Philippians 1

Hendriksen

‹ Chapter 0 Philippians — All Chapters Chapter 2 ›

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 16 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER I) Summary of Chapter 1) Verses 1 11) Paul, the Joyful Servant of Christ Jesus) by means of salutation, thanksgiving and prayer, revealing his warm affection for the Philippians with whom he is united in a blessed fellowship.) 1:1, 2 The Salutation.) 1:3 11 The Thanksgiving and Prayer.) ) 1:1, 2) I. The Salutation) 1 1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, to all the saints in Christ Jesus who are in Philippi, together with overseers and deacons; 2 grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.) ) 1. In structure the letters which we find in the New Testament differ from those written today. Our letters end with the name of the sender. In Paul s day that name was mentioned first. Then came the name of the person(s) addressed and the rest of the opening salutation.

There followed, generally in the order given: the thanksgiving and/or prayer (often both), the body of the letter, and finally the concluding items; such as greetings, word of farewell or even a benediction. It should be emphasized that this was the letter-plan as it existed in the polite society of Paul s day. The apostle simply took it as it was and poured a definitely Christian content into the customary form.��26�� A glance at Philippians shows that Paul is following the then-prevailing letter-plan.) The sender s name is Paul, with whom Timothy is associated.) In a world held together politically by Rome and culturally by Greece it was natural that the writer should use his Greek-Roman name Paul instead of his Jewish name Saul. (For details on the meaning and use of these names see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, p. 38.) It is also natural that he writes his own name first, for it was he himself who was the author of the letter, as is evident from the fact that in its entire contents, with the exception of the salutation, he uses the first person singular , while he refers to Timothy in the third person . Examples:) I thank my God in all my remembrance of you.& God is my witness how I am yearning for you.& I hope in the Lord to send Timothy to you.& You know his proved worth.& Him, then, I hope to send at once. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” To the mention of his own name Paul adds and Timothy, as he also does in two other epistles written during the same imprisonment: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; and as he had done in three earlier letters: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.1|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” . The reasons for the addition of Timothy s name here in Philippians were probably the following: Timothy, though not co-author, was in full agreement with the message of the letter. Moreover, he was deeply interested in the Philippians, for he had been associated with Paul in bringing the gospel to them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:11 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.21|AUTODETECT|” ); had in all probability revisited them on more than one occasion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3-44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.3-44.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 20:3 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19-50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ); and was destined soon to be sent to them again 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19-50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:19 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Moreover, Timothy was in Paul s vicinity when this letter was dictated, in a position to visit him. He may even have been the actual writer (not author) of the letter, Paul s secretary. That Paul dictated his letters appears clearly from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.22|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.21-46.16.24|AUTODETECT|” ; and may be inferred from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.21-46.16.24|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:21 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.18|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.17|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (on which see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 208, 209). (For details with respect to the life and character of Timothy see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 33 36.)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Paul calls himself and Timothy servants. James (1:1), Peter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.23|AUTODETECT|” ), and Jude (verse 1) introduce themselves similarly. The Greek word is doulos (��) singular, douloi (��) plural. Some prefer the translation slaves. It is true that something can be said in favor of that rendering. In a sense even deeper than that which pertains to ordinary slaves and their earthly masters, Paul and Timothy had been bought with a price and were therefore owned by their Master 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.22|AUTODETECT|” 7:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ) on whom they were completely dependent and to whom they owed undivided allegiance. If by thus defining the concept doulos as used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.18|AUTODETECT|” its meaning were exhausted, and if our word slaves conveyed nothing of a sinister nature, the translation slaves might be unobjectionable. But such is definitely not the case. As Paul uses the term, a doulos, in the spiritual sense, is one who ministers to his Lord with gladness of heart, in newness of spirit, and in the enjoyment of perfect freedom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.6|AUTODETECT|” 7:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.24|AUTODETECT|” ), receiving from him a glorious reward 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.24|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Love and good will toward God and man fill the heart of this doulos 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.7|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ). But with the English word slave we immediately associate the ideas of involuntary service, forced subjection, and (frequently) harsh treatment. Hence, in the light of Paul s own use of this noun and of the cognate verb, it is clear that the rendering slaves in passages such as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is not the best, and that the translation servants (as in A.V., and as in the text of A.R.V. and of R.S.V.), though not fully adequate, is the better of the two. It must be borne in mind, however, that these servants serve their Lord all the more heartily because they know that they have been redeemed by his blood from the bondage of sin, and accordingly belong to him, who is the Disposer of their destinies, the Director of their lives.��27��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 By adding of Christ Jesus Paul accomplishes two things: (1) He directs the attention to his Lord and away from himself and from Timothy. Not Paul and Timothy are all-important; Christ Jesus is. In the deepest sense Philippians is Christ s letter to the church. Let the Philippians remember that. (2) He focuses the light upon his heavenly Master rather than upon Rome which considered itself to be the master of the earth. It is not surprising that Paul, being a prisoner who by dint of circumstances was being constantly reminded of the servile attitude of Roman soldiers, and writing to people living in a Roman colony many of whose citizens worshipped the Roman emperor, was comforted by the fact that the Anointed One, the Savior, and not the emperor, was his real Master. (For a detailed treatment of the names Jesus and Christ see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 41, 42; and for the order in which the words occur here Christ Jesus instead of Jesus Christ see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, p. 51, footnote 19.)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Now in the opening salutation of every one of his letters, with the exception of Philippians, I and II Thessalonians, and Philemon, Paul calls himself apostle. In fact, even in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.1|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” , where as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” he refers to himself as servant, he still immediately adds apostle. Why then does he omit the designation apostle here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ? The probable reason is that the Philippians were Paul s beloved and longed for, his joy and crown 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ), with whom he knew himself to be on the most pleasing and intimate terms of Christian fellowship and among whom his authority stood unassailed. It is possibly for this same reason that in writing to this church founded by himself Paul does not deem it at all necessary to indicate any distinction between himself and Timothy. Humbly he writes, Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus. Compare with this ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (apostle & brother), and Philemon, verse 1 (prisoner & brother). The thoroughly sympathetic and understanding Philippians did not have to be told that Paul was the apostle and that Timothy was his delegate. Besides, in Christ, the two, though differing in age, authority, and experience, were equal in the sense that both were saved by the same grace and were engaged in the same exalted task.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Paul addresses his letter to, and pronounces his salutation upon all the saints in Christ Jesus who are in Philippi. He is not merely interested in certain prominent individuals, the pillars of the church, for instance. Moreover, he hates cliques or unnecessary dissensions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.12|AUTODETECT|” and see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.4|AUTODETECT|” 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.21|AUTODETECT|” 11:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ). He prays for all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), loves all (1:7), yearns for all (1:8), hopes to continue with them all (1:25), and greets all (4:21).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=11.8.10|AUTODETECT|” In writing or in preaching, the character of the message will be affected by the writer s or preacher s opinion of the addressed. It will make a difference whether he views them as sinless ones in their own right or, on the other hand, as nothing else than gross sinners, mere pagans, whether baptized or unbaptized. Paul avoids both extremes. He views the addressed as they exist not in themselves but in Christ. As such they are the saints. A saint is someone who by the Lord has been set apart to glorify him.

It is in that sense that the addressed are called holy. Thus also during the old dispensation there were certain places, objects, and people that had been set apart or consecrated unto the service of God; for example, the holy place of the house of Jehovah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.8.10|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 8:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.26.33|AUTODETECT|” ), the most holy place 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.26.33|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 26:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.27.30|AUTODETECT|” ), the tithe of the land 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.27.30|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 27:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ), the place of the bush 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ), holy water 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.5.17|AUTODETECT|” Num. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.35.3|AUTODETECT|” ), the ark and the Levites 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.35.3|AUTODETECT|” II Chron. 35:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.6|AUTODETECT|” ), the priests 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.6|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 21:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and the Israelites, in distinction from other nations 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.19.6|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 19:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.20.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.20.26|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 20:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.7.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.7.6|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 7:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.22|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.23.9|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.23.9|AUTODETECT|” Num. 23:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Amos 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ). It is this latter idea which in the New Testament is applied to Christians generally. They are the Israel of the new dispensation, set apart to proclaim God s excellencies 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ). A saint, then, is a person to whom the Lord has shown great favor and upon whom, accordingly, there rests a great responsibility. He who is a saint 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ) must remember that he has been called to be a saint 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Ideally, saints are, indeed, believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1-43.15.7|AUTODETECT|” But even redeemed sinners are never saints in their own right. Hence, Paul addresses the members of the church at Philippi as saints in Christ Jesus, that is, by virtue of union with him. Of this phrase ( in Christ, in him, etc.) the apostle is very fond. So was also our Lord as reported by the disciple whom he loved 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.15.1-43.15.7|AUTODETECT|” John 15:1 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul uses the phrase repeatedly throughout his epistles. The union indicated is not an actual physical union, as some have thought. Neither is it true that in Paul s writings there are two contradictory ways of salvation, the one forensic or legal (Jesus paid for my sins, delivering me from guilt and condemnation), and the other experimential, mystical, or practical (I live in him, having died with him and having risen with him). On the contrary, the forensic and the experiential are two essential elements in the one great work of salvation. Christ s death for the believer must never be separated from the faith exercised by the believer.

There is, moreover, a link between these two, namely, the regenerating and sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit within the believer. That Spirit applies to the believer s heart the merits of Christ s death, and, having planted in that heart the principle of faith, qualifies him to embrace his Lord by means of a living faith. Thus for and within and by form one golden chain, and the person who slights any one of these three links is wrong in theory and in practice. Paul, in some of the very passages in which the expression in Christ (Jesus) is used, combines the two ideas (what Christ did for the believer and what is now done by the latter) and also shows that the Bond of union between the two is the Holy Spirit working within the heart.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Examples:) FORENSIC PRACTICAL ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|” There is therefore now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus who walk not after the flesh but after the Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.17|AUTODETECT|” And he died for all that they who live should no longer live for themselves & wherefore if any man is in Christ he is a new creature 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.17|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.9|AUTODETECT|” See also the explanation of another famous in him passage, which beautifully combines the related ideas, namely, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 6:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Paul addresses his letter in general and his opening salutation in particular to all the saints in Christ Jesus that are in Philippi together with (that is, in association with) overseers and deacons. Against the traditional view according to which it was Paul who wrote Philippians the objection has been advanced that during the apostle s life there were as yet no overseers and deacons. The sources, however, do not sustain the objection. Note the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” As to overseers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.17|AUTODETECT|” ) or elders, that is, presbyters 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), these are mentioned again and again from early apostolic times on. The Lucan and Pauline references are as follows:) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.27-44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:27 30) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.24.31|AUTODETECT|” About a.d. 44, during a famine, a relief commission, consisting of Barnabas and Saul, is sent to Judea with a gift for the needy believers in that province. This gift is delivered to the elders. It is no surprise to find elders in this Jewish-Christian community. Surely, the much-debated view that this Christian eldership was a divinely sanctioned outgrowth of the eldership in ancient Israel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.24.31|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 24:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and even more directly of the eldership in the contemporary non-Christian Jewish community right here in Jerusalem and surroundings is hard to refute. After all, the people who started the Judean churches were Jews, and the church is the true Israel.��28��) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:23) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Sometime between a.d. 44 and 50, on his first missionary journey, Paul appointed elders in every church.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.12|AUTODETECT|” 1 Thess. 5:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 2 8 0 0 About the year 52, on his second missionary journey, the very journey on which the church at Philippi was founded, the apostle writes to the Thessalonians, Now we request you, brothers, to appreciate those who labor among you and are over you in the Lord and admonish you, and to esteem them very highly in love because of their work. See N.T.C. on that passage. That overseers or elders were included in this reference would seem probable.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.17-44.20.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:17 38) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In the year a.d. 57 or 58, Paul, on his third missionary journey, comes to Miletus on the coast of Asia Minor, and sends for the overseers (verse 28) or elders (verse 17) of the Ephesian region, and bids them farewell in a touching address.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1-54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:1 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5 9) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1|AUTODETECT|” A little later than Philippians, but not much later than a.d. 63, Paul after his release from the first Roman imprisonment, writing from Macedonia, enumerates the requirements for the office of overseer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ) or elder 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ), and states that the elders who rule well should be counted worthy of double honor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). See N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles; pp. 117 129; 179, 180; 344 349.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.0|AUTODETECT|” Though there are those who dispute it, yet a comparison between verses 17 and 28 of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.0|AUTODETECT|” , and between verses 5 and 7 of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , would seem to indicate that elder and overseer indicate the same person. The man who with respect to age and dignity is called elder is called overseer or superintendent with respect to the nature of his task.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1-44.6.6|AUTODETECT|” As to deacons, about the year a.d. 33, when Greek-speaking Christians from among the Jews complained that their widows were being neglected in the daily distributions, seven men were chosen to attend to this matter and, no doubt, to matters of similar nature. The term deacon is not used In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.1-44.6.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.12|AUTODETECT|” , but that makes no material difference: the purpose for which these men were chosen is clearly indicated. The requirements for the office of deacon (the very term is used now) are found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8-54.3.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:8 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . (Other supposed New Testament references to the office of deacon are debatable. See N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles; pp. 129 134.)) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Now into this frame of references the mention of overseers and deacons here in Philippians (written probably a.d. 62/63) fits very well. It is definitely not an anachronism.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Another question is: Just why did Paul make special mention of these overseers and deacons in this (and in no other) opening salutation? Some answer: because these leaders had taken the initiative in gathering the gifts sent to Paul by the Philippians both now and on previous occasions. The apostle wishes to express his appreciation to them. Others are of the opinion that the particular reference to these leaders was in the nature of a hint to them that they must see to it that the instructions contained in the letter are carried out. And still others stress the idea that Paul by making special mention of these men thereby furnishes a needed endorsement of their authority (in view of the dogs and the enemies of the cross of Christ who were threatening the church, and who might lead some astray, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Any or all of these explanations may be correct. And there may also have been an entirely different reason. We do not know.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 2. The rest of the salutation one might also say the salutation proper is as follows: grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Thus, there is pronounced upon all the saints in Christ Jesus that are in Philippi, together with overseers and deacons, grace, that is, God s spontaneous, unmerited favor in action, his sovereign, freely bestowed loving-kindness in operation, and its result, peace, that is, the conviction of reconciliation through the blood of the cross, true spiritual wholeness and prosperity, these two blessings (grace and peace) coming from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” This salutation is exactly as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; Philemon 1 3; and substantially also as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . For further details of explanation and for a discussion of the question whether this salutation is an exclamation, a declaration, or perhaps merely an expression of a pious wish, see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 40 45, 153, 154.) 1 7 2 8 0 0 ) 1:3 11) II. The Thanksgiving and Prayer) 3 I thank my God in all my remembrance of you, 4 always in every supplication of mine in behalf of you all making my supplication with joy, 5 (thankful) for your fellowship in the gospel from the first day until the present, 6 being confident of this very thing that he who began a good work in you will carry it on toward completion until the day of Christ Jesus; 7 just as it is right for me to be thus minded in behalf of you all, because I am holding you in my heart, you all being partakers with me of grace (as evidenced) both in my bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel. 8 For God is my witness how I am yearning for you all with the deeply-felt affection of Christ Jesus. 9 And this is my prayer that your love may abound more and more with full knowledge and keen discernment, 10 so that you may approve the things that are excellent and may be pure and blameless with a view to the day of Christ, 11 filled with the fruits of righteousness that come through Jesus Christ to the glory and praise of God.) ) 1:3 8) A. The Thanksgiving) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” 3. In the letters that present themselves as coming from Paul (and, we firmly believe, actually did come from him) the salutation is in all except two cases (Galatians and Titus) followed by hearty words of thanksgiving. This praise is addressed not to the gods or to any particular deity (as was customary in Paul s day among pagans) but to that glorious Being whom Paul here 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.11|AUTODETECT|” ) calls my God. His words are I thank my God.��29�� The apostle is jubilant. He reflects on the wonderful way in which he has been led and on the evidences which the church at Philippi has given of its love for the gospel and for himself. Hence, he says, I thank my God. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 42:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.63.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.63.1|AUTODETECT|” 63:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . He continues in all my remembrance of you.��30�� The many individual reflections on the work of grace in the lives of the Philippians are grouped together in the phrase all my remembrance (literally all the remembrance, but in the light of the immediate context the article surely has possessive force).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 4. Now thanksgiving, by causing a person to reflect on blessings, increases his joy. Hence, there now follows the parenthesis, which indicates a circumstance accompanying the thanksgiving: always in every supplication of mine in behalf of you all making my supplication with joy. (For prayer and its synonyms see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles pp. 91, 92). A supplication is a petition for the fulfilment of a definite need that is keenly felt. Even in Philippi there were definite spiritual needs. There were imperfections 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:9 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ) and dangers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). So Paul again and again (always & in every supplication) beseeches the Lord that these needs may be supplied. In these supplications Paul omitted no one (in behalf of you all). The main point, however, is this: since there was much room for thanksgiving, Paul is ever making his supplication with joy, for prayer with thanksgiving is joyful prayer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2-52.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 5. The immediate reason for the thanksgiving is given in verse 5, the ultimate reason in verse 6. These two must not be separated. What Paul is saying is in substance this, Your perseverance in sympathetic participation in the work of the gospel (verse 5) has convinced me that you are the objects of divine preservation (verse 6). For all this I thank my God (verse 3), making my supplication with joy (verse 4). We find exactly the same reasoning in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2-52.1.5|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:2 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the believers day-by-day Christian living is regarded as the unquestionable evidence of their election from eternity. And for all that Paul gives thanks to God (see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 45 51).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Returning then to the immediate reason for thanksgiving we read: thankful (supplied from verse 3) for your fellowship in the gospel.) The Fellowship of all Believers in Christ��31��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” (1) It is a fellowship of grace. It is not a natural or Platonic fellowship, nor is it man-made, that is, called into being or organized by men, like a club or society. It is not even merited by men. It is sovereignly effected by Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.13|AUTODETECT|” ), and is the gift of the Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.13|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ) sent from the Father. Apart from Christ and his Spirit this fellowship is entirely impossible. Ideally speaking, the fellowship between Christ and his people even precedes time, for they were chosen in him from eternity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.32|AUTODETECT|” In time, Jesus Christ is, as it were, the Magnet, for it is he who draws to himself those given to him by the Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.32|AUTODETECT|” John 12:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.2|AUTODETECT|” 17:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ). He draws them through his Word and Spirit. This Spirit applies to them the merits of the Savior s death. Jesus, by means of his crucifixion, resurrection, ascension, and coronation, attracts to himself (that is, to abiding faith in himself) all of God s elect, from every age, clime, and nation. Moreover, in the person of their Surety, Jesus Christ, they themselves were tried, condemned, and crucified. They also were made alive and raised with him.

