Galatians 1

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 14 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER I) Chapter 1) Verses 1 5) Theme: The Gospel of Justification by Faith apart from Law-works Defended against Its Detractors) I. This Gospel s Origination: it is not of human but of divine origin) A. Introduction which really introduces!) Name of addressor, of the addressed; opening salutation.) ) 1:1 5) A. Introduction) 1 1 Paul, an apostle not from men nor through man but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead 2 and all the brothers who are with me, to the churches of Galatia; 3 grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ; 4 who gave himself for our sins, that he might rescue us out of this present world dominated by evil; (having thus given himself) according to the will of our God and Father, 5 to whom (be) the glory forever and ever. Amen.) ) The spiritual atmosphere is charged. It is sultry, sweltering.

A storm is threatening. The sky is darkening. In the distance one can see flashes of lightning; one can hear faint muttering sounds. When each line of verses 1 5 is read in the light of the letter s occasion and purpose (see Introduction III B, pp. 16 19) the atmospheric turbulence is immediately detected. The apostle, though in perfect control of himself, for he is writing under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, is greatly agitated, deeply moved. His heart and mind are filled with a medley of emotions.

For the perverters there is withering denunciation springing from holy indignation. For the addressed there is marked disapproval and an earnest desire to restore. For the One who has called him there is profound reverence and humble gratitude.) Now in these opening lines there is, to be sure, a measure of restraint. The most vivid flashes of lightning and the most deafening peals of thunder are reserved for later (1:6 9; 3:1, 10; 5:4, 12; 6:12, 13). Nevertheless, even now the storm is definitely approaching. This will be shown in connection with each element of this Introduction: a. the manner in which the addressor describes himself, b. the way in which he designates the addressed, and c. the qualifying clause by means of which he enlarges on his opening salutation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.20.21|AUTODETECT|”

1. Paul, an apostle. He is a sent, a commissioned one 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.21|AUTODETECT|” John 20:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” ), an apostle in the deepest, richest sense, fully clothed with the authority of the One who sent him. His apostleship is equal to that of the Twelve. Hence, we speak of the Twelve and Paul. Elsewhere he even stresses the fact that the risen and exalted Savior had appeared to him just as truly as to Cephas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|”

8. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.1|AUTODETECT|” 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The Savior had assigned to him a task so broad and universal that his entire life was henceforth to be occupied with it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.2|AUTODETECT|” To the words Paul, an apostle the writer adds a very significant modifier, one which immediately points to the theme of the entire letter. Among uninspired men introductions do not always introduce. In fact, at times they may even confuse. But here is an Introduction which really introduces, for the words not from men nor through man but through Jesus Christ and God the Father can only mean: My apostleship is genuine; hence, so is the gospel which I proclaim, no matter what the Judaizers who disturb you may say! I am a divinely appointed emissary. As was pointed out previously, Paul s opponents had infiltrated the South Galatian churches, and were casting slurs on his apostleship, in order to show that his gospel was not from God. They charged or at least insinuated that Paul s apostolic office or commission was either not derived from God but merely from men, from the church of Syrian Antioch perhaps, as if this church had acted without divine guidance and authorization 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); or else, though derived originally from God, had been transmitted to him through this or that man (Ananias or an apostle?), with the implication that in the process of transmission it had been substantially modified, adulterated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Paul s answer is an unequivocal and double denial. Not only had he received his office from the historical Jesus, who is at the same time the Anointed One, but that very Jesus Christ in person had invested him with this high distinction. Hence, Paul is an apostle through not only from Jesus Christ. Moreover, since Jesus Christ, in turn, as Son is one in essence with the Father 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.1|AUTODETECT|” John 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.30|AUTODETECT|” 10:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.34|AUTODETECT|” ), and as Mediator always performs his Father s will 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.34|AUTODETECT|” John 4:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.30|AUTODETECT|” 5:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , etc.), hence Paul s apostleship is through��10�� Jesus Christ and God the Father.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The implication is clear: since Paul and his message are backed by divine authority, those who reject him and his gospel are rejectors of Christ, hence also of the Father who sent him and who raised him from the dead. The detractors oppose the very One whom the Father had honored; the very One upon whose work of redemption the Father, by the act of raising him from the dead, had placed the seal of his approval, thereby designating him as the complete and perfect Savior, whose work does not need to be, and cannot be, supplemented; the very One who from his exalted position in heaven had called Paul to be an apostle!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.15|AUTODETECT|” The divine source of Paul s mission, to which he here bears witness, is confirmed by the book of Acts, which shows that it was Christ himself who had appeared to Paul (9:1 5; 22:1 9). True, it was Ananias who encouraged Paul concerning his commission 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.12-44.26.18|AUTODETECT|” ), but either a. Ananias conveyed that commission to Paul so exactly that the latter was able afterward to merge the words of Jesus and those of Ananias as if all had been spoken by Christ himself, or (better perhaps) b. the commission itself also had first of all been uttered directly by Christ, not by Ananias. When ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.12-44.26.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:12 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.1|AUTODETECT|” is interpreted either way, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.16|AUTODETECT|” a remains true. See also on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.1.4|AUTODETECT|”

2. Paul adds, and all the brothers who are with me. Of these words there are three main interpretations: a. all fellow-believers at the place from which I am writing this letter. Those who favor this view stress the fact that brothers is a very common term that is often used to indicate Christians in general 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.4|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.1|AUTODETECT|” 2:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.5-46.6.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.5-46.6.8|AUTODETECT|” 6:5 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.8.12|AUTODETECT|” 8:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; etc.). Some also add that if it be true that this letter was written from Corinth in the early days of the work there, a church may not yet have been organized, though there were already some believers or brothers. Interpretation b. is: all those mentioned under a. (above) plus all the members of the Galatian delegation that is with me. The adherents of this view point out that Paul must have received his information about the situation in the South Galatian churches from some reliable source 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.11|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.21|AUTODETECT|” ), perhaps from a delegation sent to him by the officials of these churches, who wanted him to know what was going on and who desired to benefit by his advice. Theory c.: all my fellow-workers who are with me here. Those who favor this interpretation point to a similar phrase in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.21|AUTODETECT|” , where it refers to the apostle s assistants in Rome, in distinction from all the saints, namely, all of Rome s resident Christians, mentioned in the next verse. They are of the opinion, moreover, that a traveling missionary like Paul, one who stays in a place for a while and then moves on again, would hardly refer to the place s residents as all the brothers who are with me. A closer look as this argument, however, shows that it is not as strong as it may at first appear to be. The distinction drawn in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.4.22|AUTODETECT|”

22. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.40-44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” between Paul s assistants and all of Rome s resident Christians is altogether natural in a city (Rome) where there was a numerically strong church that had been established long before the apostle s arrival. But in Corinth from which, probably on his second missionary journey, the apostle wrote Galatians (see our Introduction, pp. 14 16), and where the work had just begun and the number of believers may still have been rather small, the apostle could very well have referred to this small company as all the brothers who are with me. The word all, moreover, stresses unanimity of sentiment rather than numerical immensity. Even if there were only ten or twenty converts, as long as there was no disagreement among them the apostle would still be justified in writing in the name of all the brothers who are with me. Also, as to the several fellow-workers who, according to theory c. were with Paul, I answer that if the time and place of the letter s composition was as has been surmised, their presence in any considerable quantity would seem rather doubtful. On his second missionary journey only one assistant accompanied the apostle from the start: Silas; a little later also Timothy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.40-44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:40 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Luke was with them for a little while, but soon left again (16:10 17). He was no longer present when Paul reached Corinth and did not rejoin him until the latter, returning from his third missionary journey, had reached Troas (20:5). As has been indicated previously, when Galatians was written even Silvanus and Timothy were probably not in Paul s company. All things considered, therefore, the true meaning of the words and all the brothers who are with me would seem to lie in the direction of theory a. or possibly b. rather than in that of theory c. Certainty on this point, is, however, unattainable.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” What is often forgotten, however, is the main lesson. That lesson would seem to be this, that even though it is true that Paul alone not Paul plus these brothers who are with him authored this letter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.10-48.1.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.10-48.1.17|AUTODETECT|” 10 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.0|AUTODETECT|” , etc.), nevertheless, before composing and sending it he thoroughly discussed with all the brothers the matter with which it was to deal. So unanimous was their agreement with Paul s proposed method of handling this difficult situation that the apostle writes in the name of all. Moral: when it becomes necessary to send someone a letter of sharp reproof, discuss the matter with others who also have the welfare of Zion at heart, if such can be done without violating any confidences or of coming into conflict with the principles established in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . Were this rule always observed, what a difference it would make in the end-product! It is true that Paul was writing under the infallible guidance of the Holy Spirit. Even so, however, this work of inspiration makes use of means. It operates organically, not mechanically. Besides, Paul s loving heart, filled with intense yearning to reclaim the Galatians, makes use of every legitimate means to attain this end, one of these means being to impress upon the addressed that his own apprehensions concerning the course which they are now beginning to pursue is being shared by all the brothers who are with��11�� him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Those whom Paul addresses are designated as follows: to the churches of Galatia. Every commendatory modifier for example, beloved of God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ), sanctified in Christ Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ), saints and believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) is lacking here. The apostle loves, but does not believe in flattery. The atmosphere remains tense.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Note: churches both here and in 1:22. Paul recognizes the autonomy of the local church. Nevertheless, he is also fully aware of the fact that all believers everywhere constitute one body of Christ, one church (1:13). He keeps perfect balance, a lesson for all time! That these churches were in all probability located in the southern part of the Roman province of Galatia has been established (Introduction, Chapter II).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|”

3. The opening salutation proper is as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.3|AUTODETECT|” : grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Although it is true that the apostle finds little to praise, much to deplore, in the churches of Galatia, this does not mean that he has given them up as being hopeless. Far from it. See on 5:10a; cf. 4:19, 20. Though he is perplexed about them, he still regards them as Christian communities, upon whom, accordingly, he is fully justified in pronouncing this salutation. Grace, as here used, is God s spontaneous, unmerited favor in action, his freely bestowed lovingkindness in operation, bestowing salvation upon guilt-laden sinners who turn to him for refuge. It is, as it were, the rainbow round about the very throne out of which proceed flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.4.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.4.5|AUTODETECT|”

5. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.27|AUTODETECT|” ). We think of the Judge who not only remits the penalty but also cancels the guilt of the offender and even adopts him as his own son. Grace brings peace. The latter is both a state, that of reconciliation with God, and a condition, the inner conviction that consequently all is well. It is the great blessing which Christ by his atoning sacrifice bestowed upon the church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.27|AUTODETECT|” John 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ), and it surpasses all understanding 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is not the reflection of an unclouded sky in the tranquil waters of a picturesque lake, but rather the cleft of the rock in which the Lord hides his children when the storm is raging (think of the theme of Zephaniah s prophecy); or, to change the figure somewhat but with retention of the main thought, it is the hiding place under the wings, to which the hen gathers her brood, so that the little chicks are safe while the storm bursts loose in all its fury upon herself.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Now this grace and this peace have their origin in God our (precious word of appropriation and inclusion!) Father, and have been merited for believers by him who is the great Master-Owner-Conqueror , Savior , and Office-Bearer , and who, because of his threefold anointing is able to save to the uttermost them that draw near to God through him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��12��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 For further details about certain aspects of Paul s opening salutations see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 37 45; on Philippians, pp. 43 49; and on I and II Timothy and Titus, pp. 49 56; 339 344.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|”

4. Everywhere else the opening salutation proper is very brief. Having read the words from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, the addition here of a modifier to the title of the second person of the Holy Trinity comes as somewhat of a surprise. Clearly, in keeping with the occasion and purpose of the letter, there must be a reason why Paul here adds: who gave himself for our sins, that he might rescue us out of this present world dominated by evil. The reason is that the atmosphere continues to be loaded. The greatness and magnanimity of Christ s act of self-surrender is stressed in order to underscore the grievous nature of the sin of those who teach that this supreme sacrifice must be supplemented by law-works.

