 food) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 instead of the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sacrificial meat,) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” which was at the center of the discussion (see vv. 1, 4, 7, 10). The matter of eating food should not become a stumbling block to anyone in the church. Paul himself scolded both Peter and Barnabas for their refusal to eat with Gentile Christians in Antioch 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11-48.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” ). He and his associates delivered the letter of the Jerusalem Council to the Gentile Christians 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Jewish Christians even refused to buy meat in a local Gentile market for fear of eating food that had been offered to an idol. They fully kept the law of Moses 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Gentile Christians, too, were careful in dining with Gentile friends. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 For the sake of his Christian brother, Paul says, I will never eat meat again that I may not cause my brother to stumble. In the next chapter of this epistle, he states unequivocally that to those who are weak I became weak to win the weak. I have become all things to all men so that at least I might save some (9:22). Paul was willing to forego eating certain foods so that he might advance the cause of Christ, the spread of the gospel, and the growth of the church. ) Did Paul suggest that every Christian should become a vegetarian? No, not at all. But Paul is willing to go to any extreme to avoid hurting the conscience of anyone for whom Christ died.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref46 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn46” 34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” �� And if that extreme means not to eat meat for some time, Paul readily adapts. He submits even his Christian liberty to the principle of love. What he is asking every believer to do is to show genuine Christian love to fulfill the summary of the Decalogue: to love God with heart, mind and soul, and to love one s neighbor as oneself 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:37 39) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Indeed, Augustine expresses a comment to this effect: As long as you love God and your neighbor, you may do whatever you wish and you will not fall into sin. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Additional Note on 8:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” The Jerusalem Council stipulated that Gentile Christians were to abstain from food sacrificed to idols 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But in Corinth, Paul allowed Christians to enter a temple and participate in feasts held in one of its dining rooms. Paul s consent in this chapter appears to be contradictory, especially because he forbade the eating of sacrificial meat in 10:14 22. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Is Paul lax in the one chapter (8:10) and strict in the other (10:18 22)? Hardly. What Paul is trying to do is walk the thin line between allowing Christian liberty and strengthening the consciences of the weak. To put it differently, in chapter 8 Paul addresses the strong but in chapter 10 the weak. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Sacrificial meat in itself is not harmful. If Christians should attend a feast where this meat was served, they were free to partake provided they did not hurt the conscience of weaker Christians. But whenever the eating of meat was directly associated with idolatry, Paul condemned this practice (10:7, 14). When a Christian became a participant in idolatry (10:18, 20), he would forge a spiritual association with an idol and thus become an idolater. Whenever Gentiles were worshiping an idol, a Christian should have nothing to do with them. He ought to know that God is a jealous God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 20:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 5:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ). In the words of James, You adulterous people, don t you know that friendship with the world is hatred toward God? Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” James 4:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Practical Considerations in 8:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 In today s world, sin is taken lightly. Often it is considered something amusing, especially when it relates to sexual immorality. When the news media mention sexual escapades of prominent people, the expression used is not sin but rather character weakness. Indeed, the thinking seems to be that the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sin) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 should not be applied to anyone because it might damage a person s reputation. Although the consequence of sin is evident, people like to pretend that there is nothing wrong. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 In many parts of the world, sin is an embarrassment for the offender when his deed becomes common knowledge. Disgrace can be removed by a restorative action of presenting the offended party an appropriate gift. If the offense remains undetected, the guilty person continues to act as though nothing has happened. ) In the Greco-Roman world of Paul s day, sin was a matter of frustration. Sin was compared to an archer who misses the mark and thus experiences failure. Sin, therefore, was a lack of skill that continual training could overcome. It was not something that was taken seriously. ) The Scriptures, however, teach that sin is a personal affront to God and a transgression of the laws he has established.