With him they live in heavenly places. Their life is hid with Christ in God. This truth, accordingly, concerns both their state and their condition. Their santification as well as their justification is mediated through Christ alone. It is all of grace. And it is a very close fellowship.

In fact, so closely connected with him are believers that while they are on earth they even complete what is lacking in his suffering 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” (2) It is, consequently, a fellowship of faith. Just as Christ draws sinners to himself through his redemptive acts, revealed to them by the Word and applied by the Spirit, so they approach and embrace Christ through a living, Spirit-given, faith. There is accordingly a faith-participation in Christ s sufferings, body, and blood 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ), as well as in his resurrection and glory 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Faith commemorates Christ s death, rejoices in his presence, and awaits his revelation in glory.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3|AUTODETECT|” (3) It is a fellowship in prayer and thanksgiving. Faith comes to expression in these devotions. Believers pray both individually and unitedly. Through their prayers they glorify God. Also they remember one another in prayer and thanksgiving 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” 9 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Hence,) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” (4) It is a fellowship of believers with one another; a fellowship in love for one another. The same Magnet who attracts sinners to himself, also, in the very act of doing so, draws them into a close relationship with each other. Thus, the believer enshrines his fellow-believers in his heart and yearns for them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.13.34|AUTODETECT|” John 13:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.26|AUTODETECT|” (5) It is therefore a fellowship in helping each other; hence also, a fellowship in contributing to each other s needs. Believers make their fellowship of love felt by remembering the poor among their number, no matter who they are, to what race they belong, or where they are living 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.26|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ). They, moreover, also make it a practice to support the missionaries in their needs. This was true especially with respect to the Philippian believers. These had even entered into a partnership with Paul in an account of expenditures and receipts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , which also belongs under 6).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” (6) It is, accordingly, a fellowship in promoting the work of the gospel. It is an active co-operation in gospel-activity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ). Those who in this joint-participation are brothers give each other the right hand of fellowship with a view to hearty co-operation in kingdom-work 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.14|AUTODETECT|” (7) It is a fellowship in separation. This sounds paradoxical but is true. The koinonia is a fellowship over against the world. Attachment to Christ always means detachment from the world, that is, from worldly thoughts, purposes, words, ways, etc. For what fellowship could there possibly be between light and darkness? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.14|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.4|AUTODETECT|” James 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.15|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27-50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” (8) Finally, it is a fellowship in warfare. Believers struggle side by side against a common foe 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27-50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:27 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” 2:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” It is with all this in mind that the expression I thank God for your fellowship in the gospel must be considered. It will then be clear that it indicates not only that the Philippians had received the gospel by faith (John Calvin), but much more. This acceptance by faith is implied, of course. But the emphasis is on hearty co-operation in the work of the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.22|AUTODETECT|” ), a sympathetic participation which had been shown from the first day until the present 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.22|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.14|AUTODETECT|” ). As soon as the Lord had opened Lydia s heart for the gospel, that wonderful woman had opened her home for the gospel-workers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” ), and she had kept it open; in fact, she had opened it ever wider, so that what had been headquarters for the missionaries became church (place of assembly) for all the early converts at Philippi 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19-44.16.34|AUTODETECT|” ). How tenderly also the jailer had washed the missionaries stripes and placed food before them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19-44.16.34|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:19 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ). Is it not logical to believe that the man continued to reveal this same spirit? Moreover, when on his second missionary tour Paul had reached the very next place after Philippi, namely, Thessalonica, the Philippians had once and again sent gifts to him to further the work of the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.9|AUTODETECT|” ). When, on that same journey, the apostle had gotten to be in want at Corinth, he had not found it necessary to burden the Corinthians, for his needs had once more been supplied by the brothers who came from Macedonia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.9|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ). And thus, whenever the opportunity had presented itself sometimes it had not presented itself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” ) this noble band of Christians had proved the truth of the proverb, A friend in need is a friend indeed! The recent heroic mission of Epaphroditus, who had risked his very life in the interest of the good cause, was, as it were, the climax of this glorious manifestation of fellowship in the gospel from the first day until the present 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 There are several facts which cause this active co-operation to stand out all the more remarkably:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.5|AUTODETECT|” (1) It was a fellowship for the furtherance of (note �0�) the gospel, not only in the interest of a good friend, Paul. In fact, in the hearts of the Philippians there was room for others besides Paul. Thus, for example, they (and also other believers in Macedonia) had given a magnificient example of Christian charity in supplying the needs of the poor saints at Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” (2) It was exceptional. No other church had manifested such a high degree of fellowship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.2|AUTODETECT|” (3) It was spontaneous. Whenever there was need and opportunity to supply it, the Macedonians (surely including the Philippians) had given of their own free will and joyfully 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.3|AUTODETECT|” 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.3|AUTODETECT|” (4) It included a giving according to their means, yes, and at times even beyond their means 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” (5) It was not a matter of fleeting impulse but of lasting principle. The very phrase 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ) from the first day until the present stresses perseverance in spite of all obstacles. The prayers, the sympathies, the testimonies, the willingness to make a pecuniary contribution, all these had never ceased. The Philippians had not lost their first love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) during this entire decade.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 6. Paul thanks God for this, for it was God who had grafted his own image in the hearts of the Philippians. Hence, to the immediate reason for the thanksgiving the apostle now adds the ultimate reason: being confident of this very thing that��32�� he who began a good work in you will carry it on toward completion. Note how closely the apostle links human perseverance with divine preservation . Any doctrine of salvation which does not do full justice to both of these elements is unscriptural. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.13|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Although it is true that God brings his work to completion, it is equally true that when God has once begun his work in men, the latter by no means remain merely passive instruments!) 1 5 2 8 0 0 He who began a good work in you, is God, as is evident from the context, I thank my God & being confident that he who began a good work in you, etc. When God s name, attitude, or activity is clearly implied, he is not always mentioned by name. In fact by not mentioning his name but merely saying he who there is often in such instances a greater opportunity to stress his disposition or his activity: He who does this will also certainly do that. Thus William Cullen Bryant says beautifully :) He who, from zone to zone,) Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,) In the long way that I must tread alone,) Will lead my steps aright. ��33��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” The good work which God had begun within the hearts and lives of the Philippians was that of grace, whereby they had been transformed. This work, indeed, was good in origin, quality, purpose, and result. The result had been their own willing and working for God s good pleasure 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); specifically, their own hearty co-operation in whatever pertained to the advancement of the gospel.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Now Paul is confident that God will not permit his good work of transforming and qualifying grace to remain unfinished. The expression will carry it onward toward completion implies and will present it complete. ) Accordingly, out of the darkness and the distress of a prison in Rome a message of cheer reaches each Philippian believer, enabling him to say:) The work thou hast in me begun) Shall by thy grace be fully done. ) God, accordingly, is not like men. Men conduct experiments, but God carries out a plan. God never does anything by halves. Men often do.) This teaching of divine preservation for a life of service (hence, with implied human perseverance) is in harmony with that of the entire Bible, which tells us about:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.89.33|AUTODETECT|” a faithfulness that will never be removed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.89.33|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 89:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.138.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.138.8|AUTODETECT|” 138:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” a life that will never end 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.16|AUTODETECT|” John 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” a spring of water that will never cease to bubble up within the one who drinks of it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” John 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.37|AUTODETECT|” a gift that will never be lost 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.37|AUTODETECT|” John 6:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.39|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.39|AUTODETECT|” 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” a hand out of which the Good Shepherd s sheep will never be snatched 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” John 10:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.29|AUTODETECT|” a chain that will never be broken 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” a love from which we shall never be separated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” a calling that will never be revoked 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.19|AUTODETECT|” a foundation that will never be destroyed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.19|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.4|AUTODETECT|” and an inheritance that will never fade out 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.4|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 It should be stressed, however, that according to the present context (and all of Scripture) this preservation is not for a purely selfish purpose but is for service. God s work of grace qualifies men for work.) Now God will carry his good work on toward completion until, and will actually have it all completed on, the day of Christ Jesus. This day is also called:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.10|AUTODETECT|” the day of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.16|AUTODETECT|” 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.8|AUTODETECT|” the day of our Lord Jesus (Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.14|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.2|AUTODETECT|” the day of the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.2|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 5:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.4|AUTODETECT|” the day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.4|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.10|AUTODETECT|” that day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.10|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.19|AUTODETECT|” the parousia (of the Lord, of our Lord Jesus, etc.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.19|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” 5:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.1|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.23|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; etc.). See also N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 76, 122 124, 141, 146 150, 161, 167, 168.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 It is called the day of Christ Jesus because on that day he will be manifested in glory, will be met by his bride (the church), will judge, and will thus be publicly vindicated.) Not until that day has arrived will that work of God be completed which qualified the addressees for hearty co-operation in spreading the gospel and which ends in the completed fellowship. Moreover, it takes all God s ransomed children to make one ransomed child complete. A brick may have the appearance of a finished product, but it will still look rather forlorn until it is given its proper place in row and tier, and all the rows and tiers are in, and the beautiful temple is finished. So also God s children, like so many living stones, will form a finished temple when Jesus returns, not until then. Believers are like the dawning light that shines brighter and brighter unto the coming of the perfect day, for it is then that he who began a good work in them will have completed it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” 7. The confidence (see verse 6) which Paul has with respect to the Philippians is well-founded, as he shows by adding: just as it is right for me to be thus minded in behalf of you all, because I am holding you in my heart.��34�� Paul s attitude toward the Philippians (not just his opinion about them) has been made clear in the beginning of this long sentence: he thanks God for them, makes supplication for them with joy, being thankful for their fellowship in the gospel, etc. For this disposition on his part the apostle does not claim any special credit. He says, It is right (morally obligatory) for me to be thus minded (or disposed) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.15|AUTODETECT|” 3:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.5|AUTODETECT|” ; also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.20|AUTODETECT|” 11:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.19|AUTODETECT|” ). Ill-will toward the Philippians, a refusal to thank God for them, while in his inmost being he is convinced of their loyalty to God s cause, would have been highly improper. The apostle is holding them in his heart, and the heart is the mainspring of dispositions as well as of feelings and thoughts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.19|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37|AUTODETECT|” 22:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.5|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.4.23|AUTODETECT|” ). Out of it are the issues of life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.4.23|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 4:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ). And the fact, in turn, that the apostle is cherishing the Philippians in his heart finds its ready explanation in the situation upon which the emphasis really falls, namely, you all being partakers with me of grace. These Philippians have given proof that they belong to the fellowship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Accordingly, Paul calls them my fellow-partakers of the grace (thus literally), that is, of that operation of God s grace which enables one to work in the interest of the gospel, to suffer for it, and to assist those who proclaim and defend it. (On the word grace see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, p. 42). Paul continues: (as evidenced) both in my bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel.��35��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” The Philippians had given evidence of their participation with Paul in the grace of God. They had proved it in his bonds, that is, his imprisonment (see on this word N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, p. 251) and they had also proved it in something which, as it stood in the closest possible association with this imprisonment, is mentioned immediately afterward, namely, the defense and confirmation of the gospel.��36�� It is evident from this clause that when these words were written Paul had already appeared before the Roman authorities. He had given an account of himself as a herald of the gospel.��37�� He had defended the gospel by removing doubts and suspicions, and had confirmed it by setting forth its meaning positively. Naturally the two activities (defense and confirmation) overlapped. And the Philippians had shown that they were deeply concerned in all this. They had prayed for Paul.