Christ surrendered himself to sorrow and scorn, to the curse of eternal death during his entire sojourn on earth but especially at Gethsemane, Gabbatha, and Golgotha. He laid down his life for his sheep. No one took it from him, but he laid it down of his own accord, voluntarily 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.17|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.17|AUTODETECT|” 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He did this motivated by love incomprehensible; hence, for our sins, that is, to deliver us from the pollution, guilt, and punishment adhering to the many ways in which, by inner disposition, thought, word, and deed, we miss the mark of existing and living to the glory of God Triune.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Note: He gave himself & that [meaning: that in so doing] he might rescue us. The word rescue is very descriptive. It presupposes that those to whom it applies are in great danger from which they are unable to extricate themselves. Thus Joseph was rescued out of all his afflictions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.34|AUTODETECT|” ), Israel out of Egypt s house of bondage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.34|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.11|AUTODETECT|” ), Peter out of Herod s hand 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.27|AUTODETECT|” ), and thus also Paul would one day be delivered or rescued out of the hands of Jews and Gentiles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.27|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.17|AUTODETECT|” 26:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ). The rescue described here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is all the more glorious because: a. it concerns those who by nature are enemies of the Rescuer, and b. it was accomplished by means of the voluntary death (in this case eternal death) of the Rescuer. One is reminded of a swimmer who plunges into the fast moving current in order to rescue the child that has fallen into the stream and is about to be pitched over the cliff of the cataract to its death. In the act of seizing the youngster and hurling him to the side where loving arms reach out and catch him, he himself is swept over the precipice to his death. All comparisons fall short, however, since in the case of Christ the sacrifice was great beyond all comprehension, and the beneficiaries were thoroughly unworthy of such love!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Paul states that Christ gave himself that he might rescue us out of this present world dominated by evil.��13�� For world Paul uses the term aeon. It denotes the world in motion in contrast with cosmos which, though used in a variety of senses, indicates the world at rest. The aeon, then, refers to the world viewed from the standpoint of time and change. This is especially true when the adjective present is added, as here. It is the world or transitory era which is hastening to its close and in which, in spite of all its pleasures and treasures, there is nothing of abiding value. Over against this present world or age is the coming world, the glory-age, that will be ushered in at the consummation of all things 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The rescue from this present world dominated by evil, though not complete until the last trumpet has sounded, is progressive in character. It is being accomplished whenever a sinner is brought out of the darkness into the light and whenever a saint gains a victory in his struggle against sin.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” It is not sufficient, however, to bow in adoration before the Son, as if he alone were deserving of thanksgiving and honor because of his marvelous, self-sacrificing, work of redemption. On the contrary, the Son gave himself for our sins, that he might rescue us, etc. (having thus given himself) according to the will of our God and Father.��14�� The son gave himself; the Father yes, our (see on 1:3) God and Father spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.32|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.17|AUTODETECT|” ). In fact, in the very act of the Son s self-sacrifice the Father s will his decree as revealed in time, his desire was being accomplished. Therefore the Father loved the Son! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.17|AUTODETECT|” John 10:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.34|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.34|AUTODETECT|” 4:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.6.38|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.6.38|AUTODETECT|” 6:38) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Let the trouble-makers bear in mind, therefore, that when they belittle the work of the Son, they make light of the Father also!) 1 11 2 8 0 0 5. When the apostle contemplates the Father s marvelous love revealed in delivering up his own dear Son, the Only-begotten, for our salvation, his soul is lost in wonder, love, and praise, so that he exclaims: to whom be��15�� the glory��16�� forever and ever. Amen. When the wicked infiltrators minimize God s work of redemption, Paul will magnify it, calling upon all men to do this with him. So marvelous is this work that it is worthy of never-ending praise; hence, to whom be the glory forever and ever, literally: to the ages of the ages. With a solemn Amen he reaffirms his personal gratitude as again and again he ponders God s great undying love, the unfathomable depth of his grace and mercy in Jesus Christ.) Chapter 1) Verses 6 10) Theme: The Gospel of Justification by Faith apart from Law-works Defended against Its Detractors) I.

This Gospel s Origination: it is not of human but of divine origin) B. I am amazed that you are so quickly moving to a different gospel. There is only one true gospel. Let him be accursed who preaches another. There! Is it the favor of men that I am now seeking to win or of God?) ) 1:6 10) B.

There is only one true gospel) 6 I am amazed that you are so quickly moving away from him who called you (and turning) to a different gospel, 7 which (in reality) is not (even) another; but (the fact is that) certain individuals are throwing you into confusion and are trying to pervert the gospel of Christ. 8 But even though we ourselves or an angel from heaven were to preach to you any gospel other than the one which we preached to you, let him be accursed! 9 As we have said before, so now I say again, If anyone is preaching to you any gospel other than that which you have received, let him be accursed! 10 There! Is it the favor of men that I am now seeking to win or of God? Or is it men whom I am seeking to please? If I were still trying to please men, I would not be a servant of Christ.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” 6, 7. We have reached the place in the letter where ordinarily, according to the custom of the day, words of thanksgiving would be found. It stands to reason that in Paul s epistles this expression of gratitude would be addressed to the one true God and not, as among the Gentiles, to this or that pagan divinity. For the apostle, then, it was generally a grateful acknowledgment of divine grace bestowed upon the addressed, whereby they had been enabled to make progress in knowledge, faith, love, etc. It was an expression of inner satisfaction and was frequently accompanied by a prayer that the advance already made might continue on and on 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.4-46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.4-46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:4 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.3-50.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:3 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ff.). Sometimes the thanksgiving was in the form of a doxology 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.15-50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” In Galatians, however, we are confronted with the very opposite. What we find here is not satisfaction but stupefaction: overwhelming amazement, painful perplexity. Says Paul: I am amazed that you are so quickly moving away from him who called you (and turning) to a different gospel, which (in reality) is not (even) another. Paul could be stern.��17�� He was no flatterer. To be sure, he was very tactful. It was his custom to commend before he began to condemn, to use words of praise and encouragement before using words of criticism and warning.

