Acts 1

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 43 2 8 0 0

1. Before Pentecost) 1:1 26) ) ) Outline) 1:1 26 I. Before Pentecost ) 1:1 8 A. Before Jesus Ascension ) 1:1 5 1. Introduction ) 1:6 8 2. Purpose ) 1:9 11 B.

Jesus Ascension ) 1:12 14 C. After Jesus Ascension ) 1:15 26 D. Matthias s Appointment ) 1:15 20 1. Scripture Fulfilled ) 1:21 22 2. Apostolic Requirements ) 1:23 26 3. Divine Appointment ) ) ) ) I.

Before Pentecost) 1:1 26) 1 1 The first book, Theophilus, I composed concerning all that Jesus began both to do and to teach 2 until the day he was taken up, after he had instructed through the Holy Spirit the apostles whom he had chosen. 3 To them he also presented himself alive, after his suffering, by many convincing proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days and speaking the things concerning the kingdom of God. 4 And while eating with them, he commanded them: Do not leave Jerusalem, but wait for the promise my Father made, of which you heard me speak. 5 For John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit within a few days. ) 6 And so when they came together, they were asking him: Lord, at this time are you restoring the kingdom to Israel? 7 He said to them: It is not for you to know the times or seasons which the Father has fixed by his own authority. 8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. ) 9 After he said these things, he was lifted up while they were looking. And a cloud hid him from their sight. 10 As they were looking intently toward the sky while he was going, instantly two men dressed in white stood beside them. 11 They said, Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in just the same way as you have seen him go into heaven. ) 12 Then they returned to Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, which is a Sabbath day s journey from Jerusalem. 13 And when they had entered, they went to the upper room where they were staying; they were Peter, John, James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alphaeus and Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James. 14 These were all with one mind constantly devoting themselves to prayer along with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus and with his brothers.) 15 And in those days, Peter stood up in the midst of the brothers (a gathering of about a hundred and twenty people) and said: 16 Men and brothers, the Scripture had to be fulfilled which the Holy Spirit foretold through the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide for those who arrested Jesus. 17 Because he was numbered among us and he shared in this ministry. ) 18 (This man bought a field with the reward received for his wickedness; and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his intestines spilled out. 19 And it became known to all that live in Jerusalem, so that they called that field in their own language Akeldama, that is, field of blood.)) 20 For it is written in the Book of Psalms:) Let his place be a desert) and let no one dwell in it. ) And,) And let someone else take his office. ) 21 It is therefore necessary that one of the men who have accompanied us all the time that Jesus went in and out among us 22 beginning from the baptism of John until the day in which he was taken up from us be a witness of his resurrection with us. ) 23 And they proposed two men, Joseph called Barsabbas (who was also known as Justus), and Matthias. 24 They prayed, Lord, you know the hearts of all men. Show us which one of these two you have chosen 25 to receive this ministry and apostleship from which Judas strayed to go to where he belongs. 26 And they cast lots and the lot fell to Matthias, and he was added to the eleven apostles.) ) A. Before Jesus Ascension) 1:1 8) 1. Introduction) 1:1 5) In the first sentence of this book, Luke makes it abundantly clear that he is the author of the third Gospel.

He dedicates both his Gospel and Acts to Theophilus, a Gentile convert to Christianity. Although Luke refrains from mentioning his own name in either the Gospel or Acts, the style, vocabulary, and choice of words point to the same author for both books.) The first two verses of Acts serve as a bridge between the Gospel account of Jesus life and ministry and the historical account of the developing church. In effect, Luke s Gospel and Acts form one book in two parts; Acts is the continuation of the Gospel.) 1. The first book, Theophilus, I composed concerning all that Jesus began both to do and to teach.) Note the following points:) a. Gospel. Luke refers to the third Gospel as the first book. ��1�� In the Greek, the expression former or first signifies the first of either two or more items.

In this case, Luke writes only two books, the Gospel and Acts. He distinguishes between the two documents by calling the first one the former. To ask whether he planned a third volume about the history of the church after Paul s release from house arrest in Rome leads to mere speculation and utter futility.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.26|AUTODETECT|” b. Name. Luke dedicates both his Gospel and Acts to Theophilus. The name means friend of God and applies to both Jew and Gentile.��2�� In the Gospel prologue, Luke calls Theophilus most excellent. This description also occurs in addresses to the Roman governors Felix and Festus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.3|AUTODETECT|” 24:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.25|AUTODETECT|” 26:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ). We assume that Theophilus belongs to the educated, ruling class of society. He is a God-fearer who attends the worship services in a Jewish synagogue but objects to circumcision. Hence, he is not a convert to Judaism, but like the Roman centurion Cornelius (10:1 2) he worships the Lord God. By dedicating his Gospel to Theophilus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), Luke introduces him to Jesus Christ in word and deed. And although Luke gives no further details about him in Acts, we surmise that by reading the Gospel Theophilus has become a Christian.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.25|AUTODETECT|” c. Person. Concerning all that Jesus began both to do and to teach. Even though Luke s Gospel is more extensive than the other three Gospels, Luke does not mean that he has recorded everything Jesus said and did 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.25|AUTODETECT|” John 21:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He uses the adjective all to include all the things that he has mentioned about Jesus in the third Gospel. In the first eleven verses of chapter 1, the predominant subject is Jesus.��3�� With the clause all that Jesus began to do and to teach, Luke implies that his account in Acts is a continuation of what Jesus said and did as recorded in the Gospel. Luke writes about Jesus, who is the subject of both the Gospel and Acts.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 2. Until the day he was taken up, after he had instructed through the Holy Spirit the apostles whom he had chosen.) In this verse, Luke presents three distinct topics. They are:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50-42.24.53|AUTODETECT|” a. Ascension. Of the four evangelists, only Luke presents a descriptive account of Jesus ascension. He concludes his Gospel with a brief report on the event 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50-42.24.53|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:50 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), returns to the subject in the first chapter of Acts (1:2), and presents a more detailed record later in the chapter (vv. 9 11). With the ascension narrative, Luke ties together the Gospel and Acts, for this narrative marks the end of the Gospel and the beginning of Acts.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In the New Testament, the Greek verb meaning was taken up frequently describes Jesus ascension to heaven.��4�� Without the qualifying phrase into heaven, the verb itself testifies to the familiarity of the apostolic church with the Ascension as a formal and recognized event in our Lord s course. ��5�� Here Luke briefly mentions the ascension and thus summarizes a topic he intends to expand in the rest of the chapter.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” b. Instruction. Luke writes, after he had instructed through the Holy Spirit the apostles whom he had chosen. Obliquely, Luke relates Jesus ascension to an element in the Great Commission. Before he was taken up to heaven, Jesus instructed the eleven disciples to make disciples of all the nations by teaching them to pay attention to everything I have commanded you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). During the forty-day period between Jesus resurrection and his ascension, Jesus instructed his disciples in the teaching of the gospel. Accordingly, he prepared them for the tremendous task that awaited them on and after Pentecost.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.22|AUTODETECT|” In the Greek, the phrase through the Holy Spirit can be taken with either the preceding words had instructed or the following verb he had chosen. In view of Luke s emphasis on the work of the Spirit in chapter 1, scholars prefer to link the phrase to that which precedes. Writes Donald Guthrie, Luke clearly shows that he sees his book as the outcome of revelations of the Spirit from the risen Lord to the apostles. ��6�� The Holy Spirit dwelled in Jesus, for Jesus breathed on his disciples and gave them the Holy Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.22|AUTODETECT|” John 20:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In their ministry, he directed his apostles through the Holy Spirit (see, e.g., 16:7). The Spirit of Jesus is the Holy Spirit.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 c. Election. The apostles whom he had chosen. Luke employs the term apostles, for in Acts he characterizes believers as disciples (learners) and the apostles as teachers. In fact, these disciples receive instruction in the apostles teaching (2:42); also, Jesus apostles teach with authority in the name of Jesus Christ.��7�� Jesus himself chose the twelve apostles (the Eleven and Matthias) and sent them forth as his ambassadors to proclaim the gospel and to perform miracles in his name. The Holy Spirit confirmed the election of these twelve, for he filled them on the day of Pentecost (2:4).) 3.