Sin is stepping over the legal boundaries within which we should live and work. Sin is an insult to God because we choose no longer to serve him but an idol. And idolatry is nothing but spiritual adultery. God loves his people like a bridegroom loves his bride. Instead of loving him as our spouse, we turn to idols and commit adultery. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Sin can be forgiven only through the shedding of blood in the Old Testament era the blood of animals foreshadowed that of Christ. In the New Testament era, the sinner is cleansed through Christ s blood shed at Golgotha. As the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews aptly puts it: and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 8:9 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 9 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 4 3 8 0 0 ! ������ Q��� �U�� the word order of this phrase is emphatic: this right of yours. The noun ������ refers to the liberty of some Corinthians to eat sacrificial meat (also compare 9:4 6, 12, 18; 11:10). ) p� ��� ��� 4�� �� the conditional sentence with the aorist subjunctive expresses probability: for if someone should see you. Yet the context of this passage seems to indicate that eating in a temple dining room was a frequent occurrence. ) �P�� with this negative particle, Paul poses a rhetorical question that demands a positive answer. The clause itself discloses a shade of irony. ) �0� �x & ������ this present infinitive of purpose expresses the effect on the weak brother embolden him to eat. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ����������� the present tense of this participle with the present tense of ��������� (striking) and the present tense of the verb ��������� (you are sinning) all convey an impression of frequency. ) ��� this conjunction is used in the explicative sense to particularize and explain that which has been said.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref47 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn47” 35) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ��������� notice that Paul uses not the adjective ������ (weak) but the present active participle in the feminine accusative singular of the verb ������ (to be weak). The participle depicts descriptive action. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ������ a combination of ��� (therefore) and the enclitic particle -��� which adds intensive or extensive force. Here it stresses the connection of the clauses involved.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref48 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn48” 36) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �0 ����� the particle introduces a simple-fact conditional sentence that expresses reality and certainty. The noun is purposely chosen to indicate any kind of solid food. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The letter Paul had received from the Corinthians contained many questions. He answers the query concerning food offered to idols and discloses the insufficiency of declaring that an idol is nothing. The Corinthians know that there is but one God, the Father, who created all things; and they know there is one Lord Jesus Christ. Although God and Jesus Christ are known, the fact that idols are nothing is not fully known. Some people are still burdened by idolatry, idols, and foods offered to them. These people have weak consciences that become defiled.

Yet food by itself has no religious value. ) The freedom which some Corinthians exercise, however, may be a stumbling block to the weak. Paul warns them not to lead a brother astray when they eat food in the temple of an idol. If they crush the conscience of a weak brother, they sin against their brothers and against Christ. Paul himself is willing to abstain from eating meat to keep a weak brother from falling into sin. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn1

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1”

1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Bauer, p. 446. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn2

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2”

2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

E.g., Gordon D. Fee, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

The First Epistle to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), p. 365; and the versions (GNB, NRSV, REB). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn3

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3”

3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Jerome Murphy-O Connor, Freedom of the Ghetto (1 Cor., 8, 1 13; 10, 23 11, 1), ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

RB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

85 (1978): 545. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn4

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4”

4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

John Calvin, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, Calvin s Commentaries series, trans. John W. Fraser (reprint ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), p. 172. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn5

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5”

5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

G. G. Findlay, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

St. Paul s First Epistle to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, in vol. 3 of ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

The Expositor s Greek Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll, 5 vols. (1910; reprint ed., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1961), p. 840. Although Fee opts for a shorter reading of the text and a different meaning, he lacks the support of the translators. ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

First Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, pp. 367 68. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn6

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6”

6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Consult Gordon D. Fee, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

EidMlothyta) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Once Again: An Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 8 10, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

Bib) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

61 (1980): 172 97. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn7

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7”

7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Hans Conzelmann, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

1 Corinthians, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, ed. George W. MacRae, trans. James W. Leitch, Hermeneia: A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975), pp. 15, 140. Among scholars who ascribe Gnosticism to some Corinthians, see Walter Schmithals, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

Gnosticism in Corinth: An Investigation of the Letters to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, trans. John E. Steeley (New York: Abingdon, 1971), pp. 225 37; R. A. Horsley, Consciousness and Freedom among the Corinthians: 1 Corinthians 8 10, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

CBQ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.8.1-46.8.6|AUTODETECT|”

40 (1978): 574 89; and Gnosis in Corinth: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.8.1-46.8.6|AUTODETECT|”

1 Corinthians 8. 1 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

NTS) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

27 (1981): 32 51. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn8

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8”

8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Literally, An idol is nothing in the world. In the Judeo-Christian context, the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

world) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

would relate to createdness and serve as a substitute for existence. Many versions choose a form of this substitute. Consult Murphy-O Connor, Freedom of the Ghetto, p. 546. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn9

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9”

9 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

See Bruce W. Winter, Theological and Ethical Responses to Religious Pluralism 1 Corinthians 8 10, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

TynB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

41.2 (1990): 209 26. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn10

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10”

10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.82.1|AUTODETECT|”

See, e.g., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.82.1|AUTODETECT|”

Pss. 82:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.82.6|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.82.6|AUTODETECT|”

6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.3|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.3|AUTODETECT|”

95:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.96.4|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.96.4|AUTODETECT|”

96:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.97.9|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.97.9|AUTODETECT|”

97:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.136.2|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.136.2|AUTODETECT|”

136:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.138.1|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.138.1|AUTODETECT|”

138:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn11

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11”

11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Refer to John Albert Bengel, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

Bengel s New Testament Commentary) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, trans. Charlton T. Lewis and Marvin R. Vincent, 2 vols. (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1981), vol. 2, p. 208. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn12

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12”

12 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

E.g., see Fee, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

First Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, p. 374; Archibald Robertson and Alfred Plummer, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