They had sympathized with him in his experiences Were not their own experiences similar? Were not they engaged in the same conflict? See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.30|AUTODETECT|” 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” . And they had even sent their personal representative to him with a gift and in order to assist him in every possible manner. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.10-50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.10-50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 4:10 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.27|AUTODETECT|” ). Epaphroditus had delivered the gift and had begun his work in Rome. The fact that subsequently for a certain space of time he had not been able to assist Paul was nobody s fault. The reason for that was that this worthy ambassador, probably while busily engaged as Paul s attendant and assistant, had become a very sick man, on the verge of death! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.27|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.15.29|AUTODETECT|” 8. Paul has just written: I am holding you in my heart (verse 7). He now shows that this is no exaggeration: For God is my witness how I am yearning for you all with the deeply-felt affection of Christ Jesus. Because it is important that the Philippians shall know how ardently he loves them, that they may be confirmed in the truths which he conveys and may take to heart his admonitions, the apostle appeals to the God who cannot lie and who judges the hearts of men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.15.29|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 15:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.11.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.11.20|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 11:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.6|AUTODETECT|” John 14:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; 15:29; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.13|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 6:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ).��38�� That is the meaning of the words, For God is my witness. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.23|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.5|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” . The fact with reference to which Paul calls upon God to be witness is that the apostle yearns deeply for all these Philippians. He is tenderly attached to them and longs to see them again 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.4|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” ). In fact, he yearns for them all with the deeply-felt affection of Christ Jesus. Meaning: Paul s love is patterned after 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ) and energized by Christ s indwelling love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��39��) 1 3 2 8 0 0 1:9 11) B. The Prayer) 9. Having thus reaffirmed his great love for the Philippians, Paul is able to proceed as he does; for, though the words which immediately follow imply that perfection had not yet been attained among those to whom this epistle would be read, the very tactful introduction (verses 3 8) has removed every legitimate reason for taking offense.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.17-49.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Verses 9 11 contain the substance of the prayer to which reference was made in verses 3 and 4. This should be compared with Paul s recorded prayers found in the other epistles of this first Roman imprisonment: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.17-49.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:17 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” 3:14 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9-51.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9-51.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:9 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Combining them we noticed that the apostle prays that those addressed may abound in wisdom, knowledge, power, endurance, longsuffering, joy, gratitude, and love. Also, we observe that Jesus Christ is regarded as the One through whom these graces are bestowed upon the believer; and that the glory of God is recognized as the ultimate purpose. Truly, one cannot afford to ignore Paul s lessons in prayer-life.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Accordingly, in the present section we have:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32-49.5.2|AUTODETECT|” (1) Its Burden: And this is my prayer that your love may abound more and more. The word love (��) crowds the pages of Paul s epistles. For its use in Philippians see, besides our present passage, 1:16; 2:1; 2:2. He views this love as being entirely dependent upon and caused by God s love which it strives to imitate 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.32-49.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:32 5:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” 5:25 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.10|AUTODETECT|” ). Though it is true that when the apostle speaks about the love which believers should exercise, he generally does so in a context which makes men the object of that love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.13.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 13:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.15|AUTODETECT|” 14:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.21|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.), yet no one who has made an earnest study of the closeness of the fellowship, which involves both God and men (see on 1:5), can long cling to the idea that for Paul God would be removed from the range of this object. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.3|AUTODETECT|” 8:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.24|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” .) And particularly when, as in the present passage and its context, there is nothing which in any way restricts this object, such rigid limitation seems unjustifiable. The love of which Paul speaks is, accordingly, intelligent and purposeful delight in the triune God, the spontaneous and grateful outgoing of the entire personality to him who has revealed himself in Jesus Christ, and consequently, the deep and steadfast yearning for the progress of his kingdom and for the true prosperity of all his redeemed. This yearning becomes manifest in one s attitude , in words (of encouragement, truthfulness, and mildness) and in deeds (of self-denial, loyalty, and kindness). The best description of love is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.0|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Now Paul does not pray that the Philippians may begin to exercise this love, but that the ocean of their love may rise to its full height, overflowing its entire perimeter; in fact, that it may thus abound more and more. It is characteristic of Paul that he is never satisfied with anything short of perfection 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.17|AUTODETECT|” 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” ; then also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.15|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:14 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.12|AUTODETECT|” 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12-51.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12-51.3.17|AUTODETECT|” 3:12 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and cf. N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, p. 75).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.2|AUTODETECT|” However, fully developed love never travels alone. It is accompanied by all the other virtues. It functions in beautiful co-operation with full knowledge and keen discernment. Though knowledge apart from love leaves its possessor a spiritual zero 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.2|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ), and though knowledge puffs up but love builds up 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.2|AUTODETECT|” ), love also needs knowledge, particularly real, full, advanced spiritual knowledge (��) in the sense in which the word is used in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. also the related verb used similarly in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). With the blessing of God such penetrating insight into God s wonderful, redemptive revelation will produce gratitude in an ever-increasing measure, which, in turn, will increase the supply and enhance the quality of love to God and to the brotherhood.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1-50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” The apostle prays that as a further ingredient of their love the Philippians may have keen discernment, the taste and feeling for that which in any concrete situation is spiritually beautiful, the aesthetic sense in the sphere of Christian duty and doctrine (�4�� is the Greek word, occurring only here in the New Testament). Love, in other words, should be judicious. This keen discernment or perception, born of experience, is the ability of mind and heart to separate not only the good from the bad, but also the important from the unimportant, in each case choosing the former and rejecting the latter. This is, indeed, necessary. A person who possesses love but lacks discernment may reveal a great deal of eagerness and enthusiasm. He may donate to all kinds of causes.

His motives may be worthy and his intentions honorable, yet he may be doing more harm than good. Also, such an individual may at times be misled doctrinally. There must have been a good reason why Paul here stressed the necessity of abounding in love with full knowledge and keen discernment 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1-50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17-50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17-50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 3:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.10|AUTODETECT|” (2) 10. Its Purpose: so that you may approve the things that are excellent. That naturally follows from what has just been said. Certain commentators here prefer the rendering so that you may distinguish the things that differ. In the abstract this translation is possible. Besides, the difference between the two is not great, for the ability to distinguish between the good and the bad would be for the purpose of electing the former and rejecting the latter.

Nevertheless, the rendering found (with slight variations) in A.V., A.R.V. (text), and R.S.V. is to be preferred. It best suits the context: the man who not only has the ability to distinguish but also actually chooses the things that really matter, in preference to those that are either bad or of little importance, does this with a view to being pure and blameless, etc. Besides, Paul is his own best interpreter. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” finds its best commentary in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.16|AUTODETECT|” (see on that passage).��40�� The prayer, accordingly continues, and may be pure and blameless. Underlying the first adjective is probably the image of precious metal from which the dross has been removed; hence, unmixed, without alloy; and so, in the moral sense, pure.��41�� Underlying the second is that of arriving at one s destination not stumbled against, i.e., uninjured by any obstacles in the road; hence, morally uninjured, and so, not worthy of blame, blameless 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.24.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 24:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.32|AUTODETECT|” ; for the active sense see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.32|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The prayer, then, is that the Philippians, their faculties having been trained to prefer the good to the evil, and the essential to the trivial 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.10-46.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ), may be pure and blameless with a view to the day of Christ. For the expression the day of Christ see on verse 6. Their whole life must be a preparation for that great day, for it is then that the true character of every man s life will be revealed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.10-46.3.15|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:10 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” ), and everyone will be judged according to his work 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=27.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Dan. 7:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:31 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.12|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 20:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22|AUTODETECT|” 11. It is not enough, however, to pray that with a view to the day of Christ s return no flaw and no blame may be found in the Philippians. The implication of this negative petition must now also be stated positively. Hence, the prayer continues: so that you may be & filled with the fruits of righteousness.��42�� Paul prays that in the hearts and lives of the Philippians there may be a rich spiritual harvest, consisting of a multitude of the fairest fruits of heaven; such as, love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.22|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.30|AUTODETECT|” ), and the works which result from these dispositions. One of these works, a very important one, is soul-winning 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 11:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ). As is shown by the passage just mentioned 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Amos 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.18|AUTODETECT|” , cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.3.18|AUTODETECT|” James 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ), the expression fruits of righteousness is taken from the Old Testament. These are fruits that are produced by the right relation between God and believers. No mere man is ever able to produce them by his own unaided efforts. They are fruits that come through Jesus Christ, for apart from him the disciple can do nothing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” John 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.2|AUTODETECT|” ). It is Christ who by means of his sacrifice secured for the believer a new state and consequently also a new condition, so that by virtue of that new relationship the believer by the power of the Holy Spirit is now able to produce fruit, more fruit, much fruit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.2|AUTODETECT|” John 15:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.17|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 7:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ). In fact, believers are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Paul concludes his prayer by beseeching God that the ultimate purpose of all that is mentioned in the entire sentence, beginning with verse 9, may be to the glory��43�� and praise of God. The circle must be completed. Fruits descending from heaven must waft their fragrance back to heaven again. The chief end of man is to glorify God and enjoy him forever 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.8|AUTODETECT|” John 15:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” 17:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” ). Call this Calvinism if you wish; every man who loves the Word, be he a Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Calvinist, or whatever he may be, subscribes to it from the bottom of his heart. It was a thought embedded very securely and deeply in the heart and thoughtlife of Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=36.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ). God must be magnified. His virtues must be extolled. The majesty of the redeeming love and power of him who when his people rejoice rejoices over them with singing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=36.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Zeph. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) must be acknowledged gratefully, in spontaneous anthems of praise and adoration.) 1 22 2 8 0 0 Synthesis of 1:1 11) This section consists of three parts: salutation, thanksgiving, and prayer. Thanksgiving and prayer are, however, so closely connected that they may be considered together.) In the salutation Paul associates Timothy with himself, so that the letter must be regarded as coming from both, though Paul alone is the author. Paul calls himself and Timothy servants of Christ Jesus, for they recognize Christ Jesus as their sovereign Lord, whom they serve willingly and with gladness of heart. The salutation of grace and peace is officially pronounced upon all the spiritually consecrated people in Philippi, viewed as gathered for worship. For a reason unknown to us Paul adds, together with overseers and deacons. Happy the church with overseers and deacons whom a man like Paul can trust.) Paul thanks God because whenever he thinks of and prays for the Philippians, joy wells up in his heart.

Truly, he is writing as Christ s joyful servant, yes joyful even though he writes from a Roman prison. The Philippians have always shown that the work of God s grace, proof of their eternal security and preservation, is functioning in their hearts and lives. They have shown and are showing, by their very deeds, that they understand the implications of the blessed fellowship of all those who are in Christ. Hence, though from a distance, they co-operate with Paul in his defense. In response to this splendid sharing, he yearns for them all with the deeply-felt affection of Christ Jesus.) He prays that their love may increase not only, but may also become fully rounded so as to include the graces of deep insight into the way of salvation and keen discretion in every concrete situation of life, that sense of true values which always chooses whatever is best. Thus may they all be filled with the fruits of righteousness to the glory and praise of God.) CHAPTER I (CONTINUED)) Summary of Chapter 1) Verses 12 30) Paul, the Optimistic Prisoner) rejoicing in his imprisonment for the advantage of the gospel, and in the fact that Christ will be magnified in his (Paul s) person whether by life or by death; and exhorting the Philippians to remain steadfast, united, and unafraid.) 1:12 18a The Imprisonment for the advantage of the gospel.) 1:18b 26 Christ magnified in Paul s person whether by life or by death.) 1:27 30 Exhortation to steadfastness, unity, and fearlessness.) ) 1:12 18a) I.

The imprisonment for the Advantage of the Gospel) 12 Now I want you to know, brothers, that the things that have happened to me have in reality turned out to the advantage of the gospel; 13 so that it has become clear throughout the whole praetorian guard and to all the rest that my bonds are for Christ, 14 and most of the brothers have been heartened in the Lord through my bonds and are showing far more courage in telling the message of God without being afraid.) 15 Some, to be sure, are heralding Christ from envy and rivalry, but others from good will. 16 The latter do it out of love, knowing that I am appointed for the defense of the gospel; 17 the former proclaim Christ out of selfish ambition, not sincerely, thinking to raise up affliction (for me) in my bonds. 18 What then? Only that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is being proclaimed, and in this I rejoice.) ) 12. Being the Joyful Servant of Christ Jesus, Paul is also the Optimistic Prisoner. The Christ whom he so willingly serves will take care of him; in fact, is doing so already, and not of him alone, but what is far more important, of the gospel also. For the concept gospel see on 1:27.) In all probability this optimism was not wholly shared by those whom Paul addresses. The church at Philippi was on tenterhooks.

What is going to happen to Paul; will he be condemned or will he be acquitted? That was the question which everyone was anxiously asking. Too bad for him & and for the cause of the gospel, this imprisonment! That was what many people were thinking.) Now on both of these points Paul was of a different mind. With him the primary question was not, What is going to happen to me? It was, How is the gospel-cause affected by whatever happens to me?

And his answer was not, It is being retarded. It was, It is actually being advanced by my imprisonment. Accordingly, Paul writes first about the gospel, the message of God, the Christ (verses 12 18), and then about his own hope of release (verses 19 26). And even in that second paragraph he writes not so much about himself as about Christ magnified in his (Paul s) person and work.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.3|AUTODETECT|” The opening clause, Now I want you to know, brothers, is substantially the same in meaning as the slightly differently worded one in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.1|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.13|AUTODETECT|” . Similar is also the expression, I (or we) do not wish you to be in ignorance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.1|AUTODETECT|” 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.10.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.1|AUTODETECT|” 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ); and cf. I (or we) make known to you 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Introductions of this character serve to call attention to the fact that something of considerable interest or importance is going to follow. The word brothers (also in 1:14; 3:1, 13, 17; 4:1, 8, 21) is one of endearment, and indicates that the apostle regards these Philippians as being, along with himself, children of the same heavenly Father, by virtue of the merits of Christ and the work of the Spirit, and accordingly as being included in the glorious fellowship (see on verse 5 above).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” Paul continues, that the things that have happened to me have in reality turned out to the advantage of the gospel. The apostle s recent experiences 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ) have had the same effect on the gospel-message as the work of sturdy engineers has on the progress of an army. These men are sent ahead in order to remove obstructions and clear the roads for the rest of the army. Now in the path of the gospel, too, there had been formidable obstructions. On the part of those who had heard vague rumors but were unacquainted with the real essence of the gospel, there had been mistrust and hostility. And on the part of many a church-member there had been fear and cowardice. Paul s experiences and reactions his bonds, trial, constant witness for Christ, conduct in the midst of affliction had served the purpose of tending to remove these obstacles. Thus, road-blocks set up by Satan to hinder and stop the progress of the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.18|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ) had become stepping-stones to better understanding and deeper appreciation of God s redemptive truth and to rising courage in defending it. Paul had been bound, but the word of God could not be bound 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.8|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.8|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.11|AUTODETECT|” 55:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). When the apostle went to Rome as a prisoner, it was in reality the gospel that went to Rome.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.23|AUTODETECT|” Thus it has ever been. Joseph, cast into a pit and sold into slavery, by and by magnifies God and praises his providence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.23|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 37:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.37.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.50.20|AUTODETECT|” 50:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.14.0|AUTODETECT|” ). Israel, pursued by Pharaoh s army, a moment later is heard singing a song of triumph 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.0|AUTODETECT|” and 15). Job, deprived of his children, earthly goods, and health, arrives at a deeper insight into the mysteries of God s wisdom than ever before 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Job 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.20.0|AUTODETECT|” and 2; then 19:25 27 and 42:5, 6). Jehoshaphat, threatened by the Ammonites and Moabites, offers a soul-stirring prayer in the midst of his distress. There follow praise, victory, and thanksgiving 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=14.20.0|AUTODETECT|” II Chron. 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.38.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Jeremiah, cast into a muddy cistern and suffering other afflictions, coins the famous phrase immortalized in Scripture and song, Great is thy faithfulness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.38.6|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 38:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=25.3.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=25.3.23|AUTODETECT|” Lam. 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.5|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. verses 2 and 7). Our Lord Jesus Christ, crucified, by means of his very cross gains the victory over sin, death, Satan, causing every true believer to exclaim, Far be it from me to glory save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.2|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.0|AUTODETECT|” ). Peter and John, imprisoned, become bolder than ever in proclaiming Christ to be the only Savior 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.0|AUTODETECT|” ). The early church, scattered abroad, improves that very opportunity to go about preaching the word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The manner in which this wonderful progress has been achieved is now described. First, Paul s experiences have affected the outside-world, notably, the praetorian guard (verse 13). Secondly, they have exerted their wholesome influence upon insiders, the brothers (verse 14).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.16|AUTODETECT|” 13. Beginning with the first group, Paul states, so that it has become clear throughout the whole praetorian guard and to all the rest that my bonds are for Christ. On the expression the praetorian guard see Introduction, II, V. Paul was under constant guard 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.4.22|AUTODETECT|” ). The guards relieved each other. In this way ever so many of them came into contact with this apostle to the Gentiles. They took note of his patience, gentleness, courage, and unswerving loyalty to inner conviction. They were deeply impressed. Yes, even these hardened soldiers, these rude legionaries, who presumably would be the very last to be affected in any way by the gospel, were deeply moved by what they saw and heard and felt in the presence of Paul.