To them he also presented himself alive, after his suffering, by many convincing proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days and speaking the things concerning the kingdom of God.) In one short clause, after his suffering, Luke sums up the events of the Passion Week that he has described in detail in the Gospel. He also deems a mere reference to Jesus postresurrection appearances sufficient to prove that Jesus is alive. According to the four Gospel accounts, Acts, and Paul s first epistle to the Corinthians, Jesus appeared ten times in the period between Easter and Ascension Day. He showed himself to) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.9-40.28.10|AUTODETECT|”

1. The women at the tomb 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.9-40.28.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:9 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.9-41.16.11|AUTODETECT|”
2. Mary Magdalene 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.9-41.16.11|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:9 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.11-43.20.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.11-43.20.18|AUTODETECT|” John 20:11 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12|AUTODETECT|”
3. Two men of Emmaus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.12|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.13-42.24.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.13-42.24.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:13 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.34|AUTODETECT|”
4. Peter in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.43|AUTODETECT|”
5. Ten disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:36 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19-43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19-43.20.23|AUTODETECT|” John 20:19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24-43.20.29|AUTODETECT|”
6. Eleven disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.24-43.20.29|AUTODETECT|” John 20:24 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.1-43.21.23|AUTODETECT|”
7. Seven disciples fishing in Galilee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.1-43.21.23|AUTODETECT|” John 21:1 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|”
8. Eleven disciples in Galilee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:16 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14-41.16.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.14-41.16.18|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:14 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|”
9. Five hundred persons 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|”
10. James, the brother of the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 4 2 8 0 0 The last appearance of Jesus occurred when he ascended to heaven from the Mount of Olives near Jerusalem. All these appearances show, says Luke, that [Jesus] presented himself alive, after his suffering, by many convincing proofs. The work that Jesus began to do during his earthly ministry continues because Jesus lives.) Jesus ascension took place on the fortieth day after his resurrection and ten days before Pentecost, which is a Greek word meaning fiftieth. During these forty days, Jesus instructed the disciples in the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. With this summary statement, Luke once again calls the reader s attention to his Gospel account. Luke s Gospel has more than thirty occurrences of the expression kingdom of God; Luke also mentions it several times in Acts (1:6; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25; 28:23, 31).

By comparison, however, Matthew develops the kingdom concept and uses the expression kingdom of heaven (or, God) at least fifty times.) What is the message of God s kingdom? This idiom summarizes the heart of Jesus teaching. The kingdom is God s rule in the hearts and lives of his people, who as citizens of this kingdom receive remission of sins and eternal life.��8�� Moreover, for the apostles the phrase the kingdom of God meant preaching the good news of Jesus death and resurrection and making disciples of all nations. It follows that the church can take up the message of Jesus, as recorded in the Gospels, and make it part of its own. ��9��) 4. And while eating with them, he commanded them: Do not leave Jerusalem, but wait for the promise my Father made, of which you heard me speak. 5. For John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit within a few days. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.43|AUTODETECT|” Translations vary for the first part of this verse. Many versions have the reading and being assembled together with them (e.g., NKJV). This translation derives from the crucial Greek word sunalizomenos. But this expression occurs only once in the New Testament and therefore the translator must exercise caution. The primary meaning of the Greek term is eating [salt] with someone. Although objections have been raised, this version appears to be supported by the words of Peter: God caused [Jesus] to be seen, not by everyone but by witnesses who were appointed beforehand by God; that is, to us who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead (10:40 41). In other words, Jesus ate with the disciples as visible proof that he was not a ghost but a human being of flesh and bones 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.36-42.24.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:36 43) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). By eating with his disciples, Jesus demonstrates to them the reality of his resurrection.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.10|AUTODETECT|” Do not leave Jerusalem, but wait for the promise my Father made. We should see this command which Jesus gives his apostles in the light of the historical context. After his resurrection, Jesus instructed the disciples to return to Galilee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.10|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.7|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” ). They readily complied for two reasons. First, they would be able to see Jesus again in Galilee, as he had said. Next, they had no desire to remain in Jerusalem, the place where the Jews had killed Jesus. Nevertheless, on Easter Sunday Jesus already had told them that, beginning in Jerusalem, they would proclaim repentance and forgiveness in his name to all nations. He said, And I will bestow on you the promise of my Father, but stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” During his ministry, Jesus instructed the disciples that the Father would send the Spirit.��10�� At Pentecost Peter asserts that the gift of the Holy Spirit originates with the Father (compare 2:33). Jesus points to the Father and not to himself, for, like the Holy Spirit, he has been sent by the Father. As spokesman for the Father, Jesus promises the gift of the Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” John 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Because the apostles had been with Jesus from the time of his baptism (compare 1:22), they knew the words spoken by John the Baptist concerning Jesus. John declared that even though he baptized with water, Jesus would baptize with the Holy Spirit and with fire 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Jesus reminds the disciples of the words John had spoken and says, For John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit within a few days. Peter later repeats this saying of Jesus verbatim when he reports to the Jewish Christians in Jerusalem about his visit to the house of Cornelius (11:16). Notice that Jesus does not say he will baptize the apostles with the Spirit; instead, they will be baptized and God the Father is the implied agent.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 The time between Jesus ascension and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost is short, only ten days. In the words of Jesus, the period is only a few days. In that time, the disciples must fill the vacancy left by Judas Iscariot with a person who had been with Jesus from the time Jesus was baptized by John. The repeated references to John the Baptist in this chapter indicate the beginning of the New Testament era.) ) Doctrinal Considerations in 1:3) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.2|AUTODETECT|” As forerunner of Jesus, John the Baptist proclaims that the kingdom of heaven is near 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ). When Jesus begins his ministry, he preaches that same message 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.21|AUTODETECT|” ), for he announces that the kingdom of God is a present reality. Thus, Jesus informs the Pharisees, The kingdom of God is within you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.21|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.29|AUTODETECT|” What is the effect of the kingdom of God? First, Jesus breaks the power of Satan, who is the prince of this world. Figuratively, he enters Satan s house, binds him, and robs him of his possessions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Then, Jesus discloses that he has seen Satan falling like lightning from heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.18|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.24-46.15.28|AUTODETECT|” ) and implies that Satan has yielded place to Jesus. The kingdom belongs to the Father, to whom Christ will present it when he has subdued all his enemies 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.24-46.15.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:24 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Jesus gives his followers authority to oppose the forces of Satan, to usher in the kingdom of God, and to apply the kingdom principles of righteousness, justice, love, mercy, and peace. The message of the kingdom includes remission of sin, the gift of eternal life, the declaration of Jesus authority over everything in heaven and on earth, and the promise that Jesus is near his people to the end of time 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.19-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:19 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Clearly, Jesus Christ is at the center of God s kingdom, because he is King of kings and Lord of lords 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.16|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 19:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:1 4) Verse 1) ������ in his Gospel and Acts, Luke does not use �������� [former] (adjective or adverb) so that ������ [first] in Ac[ts] 1:1 with ����� [account] does not imply ������ [third]. ��11��) Verse 3) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.61|AUTODETECT|” ��� !����� the genitive case denotes time. The preposition appears to mean after in a construction that is idiomatic 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.61|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:61) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 9 2 8 0 0 Verse 4) ������������� in Hellenistic Greek the verb �������� spelled with a long � means I assemble, but spelled with a short � it means I eat [salt] with another. ��12�� The use of the singular instead of the plural in the participle is strange indeed when it means to assemble. For this reason, many translators have chosen the reading to eat.) ) ) 2. Purpose) 1:6 8) In the first section of this chapter, Luke writes two verses of introduction (vv. 1 2) that are historical in nature. Then he refers to the forty-day period in which Jesus appeared to his followers and during which he instructed his disciples (vv. 3 5). Next he relates a specific question of the eleven disciples and adds Jesus comprehensive reply which, in fact, indicates Luke s purpose in writing Acts.) 6. And so when they came together, they were asking him: Lord, at this time are you restoring the kingdom to Israel? ) Before Jesus ascension, when the apostles realized that the appearances of Jesus would soon come to an end, they asked him a question about the future. As in Greek the verb to ask indicates repetition, we understand that the disciples unanimously posed the question that was foremost in their minds: Lord, at this time are you restoring the kingdom to Israel? ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.21|AUTODETECT|” How do we interpret this question? The usual explanation is that the disciples are still thinking in terms of a political kingdom of the nation Israel in which Jesus would be their earthly king. During Jesus earthly ministry, the mother of James and John requested that her two sons might receive a special place in his kingdom. Shortly before Jesus triumphal entry into Jerusalem, she asked Jesus whether James and John might sit at his left and right in his kingdom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In spite of Jesus emphasis on a spiritual kingdom, at the time of his ascension the disciples express their burning desire to be liberated from foreign oppression and implore him to restore the kingdom to Israel. For them, Jesus is their sovereign Lord.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Even if this explanation should be valid, we must nonetheless carefully examine the request of the apostles. First, they query whether Jesus at this time is going to restore Israel s kingdom. In his reply, Jesus answers the question not of restoration but of time. He tells the apostles, It is not for you to know the times or seasons which the Father has fixed by his own authority (v. 7). Next, if we interpret the text to mean the restoration of spiritual Israel, Jesus intimates that the disciples with their reference to Israel are too restrictive. The gospel of salvation is for all nations.