He does this even in I Corinthians, addressed to a church not lacking in failings both common and uncommon. But in Galatians the very essence of the gospel is at stake. Had this not been the case Paul would have been very tolerant, as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15-50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 proves. But when the issue is momentous God s glory and man s salvation tolerance has its limits. In view of the occasion and purpose of Galatians, as previously explained, the unceremonious and uncompromising character of 1:6 10 is not surprising. Now this does not mean that in connection with those whom he addresses the apostle was unaware of anything whatever that he might be able to acknowledge with gratitude. In the present circumstances, however, such acknowledgment must bide its time (3:3; 4:12 15; 5:7).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.17|AUTODETECT|” But although 1:6 10 is in the nature of an outburst, nevertheless, as far as the Galatians themselves are concerned it is not an outburst of anger. There is consternation rather than indignation, amazement rather than resentment. Though Paul reproaches, he does not reject. Even now he is convinced that in the end everything will turn out favorably (5:10). The apostle is amazed or astonished to hear that the addressed are in the process of changing their position. The verb used can have either a favorable or an unfavorable sense; here obviously the latter.

Moreover, the Galatians are transferring their loyalty so quickly, that is, so soon after their conversion (4:12 15; 5:7); hence also: so soon after the evangelistic labor that had been performed in their midst by Paul and his companions. And it is they themselves who are turning (themselves) away; they are not just being turned away.��18�� Neither is it merely a theological position from which they are swerving. On the contrary, they are in the process of transferring their loyalty from the One who in his grace and mercy had called them that is, from God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.17|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” 8:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.11|AUTODETECT|” 9:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.24|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.24|AUTODETECT|” 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.9|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) to a different gospel. The call to which reference is made, is here, as everywhere in Paul, the internal or effectual calling: that act of the Holy Spirit whereby he savingly applies the gospel-invitation to the heart and life of certain definite individuals among all of those to whom, in the course of history, that invitation is extended. It is a call to salvation, full and free, via the avenue of sanctification. Speaking by and large, the apostle is convinced that the Galatians whom he here addresses had received that effectual call.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” If it be argued that surely in the case of the Galatians the call cannot have been effectual since they were in the process of turning away from the God who had called them, the answer is that this position can be maintained only if it could be demonstrated that these people, after having first accepted the gospel by a true and living faith, afterward rejected it and died in that condition, not having given heed to Paul s admonition contained in this letter or to subsequent warnings. As has been pointed out, Paul himself is far more optimistic (5:10). It must ever be borne in mind that divine sovereignty does not abrogate human responsibility, and that God, accordingly, carries out his eternal purpose by so operating through his Spirit in the hearts of backsliders that they give heed to the earnest appeals that are made to them. Individuals who until their last breath persist in their disobedience prove that they had never embraced Christ with a true and living faith, even though they may have been church-members outwardly. The fact that the internal call results in salvation, in other words, that God s grace is irresistible, in the sense that it cannot be resisted effectively to the very end, is clear from such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.4.14|AUTODETECT|” John 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.28|AUTODETECT|” 10:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.28-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:28 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” 11:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . In the chain of means whereby this calling is made effectual, and this grace irresistible, earnest warnings and obedience to these warnings are important links. No one can ever afford to take his ultimate salvation for granted. Everyone must strive to enter in. And as it has pleased God, by the preaching of the gospel to begin his work in us, so he preserves, continues, and perfects it by the hearing and reading of his Word, by meditation thereon, and by the exhortations, threatenings, and promises thereof, and by the use of the sacraments (Canons of Dort, v. 14). Note the threatenings and the warnings!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|” In their present condition, then, the Galatians are turning to a different gospel, that is, to a gospel that differs radically from the one which they had received from Paul. The latter gospel was: that a man is not justified by law-works but only through faith in Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.4-56.3.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.4-56.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:4 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). That gospel the Galatians were abandoning in favor of a different gospel, one which proclaimed faith plus law-works as the way to salvation. It stands to reason that the substitute to which the addressed were turning was a gospel only in name, not in reality. It was really no gospel at all, exactly as Paul here declares: a different gospel, which (in reality) is not (even) another. Much has been written about the combination different & not another. ��19�� The translation which I favor and which, in one way or another, is also favored by A.R.V., N.E.B., N.A.S.B., (N.T.), Williams, Goodspeed, Weymouth, etc. (contrast A.V.), has been sharply criticized, even ridiculed at times! Some have arrived at the conclusion that Paul is saying that the Galatians are turning away to another gospel which in reality is not essentially different! But the context is clear and decisive: the gospel (?) to which the Galatians are in the process of turning is the perversion of the true gospel (verse 7); it is a gospel (?) different in quality from the one which Paul and his assistants had preached to the Galatians (verse 8), and which the latter had embraced (verse 9); it is a gospel (?) so bad that a curse is invoked upon him who might and also upon him who actually does proclaim it (respectively verses 8 and 9).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.1|AUTODETECT|” With disdain for such a perversion of the true gospel the apostle continues: but (the fact is that) certain individuals are throwing you into confusion and are trying to pervert the gospel of Christ. The reference is clearly to the extreme rightists, the Judean Judaizers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ), who, though in a very general sense coming from James 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.12|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.24|AUTODETECT|” ), do not truly represent James at all 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.32.2|AUTODETECT|” ). Very descriptively the apostle says that these certain individuals they are not nearly as important as they assume themselves to be! are throwing you into confusion. Literally this verb means to shake, stir up, trouble, agitate, as when Egypt s king is said to resemble a monster that troubles the waters with its feet, thereby contaminating the rivers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.32.2|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 32:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ). Figuratively, as here, it has reference to upsetting the mind and/or heart. Thus Herod was shaken, deeply disturbed, when he heard about the birth of a king of the Jews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.26|AUTODETECT|” ); the disciples were troubled when they imagined that they were looking at a ghost 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.14.26|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 14:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ); and Zechariah when he saw an angel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.12|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Another unforgettable illustration of the meaning of the word is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.14.1|AUTODETECT|” John 14:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where Jesus, in the night of his betrayal, says to his disciples, who are gathered with him in the upper room, Let not your hearts any longer be troubled (see N.T.C. on the Gospel according to John, Vol. II, pp. 262, 263).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 The Galatians, then, were being thrown into confusion by men who were wishing and attempting to turn upside down the gospel which centers about Christ and glories in him, the Christ-gospel. Surely, a teaching according to which men are saved through faith plus law-works is a perversion of the true gospel which proclaims the glad tidings of salvation (by grace) through faith alone.) 8. Paul continues: But even though we ourselves or an angel from heaven were to preach to you any gospel other than the one which we preached to you, let him be accursed; that is, Even though we, God s human representatives (I, Paul, and my assistants��20��), or a good angel, one who descends out of heaven in the radiant blaze of his consummate holiness, should begin to preach to you any good news other than hence, contrary to��21�� the gospel which we previously (on the first missionary journeys and on the first leg of this second missionary journey) preached to you, let him (I myself in that case, any of my assistants, that angel) be doomed.��22�� So far the hypothetical case. There follows reality,��23�� verse 9. As we have said before, so now I say again, If anyone is preaching to you any gospel other than that which you have received, let him be accursed. The truth expressed in the first conditional sentence (verse 8) greatly strengthens that expressed in the second (verse 9).