, International Critical Commentary, 2d ed. (1911; reprint ed., Edinburgh: Clark, 1975), p. 168. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ftn13

8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13”

13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.8.6|AUTODETECT|”

For instance, Jerome Murphy-O Connor, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.8.6|AUTODETECT|”

1 Cor. 8, 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0

Cosmology or Soteriology, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 RB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 85 (1978): 253 67; R. A. Horsley, The Background of the Confessional Formula in 1 Kor 8.6, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ZNW) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 69 (1978): 130 35. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 14 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.33|AUTODETECT|” E.g., ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.33|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:33) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” 6:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.15|AUTODETECT|” 8:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.6|AUTODETECT|” 15:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I John 1:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.2.10|AUTODETECT|” . See also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 2:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” KJV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 King James Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” NKJV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New King James Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” NJB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New Jerusalem Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 15 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A. T. Robertson, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 1026. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 16 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Wendell Lee Willis avers that the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 we know) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in verse 1a are part of a quotation on knowledge which then contrasts the knowledge of verse 7. However, we are not persuaded that the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 we know) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 belong in the quotation. See ) 9 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.0|AUTODETECT|” Idol Meal in Corinth: The Pauline Argument in ) 13 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.0|AUTODETECT|” 1 Corinthians 8) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 and 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , SBL Dissertation Series 68 (Chico, Calif.: Scholars, 1985), pp. 68, 88. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 A few translations reflect the Majority Text which has the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 conscience) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the place of ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 custom) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Of the two readings, the second is the harder to explain and therefore is preferred. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 18 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Bruce N. Fisk, Eating Meat Offered to Idols: Corinthian Behavior and Pauline Response in 1 Corinthians 8 10, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 TrinityJ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 10 n.s. (1989): 49 70. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 19 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Paul D. Gardner, The Gifts of God and the Authentication of a Christian, Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University, 1989, p. 49; Claude A. Pierce, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Conscience in the New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (London: SCM and Naperville, Ill.: Allenson, 1955), pp. 75 83; Colin Brown, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, p. 352. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” RSV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Revised Standard Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn24 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref24” NRSV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New Revised Standard Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn25 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref25” NEB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn26 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref26” REB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Revised English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn27 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref27” NIV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn28 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref28” NAB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New American Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn29 11 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref29” Phillips ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The New Testament in Modern English, J. B. Phillips ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn30 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref30” 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Fee, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 First Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 377 n. 6. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn31 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref31” 21 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult the list that John C. Hurd, Jr., has compiled in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Origin of I Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1983), p. 68. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn32 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref32” 22 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.8|AUTODETECT|” Jerome Murphy-O Connor, Food and Spiritual Gifts in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.8|AUTODETECT|” 1 Corinthians 8:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 CBQ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 41 (1979): 292 98. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn33 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref33” 23 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Bruce M. Metzger, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3d corrected ed. (London and New York: United Bible Societies, 1975), p. 557. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn34 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref34” 24 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Roy A. Harrisville, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 I Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Augsburg Commentary on the New Testament series (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1987), p. 141. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn35 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref35” 25 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Fisk, Eating Meat Offered to Idols, pp. 62 64. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn36 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref36” 26 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Paul W. Gooch, St. Paul on the Strong and the Weak: A Study in the Resolution of Conflict, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Crux) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 13 (1975 76): 10 20. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn37 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref37” 27 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Bauer, p. 558; R. St. John Parry, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937), p. 133. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn38 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref38” 28 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 F. W. Grosheide, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), p. 196. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn39 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref39” 29 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1-46.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Consult Harold S. Songer, Problems Arising from the Worship of Idols: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1-46.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 1 Corinthians 8:1 11:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 RevExp) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 80 (1983): 363 75. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn40 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref40” 30 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The Majority Text has the future tense that is placed in an interrogative sentence 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Phillips) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and GNB in a declarative sentence). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn41 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref41” JB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Jerusalem Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn42 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref42” SEB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Simple English Bible ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn43 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref43” 31 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult F. F. Bruce, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 1 and 2 Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , New Century Bible (London: Oliphants, 1971), p. 82. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn44 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref44” 32 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Robertson and Plummer, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 First Corinthians) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 173. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn45 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref45” 33 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.0|AUTODETECT|” Consult Paul W. Gooch, Conscience in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.0|AUTODETECT|” 1 Corinthians 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 10, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NTS) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 33 (1987): 244 54. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn46 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref46” 34 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John C. Brunt, Rejected, Ignored, or Misunderstood? The Fate of Paul s Approach to the Problem of Food Offered to Idols in Early Christianity, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NTS) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 31 (1985): 113 24. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn47 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref47” 35 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , trans. and rev. Robert Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), #442.9. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn48 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref48” 36 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 C. F. D. Moule, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 164.)