Hence Jesus instructs them to be his witnesses in Jerusalem, in Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth (v. 8).��13�� Conclusively, then, in the light of Jesus answer it is possible and even plausible to give a spiritual interpretation of the apostles question.) 7. He said to them: It is not for you to know the times or seasons which the Father has fixed by his own authority. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.29|AUTODETECT|” The apostles reveal their curiosity about the future. But the future belongs to God, not to them. They should have remembered Moses pertinent observation: The secret things belong to the Lord our God, but the things that are revealed belong to us and to our children forever 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.29|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 29:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” ). Everyone has an innate longing for the ability to lift the curtain that separates the future from the present. Because we lack this ability, we need help. But even Jesus is unable to reveal the end of time for us. He declares, But of that day or hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.24.36|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 24:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Jesus does not say that he is ignorant of the future; he means that the disciples have no right to know what lies in store for them.) 1 9 2 8 0 0 It is not for you to know. Jesus mildly rebukes the disciples for their limited understanding of the extent of God s kingdom. Yet his objective is not to reprove but to teach.��14�� The Father is completely in control of the calendar of world events and he will bring everything to its destined end.) Jesus teaches that the disciples should avoid probing the unknown times and seasons of the future. In contrast to the Old Testament prophets who scanned the horizon of time and predicted the future, the New Testament apostles are witnesses of the life of Jesus Christ of Nazareth and speak in the present time. In short, the disciples testify to the past (namely, the life of Christ) rather than prophesy about the future.��15��) The times or seasons which the Father has fixed by his own authority. Because God has determined the calendar of events, nothing happens by chance.

As the sixteenth-century German theologian Zacharias Ursinus put it:) All things, in fact, come to us) not by chance) but from his fatherly hand.��16��) Note that Jesus says the Father and not my Father. He implies that the apostles, too, call God their Father. With Christ they are sons of God and can be assured that God is in complete control.) 8. But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. ) In this text, Luke presents the theme for the entire book. This text contains the promise of Pentecost and the mandate to witness for Jesus in the following geographical areas: Jerusalem, Judea and Samaria, and the world.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.16|AUTODETECT|” a. Promise. We see a distinct parallel between Jesus and his disciples when they are about to begin their respective ministries. When Jesus was baptized, the Holy Spirit descended upon him and strengthened him to oppose the power of Satan 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Before the apostles are able to assume the tremendous responsibility of building the church of Jesus Christ and to conquer the strongholds of Satan, they receive the power of the Holy Spirit. In the upper room on Easter Sunday, Jesus breathed on the apostles and said: Receive the Holy Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.22|AUTODETECT|” John 20:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But immediately before this he told them, As the Father has sent me, so I am sending you (v. 21).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.26|AUTODETECT|” The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. For instance, Jesus informs the disciples in his farewell discourse, When the Counselor comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who goes out from the Father, he will testify about me 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.26|AUTODETECT|” John 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” , NIV). The Holy Spirit, therefore, is not an inanimate power but the third person of the Trinity. And the promise of the Spirit originates with the Father: I will bestow on you the promise of my Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 a).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 b. Mandate. Only through the indwelling person and power of the Holy Spirit are the disciples able to witness for Jesus Christ. Not only the disciples receive the gift of the Spirit, but, as Luke shows in Acts, numerous persons are filled with the Holy Spirit and become Christ s witnesses. Effective witness can only be borne where the Spirit is, and where the Spirit is, effective witness will always follow. ��17�� Jesus word, You will receive power, applies first to the twelve apostles and then to all believers who witness effectively for Jesus Christ.) You will be my witnesses. In Acts, the term witness has a twofold meaning.

First, it relates to the person who has observed an act or event. Next, it refers to the person who presents a testimony by which he defends and promotes a cause. Accordingly, the apostles choose Matthias to succeed Judas Iscariot because as an eyewitness he has followed Jesus from the time of John s baptism to the moment of Jesus ascension. Further, Jesus commands Matthias to proclaim the message of his resurrection (1:21 22).��18��) In the strict sense of the word, the expression witness does not apply to Paul and Barnabas, who during their first missionary journey proclaimed the message of Jesus resurrection to the people in Pisidian Antioch (13:31). Paul and Barnabas state that they are not witnesses; they tell the Good News.��19�� Jesus sends forth the twelve apostles on the day of Pentecost as true witnesses of all that he said and did.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.1|AUTODETECT|” These twelve have seen and heard Jesus and now tell others about him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.1.1|AUTODETECT|” I John 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.47|AUTODETECT|” ). Filled with the Holy Spirit, they begin to proclaim the Good News in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.47|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.5.26|AUTODETECT|” ). Then they preach the gospel in the Judean and Samarian countryside, and eventually they take it to Rome. Rome was the imperial capital from which all roads extended, like spokes in a wheel, to the ends of the then-known world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.5.26|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 5:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , the ends of the earth ). In the third Gospel, Luke directs attention to Jerusalem, where Jesus suffers, dies, rises from the dead, and ascends. In Acts, he focuses on Rome as the destination of Christ s gospel. From Rome the Good News reaches the entire world.) 1 15 2 8 0 0 ) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:6 and 8) Verse 6) �0 when this particle is used to introduce a direct question, it is not translated.) �r� �V� in Acts, this combination occurs repeatedly, not to show contrast, but to introduce a new section of the narrative, meaning so then. ��20��) Verse 8) ��������� the aorist active participle in the genitive case is part of the genitive absolute construction. The compound form of the participle is directive because of the repetition of �� (upon).) 8������ & �������� these two Roman provinces are distinct, but adjacent. ��21��) ) ) B. Jesus Ascension) 1:9 11) Jesus ascension to heaven is a historical event. Christians observe it on the fortieth day after Easter, thus on a Thursday, and ten days before Pentecost. In fact, some churches even have a worship service on Ascension Day to celebrate the enthronement of Jesus Christ. And in their worship, they verbally confess that Jesus sits at the right hand of God the Father almighty (Apostles Creed).) 9.