They listened to him as he talked to friends who came to visit him, or to his secretary to whom he dictated his letters, or to his judges, or to God in prayer, or even to themselves. It is not difficult to imagine that at first they listened with a measure of disdain or hardly listened at all. But after a while they became interested, and then & enthusiastic. And what they learned they began to spread. We are guarding a very remarkable prisoner, they would say, and we are firmly convinced that his imprisonment is not for any crime he has committed but solely for his connection with the Christ whom he proclaims. And so the news spread, from guard to guard, to the families of the guards, to Caesar s household 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.22|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and thus to all the rest, the inhabitants of Rome, in general. Paul s case and, even better, Christ s cause, became the talk of the town. That meant progress for the gospel, for the real issue was being clarified.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 14. And now the effect upon the brothers : and most of the brothers have been heartened in the Lord��44�� through my bonds and are showing far more courage in telling the message of God without being afraid.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.24|AUTODETECT|” Who were these brothers? Clearly, the believers in Rome. Here, years ago, a congregation had been established to which the apostle had addressed his famous Epistle to the Romans. That congregation consisted largely of converts from the Gentile world. However, when Paul, as prisoner, arrived in Rome, he immediately proclaimed the gospel to the Jews, with the result that some believed & some disbelieved 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” ). The Jews who believed founded their own churches in Rome. Nevertheless, we may be sure that between the members of the first group, the believers from the Gentiles, and the second, those from the Jews, there existed a bond of Christian fellowship, so that when Paul here speaks of the brothers he has reference to members of both groups, that is, to those among them who had not left Rome.��45�� Similarly we read in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” that during his two years of imprisonment in Rome Paul welcomed all who came to him, proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ openly and without hindrance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.31|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.28.31|AUTODETECT|” 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Now what had been the brothers attitude to Paul and his message? And what had been the attitude of their leaders? As soon as they knew that Paul was on trial had they offered help? Had they remained steadfast in spreading the tidings of salvation, the good news? Here in verse 14 it seems to be implied that at first they had not shown a very commendable degree of courage. Some courage here and there, yes, but not very much.

Instead, they seem to have been frightened by the adversaries (verse 28), definitely in need of the warning that each man should look out not only for his own interests but also for the interests of others (2:4). All had been looking after their own affairs (cf. 2:21). At his defense no one had been at Paul s side but all had deserted him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19|AUTODETECT|” But things were changing now. Let it be borne in mind that when this letter was written, the author speaks as a man who is awaiting not a trial but a verdict. The trial had reached its crisis; the case was about to be terminated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Everyone had had a chance to observe Paul s steadfastness and courage while under fire. The Lord had sustained him most wonderfully 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.11|AUTODETECT|” ), and this not only during his trial but even earlier, on his way to Rome as a prisoner 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.23|AUTODETECT|” 27:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). So now at last, as a result of having seen what the grace of God is able to accomplish in the heart of his bound apostle, most of the brothers (not just many, A.V.) have taken courage, the courage which is in the Lord, imparted and kept alive by him. Not only was there official proclamation of the message of God, that is, the gospel, but this message had even become the theme for discussion without restraint, the topic for ordinary conversation or talk, and this now far more than ever before. Yet this was the case not among all but only among most of the brothers. The fact that even now conditions were not exactly ideal even among the preachers at Rome is clear from that which follows, which, however, also shows Paul s magnificent optimism:) 1 2 2 8 0 0 15. Some, to be sure, are heralding Christ from envy and rivalry, but others from good will.) It stands to reason (and should never have been denied) that when Paul now begins to speak about those who are heralding Christ from envy and rivalry & out of selfish ambition, not sincerely, thinking to raise up affliction (for me) in my bonds he is no longer referring to those people for whom he has nothing but praise because they have been heartened in the Lord through my bonds and are showing far more courage in telling the message of God without being afraid. The apostle approaches the subject from a different angle now. He has already indicated two favorable results of his imprisonment experiences: a. the issue has been clarified for the outsiders (praetorian guard, etc.), so that these now realize that Paul s bonds are for Christ; b. most of the believers in the great metropolis have shaken off their former fears, and are now at last telling the message of God courageously. He now accentuates a third reason for his optimism (a reason in reality already implied in a. and b.), namely, c. Christ is being proclaimed! Now with this thought uppermost in his mind he is saying that this heralding of the Christ is, sad to say, not always actuated by the proper motives.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15-50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” The men of whom Paul is thinking are all heralding Christ (see verses 15, 17, 18).��46�� They are exercising their ambassadorship, and are publicly and authoritatively proclaiming him as the one only name under heaven that is given among men by which we must be saved. (On this verb to herald or to preach and its synonyms see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 309, 310.) As far as one is able to gather from the text, none of the heralds is a preacher of false doctrine. None of them, for example, is giving undue prominence to the observance of the law as a means of salvation. None of those referred to here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15-50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” is preaching a different gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1-48.5.6|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1-48.5.6|AUTODETECT|” 5:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” ) or another Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ). None of them is a dog or an evil worker 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But while all are proclaiming the true gospel, not all are actuated by pure motives. That is the point! It is with respect to this point that Paul is here dividing the preachers at Rome into two groups.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” The first group consists of those who are heralding Christ from envy and rivalry. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . For a word-study of envy see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, p. 388). It should be borne in mind that there was a church in Rome long before Paul arrived there. It can scarcely be doubted, therefore, that certain preachers in Rome had attained a degree of prominence among the brothers. With the arrival of Paul and especially with the spreading of his fame throughout the city (see verses 13 and 14) is it easy to understand that these leaders were beginning to lose some of their former prestige. Their names were no longer mentioned so often. Hence, they became envious of Paul. Their motives in preaching Christ were not pure or unmixed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” 16. The second group consisted of those who were motivated by good will 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.21|AUTODETECT|” 10:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.3|AUTODETECT|” of divine good pleasure). That the essence of this good will was love for Paul and for the gospel which he proclaimed is evident from the words which immediately follow: The latter do it out of love, knowing that I am appointed for the defense of the gospel.��47�� These men do not begrudge Paul the authority which he exercised by divine appointment, nor the great gifts he had received from God and the honor which was bestowed upon him by many people. They heralded Christ out of love (see on verse 9), a love for Christ, hence also for his gospel and for the man whom they knew to have been set, destined, or appointed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.3|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.34|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) for the defense (see on verse 7) of the gospel.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.21|AUTODETECT|” 17. The former proclaim Christ out of selfish ambition. Like many a hired servant discards idealism and has his mind set chiefly on the wages which he will receive, so also these envious preachers are actuated by selfish motives 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). They crave honor and prestige, at least they have permitted this motive to crowd the nobler incentives into a corner. Hence, Paul continues: these men proclaim Christ not sincerely, that is, not from unmixed motives, not purely, thinking to raise up��48�� affliction (for me) in my bonds. They would just as soon aggravate Paul s affliction, as long as their own selfish interests are served.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 18a. What then? or What really matters? Only that��49�� in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is being proclaimed, and in this I rejoice. Paul s self-forgetfulness excites affectionate admiration. We love him all the more for having written this beautiful passage. Sensitive soul though he was, he does not begin to pity himself because certain jealous preachers were trying to win applause at his expense.

What really matters to him is not what they are doing to him but what they are doing for the gospel. But is it possible, then, that such selfish individuals can render service to the gospel in any way? Yes, for it must be borne in mind that those who hear them do not know what Paul knows. The listeners hear only the good preaching. They do not see the bad motive. What matters then is that in every way, that is, whether in pretense as by those who know how to cover up their selfish ambition or in truth as by those whose sole aim is actually the glorification of their Lord and Savior Christ is proclaimed.

In this, says Paul, I rejoice (see also 1:25; 2:2, 17, 18, 28, 29; 3:1; 4:1, 4, 10). It would seem that the apostle s joy is so great that it crowds out every other consideration.) ) 1:18b 26) II. Christ Magnified in Paul s Person whether by Life or by Death) 18b Yes, and I shall continue to rejoice. 19 For I know that through your supplication and the help supplied by the Spirit of Jesus Christ this will turn out for my salvation, 20 in accordance with my eager expectation and hope that in not a single respect I shall ever be put to shame, but that now as always by my unfailing courage Christ will be magnified in my person, whether by life or by death. 21 For to me to live (is) Christ, and to die (is) gain. 22 Now if (what awaits me is) to live in the flesh, this for me means fruit resulting from work; yet which I shall choose I cannot tell. 23 So I am hard pressed between the two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ, for that is very far better; 24 but to remain in the flesh is more necessary for your sake. 25 And being convinced of this, I know that I shall remain, yes remain with you all, for your progress and joy in the faith, 26 in order that in connection with me, because of my being with you again, your exultation in Christ may abound.) ) 18b, 19. Paul is the Optimistic Prisoner not only because he realizes that his imprisonment is for the advantage of the gospel (1:12 18), but also because he is deeply convinced that in his person Christ will be magnified, and that this happy result will be attained whether he, the apostle, is set free (as he rather expects) or is put to death (1:19 26).) At first glance it might seem as if from the lofty height of glorying in the fact that Christ is being proclaimed verse 18 Paul now descends to the somewhat lower plane of rejoicing in his own salvation verse 19. However, by reading not only verse 19 but also verse 20 it will be seen that for Paul salvation consisted in this to quote his own words that & Christ be magnified in my body, whether by life or by death. Christ s glory and Paul s salvation cannot be separated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Yet there is progress in thought. The apostle advances from the consideration of his joy in the present (verse 18) to the consideration of his joy in the future. He writes: Yes, and I shall continue to rejoice. He states as the reason for his continued rejoicing: For I know that through your supplication and the help supplied by��50�� the Spirit of Jesus Christ this will turn out for my salvation. This present imprisonment with all its attending woe will result in Paul s truest welfare, his highest good, namely, Christ magnified more than ever in Paul s person. Note that this glorious result will be brought about by means of two factors which because of their great difference in magnitude the one human, the other divine we would probably hesitate to place next to one another: your supplication & and & the help supplied by the Spirit of Jesus Christ!

Yet, they certainly belong together: the very same Spirit which sustained Jesus Christ, the Mediator, in his trials, will cause all things to work together for good in the case of Paul also, and this in answer to the prayer of fellow-believers. The apostle sets much store by the intercession (here supplication, that is, fervent petition or request for the fulfillment of a definite need; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.1|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.30|AUTODETECT|” ) of his friends 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.25|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.1|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Note that Paul makes supplication for the Philippians (1:4), and that he knows that they are doing the same thing for him (1:19). The fellowship is operating (see on verse 5).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.19|AUTODETECT|” 20. The knowledge of which Paul speaks is in complete harmony with an underlying conviction born of experience. Hence, the apostle continues: in accordance with my eager expectation and hope that in not a single respect I shall ever be put to shame, but that now as always by my unfailing courage Christ will be magnified in my person. The apostle is not bragging. Quite the opposite is true. He ascribes nothing to self but everything to the power of the Spirit of Jesus working within him. It is his eager expectation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ; yearning, looking forward to something with head erect) and well-founded hope that this Spirit will never put him to shame. He will never permit Paul to seek an easy way out of his imprisonment; for example, by denying his Lord. On the contrary, he will equip the apostle with unfailing courage; literally, complete outspokenness, a courage which reveals itself in a frank and unhesitant proclamation of the good tidings of salvation to all who are willing to listen, and which has as its source confidence in God and in his promises, the confidence of one who knows that at all times he can approach his God without fear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��51��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Thus Christ will be magnified in Paul s person; literally body, but here body indicates the entire personality 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.28|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ),��52�� as is evident from the addition of the words whether by life or by death. If Paul is acquitted and released, he will continue his apostolic labors. If he is condemned to death, he will go to his Lord with unwavering faith and with a song in his heart. Either way it will become evident what the Lord through his grace can accomplish in the heart of his child. Thus Christ will be magnified.) 1 12 2 8 0 0 21. There is no sharp division between verses 20 and 21. They should stand together. Paul says that he knows that in his person Christ will be magnified, For to me to live (is) Christ, and to die (is) gain. Were this not true, Christ would not be magnified in him.��53��) What Paul means by saying, For to me to live is Christ, may be learned from the familiar lines of the well-known hymn by Will L. Thompson:) Jesus is all the world to me,) My life, my joy, my all;) He is my strength from day to day,) Without him I would fall.) When I am sad to him I go,) No other one can cheer me so;) When I am sad he makes me glad,) He s my friend. ) And the stanzas which follow.) When the apostle says so emphatically to me placing this word at the very beginning of the sentence, he is giving a personal testimony and is at the same time drawing a contrast between himself and those to whom he has just been referring and who, no doubt, are still very much in his mind; namely, preachers who proclaim Christ out of selfish ambition, Paul, then, in contrast with them, is not self-centered but Christ-centered. He is concerned with the honor and glory of his wonderful Redeemer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” To determine even more exactly just what the apostle has in mind when he says. to live (is) Christ, parallel Pauline passages must be consulted. It means: to derive one s strength from Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ), to have the mind, the humble disposition of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:5 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ), to know Christ with the knowledge of Christian experience 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.9|AUTODETECT|” ), to be covered by Christ s righteousness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.9|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ), to rejoice in Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4|AUTODETECT|” 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.15|AUTODETECT|” ), to live for Christ, that is, for his glory 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.15|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ), to rest one s faith on Christ and to love him in return for his love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 )) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” And to die (is) gain. Dying physically means gain for Paul. It will mean that he will actually be with Christ (see verse 23), at home with the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” ). But gain for Paul can never be dissociated from gain for the cause of Christ, for the one objective in which Paul rejoices most is that in his person Christ may be magnified. Death will be a distinct gain because it will be the gateway to clearer knowledge, more wholehearted service, more exuberant joy, more rapturous adoration, all of these brought to a focus in Christ. Surely, if even now Christ is magnified in Paul s person, he will be thus magnified even more on the other side of death. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Death is gain because it brings more of Christ to Paul, and more of Paul to Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” 22. From the words whether by life or by death and For to me to live (is) Christ, and to die (is) gain, it follows that the apostle was weighing the two possibilities, and was asking himself, Now if the choice between these two were mine, which would I choose? This thought, which in verses 20 and 21 is in the background, comes to the fore now, as Paul continues Now if (what awaits me is) to live in the flesh, this for me (means) fruit resulting from work. The words placed in parentheses show that here again we are dealing with abbreviated expression, but the sense is clear enough.��54�� If Paul is acquitted, so that his life here on earth is prolonged,��55�� this will mean fruit: souls won for eternity through his further ministry, the edification of believers, the establishment of churches, etc. The prospect is wonderful. Paul knows that, should he be acquitted and released, he will again avail himself of every opportunity to proclaim the gospel far and wide.