We have here the reasoning: if even, then all the more. In effect, Paul is saying, If even we (I, or a fellow-worker) or a holy angel must be the object of God s righteous curse, were any of us ever to preach a gospel contrary to the one we humans previously preached to you, then all the more the divine wrath must be poured out upon those self-appointed nobodies who are now making themselves guilty of this crime. Here the storm is unleashed in all its fury. Paul s Let him be anathema is not a mere wish, but an effective invocation. The apostle, as Christ s fully authorized representative, is pronouncing the curse upon the Judaizers, who are committing the terrible crime of calling the true gospel false, and of substituting the false and ruinously dangerous gospel for the true and saving one.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.20.29|AUTODETECT|” But this word of severe condemnation for the trouble-makers is at the same time one of earnest remonstrance and warning for the Galatians, who were in the process of allowing themselves to be misled, and were actually moving away from the One who, in his love and mercy, had called them. That the addressed deserved this rebuke is clear first of all from the fact that they had been forewarned, and forewarned is forearmed, that is, if one heeds the warning. When Paul says, As we have said before, he probably means that immediately after the Jerusalem Council the apostle and Silas, fully realizing that the Judaizers were not at all satisfied with the decisions of this council and would do all in their power to render them ineffective, had plainly told the Galatians, There is every possibility that soon after we, your true shepherds, have left you, wolves will arrive and will try to destroy you, by substituting the false gospel of salvation by law-works for the true gospel of salvation by grace through faith. Be on your guard against these destroyers. It is even possible that already on the first missionary journey similar warnings had been issued, but certainly on the second. Paul adds, So now I say again, ��24�� etc.

He now says I and not we because he alone is the author of this epistle, he himself is the apostle, clothed with full authority, and his former associates are absent at this moment. Also later on in life Paul would continue to warn those entrusted to his care about impending dangers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1-55.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ff.; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1-55.3.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1-55.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.1-55.4.5|AUTODETECT|” 4:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.1|AUTODETECT|” ). In this, as in so many other respects, he was following the example of his Master 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.1|AUTODETECT|” John 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.33|AUTODETECT|” 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Since the Galatians had disregarded the earlier warning, they had earned the reprimand.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Secondly, they had merited this reproof because not only had the gospel been previously preached to them (verse 8), but they had also accepted it (verse 9). In this respect verse 9 says more than verse 8. By the power of the Holy Spirit the external message had been translated into an inward conviction. They should have guarded the deposit that had been entrusted to them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.2|AUTODETECT|” The question might be asked, But was not Paul too severe in his denunciation and in his rebuke? Is it not true that even now the Judaizers believed in Jesus Christ for salvation, the only difference between Paul and those who differed with him being that to this required faith the latter added strict obedience to certain Mosaic regulations? The answer is that the addition was in the nature of a complete repudiation of the all-sufficiency of Christ s redemption. Read ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” . A beverage may be very healthful and refreshing, but when a drop of poison is added to it, it becomes deadly. Christ, too, used severe language in condemning the hypocrites of his day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.5|AUTODETECT|” , especially verses 15 and 33). Pharisees and Judaizers had much in common, were in fact closely related 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” Moreover, Paul and the gospel were friends. To him that gospel was the good news of salvation which God addresses to a world lost in sin. He considered it indispensable for salvation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ), and was so enthused about it that affectionately he called it my gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.17|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.16|AUTODETECT|” 9:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.17|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.1.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). On the concept gospel and preaching the gospel see N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 81 85.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Paul s sharp distinction between the true and the false gospel has a present day application. Illustrations:) a. At a church service hymns are sung which set forth salvation by grace. The sermon, however, proclaims an entirely different gospel (?).) b. The pastor calls on a family and enquires about the absent daughter. The parents exultantly inform him that she is about to marry a very nice young man, a member of a church which our daughter, too, will soon join.