After he said these things, he was lifted up while they were looking. And a cloud hid him from their sight.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50|AUTODETECT|” Luke records the event of Jesus ascension in remarkably few words. At the conclusion of his Gospel account, he reports that Jesus led the disciples to the vicinity of Bethany, less than two miles from Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:50) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.11.18|AUTODETECT|” John 11:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50-42.24.51|AUTODETECT|” ). In Acts, he reveals that the exact place of departure was the Mount of Olives (1:12). In the Gospel, he relates that having lifted up his hands, Jesus blessed [the disciples]. As he was blessing them, he left them and was taken up to heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.50-42.24.51|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:50 51) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But Luke s narrative in Acts merely has the words, After [Jesus] said these things, he was lifted up while they were looking. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 a. He was lifted up while they were looking. Although in verse 9 Luke omits a reference to heaven, in the next two verses (vv. 10 11) he uses the expression into heaven or sky four times. Why does Luke omit a reference to heaven in verse 9? Luke portrays the ascension not from Jesus point of view when he entered heaven, but from the perspective of the disciples.��22�� They are witnessing Jesus ascent from earth to heaven. They must realize that the periodic visits of the resurrected Christ have ceased with his ascension, which marks the end of the time he was physically present with his followers.

Accordingly, in subsequent chapters of Acts, Jesus appears to the apostles in visions (e.g., 18:9). Note that the passive construction of the verb he was taken up implies that God the Father is the agent who took Jesus back to heaven (see v. 2). This construction reveals that Jesus task on earth has ended.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.17.5|AUTODETECT|”

b. And a cloud hid him from their sight. We should not discuss the ascension in terms of physics or cosmology, for Scripture does not intend to teach a lesson on the location of heaven. The upward movement is almost the only possible method of pictorially representing complete removal. ��23�� What Luke conveys is that Jesus leaves this earthly scene and enters heavenly glory. From other passages of Scripture we learn that a cloud hides God s heavenly glory. A bright cloud enveloped Moses and Elijah as they were talking with Jesus at the time of his transfiguration. And from this cloud, the disciples heard God s voice 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.17.5|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 17:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.1.17|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.1.17|AUTODETECT|”

II Peter 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|”

; also compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=2.40.34-2.40.35|AUTODETECT|”

Exod. 40:34 35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).��24��) 1 2 2 8 0 0

10. As they were looking intently toward the sky while he was going, instantly two men dressed in white stood beside them. 11. They said, Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in just the same way as you have seen him go into heaven. ) We make these observations:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.52|AUTODETECT|”

a. Disciples. Even though Luke is not an eyewitness of Jesus ascension, he gives a vivid description. He describes the apostles continued gazing into the sky. In his Gospel, Luke states that the disciples worship Jesus and return to Jerusalem with great joy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.52|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 24:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). But in Acts, he focuses attention on their constant gazing toward the sky (see also v. 11). Luke portrays the human emotion which departure evokes. However, if there is any sadness, it dissipates with the appearance of two angels.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.4|AUTODETECT|”

b. Angels. As the disciples continue to stare heavenward, suddenly two men dressed in white apparel stand next to them. Obviously, they are angels sent by God. Notice the similarity with the appearance of two angels at the empty tomb on Easter morning, when two angels in white appear to the women and to Mary Magdalene 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.4|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 24:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.20.12|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.20.12|AUTODETECT|”

John 20:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). The color white symbolizes purity and joy.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

The angels have been sent not to rebuke but to reveal. Hence they ask, Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? We assume that all eleven disciples are from Galilee Judas Iscariot had been the exception. The angels call the apostles Galileans to remind them of their fellowship with Jesus and his earthly ministry in Galilee. The angels have come to turn possible sadness into joy; to assure the disciples that even though Jesus has ascended, from heaven he will direct them in fulfilling their task; and to tell them of Christ s return at the appointed time.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|”

c. Jesus. As Jesus himself promised the apostles that he would be with them to the end of time 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.20|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 28:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.21.27|AUTODETECT|”

), so the angels stress the continuity the apostles have with Jesus. They say that this same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in just the same way as you have seen him go into heaven. The angels are not disclosing new revelation but affirming and repeating what Jesus taught during his ministry. At the end of the age, Jesus said, [men] will see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.21.27|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 21:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.14.2-43.14.3|AUTODETECT|”

). The angels place Jesus ascension and his return in equilibrium. As he has ascended, so he will come back. Jesus will return physically, in the same glorified body with which he went to heaven. He remains true to his character and word as he directs the increase of his church and prepares a place for his followers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.14.2-43.14.3|AUTODETECT|”

John 14:2 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 2 2 8 0 0

) Doctrinal Considerations in 1:9 11) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.52|AUTODETECT|”

After Jesus ascension, the disciples returned to Jerusalem with great joy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.52|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 24:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). Although Luke does not reveal the incentive for their rejoicing, we find a few reasons that cause every believer to rejoice in Christ s ascension.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=1.2.7|AUTODETECT|”

First, Jesus entrance into heaven with a glorified human body is our assurance that we likewise shall be glorified and with body and soul enter God s presence. In heaven, the dust of the earth [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=1.2.7|AUTODETECT|”

Gen. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

] is on the throne of the majesty on high, where Christ sits at the right hand of God himself.��25��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.2.1|AUTODETECT|”

Next, at the right hand of God the Father, Jesus is our advocate to plead our cause 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.2.1|AUTODETECT|”

I John 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). When we pray to God in Jesus name, Jesus perfects our prayers and presents them to God. Jesus knows our longing to be with him, our daily needs, and our sins. He speaks in our behalf to the Father and procures our salvation. During his physical absence, he grants us the gift of the Holy Spirit to guide and direct us in our daily lives.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.25|AUTODETECT|”

Last, Jesus ascension and session at God s right hand mark his royal enthronement. From his royal throne, Jesus rules in this world, even if the world is unwilling to acknowledge Christ s sovereignty. When Christ has put all his enemies under his feet 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.25|AUTODETECT|”

I Cor. 15:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

), he hands the kingdom to his Father and the end has come.��26��) 1 10 2 8 0 0

) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:10 11) Verse 10) �������������� this compound verb from ��������� (I stand beside) is in the pluperfect but is equivalent to the imperfect tense.��27��) Verse 11) E� ������ literally it means in what manner. This construction represents a compound adverbial phrase such as ������ ������ E�& , in that manner in which. ��28��) ) ) C. After Jesus Ascension) 1:12 14) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|”

In obedience to Jesus instructions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.49|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 24:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

), the apostles wait ten days in Jerusalem for the coming of the Holy Spirit. During this time of waiting, they meet daily in a large room for continued prayer as they prepare for the task that awaits them.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

12. Then they returned to Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, which is a Sabbath day s journey from Jerusalem.) Luke calls attention not to the angels but to the apostles who returned to Jerusalem. This city is significant in New Testament history, because near it Jesus died on the cross and rose from the dead. From it, in a broader sense, he ascended to heaven. And in it, the Holy Spirit came upon the apostles.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=38.14.4|AUTODETECT|”

The place from which Jesus ascended to heaven is the Mount of Olives. Luke does not specify the exact spot from which Jesus departed, but the top of this hill is two hundred feet higher in elevation than the city of Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=38.14.4|AUTODETECT|”

Zech. 14:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.11.1|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.11.1|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). The view of the city is magnificent.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

Writing to Theophilus, who was a Gentile, Luke assumes that he is acquainted with Jewish law and custom even though Theophilus may have been unfamiliar with Palestinian topography. Luke employs the popular expression a Sabbath day s walk to indicate distance and not time, for a Jew was permitted to walk from Jerusalem a distance of three-quarters of a mile on the Sabbath.��29�� Jesus ascended not on a Sabbath but on a Thursday, which is the fortieth day after Easter (see v. 3).) 13. And when they had entered, they went to the upper room where they were staying; they were Peter, John, James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alphaeus and Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.12|AUTODETECT|”