What is more, he knows that this work will not be in vain. In the realm of the Spirit there is always fruit of labor. When one abounds in the work of the Lord, his labor is never futile 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.58|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1-40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” ). To be sure, not every seed germinates, nor does every plant bear fruit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.1-40.13.9|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:1 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.4|AUTODETECT|” ). Many people there are who experience so many things in vain 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.126.6|AUTODETECT|” ). But it is equally true that by no means all the seeds that are scattered are wasted. He who goes forth weeping, bearing the seed for sowing, will come home with shouts of joy, bringing his sheaves with him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.126.6|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 126:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.11|AUTODETECT|” ). The word that proceeds from the mouth of Jehovah never returns to him empty 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.11|AUTODETECT|” Is. 55:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.32.20|AUTODETECT|” ). Hence, blessed are those who sow beside all waters 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.32.20|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 32:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.11.1|AUTODETECT|” , cf. also 32:17). And let no one think that if the seed does not at once appear above the ground and if the plant does not rush to maturity like Jonah s gourd, the work of sowing has been in vain. Rather, at God s own time the seeds scattered broadcast will ripen into a blessed harvest 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=21.11.1|AUTODETECT|” Eccles. 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.29|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.4.26-41.4.29|AUTODETECT|” Mark 4:26 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And in this fruit-bearing Christ will be glorified, the Christ who was Paul s very life.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 And since for Paul to live was Christ, hence for him to die was gain (vs. 21). In fact it was better by far, by very far (vs. 23). Hence, it is not surprising that the apostle continues Yet which I shall choose I cannot tell.��56��) 23, 24. The apostle loves Christ, and loves to be with him to glorify him forever, free from sin and from suffering. But he also loves the Philippians and knows that they have definite spiritual needs, and that a further ministry among them will be very fruitful and to the glory of the Redeemer. The choice is a difficult one, which is expressed even more clearly in the words: So I am hard pressed between the two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ, for that is very far better; but to remain in the flesh is more necessary for your sake. Torn between conflicting considerations Paul is being pressed from both sides:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” On the one side there is the desire,��57�� the strong yearning, to strike (literally, to loosen) the tent of his earthly, temporary existence; the desire to break camp, or to loosen the cables of a ship, hence, to depart. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.16.11|AUTODETECT|” . Note the words: to depart and be with Christ. The apostle knows that when his soul departs from this earthly life, it is immediately with Christ. It does not go out of existence until the day of the resurrection, nor does it go to sleep 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.16.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 16:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.17.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.17.15|AUTODETECT|” 17:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.8.11|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 8:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.25|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.24|AUTODETECT|” John 17:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.12|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.23|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” 20:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” ). It at once enjoys blessed fellowship with the Savior. That is very far better ��58�� than to remain in the flesh. Just why is this far more appealing, subjectively considered? Consult such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.7|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Philippians 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 for the answer. Note the contrast between) 1 12 2 8 0 0 Remaining here and Departing to be with Christ ) **** **** ) Here: There: ) a. A temporary residence, a mere tent-dwelling) A permanent abode ) b. Suffering mixed with joy Joy unmixed with suffering ) c. Suffering for a little while Joy forever ) d. Being absent from the Lord Being at home with the Lord ) e. The fight The feast ) f. The realm of sin The realm of complete deliverance from sin, positive holiness. ) ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1-50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” On the other side there is the need of the Philippians. The apostle places this objective need over against his own subjective desire. He is convinced that his continued life on earth, enabling him to bestow further pastoral care upon the believers at Philippi, must be given serious consideration. The church had existed for not much longer than a decade. Only yesterday some of its members had emerged from the idolatry and immorality of heathendom. Though it was a wonderful church in many ways, it had its weaknesses and it was confronted with real dangers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1-50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Accordingly, big-hearted Paul is ready for the present, if that be God s plan, to forego the entrancing glories of heaven in order that his span of life on earth may be lengthened in the interest, among others, of the Philippians. The need of the church weighs heavier with him than the desire of his own soul.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 25, 26. He therefore continues, And being convinced of this, I know that I shall remain, yes remain with you all. Because the apostle is convinced of this, namely, of that which he has just written: that the lengthening of his life s span would mean fruit resulting from work, and that such work was needed by the church at Philippi, he regards it as altogether probable that he will remain on earth a while longer. It is my definite opinion, says he, as it were, that I shall even remain by the side of you all. This you all probably includes more than the church at Philippi.) The purpose of this expected release and prolonged ministry is expressed in the phrase for your progress and joy in the faith, and in the clause that stands in apposition with it (see verse 27).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Again and again in Philippians and also in Paul s other epistles the idea of spiritual progress is stressed. Such progress means growth in love 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” ), in knowledge (1:9), in fruitfulness (1:11), and in obedience (2:12). Why is it important that believers progress? Because not to progress means to regress. Standing still spiritually is impossible. And regression produces depression (dejection). But progress means happiness, the joy unspeakable and full of glory.

Hence, Paul very neatly unites these two concepts and writes that he expects to remain with his friends on earth for their progress and joy in the faith. There follows the elucidation: in order that in connection with me, because of my being with you again, your exultation in Christ may abound. The apostle s release should it please God to grant this, as Paul rather expects would result in more than merely sentimental rejoicing. Not only would the Philippians exclaim, Paul, we are very happy to have you with us once more. They would also thank their Anointed Savior. In connection with God s mercies bestowed upon Paul they would make their boast in the Lord, praising him, and this particularly for bringing their dear friend to them again.

Note that word again. It implies that the apostle had been in Philippi before 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.11-44.16.40|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:11 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.5|AUTODETECT|” ; the third, outward bound, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1-47.8.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.5|AUTODETECT|” ; and the third, homeward bound, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 6 2 8 0 0 All the historical evidence points to the fact that Paul s expectation was fulfilled, and that, having been released, he actually visited the Philippians once more. For proof see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 23 27, 39, 40.) ) 1:27 30) III. Exhortation to Steadfastness, Unity, and Fearlessness) 27 Only continue to exercise your citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ, that whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one soul striving side by side for the faith of the gospel, 28 and not frightened in anything by the adversaries, which is for them a clear sign of destruction, but of your salvation, and this from God. 29 For to you it has been granted in behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer in his behalf, 30 being engaged in the same conflict which you saw me having and now hear me having.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|” 27, 28. It is in keeping with his character as Optimistic Prisoner that Paul now exhorts the Philippians to remain steadfast, united, and unafraid, and to regard it a privilege to be counted worthy to suffer for Christ. He writes, Only continue to exercise your citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. Paul says, Only, that is, whatever happens to me personally, whether I come and see you or am absent, in any event be sure to conduct yourselves as believers. With respect to the words, Continue to exercise your citizenship, commentators differ rather sharply. According to some the meaning is, Continue to discharge your obligations as citizens and residents of Philippi faithfully.

According to others the idea that there is even so much as an allusion here to Roman citizenship is far-fetched.��59�� But why should it be necessary to accept either of these rather extreme positions? In opposition to the first opinion the question may be asked, Does not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.3.20|AUTODETECT|”
Phil. 3:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.16.21|AUTODETECT|”
clearly indicates that the apostle is referring to heavenly citizenship? And in answer to the second view, the question is pertinent, Does not that very passage and also the position of the Philippians as Roman citizens make it altogether probable that his Roman citizenship is the underlying idea? Paul is drawing a parallel, making a comparison. It is as if the apostle were saving, You are Roman citizens and proud of it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.16.21|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 16:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.16.37|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.16.37|AUTODETECT|”
37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
). But constantly bear in mind that what matters most is the fact that you are citizens of the kingdom of heaven. Continue, therefore, to exercise that citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. The verb has reference, accordingly, to Christian conduct, a manner of life that befits a citizen-soldier who belongs to the kingdom and army of Jesus Christ.��60�� Naturally, good citizens of the realm of Christ will also be good citizens of the Roman realm.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
To exercise their citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ means to conduct it in harmony with the responsibilities which that gospel imposes and with the blessings which it brings. The word gospel occurs twice in this verse, and not less than six times in this one chapter. This is therefore the proper place to answer the question:) What Is the Gospel?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.40.9|AUTODETECT|”
It is the God-spell, the spell or story that tells us what God has done to save sinners. Hence, it is evangel or message of good tidings. It is the glad news of salvation which God addresses to a world lost in sin.��61�� Not what we must do but what God (in Christ) has done for us is the most prominent part of that news. This is clear from the manner in which the noun evangel and the related verb to proclaim an evangel, to bring good news are used in the Old Testament. See LXX on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.40.9|AUTODETECT|”
Psalms 40:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.96.2|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.96.2|AUTODETECT|”
96:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.40.9|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.40.9|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 40:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.7|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.7|AUTODETECT|”
52:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
in relation to Chapter 53; 61:1; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
Nahum 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
.) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.61.1|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 61:1) 1 15 2 8 0 0
The Spirit of the Lord Jehovah is upon me,) because Jehovah has anointed me,) to bring good tidings to the afflicted.) He has sent me to bind up the broken-hearted,) to proclaim liberty to the captives,) and the opening (of the prison) to those who are bound;) to proclaim the year of Jehovah s favor;) and the day of vengeance of our God;) to comfort all who mourn;) to grant to those who mourn in Zion ) to give them a garland instead of ashes,) the oil of gladness instead of mourning,) the garment of praise instead of the spirit of heaviness;) that they may be called oaks of righteousness,) the planting of Jehovah, that he may be glorified. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.4.18|AUTODETECT|”
In his sermon at Nazareth Jesus referred these words to himself, quoting the first part of the passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.4.18|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.61.1|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.61.1|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 61:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.61.2|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.61.2|AUTODETECT|”
2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
b).) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.7|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 52:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
in relation to Chapter 53; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
Nahum 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
:) 1 1 2 8 0 0
How beautiful upon the mountains (are) the feet of him who brings good tidings, who publishes peace, who brings good tidings of good, who publishes salvation (thus Isaiah, and cf. Nahum).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|”
In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|”
Romans 10:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.0|AUTODETECT|”
Paul refers to these words. According to the contexts in Nahum and Isaiah freedom from the foreign yoke or return to the native soil was good tidings for Israel of old. But even during the old dispensation the good news had reference to blessings far beyond the national and physical horizon. One has no right to exclude from the glad tidings of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
the precious contents of Chapter 53; e.g.,) 1 8 2 8 0 0
Surely, he has borne our griefs) and carried our sorrows;) yet we esteemed him stricken,) smitten by God, and afflicted.) But he was wounded for our transgressions,) he was bruised for our iniquities;) the chastisement of our peace was upon him;) and by his stripes we are healed. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Between the evangel of the old dispensation and that of the new there is a very close connection. Thus, for example, apart from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
the New Testament cannot be understood:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When John the Baptist proclaimed his gospel, pointing to Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world, was he not thinking of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.10|AUTODETECT|”
10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Matthew referred to Christ s humble origin and the lowly conditions of his birth, was there not a clear reference to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.11.1|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.11.1|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.2|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.2|AUTODETECT|”
53:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When this same Matthew-passage and also many other New Testament references showed that Christ was despised, was not this in fulfilment of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.2.23|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.18.31-42.18.33|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.18.31-42.18.33|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 18:31 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.35|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.35|AUTODETECT|”
23:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.36|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.23.36|AUTODETECT|”
36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.46|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.46|AUTODETECT|”
John 1:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.4|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.4|AUTODETECT|”
I Peter 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.3|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When John, the apostle and evangelist, summarized Israel s reaction to Christ s earthly ministry, did he not do it in words taken from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.12.36-43.12.38|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.12.36-43.12.38|AUTODETECT|”
John 12:36 38) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.1|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.1|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Jesus healed the sick, gave himself a ransom for many, and was reckoned with the transgressors, did he not fulfill ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.16|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.16|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 8:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.17|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.8.17|AUTODETECT|”
17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.20.28|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.10.45|AUTODETECT|”
Mark 10:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.11|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.11|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.37|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.22.37|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 22:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Matthew stated, And there came a rich man and asked for the body of Jesus, was he not thinking of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.27.57|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 27:57) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Jesus stressed that he regarded not only his suffering and death but also his entrance into glory (resurrection, etc.) as fulfilment of prophecy, was he not thinking of a series of Old Testament passages which included ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.25|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.25|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 24:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.26|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.24.26|AUTODETECT|”
26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.55.10-23.55.12|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.55.10-23.55.12|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 55:10 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Philip the evangelist told the Ethiopian eunuch the evangel or good news of Jesus, was not his text taken from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.8.32|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.8.32|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 8:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.8.33|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.8.33|AUTODETECT|”
33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.8|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.8|AUTODETECT|”
8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When Peter described Christ s sinlessness and vicarious suffering for his wandering sheep, did he not do so in the very terms of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.22-60.2.25|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.22-60.2.25|AUTODETECT|”
I Peter 2:22 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.4|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.5|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.5|AUTODETECT|”
5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.6|AUTODETECT|”
6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|”
9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When the author of Hebrews dwelt on Christ s self-sacrifice for many, was not his source ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.9.28|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.9.28|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 9:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.12|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
When to John on Patmos the Lamb revealed himself in visions, was it not the slaughtered Lamb of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.5.6|AUTODETECT|”
? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.5.6|AUTODETECT|”
Rev. 5:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.5.12|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.5.12|AUTODETECT|”
12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.13.8|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.13.8|AUTODETECT|”
13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.5|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.14.5|AUTODETECT|”
14:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.7|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
And so also when Paul proclaimed what he delighted to call my gospel, did he not base it on God s glorious redemptive revelation found in principle even in the Old Testament, and did he not include ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isaiah 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.4.25|AUTODETECT|”
among his sources? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.4.25|AUTODETECT|”
Rom. 4:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.3|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.3|AUTODETECT|”
I Cor. 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.5|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.5|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.10.16|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.10.16|AUTODETECT|”
Rom. 10:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.7|AUTODETECT|”
; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.52.7|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 52:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.1|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.1|AUTODETECT|”
53:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
). Note that not a single verse of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=23.53.0|AUTODETECT|”
Isa. 53) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
is ignored in the New Testament!) 1 3 2 8 0 0
The evangel of the new dispensation is that of the old dispensation, gloriously amplified. The gospel of the Coming Redeemer is transformed into the gospel of the Redeemer who came, who is coming again, and who imparts salvation, full and free, to every believer on a basis of perfect equality.��62��) The following elements are included in the concept gospel as set forth by Paul:) 1. Its Power) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|”
Romans 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
states: For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power (��, cf. our dynamite) of God unto salvation to every one who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|”
The person who accepts the gospel by a true and living faith is saved, delivered, reconciled, redeemed, justified, etc. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|”
Romans 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|”
24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.24|AUTODETECT|”
7:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|”
25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.8.1|AUTODETECT|”
8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|”
I Cor. 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.2|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.2|AUTODETECT|”
2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.5.18-47.5.21|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.5.18-47.5.21|AUTODETECT|”
II Cor. 5:18 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|”
I Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
. Dynamite, by being destructive, can be very constructive. So is the gospel when it takes hold of a person.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
2. Its Author) The Author, both of salvation itself and of the gospel which promises salvation, is God in Christ:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|”
the gospel of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|”
I Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.3.2|AUTODETECT|”
the gospel of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.3.2|AUTODETECT|”
I Thess. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|”
Paul stresses the fact that his gospel is not man-made. The apostle has received it by revelation from God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.1.11|AUTODETECT|”
Gal. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.1.12|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.1.12|AUTODETECT|”
12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|”
2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|”
). Man by nature is totally unable to devise a gospel or to save himself. He is dead through trespasses and sins, a child of wrath. His works have no merit unto salvation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.1|AUTODETECT|”
Eph. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.5|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.5|AUTODETECT|”
5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.9|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.9|AUTODETECT|”
9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
). God, and he alone, can save him. From start to finish it is God who saves, never man.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
3. Its Emphasis) Accordingly, the gospel places all the emphasis on sovereign, unmerited grace. Paul calls it:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|”
the gospel of the grace of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 20:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|”
). Other Pauline passages in which this doctrine of the gospel of grace is set forth most beautifully are such as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|”
Rom. 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|”
24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.6-49.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.2.6-49.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
Eph. 2:6 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=56.3.4-56.3.7|AUTODETECT|”
; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=56.3.4-56.3.7|AUTODETECT|”
Titus 3:4 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
4. Its Message) What, then, is the message or the news which this gospel brings? What has grace done to effectuate salvation? This message centers in Christ:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.1-46.15.11|AUTODETECT|”
Now I make known to you, brothers, the gospel & that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and that he was buried; and that he was raised on the third day according to the scriptures, etc. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.1-46.15.11|AUTODETECT|”
I Cor. 15:1 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|”
). See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|”
Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0: Christ lives in me & loves me, and gave himself up for me. Hence also, I have been crucified with Christ, have been raised with him, sit in heavenly places with him. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0