Are these parents blissfully unaware of the fact that in that church the true gospel is not being proclaimed; or does this not matter?) c. At a crusade many people sign decision-cards. They begin to attend various churches, from some of which the crusader s gospel is banned!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.11|AUTODETECT|” 10. Paul has used forceful language. That gives him an opportunity to answer a charge of the opponents. He writes: There!��25�� Is it the favor of men that I am now seeking to win or of God? Or is it men whom I am seeking to please? Here one detects an echo of the opponents accusations and insinuations, on this order: Paul is trying to win human, rather than divine, favor. He tries to please everybody, so that everybody may follow him. Among his own people he preaches circumcision 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), for he knows that they believe in it. But he withholds this rite from the Gentiles because they welcome exemption from it. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Paul answers: Would a popularity-seeker hurl anathemas at people? Is it not clear that it is not men s but God s approval in which I am interested, and that I am seeking to please my Lord? Continued: If I were still trying to please men, I would not be a servant of Christ.��26�� Two misinterpretations:) a. I never yield to human customs and traditions. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Total indifference on this score would not have been like Paul. It would bring ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” into conflict with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” . Tactfulness is not a vice but a virtue when paired with honesty and truth. The apostle desired to be all things to all men, in order in one way or another to save some. Hence, among the Jews he was willing, during this transition period, to observe certain traditions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17-44.21.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17-44.21.26|AUTODETECT|” 21:17 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” 18:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), as long as these were not considered means unto salvation, for on that issue he was adament. When Judaizers tried to force circumcision upon Gentiles, declaring that otherwise salvation could not be obtained, the apostle invoked God s curse on these distorters. In Paul s religion there was room for flexibility, but ever within the limits prescribed by the gospel.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. If I were still, as formerly, trying to please men, etc.) This supposed reference to the apostle s unconverted state is out of line with the present context.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.24|AUTODETECT|” The true interpretation is this: If, in spite of my claim that I am Christ s servant, I were still, or nevertheless, attempting to please men, my claim would be false. One who trims his sails to every breeze of opinion and bias, cannot be a servant��27�� of Christ. Paul, on the contrary, is such a servant, for he joyfully acknowledges Jesus as his Redeemer, Owner, and Lord, and is fully surrendered to him. It was this very Christ who said, No man can serve two masters 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.24|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul realizes that for himself this life of complete loyalty means persecution 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ), but he glories in such affliction. Not Paul but his opponents are trying to avoid persecution 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.13|AUTODETECT|” ). They are the men-pleasers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.6|AUTODETECT|” ), a type of conduct reprehensible even in slaves 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.6|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.22|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul s chief concern is God s glory.) 1 11 2 8 0 0 Chapter 1) Verses 11 17) Theme: The Gospel of Justification by Faith apart from Law-works Defended against Its Detractors) I. This Gospel s Origination: it is not of human but of divine origin) C. The gospel I preach is not a human invention. I received it through the revelation of Jesus Christ. Rescued by God s grace from intense Judaism, I did not immediately go to Jerusalem to seek men s advice, but went to Arabia, and again I returned to Damascus.) ) 1:11 17) C. This gospel originated in God, as shown by Paul s experiences before, during, and shortly after his conversion) 11 For I make known to you, brothers, with respect to the gospel that was preached by me, that it is not a human invention; 12 for as concerns myself, I did not receive it from men nor was I taught it; on the contrary (I received it) through the revelation of Jesus Christ. 13 For you have heard of my former manner of life when I practiced the Jewish religion, how beyond all bounds I was persecuting the church of God and was trying to destroy it; 14 and I advanced in the Jewish religion more than many of my contemporaries among my people, and was a more ardent enthusiast for the traditions of my fathers. 15 But when it pleased him, who separated me from my mother s womb and called me through his grace, 16 to reveal his Son in me, in order that I might preach his gospel among the Gentiles, I did not at once confer with flesh and blood, 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went away to Arabia; and again I returned to Damascus.) ) 11.

Paul continues to show that the gospel which he proclaims is the only one worthy of the name, being of divine origin. He writes, For I make known to you, brothers, with respect to the gospel that was preached by me, that it is not a human invention. In connection with the present context for must mean something like In justification of the facts which I have stated, namely, that my gospel is of divine origin and is the only true gospel, so that anyone who distorts it is accursed, note the following corroborative facts selected from the story of my life. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.20|AUTODETECT|” In the verses which follow, the apostle is not trying to present a complete autobiography. He chooses from his career only those events which support his main contention with reference to the source of his calling as an apostle and of the message which he proclaims. Hence, when he omits an event mentioned elsewhere for example, in Acts or in Paul s letters to the Corinthians this must not be charged against him, as if he were purposely suppressing certain facts in order to win the argument against the Judaizers. On the contrary, he is deeply conscious of telling the truth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The omitted incidents are left unmentioned for the simple reason that they have nothing to do with the point which Paul is trying to prove.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14|AUTODETECT|” The beginning of the sentence is rather striking: For I make known to you, as if they did not already know. But they must have known many of the facts which Paul is going to relate. However, they were acting as if they did not know them. Otherwise they would not be lending a listening ear to the distorters of the true and only gospel of salvation. And for this reason the apostle must remind them again of the truth with reference to himself and the gospel he proclaims. He does this in a very tactful and tender manner, calling them brothers, for even now, in spite of their deviation, he regards them as members of the same spiritual family to which he, too, belongs, the Father s Family 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ). The subject to which he calls their attention is the gospel that was preached by me, preached; hence, they have heard it and are responsible for what they have heard; by me, never mind what enemies have been proclaiming; the gospel, for, as stated previously, the apostle s defense of himself is in reality a defense of the one and only gospel. He makes known to them that this good news is not a human invention. This rendering, adopted also by Phillips and by N.E.B.,��28�� is well-founded. Literally Paul writes, not in accordance with man. This might leave the impression that he is simply saying that his gospel is not in human style.

But though, to be sure, this is implied and is even basic, yet the next verse clearly shows that what Paul has in mind is that the gospel which the Galatians have heard from his lips differs not only in character and content from any human gospel (?), but also and for that very reason in origin: it is not the result of human ingenuity or devising.��29�� Continued: 12. for as concerns myself, I did not receive it from men nor was I taught it, probably meaning: As far as I myself am concerned , in no way whatever did it reach me from any human source. It was not transmitted to me by means of tradition from father to son (or from one generation to the next), nor by means of instruction from teacher to pupil. ��30�� Continued: on the contrary (I received it) through the revelation of Jesus Christ. Paul here declares that he had received the gospel by a direct revelation of Jesus Christ concerning himself, exactly as the other apostles had also received it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.8|AUTODETECT|” 15:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.3|AUTODETECT|” This introduces a problem. The question might be asked, But were there not ever so many human agents that had taken part, at one time or another, in supplying Paul with the materials for his gospel? How then can he affirm, repeatedly and with great emphasis, that he had received his gospel from Christ, from him alone, and not at all from men? Leaving out of consideration many speculative theories concerning contacts which Saul of Tarsus may have had with Jesus during the latter s sojourn on earth, when the future apostle was in Jerusalem, where as a young man he was brought up as a pupil of Gamaliel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ), speculative theories for which it is hard to find solid support in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.16|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.4|AUTODETECT|” or anywhere else, it remains true that even before his conversion Paul must have received a great deal of information about Jesus. If he had not known what believers were saying about Jesus, why would he have persecuted them hence him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58|AUTODETECT|” ) so bitterly? The persecutor must have heard many a ringing testimony from the quivering lips of martyrs, uttered while, with his approval, they were being put in chains, dragged off to prison, and at times even put to death. He had been present when Stephen was being stoned, and had heard his testimony 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.58|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:58) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ). It is safe to assume, therefore, that even before his conversion Paul must have been fairly well acquainted with many of the historical facts and happenings regarding Jesus. In his epistles he gives evidence of a vast amount of historical knowledge 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.1|AUTODETECT|” 15:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; and see also on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), which he must have gathered little by little, much of it even before Christ had met him, Saul the persecutor, as he approached the ancient city of Damascus.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Moreover, these historical facts are important. Apart from these events Christ s birth, suffering, death, resurrection, etc. there is no basis for salvation. How is it, then, that Paul can say that he had received his gospel from Christ, and not from men? The answer is that no matter how detailed Paul s knowledge of these events may have been, their totality does not as yet constitute the gospel. For, first of all, the persecutor rejected forthwith the fact of Christ s resurrection from the grave and that of his ascension to heaven. And secondly, as to the other facts and events of which he had been apprised, he failed to see them in their true significance.