The apostles return to Jerusalem and assemble in the upper room where they are accustomed to meet. Luke indicates that this is the room, which may have been the same place where Jesus and the disciples celebrated the Passover. Nevertheless, we lack certainty because Luke uses a different word for the Passover room; he calls it the room above ground level 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.12|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 22:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). According to the account in Acts, the disciples come to their room; the word in Greek signifies under the roof, that is, upstairs. They come to it via a stairway on the outside of the house. We understand that an upstairs room shields the occupants from outside interference and thus is ideally suited for the disciples purpose, namely, to pray. Although we know that the early church gathered in the house of John Mark s mother for prayer (12:12), Luke provides no proof that this is the same place. The apostles continue to stay in that place until they assume their task on the day of Pentecost.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.2-40.10.4|AUTODETECT|”

Who are the apostles? The writers of the synoptic Gospels have given a list of names 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.2-40.10.4|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 10:2 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.16-41.3.19|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.16-41.3.19|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 3:16 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.14-42.6.16|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.14-42.6.16|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 6:14 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.3|AUTODETECT|”

), yet Luke deems it necessary to present another list without the name of Judas Iscariot. He implies that the apostles must appoint a person in the place of Judas to fill up the number twelve. He lists the names in a sequence that varies from earlier lists: Peter, John, James, and Andrew. Notice that although Peter and Andrew are brothers, their names are separated by the names of the brothers John and James. Then follow Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew. The last three have additional descriptions: James son of Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James. The last person also is known as Thaddaeus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.3|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 10:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.18|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.18|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 1 2 8 0 0

14. These were all with one mind constantly devoting themselves to prayer along with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brothers.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.17|AUTODETECT|”

a. Prayer. In the first part of this verse, Luke mentions two noteworthy items. First, the apostles are continually in prayer. This is a fundamental characteristic of the apostles and of the early Christians, After Pentecost, the believers come together for prayer (2:42) and the apostles make it known that their task is to devote [themselves] to prayer and the ministry of the word (6:4). And in their writings they urge the believers to pray continually 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.17|AUTODETECT|”

I Thess. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). Next, the apostles pray together with one mind (NASB). They present their prayers unanimously and express a perfect unity that becomes a feature of the early church.��30�� Presumably the apostles pray for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, whose coming Jesus promised repeatedly during his ministry.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.2-42.8.3|AUTODETECT|”

b. Believers. The believers who are together in Jerusalem form the nucleus of the Christian church. This nucleus consists of men and women, to whom are added a group of about 120 people (v. 15). We assume that the women Luke refers to are those (Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Susanna, and many others) who accompanied Jesus during his ministry and supported him financially 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.8.2-42.8.3|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 8:2 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.49|AUTODETECT|”

). They had followed Jesus from Galilee for his last visit to Jerusalem; they stood at a distance from Jesus cross when he died 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.49|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 23:49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.19.25|AUTODETECT|”

John 19:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.55-42.23.56|AUTODETECT|”

); they made the necessary preparations for his burial 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.55-42.23.56|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 23:55 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.1|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.1|AUTODETECT|”

24:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.9-42.24.10|AUTODETECT|”

); and they reported the news of Jesus resurrection to the disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.9-42.24.10|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 24:9 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.55|AUTODETECT|”

Luke also refers to Mary, the mother of Jesus. In the first two chapters of his Gospel, Luke makes Mary a central figure.��31�� Undoubtedly, she is an influential person who, with her sons, believed in Jesus. The term brothers denotes not sons born to Joseph in a previous marriage but sons born to Joseph and Mary after Jesus birth. They are James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.55|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 13:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.6.3|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.6.3|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 6:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.7.5|AUTODETECT|”

). From the Gospels we learn that Jesus own brothers refused to believe in him, even in the last six months of his public ministry 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.7.5|AUTODETECT|”

John 7:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

; see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.21|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|”

). After Jesus resurrection, they believed in him. Thus we read that during the forty days before the ascension, Jesus privately appeared to James to prove to him the reality of his resurrection 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|”

I Cor. 15:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

). James put his faith in Jesus. Eventually, he became the head of the Jerusalem church and wrote a letter to the dispersed Christians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=59.1.1|AUTODETECT|”

James 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=65.1.0|AUTODETECT|”

). And last, Judas, who calls himself a brother of James, also wrote a canonical epistle 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=65.1.0|AUTODETECT|”

Jude 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 4 2 8 0 0

) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:13 14) Verse 13) ������������ with the imperfect active &���, this construction is past periphrastic and expresses continuity. The compound in this present participle conveys the perfective idea.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.4|AUTODETECT|”

������� Simon is a Zealot. The Gospels of Matthew and Mark call him a ���������. This word is not the equivalent of Canaanite ; rather, it derives from an Aramaic form that means zealot 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.10.4|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 10:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.18|AUTODETECT|”

; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.3.18|AUTODETECT|”

Mark 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 9 2 8 0 0

Verse 14) ���������������� this is part of a past periphrastic construction. The compound present participle is perfective and has its root in the verb �������� (I am strong, steadfast).) A�������� as an adverb, this word comes from A��� (together) and the noun ����� (passion; ardor).) ) ) D. Matthias s Appointment) 1:15 26) 1. Scripture Fulfilled) 1:15 20) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|”

We know from Paul s enumeration of Jesus post-Easter appearances that Jesus was seen by more than five hundred persons at the same time 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.6|AUTODETECT|”

I Cor. 15:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.10|AUTODETECT|”

). This appearance may have occurred in Galilee 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.10|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 28:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|”

, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.28.16-40.28.20|AUTODETECT|”

16 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). In Jerusalem, however, were some 120 believers who before Pentecost began to meet with the apostles.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

15. And in those days, Peter stood up in the midst of the brothers (a gathering of about a hundred and twenty people) and said: 16. Men and brothers, the Scripture had to be fulfilled which the Holy Spirit foretold through the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide for those who arrested Jesus. 17. Because he was numbered among us and he shared in this ministry. ) Between Jesus ascension and Pentecost, the believers in Jerusalem come together not only for prayer but also to reflect on the vacancy left by the departure of Judas. Luke speaks in general terms: in those days. He records that Peter is the spokesman for the apostles as he addresses the believers.��32�� Luke adds an explanatory note and literally says, There were at the same [place] a multitude of names of about a hundred and twenty. The names belong to persons who are true believers.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.1.20-61.1.21|AUTODETECT|”

In the first twelve chapters of Acts, Peter is the unquestioned leader in the Jerusalem church. Here is the beginning of his apostolic ministry. Speaking decisively, he addresses the crowd and directs attention to the fulfillment of Scripture. He says, Men and brethren, ��33�� which is a familiar address. He begins his speech by pointing to the Scriptures that had to be fulfilled. Peter bases his remarks on God s Word and intimates that Scripture is authentic and inexorably must be fulfilled. He links the written Word to the Holy Spirit, who spoke long ago through the mouth of David concerning Judas (NIV). Scripture, then, is the product of the Spirit, as Peter eloquently states in one of his epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.1.20-61.1.21|AUTODETECT|”

II Peter 1:20 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). He asserts that the Holy Spirit speaks by using the mouth of man. That is, the Spirit communicates to us through the mouth of David, the composer of many psalms.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

What is fulfilled? Peter points to Judas, who became a guide for those who arrested Jesus. He himself vividly remembers the night of Jesus betrayal and his own sin of disowning Jesus. Nevertheless, he briefly articulates the charge against Judas, who willfully betrayed his Lord.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.12-42.6.16|AUTODETECT|”

Because he was numbered among us and he shared in this ministry. Almost as an afterthought Peter notes that Judas belonged to the circle of the twelve disciples during Jesus earthly ministry. Throughout this period, Judas was one of the twelve whom Jesus appointed after he spent a night in prayer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.6.12-42.6.16|AUTODETECT|”

Luke 6:12 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). In addition, Peter refers to Judas having obtained through Christ s choice a share in the apostolic ministry. ��34�� Judas, then, was divinely appointed to take his place among the apostles and serve Christ in the ministry.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