Its Implication) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.10|AUTODETECT|” The implication is clearly this, that the sinner should accept this gospel, that he should appropriate this salvation, repenting 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.25|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and embracing Christ by living faith:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one who believes; to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, the just shall live by faith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.17|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.11|AUTODETECT|” ). See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is, therefore, definitely the whosoever-believes gospel.) 1 2 2 8 0 0

Its Ambassadors) Some have been set apart in a special way by God to proclaim this gospel. Thus, for example, Paul had been) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” separated unto the gospel of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.16|AUTODETECT|” ). The apostle was so deeply convinced of this and so thoroughly enthused about his solemn obligation that he cried out, Woe to me if I preach not the gospel! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.16|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In a broader sense all believers are ambassadors of the gospel of God s marvelous grace.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
Its Appeal) Since, then, apart from the gospel there is no salvation and no life that is truly to the glory of God, an earnest, emphatic, ringing appeal is addressed to men, urging them to be reconciled with God:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” We are ambassadors therefore for Christ, God as it were making his appeal through us. We beseech you for Christ s sake, be reconciled to God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.20|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��63�� This clearly is more than a mere implication (see 5 above). What is implied is also urged.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 Are the Philippians living in harmony with this gospel? And are they doing this regardless of whether they are being watched by Paul? Hence, the apostle says, Only continue to exercise your citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ, that whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that, etc. It is certainly in harmony with Paul s compressed emotional style that we interpret these words as meaning, & that whether I come and see you, or am absent and hear about you, I may learn that, etc.��64��) What the apostle hopes to learn with respect to the Philippians he expresses as follows: that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one soul striving side by side for the faith of the gospel, and not frightened in anything by the adversaries. We see here not only) What Paul Expects Of The Philippians) but also) What God Expects Of His Children) 1. Their attitude toward God and his gospel must be one of Tenacity) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.4|AUTODETECT|” They must stand fast in the Lord, rooted in him, trusting him, loving him, hoping in him, clinging to the traditions, the authoritative teachings which they have received, the faith (body of redemptive truth)��65�� that pertains to and is revealed in the gospel. For this idea of standing firm see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.14.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 14:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.8|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.15|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.13|AUTODETECT|” ; and especially the beautiful passage, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.14|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 0 . There must he no compromise with error. That Paul has in mind loyalty to the Lord is clear from the context (and see 4:1), and that this firmness must be exercised over against the opponents or adversaries and in the midst of persecution appears clearly from verses 28 30. Divine preservation does not cancel but implies human perseverance.) 1 23 2 8 0 0

Their attitude toward each other must be one of Harmony) Note: in one spirit, with one soul striving side by side. ��66��) Paul s central thought here reminds one of a song popular in The Netherlands (I refer to ��n in Geest en Streven), which may be rendered as follows:) One in our endeavor,) One in song forever,) One in word and deed,) One in adoration,) One in thank-oblation,) One in praise: our creed.) One glorious aim,) Our goal the same) One in strength and one in striving,) Help from God deriving.) Lift now hearts and voices) While our soul rejoices) In our God above.) Render adoration,) Grateful exultation) for his changeless love.) Bless, bless the Lord,) To him accord) Praise in song, in all our striving) Help from God deriving.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” This matter of Christian unity, active harmony, was much on Paul s mind as he wrote Philippians 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.5|AUTODETECT|” ). Conditions in the Philippian church were not entirely ideal in this respect. Are they ever ideal anywhere? For other passages in which the apostle stresses the desirability of believers acknowledging their oneness in Christ, living together in peace, and working together in harmony, see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.12|AUTODETECT|” 12:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.11|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 13:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.28|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.11-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.11-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:11 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.3|AUTODETECT|” 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” . Note also what was said above on the subject of Christian fellowship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.17-46.11.22|AUTODETECT|” ). The danger of mutual discord is pointed out in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.17-46.11.22|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:17 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.15|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.8-60.3.12|AUTODETECT|” . Paul and Peter were in full agreement also on this point 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.8-60.3.12|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:8 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.3|AUTODETECT|” The unity here envisioned is one of striving or struggling side by side, like gladiators, against a common foe. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 the apostle also speaks about those who struggled side by side with him. This struggle, moreover, is not only against a foe, but for the gospel-truth. Some people are always struggling against, never for. Paul is interested not only in fending off attacks, but also and mainly in spreading God s glorious redemptive truth which centers in Jesus Christ and salvation in him.) 1 4 2 8 0 0

Their attitude toward the foe must be one of Intrepidity) They must not be frightened, like a timid horse shying in view of an unexpected object.��67�� Over against the adversaries the Philippians must show undaunted courage, never even for a moment becoming frightened as did Peter when he denied his Lord.) But who are these adversaries? Several commentaries simply skip this question. Some (for example, R. Johnstone, Lectures on the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians, p. 125; R. C.

H. Lenski, op. cit., p. 759) are positive that the opponents cannot have been Jews, but must have been pagans. The arguments for this view are as follows: Is it not true that the Jews in the Roman colony of Philippi were so few in number that Paul did not even find a synagogue there? Besides, does not the apostle state in verse 30 that the Philippians are engaged in the same conflict which they had seen Paul having and now hear him having? Surely, Paul suffered Roman imprisonment both at Philippi and now again at Rome!) In spite of these arguments others continue to adhere to the view that it is not at all necessary to exclude either Jew or Gentile, either legalist or sensualist, from the category of the adversaries which Paul has in mind, I believe that this is the right solution. We should permit Paul to explain his own terms.

In other words, when in Chapter 3 he warns against dogs, evil workers, the concision; also against the enemies of the cross of Christ, whose end is destruction, whose god is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who set their mind on earthly things, then, unless the immediate context forbids, we must be willing to accept such descriptive terms as giving meaning and content to the term the adversaries here in 1:28. This all the more because in Chapter 3 the apostle states that he is there repeating his previous warnings (3:1). This is the proper procedure, unless we have solid evidence that Chapter 3 belongs to another letter. Such evidence is lacking.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.8|AUTODETECT|” It is a well-known fact that among the Gentiles, not only in Rome but also certainly in its colonies, etc., the early Christians were suspected of being atheists (because they worshipped no visible gods), haters of mankind, etc. In the pursuit of their daily vocations and in their social intercourse the followers of Jesus, who condemned all idol-worship and emperor-worship, were subjected to all manner of hardships, and this was happening long before Christianity had been declared an illegal religion. Besides, the Gentile world of that day was steeped in immorality. The Church was still young. Many of its members had been drawn from these Gentile circles. There were tares among the wheat. It is therefore altogether probable that some would-be converts who had come out of an immoral environment distorted their new faith by making Christian liberty an excuse for license 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.1|AUTODETECT|” 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Jude 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Whether some of these voluptuaries had actually become members of the Philippian church is an open question. At any rate, they constituted a real threat. They were adversaries.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.15.1|AUTODETECT|” But what about the Jews? Is it really true that when Paul wrote about the adversaries he was altogether leaving them out of consideration? Is it not natural to assume that he included at least those Jews who had nominally accepted Jesus, but refused to see in him the complete Savior? In Chapter 3 he warns the church against Jewish, that is Judaistic, errorists . He does this in language that is clear and cutting (3:2). Is it psychologically probable that in this short epistle the opponents who are condemned in such scathing terms in Chapter 3 would be totally absent from the mind of the writer when in Chapter 1 he makes mention of the adversaries?

Besides, the readily explainable fewness of the Jews in Philippi in the year when this church was founded (about 51/52) does not prove that a full decade later (62/63), when this letter to the Philippians was written, the Jews (Judaizers) could not have been present or passing through in sufficient numbers to have become a menace. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . If Thessalonica was troubled by Jews a.d. 51/52, why could not nearby Philippi be troubled by Judaizers a.d. 62/63?��68��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Moreover, whether the struggle is against Jew or Gentile, legalist or sensualist, it is the same conflict in any case. See on verse 30. Let not the Philippian church be frightened by these enemies of the gospel.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Now of this calm endurance and undaunted courage in the face of formidable adversaries the apostle says which with respect to them is a clear sign of destruction, but of your salvation.��69�� Paul is ever cognizant of the higher hand that rules the affairs of men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.25|AUTODETECT|” ). The failure of the adversaries to intimidate believers, and the latter s fearlessness, is proof that God is carrying out his program. The word which I have rendered clear sign occurs also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.26|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.26|AUTODETECT|” 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.24|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.28|AUTODETECT|” (its only other New Testament occurrences), and in each case has the meaning of proof, here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.28|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” with the added touch of prophecy. The point is not that the adversaries themselves see this, though perhaps they may have a dim awareness of it, but that for God s children this intrepidity on their own part is solid evidence of the doom which threatens their enemies unless they repent, and of their own salvation, now in principle and by and by in perfection. For the concept salvation see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.15|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|” . Destruction or perdition is in every way the opposite of salvation. The reason why this undaunted courage is proof of salvation and of invincibility is that it is not man-made. Hence, Paul adds and this��70�� from God. If intrepidity were merely a homemade article, a state of mind into which a person enters without divine assistance, it would prove nothing as to salvation. But if, without in any way cancelling human responsibility, such fearlessness can and must be considered a gift of God, the product of his Spirit working in the heart, then certainly the conclusion follows that he who began a good work will carry it on toward completion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.1-19.27.3|AUTODETECT|” ). This is entirely in the spirit of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.1-19.27.3|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 27:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.56.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.56.11|AUTODETECT|” 56:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.31-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:31 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 29, 30. What follows in these verses is elaboration of what has already been said. The proposition Fearlessness is a gift of God, hence proof of salvation, is true For, or Seeing that, etc. Says Paul, For to you it has been granted in behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer in his behalf. It has been granted to you, says Paul; that is, as a privilege, a gift of God s grace. The double blessing is this: in behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer in his behalf.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” First, to believe in him, that is, to rest on Christ, surrendering oneself to his loving heart, depending on his accomplished mediatorial work. The form of the expression as used in the original shows that here genuine, personal trust in the Anointed One is meant. (See also N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, pp. 76, 77, 141, footnote 83; Vol. II, p. 51.) Whether or not one regards ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” as proof for the proposition that such faith is God s gift, the conclusion is at any rate inescapable that here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 faith not only its inception but also its continued activity is so regarded. It is at one and the same time God s gift and man s responsibility.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Secondly, to suffer in his behalf. The emphasis falls on this in the present connection. There are adversaries who cause believers to suffer. Now suffering is not a privilege in itself. One should not court suffering. But suffering in behalf of Christ, in the interest of him and his gospel is different. Such suffering is indeed a blessing, a gracious privilege 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), because:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.13|AUTODETECT|” a. It brings Christ nearer to the soul of the Christian. In his suffering for Christ s sake the believer begins to understand the One who suffered redemptively for him and receives the sweetness of his enduring fellowship. It is without the gate that God s child, reproached by the enemy, meets his Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.13|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.42.5|AUTODETECT|” ). See also such other wonderful passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.42.5|AUTODETECT|” Job 42:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.42.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.42.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.67|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.119.67|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 119:67) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.17|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.6|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.14|AUTODETECT|” b. Accordingly, it brings assurance of salvation, the conviction that the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of God rests upon the sufferer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.19-43.15.21|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.19-43.15.21|AUTODETECT|” John 15:19 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” c. It will be rewarded in the hereafter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.17|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.14|AUTODETECT|” d. It is often a means of winning unbelievers for Christ and of encouraging fellow-believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” e. By means of all these avenues it leads to the frustration of Satan (book of Job) and the glorification of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.16|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.6|AUTODETECT|” In a most amiable manner Paul now comforts the Philippians by telling them that they are standing on common ground with him. This is a tactful little touch which we often find in Paul s letters. It is beautiful because it is genuine. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.10-55.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.10-55.3.15|AUTODETECT|” 3:10 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.5-55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.5-55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 4:5 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , to mention only a few instances. Cf. N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 28, 29. Says Paul, with reference to the believing and suffering Philippians: being engaged in the same conflict which you saw me having and now hear me having .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.16-44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” In Philippi Paul had been advertised by a demon-possessed girl, had been slandered, mobbed, stripped, flogged, thrown into a dungeon, his feet locked in gruesome stocks. The devil was behind all this. Influenced by Satan the masters of the slave-girl, the infuriated rabble, and many others had joined in inflicting upon him this shameful treatment 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.16-44.16.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:16 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; see also Introduction III). The Philippians had seen this conflict between the kingdom of light and that of darkness. And now, through this very letter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.17|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:12 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25-50.2.30|AUTODETECT|” ), and through Epaphroditus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.25-50.2.30|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:25 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), they are hearing about Paul s bonds and about those people who, encouraged by Satan, were raising up affliction for him in his bonds. For Paul it was like being engaged in a gladiatorial contest or conflict, a life or death fight or struggle.��71�� It implied prodigious exertion of energy against that very powerful foe, namely, Satan. And the Philippians, vexed in a variety of ways by idol-and-emperor-worshippers, legalistic Judaists, paganistic sensualists, quarelling church-members, all of these the result of Satanic influence, were engaged in the same conflict. The conflict is the same because at bottom the arch-enemy is the same! Even more definitely, as Paul himself in this very context stresses by saying it twice, the conflict is the same because it is in behalf of Christ, in the interest of his cause and kingdom. If then the suffering which this conflict brings upon them is God s gracious gift, the victory is sure, both for Paul and for them. Thus, by divine inspiration, speaks The Optimistic Prisoner.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 Synthesis of 1:12 30) In the first subdivision of this section Paul points out that, far from what others may be saying, he himself regards his imprisonment as having turned out for the advantage of the gospel. He speaks, therefore, as optimistic prisoner. Road-blocks set up by Satan have become stepping-stones for the progress of the message of salvation. Paul s bonds have had a good effect, first on the members of the praetorian guard, who have begun to see that this noted prisoner is not a criminal at all but is suffering as a proponent of a very worthy cause, namely, that of Christ and his gospel. From the mouths of the guards Rome s population in general has heard about this and has begun to take an interest in the gospel. Secondly, believers in Rome, too, though fearful at first, have of late received courage, so that they are telling the message of God without being afraid.) This does not mean, however, that all is wonderful.

Rome s heralds of salvation, preachers of the gospel, can be divided into two classes. Some are filled with envy and would just as soon add to Paul s suffering, if only they can harvest popular acclaim. Others, however, proclaim the gospel from good will, being motivated by love both for God and for Paul. The thing that really matters, though, is this, that in every way Christ is being proclaimed. In this Paul rejoices.) In the second subdivision the optimistic prisoner expresses his deep conviction that whatever happens to him, whether it be life or death, acquittal or condemnation, Christ will be magnified in his (Paul s) person. Though he desires to be with Christ, regarding this as being very far better, yet he is willing to place the need of the Philippians above his own immediate enjoyment of eternal bliss.) In the final subdivision Paul urges upon the addressees the spirit of:) a. tenacity.