He was constantly giving the wrong answer to such questions as these: Was this Jesus merely born or had he come from heaven? Was his birth a mere happenstance, or had he been born with a purpose? Was he merely human, or divine and human in one person? Was he a dreadful danger to true religion, or a great blessing? Was he a tool of Satan, or the Son of God? Were his life and death a mere vapor that vanishes quickly, or were they of abiding and universal significance?

When he died on the cross, was he merely a victim, or was he Victor?) It was when the light from heaven had suddenly descended upon him and had engulfed him, and when he had heard a voice saying to him, Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? & I am Jesus whom you are persecuting, etc., it was then that everything changed. It was here, close to Damascus, that in principle the radical turnabout was accomplished, and Paul received his gospel. He now saw the Christ as the really risen and exalted One, full of majesty and power, but also & full of incomprehensible love, love so marvelous and condescending that it had sought and found this ruthless, mordacious foe in order to make of him an ardent and kind-hearted friend. He now saw Christ as Victor, full of mercy and grace, reaching out his loving arms to embrace both Jew and Gentile, yes all those who would place their (God-given) trust in him. The experience, therefore, on the way to Damascus shed a flood of light on all the information which had been reaching Paul. It changed vehement denial into rapturous conviction, vague outward awareness into marvelous insight.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.3|AUTODETECT|” 13. Paul now briefly touches upon the three important facts of a. his life as a persecutor, b. his conversion, and c. his activity immediately and shortly after his conversion, in order to show with reference to each of these items that the gospel had not been given to him by any human agency but was a gift from heaven. He writes: For you have heard of my former manner of life when I practiced the Jewish religion. Yes, the Galatians have heard, probably both from Paul himself and from others, about the manner in which he had conducted himself when his life was still being regulated by the principles which governed the lives of the Jews, unconverted to Christ. Continued: how beyond all bounds I was persecuting the church of God and was trying to destroy��31�� it. For his present purpose it was not necessary that Paul make mention of all the horrid details of this persecuting activity: that it concerned women as well as men, that the victims were bound with chains, imprisoned, urged to blaspheme, sometimes even put to death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1|AUTODETECT|” 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” 22:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.10|AUTODETECT|” 26:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.22.18|AUTODETECT|” ). What he does say here in Galatians speaks volumes, showing that the persecution of which Paul had been guilty was a. extremely violent , b. directed against God s peculiar treasure, the church (as Paul now, after his conversion, sees it), the body of those whom God had called out from among all the children of men, to be his very own; and c. most sinister in its purpose, namely, utterly to destroy this church. Note that the word church as here used is a universal concept (other than in 1:2, 22), and that as such it embraces both Gentiles and Jews, also both dispensations, as is made clear in this very epistle 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.22.18|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 22:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.54.1-23.54.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.54.1-23.54.3|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 54:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.9.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.9.11|AUTODETECT|” Amos 9:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.33|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.33|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 21:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.15-45.11.24|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.15-45.11.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:15 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.12|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.12|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 21:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.26.9|AUTODETECT|” 14. The activity of persecution has been described, though in general terms. And now the drive or impetus behind it is indicated. For Paul this incentive was supplied by the progress which he had made in Pharisaic Judaism, a religion of works and bondage, and by his recognition of the fact that this was the very opposite of the Christian religion of grace and freedom. He thoroughly understood that Judaism and Christianity were irreconcilable enemies. Moreover, lukewarmness was not in his blood.