18. (This man bought a field with the reward received for his wickedness; and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his intestines spilled out. 19. And it became known to all that live in Jerusalem, so that they called that field in their own language Akeldama, that is, field of blood.)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.3-40.27.10|AUTODETECT|”

Before Luke continues Peter s speech proving that Scripture had to be fulfilled through the mouth of David concerning Judas (v. 16), he gives an explanatory note about Judas s death. He provides information that is supplementary and not contradictory to what Matthew writes about Judas s demise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.3-40.27.10|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 27:3 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). Matthew records that Judas, after he returned the thirty silver coins to the chief priests and the elders, hanged himself. The chief priests decided to use the money to buy the potter s field for the burial of foreigners.) 1 1 2 8 0 0

In all abbreviated account, Luke portrays Judas as the buyer of this field. Because the high priests considered the reward Judas had received to be blood money, they refused to accept the thirty silver coins. These belonged to Judas. Indirectly, then, Judas purchased the potter s field. This is what Luke has in mind when he writes, This man bought a field with the reward money he got for his wickedness. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.5|AUTODETECT|”

Falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his intestines spilled out. Even though Luke omits the information that Judas hanged himself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.5|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 27:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.6|AUTODETECT|”

), we infer that Judas s falling down headlong resulted from being suspended. The rope either broke due to the sudden stress caused by a falling body or eventually was cut by someone. The possibility is not remote that, while falling, Judas s body struck a sharp object that caused it to burst open. We also infer that Judas died on the field which the chief priests bought. Luke indicates that the residents of Jerusalem heard about Judas s gruesome death and named the field in their own language Akeldama, which means field of blood. From Matthew s point of view, the blood that was spilled belonged to Jesus. For that reason, the high priests called the thirty silver coins blood money 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.6|AUTODETECT|”

Matt. 27:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

). But notice that whereas Matthew writes for a Jewish audience, Luke addresses Gentile Christians. Hence, the accounts of Matthew and Luke are not at variance.��35�� Matthew and Luke are like two news reporters describing an event from different perspectives for different audiences.) 1 7 2 8 0 0

20. For it is written in the Book of Psalms:) ) Let his place be a desert) and let no one dwell in it. ) And,) And let someone else take his office. ) Consider these points:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.25|AUTODETECT|”

a. Setting. Luke returns to Peter s speech and presents two psalm citations that Peter quoted to prove his point. The first one is from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.25|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 69:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

and the second from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 109:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

. Peter introduces the Old Testament quotations with the familiar phrase for it is written. That is, the Scriptures have abiding validity, are absolutely trustworthy, and must be fulfilled.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|”

The psalms were well known to the Jews and early Christians. They were sung in local synagogues during the worship services and thus committed to memory. The Christians gave a messianic interpretation to many of the psalms, especially when they knew that Jesus himself had quoted and applied a particular psalm. In fact, when Jesus cleansed the temple he cited ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 69:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.17|AUTODETECT|”

a: Zeal for your house will consume me 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.2.17|AUTODETECT|”

John 2:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|”

Paul quotes ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.9|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 69:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.15.3|AUTODETECT|”

b and applies it to Christ: The insults of those who insult you have fallen on me 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.15.3|AUTODETECT|”

Rom. 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

, NIV).��36�� This particular psalm belongs to the category that speaks of the suffering Messiah. The passion Psalms are the part of the Old Testament Scriptures most frequently cited in the New Testament; and after Ps[alm] 22 there is no Psalm referred to in so many ways as Ps[alm] 69. ��37�� Not every verse in this psalm is directly messianic. Some of the verses describe God s enemies upon whom the psalmist pronounces a curse. Peter takes one of these verses and applies it to Judas. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 109:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

also contains a curse that Peter directs against Jesus betrayer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.25|AUTODETECT|”

b. Meaning. The wording of these quotations differs little from the Old Testament text. Instead of using the singular his and it, the psalmist gives the plural their and tents ( May their place be desolate; let no one dwell in their tents [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.69.25|AUTODETECT|”

Ps. 69:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

]). He pronounces a curse upon God s enemies and implies that the expression place includes all the material possessions a man owns. By contrast, Peter applies the expression to Judas s name, family, and earthly possessions, which are cursed. Then he thinks of the apostolic place Judas occupied during Jesus ministry and quotes ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|”

Psalms 109:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0

Let another take his place of leadership. The apostolic office itself is not affected by the death of Judas but is given to someone else. With this psalm citation, Peter indicates that the circle of the twelve apostles must be restored. The successor of Judas Iscariot must fill the apostolic office and as a person must differ radically from the betrayer. He must be able to meet the apostolic requirements that Peter enumerates in the last part of his speech.) 1 10 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:15 20) Verse 15) @������� literally this word means names, but it is translated persons, and thus refers to both men and women.) Verse 16) ��� the imperfect active indicative from the incomplete verb ��� (it is necessary) expresses, in this text, divine necessity.��38��) A����� with the participle ���������, this is the genitive absolute construction. The aorist tense of the participle denotes single action that occurs subsequent to the action of the main verb.) Verse 17) �������������� this perfect passive participle from the verb ���������� (I number with) is a periphrastic construction to show duration of time. The word occurs once in the New Testament.) Verse 18) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.13|AUTODETECT|” � ������ ��� ������ from wages that caused wickedness. Here is the objective genitive construction 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.13|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.15|AUTODETECT|”

15. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 12 2 8 0 0 ������ headlong. Some scholars suggest the translation swollen, distended. ��39��) Verse 19) �� 0�0� �������� the adjective means private and the noun language. This is a reference to the Aramaic language spoken in Jerusalem and transliterated into Greek with the word ��������.) Verse 20) �������� from the verb �������� (I oversee), the noun signifies oversight in fulfilling the apostolic office.) ����� the word denotes another of a different kind.) ) ) 2. Apostolic Requirements) 1:21 22) What are the requirements for apostleship? Peter briefly defines them and expects that a candidate who is able to meet these standards will be chosen to fill the vacancy left by Judas.) 21. It is therefore necessary that one of the men who have accompanied us all the time that Jesus went in and out among us 22. beginning from the baptism of John until the day in which he was taken up from us be a witness of his resurrection with us. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|” Quoting the words of the psalmist, Let someone else take his office, Peter utters the wish that God indeed will appoint a successor. When he says that it is necessary to choose a prospective apostle, Peter reveals God s will in this matter (compare v. 16). Peter and his audience do not act on their own accord but in obedience to God s word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.109.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 109:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and will.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” a. It is therefore necessary that one of the men who have accompanied us all the time that Jesus went in and out among us. As Jesus appointed the twelve disciples, who formed a parallel to the twelve tribes of Israel, so the eleven apostles had to choose by lot one additional person to restore the apostolic circle.��40�� The number twelve denotes perfection and in the New Testament appears numerous times with reference to the disciples, the tribes of Israel, Jerusalem, and the judgment day.��41�� Incidentally, no successor was chosen after the death of the apostle James 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|” ), because the church at that time was well established. And Paul became an apostle as one untimely born 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.1|AUTODETECT|” During his ministry, Jesus had more disciples than the twelve he had chosen. At one time he commissioned seventy-two (or seventy) others for a mission comparable to that of the twelve disciples 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.17|AUTODETECT|”
16. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.5|AUTODETECT|” ; and see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.9|AUTODETECT|” b. The men who have accompanied us all the time that Jesus went in and out among us. Even though the Evangelists report that Jesus called Matthew 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 9:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.35-43.1.51|AUTODETECT|” ) and perhaps others at a later date, at least half of the twelve disciples had soon begun to follow Jesus after his baptism 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.35-43.1.51|AUTODETECT|” John 1:35 51) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” The title Lord Jesus occurs frequently in Acts (4:33; 11:20; 16:31; 20:21, 24, 35). It describes Jesus earthly ministry and it serves as a confession of faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The phrase [Jesus] went in and out is a Semitism typical of Peter s native tongue. Indeed, Luke accurately presents Peter s speech and not a more or less free composition.��42��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.1|AUTODETECT|” c. Beginning from the baptism of John until the day in which [Jesus] was taken up from us. Here is a clear reference to the beginning of the apostolic gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Luke 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.37|AUTODETECT|” ).��43�� For instance, in the house of Cornelius, Peter also begins his gospel presentation with Jesus baptism 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.37|AUTODETECT|” Acts 10:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The apostolic gospel sketches the baptism by John as the beginning of Jesus ministry. And that ministry lasted until the day of his ascension.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 d. [It is therefore necessary that one of the men] be a witness of his resurrection with us. The qualifications for apostleship are two: the prospective apostle must have been trained by Jesus from the time of Jesus baptism to the day of his ascension; he also must be a witness of Jesus resurrection. Strictly speaking, no disciple was present when Jesus arose from the dead. But Jesus appeared to the apostles and to many other people and thus presented the physical evidence of his resurrection. The term witness has a double meaning: it refers to something that a person has observed, and it means the act of testifying (compare v. 8). The apostles had seen the resurrected Christ; now they are about to tell the world about this redemptive event.