Paul s absence or presence should make no difference. They should stand firm, and continue to exercise their heavenly citizenship in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ.) b. unity: with one soul striving side by side for the faith of the gospel. ) c. intrepidity. Whether the enemies be emperor-worshipers, Judaizers, sensualists, or whoever they may be, let the God-given fearlessness of the Philippians be a double sign, namely, of the destruction of their enemies and of their own salvation. Let them meditate on the fact that suffering in behalf of Christ is a privilege, and that Paul himself shares with them in this suffering, as they know very well.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.23-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” 26 See examples in A. Deissmann, Light From the Ancient East (translated from the German by L. R. M. Strachan), New York, fourth edition, 1922, p. 179 ff.; and in C. M. Cobern, The New Archaeological Discoveries and Their Bearing upon the New Testament, New York and London, seventh edition, 1924, pp. 582 590; and see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.23-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:23 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.25-44.23.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.25-44.23.30|AUTODETECT|” 23:25 30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 4 2 8 0 0 N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) R.S.V. Revised Standard Version) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.7|AUTODETECT|” 27 In the Old Testament the prophets as a group 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Amos 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.2.8|AUTODETECT|” and other passages) are called douloi, that is, servants, and the name doulos, translated servant, is also applied to individual men of God, such as Joshua 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=7.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Judg. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.35.27|AUTODETECT|” ), David 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.35.27|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 35:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.8.28|AUTODETECT|” = LXX 34:27), Solomon 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=11.8.28|AUTODETECT|” I Kings 8:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” ), and the author of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 116) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.16|AUTODETECT|” 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.16|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 116:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 = LXX 115:7). And see the great Servant passages in Isaiah (42:1 9; 49:1 9a; 50:4 11; and 52:13 53:12).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 28 From the well-nigh endless literature on this subject I wish to select only two articles of very recent date and excellent contents. Both occur in The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (An Extention of The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia), Grand Rapids, Mich., 1955. They are F. C. Grant, Organization of the Early Church, pp. 823, 824; and D. J. Theron, Presbyter, Presbyterate, p. 905.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 29 Not, I, however, thank God, based on a reading preferred by Ewald, Zahn, Moffatt, and others. No more here than in comparable passages 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is Paul trying to draw a contrast between (a) himself and Timothy, or (b) himself and the Philippians. As to the latter, the view that he wishes to say, I for my part do not feel as meanly as you do about this last gift you sent me, rests upon a fanciful reconstruction of the historical background.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 30 Not in all your remembrance of me. Here as well as elsewhere �� is followed by the objective genitive 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Besides, the parallelism is evident: my remembrance of you underlies in every petition of mine in behalf of you. In both cases it is Paul s activity that is indicated: Paul remembers, Paul makes petition.) 1 8 2 8 0 0 31) The following sources have been consulted:) Campbell, J. Y., Koinonia and its Cognates in the New Testament, JBL 51 (1932) 352 380.) Cranfield, C. E. B., art. Fellowship, Communion, in A Theological Word Book of the Bible (A. Richardson, editor), New York, 1952.) Endenburg, P. J. T., Koinonia bij de Grieken in den klassieken tijd, 1937.) Ford, H. W., art. The New Testament Conception of Fellowship, Shane Quarterly 6 (1945), 188 215.) Groenewald, E. P., Koinonia (gemeenskap) bij Paulus, doctoral dissertation, Amsterdam, 1932.) Hauck, D. F., entry �� and cognates. Th.W.N.T., Vol. III, pp. 789 810.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” Jourdan, G. V., Koinonia in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , JBL 67 (1938), 111 124.) 1 15 2 8 0 0 L.N.T. (Th.) entries �� and cognates.) L.N.T. (A. and G.) entries �� and cognates.) Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford, 1940, entries �� and cognates.) M.M., entries �� and cognates.) National Herald English-Greek, Greek-English Dictionary, entries �� and cognates.) Tenney, M. C., Philippians, the Gospel at Work, Grand Rapids, 956, pp. 35 50.) The concept koinonia fellowship or communion merits more than passing notice. Examples of usage:) Plato uses the phrase: the dissolution of a koinonia (business-partnership, Republic, 343 D).) He also writes, Where there is no koinonia (communion), there can be no friendship (Gorgias, 507 E).) The word koinonia lives on in modern Greek in various meanings; such as society, communication, and (holy) communion.) Throughout it has also been used to indicate the marriage-bond.) Does the term also indicate fellowhip between God (or the gods) and men?) In ancient Greece, since in so many respects the gods resembled men, a certain amount of contact between the two was considered possible. In fact, the Age of Fable records many instances of such contact.) Even when in the more enlightened circles mythology was shorn of its cruder elements, the idea of fellowship between the gods and men persisted. For example, Plato wrote Wise men tell us, Callicles, that heaven and earth and gods and men are held together by koinonia (fellowship) and friendship & and that is the reason, my friend, why they call the whole of this world order (kosmos) & (Gorgias, 508 A).) Plato evidently had no eye for the fact that sin has brought about separation between God and man. Apart from special revelation and from saving faith that philosopher was not able to appreciate the truth with respect to the sovereign majesty and holiness of God, on the one hand, and the enormity of sin, on the other. Fellowship between the divine and the human seemed altogether normal and natural to the Greek, for the simple reason that his mind, darkened by sin, was unable to discover the truth.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.47.2|AUTODETECT|” Accordingly, between the teachings of Plato and those of the Old Testament there is a sharp contrast. The Old Testament stresses the distance between God and man. Jehovah is the Holy One. He is separate from all that is sinful, and exalted above all that is weak. He is seated above all people and even above all the gods, which are but vanities. He is unsearchable in his judgments and terrible in his mighty Acts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.47.2|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 47:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.65.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.65.5|AUTODETECT|” 65:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.3|AUTODETECT|” 66:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.66.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.68.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.68.35|AUTODETECT|” 68:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.99.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.99.3|AUTODETECT|” 99:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.61.1-23.61.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.61.1-23.61.5|AUTODETECT|” Is. 61:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.15|AUTODETECT|” 45:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.8|AUTODETECT|” 55:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.55.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.28.24|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.). In fact, the transcendence of God is stressed to such an extent that although the Hebrews did have words indicative of fellowship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.28.24|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 28:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Is. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.94.20|AUTODETECT|” ), these words were never used to indicate the relation between God and man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.94.20|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 94:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is a very doubtful exception). Moreover, the LXX never employs the word koinonia to describe any communion between the two.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.5.22|AUTODETECT|” Nevertheless, the existence as such, of the fellowship, even during the old dispensation, must be granted. Though after the entrance of sin with its devastating effect upon the human race, such communion was no longer natural, it was present as a special gift of God to his children. Thus, Enoch walks with God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.5.22|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.34.10|AUTODETECT|” ). Jehovah knows Moses face to face 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.34.10|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 34:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” ). Jehovah is his people s Shepherd 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.57.15|AUTODETECT|” ). He dwells in the hearts of those who are of a contrite and humble spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.57.15|AUTODETECT|” Is. 57:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.13|AUTODETECT|” ). He loves, pities, and redeems his own, and even hides them in his own pavillion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.13|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 103:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.103.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.9|AUTODETECT|” Is. 63:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 27:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But the word koinonia is not used to indicate this divinely bestowed favor.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1-43.15.11|AUTODETECT|” As we turn to the New Testament we observe that it was the incarnation of the Son, so that God came to dwell with men, and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, so that God came to dwell in men, that gave the word koinonia its full scope. It was Jesus who spoke of himself as the Vine and of his followers as the Branches, adding, Abide in me, and I (will abide) in you. See N.T.C. on John, Vol. II, pp. 293 304 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.15.1-43.15.11|AUTODETECT|” John 15:1 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The disciple whom Jesus loved (John) was glad to record this marvelous truth. It was also he who used the word koinonia no less than four times in the first chapter of his first epistle (twice in verse 3, once each in verses 6 and 7).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.26|AUTODETECT|” Nevertheless, it was not John but Paul who, under the guidance of the Spirit, brought this concept to its fullest development. He uses the word koinonia no less than thirteen times 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.26|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.16|AUTODETECT|” 10:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.14|AUTODETECT|” , twice, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.14|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.4|AUTODETECT|” 8:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.13|AUTODETECT|” 9:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.14|AUTODETECT|” 13:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|” 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.42|AUTODETECT|” ). The only remaining passages of the New Testament (i.e., outside of John and Paul) in which the word appears are ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.16|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.16|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 In reality the stress which Paul places on this concept is even more striking than has heen indicated in the comparative statistics already given. In summary,) (a) He uses koinonia more than twice as often as all the other New Testament authors combined.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.18|AUTODETECT|” (b) He employs koinonos, in the sense of participant, sharer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.18|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.20|AUTODETECT|” ) or partner 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.20|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.23|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.17|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.30|AUTODETECT|” ). This word occurs in Paul s letters alone as often as in all the rest of the New Testament together 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.30|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Luke 5:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.1|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.4|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.17|AUTODETECT|” (c) Paul also has sun-koinonos, co-sharer, using this word three out of the four times that it occurs in the New Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; only other instance of its use: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.27|AUTODETECT|” (d) The main verb is koinoneo, occurring in Paul s epistles five out of a total of eight times: have a share in 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.27|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.22|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.13|AUTODETECT|” ); give a share to 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.6|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ); enter into partnership with 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ). The only other occurrences are in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.13|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II John 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” (e) The related compound is sun-koinoneo, used by Paul two out of three times: to share with someone in something 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ); to share in something 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.4|AUTODETECT|” ) non-Pauline occurrence: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 18:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.18|AUTODETECT|” (f) Finally, there is koinonikos, ready to share. Paul is the only New Testament writer who used this word 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.18|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Even this falls short of being a full summary of the meaning which Paul poured into the idea of the fellowship, as a study of the derivation of the word koinonia will now show. It comes from koinos, which (not only means but) is by etymologists related to our English word common. Koinonia, then, is basically a community-relationship. It is a sharing together; a having a share, giving a share, fellowship: 1. Anteilhaben, 2. Anteilgeben, 3.

Gemeinschaft (thus, D. F. Hauck, Th.W.N.T., Vol. III, p. 798). Experts in word-derivation connect koinos with xyn or syn (��, ��), related to the Latin cum, English syn-, con-, meaning with, together with, joined (joint-, fellow-). Thus in English we have:) sympathy (a feeling with another, fellow-feeling), symphony, synagogue, synchronism, etc.) concurrence (an occurring together), connect, common, community, etc.) Accordingly, in order to obtain a comprehensive view of Paul s use of the word koinonia one should take note of the numerous syn-compounds (words which in the original begin with the prefix syn-), which occur in his letters.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” First we have the basic idea: Believers have fellowship with Christ. They suffer with Christ, have been crucified with him, died with him, were buried with him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.6|AUTODETECT|” 6:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.8|AUTODETECT|” 6:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.11|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ). But they also are made alive with Christ, are raised with him, are joint-heirs with him, glorified with him, enthroned with him, and reign with him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” . and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 20:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Then, there is the implied idea: Believers have fellowship with each other. They are joint-partakers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.12|AUTODETECT|” , joint-imitators (3:17): joint-souled (2:2); jointly striving (1:27; 4:11) jointly rejoicing (2:17, 18); joint- (or fellow-) workers (2:25; 34:3). See also the following: jointly comforted 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ); jointly refreshed (15:32); joint- (fellow-) prisoners (16:7); fellow-citizens 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); jointly framed (2:21); jointly built (2:21); fellow-heirs, fellow-members, and fellow-sharers (3:6). Paul can hardly conceive of Christians holding themselves aloof from other Christians!) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Finally, all of this beautifully harmonizes with:) a. the Pauline use of the phrase in Christ (or in him, etc.). Unitedly believers are in Christ, and he is in them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.3-45.12.8|AUTODETECT|” b. the Pauline metaphor of the body, its head, and its members 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.3-45.12.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:3 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.12-46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.12-46.12.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:12 31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” c. the Pauline metaphor of the temple with its chief cornerstone and its many stones 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:19 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.4-60.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.4-60.2.7|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:4 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” d. the Pauline teaching (received from the Lord) concerning the Lord s Supper, in which the fellowship of believers with Christ, and with one another, is beautifully set forth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 32 The connective E�� is, of course, anticipatory: confident of this very thing, namely, that he, etc. The main clause (verse 3), I thank my God in all my remembrance of you, has as its object, for your fellowship in the gospel from the first day until the present (verse 5). That is the immediate reason for the thanksgiving. The adverbial modifiers of accompanying circumstance are a. always making my supplication with joy (verse 4) and b. being confident of this very thing, etc. (verse 6). However, verse 6 expresses more than this: also the ultimate reason for the thanksgiving.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” 33 Other instances where God s name does not occur in the very phrase or clause but the divine being or one of his attributes is mentioned in the immediate context or is clearly implied are ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.11|AUTODETECT|” b (men of good pleasure = of God s good pleasure); ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.11|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.8|AUTODETECT|” 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.24|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 34 I am minded, and I am yearning ; hence also I am holding you in my heart ; not: You are holding me in your heart. Note also the word-order in the original.) 35 The word-order is as follows: & because I am holding you in my heart both in my bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel my fellow-partakers of the grace you all being. This raises the question. Does Paul mean that he is holding the Philippians in his heart both in his bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel; or does he mean that all these Philippian saints are his fellow-partakers of God s grace, and that this participation is evidenced both in the apostle s bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the gospel? Obviously the latter. See verse 5.

You all being (�� Q�� D��) is in apposition with you (Q��). Hence, the clause means: I am holding you in my heart, you all being my fellow-partakers of grace (as evidenced) both in my bonds, etc.) 36 Some commentators seem to dissociate these two (a. bonds and b. defense and confirmation of the gospel), and regard b. as referring to Paul s preaching in general over the course of the years. But the fact that the apostle mentions b. immediately after a. is significant and shows that in the present instance the two should not be thus separated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.27|AUTODETECT|”
37 See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.27|AUTODETECT|”
Phil. 1:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
for a word-study of the concept gospel.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
38 As Calvin says aptly: neque enim parum hoc valet ad fidem doctrinae faciendam cum persuasus est populus a doctore se amari: for it tends in no small degree to secure faith in the doctrine when the people are persuaded that they are loved by the teacher (Commentarius In Epistolam Pauli Ad Philippenses, Corpus Reformatorum, vol. LXXX, Brunsvigae, 1895, on this passage).) 39) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|”
The word deeply-felt affection or tender mercies has given rise to much discussion. The original has �� (� ��) A.V. renders bowels ; A.R.V., tender mercies ; R.S.V. affection. The primary, literal meaning is inward parts, intestines, entrails. See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
, He (Judas) burst open in the middle and all his entrails gushed out. It is when Scripture links the affections (love, mercy, pity) with the �� that objections arise. We are told that on this point the Bible is untrustworthy. Paul, being a child of his own day, is simply perpetuating a crude notion of the ancients.) 1 5 2 8 0 0
However, over against this attack on Scripture and on Paul stand the following facts:) (1) Experience has proved again and again that emotions (sorrow, joy, pity, love, hatred, anger, etc.) do, indeed, affect the internal organs. A person, let us say, attends a joyous banquet. The feasting is suddenly interrupted by a message of sadness. Moved by grief and sympathy the banqueters particularly those most directly concerned lose their appetite.) (2) Science confirms this fact, and has shed some light on the function which the autonomic nervous system performs with respect to it.) (3) We are dealing here with figurative language. Paul has just as much right to use the term �� figuratively as we have to make a similar use of the term heart. The word �� which literally means entrails and often especially the nobler entrails: heart, liver, lungs , by way of metonymy, begins to indicate the spiritual center of the emotions, what we today call the heart, and even the emotion of tender love itself.) In our translation of the term �� we must remember that metaphorical terminology differs in various languages. With this in mind, I suggest the following rendering of the word in the New Testament passages in which it occurs:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|”
(1) The literal rendering entrails 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.1.18|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0
, already quoted).) 1 2 2 8 0 0
(2) Figurative usage:) a. The heart:) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=42.1.78|AUTODETECT|”
Luke 1:78) 1 1 -1 9 0 0: merciful heart. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.6.12|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; in your own hearts. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.7.15|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; his heart goes out to you. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; compassionate heart. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=57.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; the hearts of the saints have been refreshed by you. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=57.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; my very heart. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=57.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; refresh my heart. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=62.3.17|AUTODETECT|” I John 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; & and closes his heart against him. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 b. Deeply-felt affection, tender mercies:) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; the deeply-felt affection (or: the tender mercies) of Christ Jesus. ) 7 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0; deeply-felt affection (or: tender mercies) and compassion. Cf. L.N.T. (A. and G.) entry ��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.28|AUTODETECT|” 40 As to the verb �� here ��, this does not settle the issue either way. It may mean to put to the test, examine 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.28|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ); to prove by means of testing 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.7|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.7|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.3|AUTODETECT|” ); or to approve 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ). As to the diaphora, these are opposed to the adiaphora (the things that do not matter). Hence, the diaphora would seem to be the things that really matter, the important or excellent things. Although basically the verb ��, used intransitively, means to differ, yet the sense to be of (more) value, to be superior or excellent finds abundant illustration not only in the New Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.26|AUTODETECT|” ; see the context there; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.31|AUTODETECT|” 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.12|AUTODETECT|” 12:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.24|AUTODETECT|”

1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ) but also elsewhere (see the entry �� in L.N.T. (A. and G.)). The context and the parallel passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.9|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) must decide the issue. And these favor the rendering approve the things that are excellent. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 41 The actual usage of the word favors this explanation. The etymology is not of much help, because of its uncertainty.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 42 Literally fruit, where we could also say fruits. Moreover, according to the best reading, the word fruit is here in the accusative, ��, the accusative of the remote object 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ); elsewhere the apostle uses �� with the dative 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.7.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 7:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.13|AUTODETECT|” ) or with the genitive 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.14|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). This simply shows that there is no fixed rule with respect to the case which follows this verb. The tendency, moreover, was toward the accusative.) 1 2 2 8 0 0
Paul uses the word ��, glory, more than seventy-five times in his epistles. Since it is a word with many different, though related, meanings, a closer study is profitable. The noun is related to the verb ��; hence, has the primary meaning opinion (IV Macc. 5:18). It is but a small step to the meaning good opinion concerning someone; hence, praise, honor, homage.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.22.24|AUTODETECT|” The Hebrew kbhMdh, which is the most common word for glory in the Old Testament, has the primary meaning weight, heaviness, burden 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.22.24|AUTODETECT|” Is. 22:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.31.1|AUTODETECT|” ); hence, substance, wealth, dignity. It is used to describe Jacob s substance, his flocks and herds 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.31.1|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 31:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.7|AUTODETECT|” ). At times the element of brightness, radiance, splendor is added to that of substance. Thus, the word is used to indicate the brilliant physical manifestation of Jehovah s presence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.7|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 16:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.1-23.6.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.6.1-23.6.5|AUTODETECT|” Is. 6:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 In a study of the meaning of �� in Paul s epistles both the Greek derivation and use and the Hebrew background must be borne in mind. Accordingly, the different senses in which the word is used by Paul may be summarized as follows:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.8|AUTODETECT|” (1) praise, honor bestowed upon creatures, or belonging to them (their reputation). Here the antonym is dishonor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ) or shame 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ). The synonym of ��, so used, is �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.10|AUTODETECT|” 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” (2) adoration or homage rendered to God. Thus the word is used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.7|AUTODETECT|” , as is shown by its synonym praise. See also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.23|AUTODETECT|” 3:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.20|AUTODETECT|” 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” 11:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.7|AUTODETECT|” (3) the thing which reflects honor or credit on someone, or the person whose virtues redound to the glory of another 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.15|AUTODETECT|” 11:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.23|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.20|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.40|AUTODETECT|” (4) external splendor, brightness, brilliance, or radiance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.40|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.41|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.41|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.4|AUTODETECT|” (5) the bright cloud by which God made himself manifest, the Shekinah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.23|AUTODETECT|” (6) the manifested excellence, absolute perfection, royal majesty or sublimity of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.6|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ), or of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ), particularly also at his second coming 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” (7) God s majestic power 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 6:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.7|AUTODETECT|” (8) the light that surrounds those who are, or have just been, in contact with God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” (9) the state and/or place of blessedness into which believers will enter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ) and Christ has already entered 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.43|AUTODETECT|” (10) in general, the pre-eminently excellent or illustrious condition of something or of someone, manifested excellence, either now or in the future 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.43|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.14|AUTODETECT|” 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.19|AUTODETECT|” 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 44 What does in the Lord modify? Must we read, brethren in the Lord (A.V.)? This is possible, but it would be the only instance in the New Testament in which the noun brothers is so modified. However, we do have brothers in Christ in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.24|AUTODETECT|” . Hence, brothers in the Lord cannot be entirely dismissed. Or is it bonds in the Lord ? But the order of the words in the original pleads against this meaning. Besides, the interpretation, trusting in my bonds in the Lord makes little sense. Probably the best is heartened in the Lord through my bonds. That is entirely in harmony with the context here: Paul s bonds have become manifest as being for the sake of Christ, and so by means of these bonds and the testimony of the man in bonds most of the brothers have been heartened in the Lord. And see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.24|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 3:3, 4 (in the original).) 1 4 2 8 0 0 45 See also my Bible Survey, pp. 206, 207; 210 212; 353 357; 427.) 46 The contention of S. Greydanus, that the verb �� belongs only with others from good will, because those who are filled with envy and rivalry cannot really be said to herald Christ, must be considered an error. Words have a history and cannot be so strictly circumscribed or delimited. Besides, if ��r� & ��p �� v �� does not have �� as its predicate, what is its predicate? It would be a subject without a predicate.) 47) The A.V., on the basis of the Textus Receptus, reverses the order found in the A.R.V. and R.S.V. (so that A.V. verse 16 is A.R.V. and R.S.V. verse 17; and A.V. verse 17 is A.R.V. and R.S.V. verse 16). This change was probably made in order that the sequence in verses 16 and 17 might be the same as that in verse 15. But the chiastic arrangements, so that the third clause parallels the second, and the fourth parallels the first, is based on the best texts (see textual apparatus in N.N.).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.13.24|AUTODETECT|” For another illustration of chiastic parallelism in Paul see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 138, 139; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.13.24|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 13:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.15|AUTODETECT|” 23:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.23.16|AUTODETECT|”
1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 48 This verb, rather than to add to is supported by the best texts.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.23|AUTODETECT|” 49 B has E��; D,E,K, and L have �� without E��. But ��t� E��, Aleph, A,F,G,P, though rather unusual not only fits the context very well but is also used by Paul as reported by Luke in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.10|AUTODETECT|” 50 The verb �� means basically to lead a chorus i.e., to furnish a chorus at one s own expense, supplying whatever is necessary to fit out the chorus. Hence, it comes to mean simply to supply or furnish, with the added idea abundantly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 9:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ). Similarly, the compound verb �� means to furnish or provide 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.10|AUTODETECT|” ); to give or grant to someone 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.10|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 9:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; passive ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ). Without acc. the verb becomes to support 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ). Hence, also the noun as used here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|” means support or help. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” the reference is to a ligament that serves as support. The idea that this support is generous may well be implied in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . See L.N.T. (A. and G.) pp. 892, 305; also M.M., pp. 251.) 1 6 2 8 0 0 51 See D. Smolders, L audace de L ap�tre selon saint Paul. Le th�me de la parr�sia (suite et fin), Coll Mech 43 (Feb., 1958), 117 133.) 52 L.N.T. (A. and G.), p. 807.) 53 It is clear that both here and also in verse 22 we are dealing with abbreviated language: is has to be inserted (cf. N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 206). There should also be no doubt about the fact that the expression to live and to die belong to the same physical sphere: to live means to live in the flesh, and to die means to depart from this earthly scene (see verses 22 and 23).) 54 Both A.V. and R.S.V. are better here than the text of A.R.V., which reads as follows, But if to live in the flesh, if this shall bring fruit from my work, then what I shall choose I know not.

In addition to several other objections to this reconstruction there is the basic one that it would imply that the apostle doubted whether a prolonged ministry on earth would mean fruitful labor. However, as is clear from verse 24, he entertained no doubts with reference to this.) 55) The expression to live in the flesh means to go on living in this world. In Paul s epistles the word �� (flesh) has the following meanings:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.39|AUTODETECT|” a the chief substance of the body, whether of men or of animals 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.39|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 );) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.5|AUTODETECT|” b the body itself, in distinction from the spirit, mind, heart 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 );) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” c earthly existence 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 );) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.29|AUTODETECT|” d a human being, viewed as a weak, earthly, perishable creature 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.29|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.6|AUTODETECT|” ). This usage depends heavily on the Hebrew. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.40.6|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 40:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , All flesh is grass, etc.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.8|AUTODETECT|” e physical descent or relationship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 );) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” f the human nature, without any disparagement 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 );) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” g human worth and attainment, with emphasis on hereditary, ceremonial, legal, and moral advantages; the self apart from regenerating grace; anything apart from Christ on which one bases his hope for salvation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” h the human nature regarded as the seat and vehicle of sinful desire 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4-45.8.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.4-45.8.9|AUTODETECT|” 8:4 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.8|AUTODETECT|” 6:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 56 A.V. has What I shall choose I wot not. Similarly A.R.V. What I shall choose I know not. This rendering is possible. That �� can have the meaning to know is clear. See N.T.L. (A. and G.), p. 162. However, in all other New Testament occurrences this verb probably has the meaning to cause to know, to make known (hence, to tell). This is definitely true of all other occurrences in the Prison Epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.3|AUTODETECT|” 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.19|AUTODETECT|” 6:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.27|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The causative rendering makes excellent sense also in the present passage, though the possibility of the other meaning must be admitted.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 57 legitimate desire; see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 271 274, especially footnote 147.) 58 This rendering of the A.R.V. is more exact than that of either the A.V. or the R.S.V., for it preserves the flavor of the triple comparative used in the original: much more the better. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27|AUTODETECT|” 59 For the first idea see Raymond R. Brewer, The Meaning Of POLITEUESTHE In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.27|AUTODETECT|” Philippians 1:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , JBL 73 (June, 1954), 76 83. For the second, R.C.H. Lenski, op. cit., p. 756.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17|AUTODETECT|” 60 Thus interpreted, the meaning of the verb �� approaches, but is not entirely identical with, that of �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.1|AUTODETECT|” and frequent in Paul). This emphasis on conduct is also found in the only remaining New Testament instance of the verb �� 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). For its use both in and outside of the New Testament see also L.N.T. (A. and G.), p. 693.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” 61 In Paul the emphasis falls at times on the contents of God s message, namely, salvation; at other times on the proclamation of this message. These two meanings may occur side by side: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In the sense of Gospel a book containing the story of Christ s life and teaching the word is not used in Scripture. See G. Friedrich s article on this concept in Th.W.N.T., Vol. II. pp. 705 735.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.6|AUTODETECT|” 62 In Paul the noun gospel (�P��) occurs about 60 times; the verb (�P��) in the original, nontheological sense, to bring or announce good news, once 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ), and in the theological sense, to proclaim the divine message of salvation, twenty times. In addition there is the noun evangelist (�P��). which Paul uses twice 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ); and the verb to proclaim good news in advance (��) which he uses once 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 63 For the contents of the gospel-message see also N.T.C. on the Gospel according to John, Vol. I, pp. 139 142; for the concept salvation see N.T.C.; on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 76 82; and on heralding or preaching this gospel see N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 309, 310.) 64 On the general subject of Abbreviated Style in the New Testament see N.T.C. on John, Volume I, p. 206.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.23|AUTODETECT|” 65 Used in this sense also elsewhere in Paul s epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.10|AUTODETECT|” 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , and frequently in the Pastoral Epistles). See the discussion in N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 11 and 12.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” 66 Although it is true that when the word spirit (��) is used, the reference is often to man s power of grasping divine things, the thinking and reasoning mind, and that when the word soul (��) occurs, this same invisible substance is viewed as the seat of sensations, affections, desires, feeling and will, it is probably best to view the sequence in one spirit, with one soul as meaning united in heart and soul, with common purpose and ardor. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , pp. 146 150.)) 1 2 2 8 0 0 67 This does not necessarily mean, however, that Paul was thinking of a chariot-race. The word is applied not only to animals but also to people. Thus Polycrates says in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History V. xxiv. 7 I am not frightened at what is threatened us. For other sources see the entry �� in L.N.T. (A. and G.).) 68) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” The fortunes of the Jews under various political rulers were constantly changing. Under Augustus 27 b.c. a.d. 14) and Tiberius (14 37) the Jews enjoyed a measure of tolerance. At the beginning of the reign of Caligula (37 41) they were even somewhat optimistic. Did they not have a good friend at court? But when that emperor, driven by insane ambition, demanded divine honor, a real clash was in the making, and would have occurred had not his death intervened. Under Claudius (41 54) their fortunes varied. Their tumultuous action in Rome led to the order for their expulsion from that city 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.17-44.28.28|AUTODETECT|” , probably about the year 49/50). Shortly after this, Paul came to the Roman colony of Philippi and not surprisingly found few Jews there. But does this prove that also afterward the Jewish population in Rome and its colonies remained at a minimum? According to the testimony of Cassius Dio it is by no means true that all the Jews were even actually driven out of Rome. At any rate, when Paul arrives in Rome for his first Roman imprisonment the Jews are living there in goodly Numbers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.17-44.28.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:17 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ). Would it have been so strange if some Jews, including nominal Christians, had entered or re-entered Philippi, with the purpose of stopping a few days to make propaganda for their views, or of establishing a temporary or even a more or less permanent residence there? This at any rate would seem to be a more obvious explanation of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3.2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.13|AUTODETECT|” than that of those who, having based too much on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” , regard ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 as nothing but prophecy! When Paul wrote Philippians (a.d. 62/63) the reigning emperor was Nero (54 68). He was at first rather reasonable and tolerant. And even after the celebrated quinquennium or first five years (54 58), Poppaea Sabina, who proved to be Nero s evil star, a very ambitious and scheming woman who was regarded by the Jews as a proselyte to their religion, exerted enough influence upon the emperor to protect the Jews. The Jewish faith was regarded as a religio licita (religion to be tolerated). The blame for the devastating conflagration of Rome during the night of the 18th to the 19th of July 64 was by Nero placed not on the Jews but on the Christians.

Christianity became a religio illicita (a religion not to be tolerated). Poppaea died (as a result of a cruel kick inflicted by Nero in a fit of rage?) in the year 65. But even before her death, Nero s character had shown evidences of deterioration. Led by evil counsellors he had become very extravagant. The great fire added to the expenses of the empire. As a result, the taxation of conquered peoples, including the Jews, became more and more unbearable.

Related to this was the maladministration of Gessius Florus in Judea, and the consequent Jewish insurrection which resulted in the fall of Jerusalem (66 70).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” If this brief summary of historical detail is borne in mind, it will be understood why the scarcity of Jews in Philippi shortly after the edict of Claudius cannot be used to prove the theory that when Paul wrote Philippians a full decade later and spoke about the adversaries he could not have been thinking about Jews (who had nominally accepted Christ; hence, Judaizers) as well as Gentiles. Besides, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 remains an insuperable barrier to this view.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 69 The reading upon which the A.V. is based to them of perdition & to you of salvation instead of of your salvation is clearly a change for the sake of balancing the clauses, smoothness of style.) 70 To what exactly does �� refer? There has been much controversy on this point. According to many the antecedant is ��. The sense, as some of these interpreters see it, is something like this: in order to know what will happen to them, believers do not need to wait, like stricken gladiators, for a sign say, the flick of a thumb or the wave of a handkerchief from the fickle crowd. They get their sign directly from God. Others, however, hesitate to accept the view which regards �� as antecedant.

With some this hesitancy seems to be connected with the idea that the neuter demonstrative pronoun �� cannot very well refer to a feminine noun. That theory, however, is grammatically debatable. Better, it would seem to me, is the argument that Paul does not elsewhere use the word �� in any sense other than proof, positive evidence, a sense which, with the added touch of prophecy, also fits very well in the present context. The strongest argument for the position that �� refers here not so much to a single word as to the entire idea of the believers standing firm is supplied by the context, both preceding and following. Note: standing firm in one spirit & not frightened in anything by the adversaries & and this from God. For to you it has been granted in behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer in his behalf.

This firmness, this willingness to suffer for Christ and his cause, is God s gracious gift to the church.) 71 Paul s epistles contain numerous references to athletic and gladiatorial contests. See N.T.C. on The Pastoral Epistles, pp. 150, 151, 203, 314, 315.)

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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