The doctrine of Christ s resurrection is fundamental to the preaching of both Peter and Paul, for their sermons culminate in proclaiming the Christian tenet: I believe in the resurrection of the body (Apostles Creed).) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:21 22) Verse 21) � ����v ����� the context strongly suggests during the whole time, not on every occasion. ��44��) Verse 22) ��� ��������� �P��� of his resurrection. The genitive is as much subjective as objective.) �������� the aorist middle infinitive, introduced by ��� (it is necessary), is an indirect statement. This lengthy sentence (vv. 21 22) exemplifies excellent Greek style.) ) ) Among the numerous disciples of Jesus, only two men are candidates to fill the place that Judas left vacant. We assume that candidates are scarce, for relatively few people are able to meet the requirements. However, the apostles need only one person to restore their circle.) 3. Divine Appointment) 1:23 26) 23.

And they proposed two men, Joseph called Barsabbas (who was also known as Justus), and Matthias. 24. They prayed, Lord, you know the hearts of all men. Show us which one of these two you have chosen 25. to receive this ministry and apostleship from which Judas strayed to go to where he belongs. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.11|AUTODETECT|” After Peter formulates the conditions for apostleship, the others respond and propose the names of two men: Joseph and Matthias. Joseph is also known by his Latin name Justus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and as the Son of Sabbas (the elder) or Son of the Sabbath. Either his father s name was Sabbas or Joseph was born on a Sabbath. Probably Judas Barsabbas (15:22) was his brother. The second candidate is Matthias. His name is a shortened form of Mattathias (gift of Yahweh).) 1 9 2 8 0 0 The believers are unable to make a decision on their own accord. They know that not two but only one person is needed to fill Judas s place and to regain a twelfth member of the apostolate. Jesus originally appointed the twelve; now he must elect one of the two candidates. The congregation prays,) Lord, you know everyone s heart.) Show us which of these two you have chosen) to take over this apostolic ministry. [NIV]) The decision, therefore, is made not by the apostles but by the Lord himself. The expression Lord denotes either God or Jesus. Even if Luke elsewhere writes, God, who knows the heart (15:8), the context itself shows that Peter refers to the Lord Jesus (v. 21).

In addition, the verb have chosen occurs in verse 2, where Jesus is the subject.��45��) The apostles formulate and apply the qualifications for the two men, but the Lord knows their hearts and chooses the successor to take over the apostolic ministry from Judas Iscariot. The believers conclude their prayer with the words, from which Judas strayed to go where he belongs. These words imply that Judas has left his apostolic office to take up his place in the service of Satan.) 26. And they cast lots and the lot fell to Matthias, and he was added to the eleven apostles.) The apostles resort to the Old Testament custom of casting lots to learn the will of God.) The lot is cast into the lap,) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.16.33|AUTODETECT|” but its every decision is from the Lord. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.16.33|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 16:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.35|AUTODETECT|” The practice of casting the lot was common in Old Testament times; in the New Testament the Evangelists record that the soldiers cast lots for Jesus clothes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.35|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.24|AUTODETECT|” John 19:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). After the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost, the practice ceases. In the period between Jesus ascension and Pentecost, the apostles determine the conditions for apostleship, pray for divine guidance, and cast the lot to ascertain God s choice.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The lot fell to Matthias. Luke does not reveal how the apostles cast lots, but writes only that Matthias is the Lord s choice. The Lord appoints him as he had earlier commissioned the twelve apostles. For that reason, the ceremony of laying hands on Matthias is not observed (e.g., 6:6). Although Matthias fills the vacancy in the circle of the twelve apostles, we do not hear from or about him in the rest of the New Testament.��46��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Apostleship as such is an intriguing subject. Paul is unable to meet the qualifications for apostleship, yet he becomes the apostle to the Gentiles. Next to Peter, Paul is the prominent apostle in the early church. However, Paul could not have filled Judas s place, for his apostleship is entirely different. The difference between Paul and the Twelve is obvious: Paul submits his work to the scrutiny of the apostles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1-48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.1-48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 2:1 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.7-48.2.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.7-48.2.10|AUTODETECT|” 7 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Nevertheless, Paul and the apostles share a common appointment because Jesus Christ himself commissioned them.��47��) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 1:26) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Should a church cast lots when choosing its leaders? In Old Testament times, the high priest used the Urim and Thummim to make decisions for the Israelites 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 28:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.26.55|AUTODETECT|” ). Perhaps the Urim and Thummim were small stones that gave the high priest either a positive or negative answer to a question. Casting lots was common among the Israelites. They cast the lot to distribute the land and determine their inheritance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.26.55|AUTODETECT|” Num. 26:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.14.2|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 14:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.15.1|AUTODETECT|” 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.6.54|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=13.6.54|AUTODETECT|” I Chron. 6:54) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.7.16-6.7.18|AUTODETECT|” ); to disclose Achan s sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.7.16-6.7.18|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 7:16 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.10.20-9.10.21|AUTODETECT|” ); to select Saul as king of Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.10.20-9.10.21|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 10:20 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.10.34|AUTODETECT|” ); and to determine the number and time of the priests and Levites to serve at the temple 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.10.34|AUTODETECT|” Neh. 10:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=16.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 23 2 8 0 0 The last scriptural reference to God s people casting lots is when Matthias is chosen to succeed Judas. Note that, according to the New Testament, at no time during Jesus ministry or after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit did God s people cast lots. Furthermore, the early church provides no evidence for such practice in appointing its leaders. Because the New Testament and the early church are silent on this matter, believers ought to exercise caution and not adopt a practice that lacks firm support.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 1:24 26) Verse 24) �������� the aorist imperative active from the verb ���������� (I lift up for all to see; appoint) shows single occurrence.) ������ this is the second person singular aorist middle indicative of the verb �������� (I choose).) Verse 25) ������ from ������� (I take, receive), this second aorist infinitive expresses purpose.) �x� ����� �x� 4���� note the emphatic use of the definite articles. The adjective stands last in the sentence for emphasis. The phrase itself is a euphemism for death.) Verse 26) ����� instead of the verb ����� (I cast), the aorist indicative of ������ (I give) appears to express a Hebrew idiom.) �������������� the two prepositions ��� (with) and ���� (down) with the noun ����� (pebble) connote the casting of lots by putting down pebbles together.) Summary of Chapter 1) In the first two verses, Luke writes an introduction that serves as a bridge between his Gospel and Acts.

He records that Jesus appeared to the apostles during the forty-day period and gave them instructions in preparation for their task. Those instructions are to wait in Jerusalem for the gift of the Holy Spirit. The disciples ask Jesus when he will restore the kingdom to Israel. Jesus tells them that the Father has set the time and the date for establishing the kingdom, and that they will receive divine power to be witnesses for Jesus from Jerusalem to the ends of the world.) Jesus ascends as the apostles are looking at him. Then two angels announce that Jesus will return in the same way as he ascended. From the Mount of Olives the apostles return to Jerusalem, meet in a room upstairs, and show unity in constant prayer together with some women, Mary the mother of Jesus, and Jesus brothers.) Peter addresses a group of about 120 believers and mentions the fulfillment of Scripture with respect to Judas.

He states the necessity of choosing someone to fill the vacancy and to meet the requirements for apostleship. The group proposes two names, in prayer asks the Lord to choose one of them, and casts lots. Matthias is chosen and added to the eleven apostles.) ) ) ) ) 1 Bauer (p. 477) gives three examples from Herodotus, Plato, and Philo that are similar in wording to the first phrase in 1:1.) 2 Consult SB, vol. 2, p. 588. And see Josephus Antiquities 17.4.2 [78]; 18.5.3 [124], who records the name Theophilus belonging to Jewish people.) 3 In Acts, Jesus is the subject of numerous other passages also (e.g., 2:33; 7:55, 59; 9:5, 10 16, 34; 10:13 15; 16:7; 18:9; 20:35; 22:7 10, 18 21; 23:11; 26:14 17).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” 4 Compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Mark 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; consult Burghard Siede, NIDNTT, vol. 3, p. 749; Gerhard Delling, TDNT, vol. 4, p. 8. Also refer to Jacques Dupont, Anelmphth (Act. i.2), NTS 8 (1962): 154 57.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 5 Henry Alford, Alford s Greek Testament: An Exegetical and Critical Commentary, 7th ed., 4 vols. (1877; Grand Rapids: Guardian, 1976), vol. 2, p. 2.) 6 Donald Guthrie, New Testament Theology (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity, 1981), p. 536.) 7 For a comprehensive study on the concept apostle, see especially Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, TDNT, vol. 1, pp. 407 45; Dietrich M�ller, NIDNTT, vol. 1, pp. 128 35.) 8 Refer to John Calvin, Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, ed. David W. Torrance and Thomas F. Torrance, 2 vols. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966), vol. 1, pp. 24 25.) 9 I. Howard Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction and Commentary, Tyndale New Testament Commentary series (Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), pp. 57 58.) NKJV New King James Version) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” 10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.20|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.16-43.14.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.16-43.14.17|AUTODETECT|” John 14:16 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.26|AUTODETECT|” 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.7-43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.7-43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” 16:7 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.12-43.16.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.12-43.16.13|AUTODETECT|” 12 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 16 2 8 0 0 11 A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 663.) 12 Refer to Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 3d corrected ed. (London and New York: United Bible Societies, 1975), pp. 278 79.) 13 Consult F. W. Grosheide, De Handelingen der Apostelen, Kommentaar op het Nieuwe Testament series, 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1942), vol. 1, p. 17.) 14 Compare John Albert Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, ed.

Andrew R. Fausset, 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1877), vol. 2, p. 514.) 15 Consult Alford, Alford s Greek Testament, vol. 2, p. 4.) 16 Heidelberg Catechism, answer 27.) NIV New International Version) 17 David John Williams, Acts, Good News Commentaries series (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 8.) 18 The Greek noun for witness occurs thirteen times in Acts (1:8, 22; 2:32; 3:15; 5:32; 6:13; 7:58; 10:39, 41; 13:31; 22:15, 20; 26:16). Incidentally, of the thirty-four occurrences in the New Testament, Acts has the highest number, followed by nine in Paul s epistles and five in Revelation.) 19 Consult Hermann Strathmann, TDNT, vol. 4, p. 493; Lothar Coenen, NIDNTT, vol. 3, p. 1044.) 20 Robert Hanna, A Grammatical Aid to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983), p. 187.) 21 Robertson, Grammar, p. 787.) 22 Consult David E. Holwerda, Ascension, ISBE, vol. 1, p. 311.) 23 Guthrie, New Testament Theology, p. 395.) 24 Refer to George E. Ladd, A Theology of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974), p. 334.) 25 Alexander Ross, Ascension of Christ, EDT, p. 87.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 26 Compare Bruce M. Metzger, The Meaning of Christ s Ascension, CT 10 (May 27, 1966): 863 64; see also C. F. D. Moule, The Ascension ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1.9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , ExpT 68 (1957): 205 9.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 27 Consult Robertson, Grammar, p. 904.) 28 C. F. D. Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 132.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.29|AUTODETECT|” 29 SB, vol. 2, pp. 590 94. Compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.29|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 16:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.35.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.35.5|AUTODETECT|” Num. 35:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.3.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 6 2 8 0 0 NASB New American Standard Bible) 30 Consult Williams, Acts, p. 12; Calvin, Acts of the Apostles, vol. 1, p. 39.) 31 Mary s name occurs nineteen times in the New Testament, of which five appear in Matthew (1:16, 18, 20; 2:11; 13:55), one in Mark (6:3), twelve in Luke (1:27, 30, 34, 38, 39, 41, 46, 56; 2:5, 16, 19, 34), and one in Acts (1:14). Mary not only gave birth to her Son; she also assisted with the birth of the church.) 32 At least two translations have the reading disciples (KJV, NKJV). Translators, however, follow the better Greek text that has the expression brothers. To avoid confusion caused by the repetition of this word from the preceding verse (v. 14), where it refers to the brothers of Jesus, scribes adopted the reading disciples.) 33 In the Greek text, this expression appears as an address thirteen times, all in Acts (1:16; 2:29, 37; 7:2; 13:15, 26, 38; 15:7, 13; 22:1; 23:1, 6; 28:17). A modern equivalent, brothers and sisters, is proposed by SEB.) 34 J. I. Packer, NIDNTT, vol. 1, p. 478.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 35 Consult A. B. Gordon, The Fate of Judas According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.15-44.1.26|AUTODETECT|” , EvQ 43 (1971): 97 100; Max Wilcox, The Judas-Tradition in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.15-44.1.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1.15 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , NTS 19 (1973): 438 52.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.22-19.69.23|AUTODETECT|” 36 Paul quotes ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.22-19.69.23|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 69:22 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.9-45.11.10|AUTODETECT|” in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.9-45.11.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:9 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.0|AUTODETECT|” . In addition, there are at least twelve allusions in the New Testament to verses of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.69.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 69) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 37 Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Psalms, trans. Francis Bolton, 3 vols. (1877; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1955), vol. 2, p. 277.) 38 Refer to R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament (1854; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), p. 392.) 39 Bauer, pp. 700 701. Consult Metzger, Textual Commentary, pp. 286 87.) 40 Refer to Richard N. Longenecker, The Acts of the Apostles, in vol. 9 of The Expositor s Bible Commentary, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein, 12 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), p. 265.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 41 E.g., ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.19.28|AUTODETECT|” 19:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.70|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.70|AUTODETECT|” John 6:70) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.5-66.7.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.5-66.7.8|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:5 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.12|AUTODETECT|” 21:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 42 Refer to Herman N. Ridderbos, The Speeches of Peter in the Acts of the Apostles (London: Tyndale, 1962), p. 9.) 43 Consult Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, vol. 2, p. 521. The birth narratives in the first two chapters of both Matthew s and Luke s Gospels refer to a time that was not part of Jesus official ministry.) 44 Moule, Idiom-Book, pp. 94 95.) 45 See F. F. Bruce, The Book of the Acts, rev. ed., New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), p. 47.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.17|AUTODETECT|” 46 In the first few centuries, unverifiable traditions concerning Matthias circulated. Thus, Eusebius (a.d. 300) believed that Matthias was one of the seventy(-two) disciples Jesus commissioned 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.17|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Ecclesiastical History 1.12.3 (LCL). See also David W. Wead, Matthias, ISBE, vol. 3, p. 288.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 47 Consult William Childs Robinson, Apostle, ISBE, vol. 1, pp. 192 95; Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, TDNT, vol. 1, pp. 420 45.)