He was not at all the kind of person who, in a mood of relative indifference, afflicts others because he has been ordered to do this. On the contrary, the man from Tarsus was himself bent on oppression and destruction, and he put his whole soul into it. He was a fully convinced persecutor, believing with all his heart that what he was setting out to do must be done 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ). It is in this light that we should understand him when he now writes: and I advanced in the Jewish religion more than many of my contemporaries among my people, and was a more ardent enthusiast for the traditions of my fathers. Paul here pictures himself in his pre-conversion state as a dedicated enthusiast 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” ), filled with Pharisaic zeal. In fact, in the original the word enthusiast is literally zealot. Elsewhere Paul describes himself as persecuting this Way unto death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” ), and as being exceedingly mad against the saints 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Luke writes that Saul of Tarsus was breathing murderous threats against the disciples of the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.14|AUTODETECT|” This is not surprising, for, as he tells us here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , he had been chopping ahead in the Jewish religion, hewing out a path as a pioneer who is cutting his way through a forest, destroying every obstacle in order to advance.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.21|AUTODETECT|” This Jewish religion was not that of Old Testament revelation, whose lines historical, typological, psychological, and prophetical converge at Bethlehem, Calvary, Olivet.��32�� No, the Jewish religion in which Paul had been pushing his way forward was that in which God s holy law was being buried under a load of human traditions, which Paul calls the traditions of my fathers, the entire halakah or body of Jewish oral law which supplemented the written law. In such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.3|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.3|AUTODETECT|” 15:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.23.2|AUTODETECT|” 23:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” ff., Jesus states his opinion about some of these oral traditions. According to one of them God s commandment, You shall love your neighbor as yourself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.19.18|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 19:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.4|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.4|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 23:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.23.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.21|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 25:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.25.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.43|AUTODETECT|” ) really meant, You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.43|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.12|AUTODETECT|” ); and according to another, the exhortation to honor father and mother 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.20.12|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 20:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.1-40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” ) was similarly emasculated 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.15.1-40.15.6|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 15:1 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.33-44.5.39|AUTODETECT|” ). By means of obedience to the entire Mosaic law as interpreted by all these traditions, many of them trivial and at times even directly contrary to the very intention of the commandment as originally given, the Jews, including Paul before his conversion, tried to work their way into the kingdom of heaven. And according to Paul s own testimony as here given, he had advanced in this Jewish religion more than many of his own age among his people. And as he made progress in the Jewish religion, he naturally also advanced in hatred against the Christian religion. In fact, he had been going ahead with such frightful fanaticism and terrorism that in this area, at least, he had already surpassed his own teacher, Gamaliel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.33-44.5.39|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:33 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The apostle s purpose in reminding the Galatians of this sad episode in his life must be borne in mind in order to grasp what he is trying to convey. He is saying that no human persuasion would ever have been able to impart the gospel to such a confirmed and ferocious persecutor. His purpose is to show that his gospel is from God, not from men.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|” 15, 16a. It is with this same purpose in mind that he now continues: But when it pleased him,��33�� who separated me from my mother s womb and called me through his grace, to reveal his Son in me, in order that I might preach his gospel among the Gentiles.& Here Paul s conversion story is told from the inside. To be sure, there was also the outward or physical side. Paul s conversion was not the product of mere subjective imagination. What he had seen was no hallucination. With his physical eyes he had really beheld the ascended Christ.

With his physical ears he had actually heard his voice. But the outward and physical would never have sufficed. What Paul had seen and heard had to be applied to his heart. That story is told here. But when it pleased him & to reveal his Son in me can also be rendered, But when in his good pleasure he & revealed his Son in me. Though, according to what is probably the best text, the name God is here not mentioned, the reference to him is clear.

When God s name, attitude, or activity is clearly implied, he is not always mentioned by name. In fact, not mentioning his name but merely saying he who places the emphasis on God s gracious deeds and attributes. Another striking instance of this type of omission is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=50.1.6|AUTODETECT|”

Phil. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.1.11|AUTODETECT|”

he who began a good work in you. (See N.T.C. on that passage.) The words who separated me & and called me through his grace form a combination in which both God s sovereign good pleasure and his marvelous love to one so undeserving are stressed. The expression separated me from my mother s womb refers to far more than the divine providential activity revealed in Paul s physical birth. It indicates that God did not, as it were, wait until Paul had first proved his worth before appointing him to an important function in his kingdom. No, from his very birth Paul had already been designed for his specific mission, that design being itself the expression of God s plan from eternity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ). Hence, the verb separated, as here used, means nothing less than set (me) aside, consecrated (me), marked (me) off from the rest of mankind. Similarly, called me through his grace refers here not only to the effectual call to salvation through sanctification (see on verse 6), but also to the assignment unto plenary apostleship. There is a rather clear allusion here to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.15|AUTODETECT|”

Before I formed you in your mother s body I knew you; and before you came out of the womb I sanctified you; a prophet to the nations I ordained you. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . How wonderful this grace operated in the calling of Paul. It changed a man who was breathing murderous threats against Christ s church into one who breathed doxologies whenever he reflected on this marvelous redeeming love which had been shown to him, yes to him so undeserving! In fact, Paul s career as a relentless persecutor, and whatever intervened between his birth and his entrance upon his work as an effective missionary for Christ, made grace stand out all the more brilliantly!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.18|AUTODETECT|” The immediate purpose of this separation and calling is here said to have been to reveal his Son in me. To reveal, that is, to remove the scales from the eyes of my heart, as the scales were removed from my physical eyes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Moreover, Paul does not say Jesus or Christ Jesus, but his Son, for God wanted him to see that the Jesus whom in his disciples Paul had been persecuting, was indeed God s only Son, partaker of God s very essence, himself God! Yet, the words to reveal his Son in me ��34�� mean vastly more than to my intellect. The phrase has reference to illumining grace which is at the same time transforming. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.18|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” . The more Paul sees that it was this very Son of God whom he had been persecuting but who, nevertheless, had taken pity on him, and in his infinite and tender love had sought him, had stopped him in his tracks, and had changed him into an enthusiastic ambassador of the mysteries of grace, so much the more he also loves and adores this Christ! And the more he adores him, so much the more his own mind, his inner disposition, is patterned after that of his Savior 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is thus that God s Son was revealed in Paul!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Now just as the separation and the calling had as its purpose to reveal his Son in me, so, in turn, this revelation whereby, as just indicated, the image of Christ was engraved upon the very heart of Paul, had as its purpose: in order that I might preach his gospel among the Gentiles ; literally, in order that I might gospel him among the Gentiles. It should be obvious, therefore, that indirectly the call or calling was not just unto salvation but definitely also unto the office of apostle to the Gentiles. In Paul s case these two cannot be separated. And in this connection one might well ask, Is it ever possible to separate calling unto salvation from calling unto a task in God s kingdom? Does not everyone who is called have a duty to show forth the excellencies of the One who called him out of the darkness into his marvelous light ? 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.15|AUTODETECT|” Throughout his apostolic career Paul remained very conscious of the fact that even though he had been called to be an apostle to Jews and Gentiles alike 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.15|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.20|AUTODETECT|” 26:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.26.23|AUTODETECT|”

23. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.47|AUTODETECT|” ), yet he had been especially selected as God s ambassador to the latter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.47|AUTODETECT|” Acts 13:47) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.12|AUTODETECT|” 15:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.6|AUTODETECT|” 18:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” 22:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.17|AUTODETECT|” 26:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.28|AUTODETECT|” 28:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.13|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
24. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.6|AUTODETECT|”
25. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.8|AUTODETECT|”
26. 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.7|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.17|AUTODETECT|” 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15-44.26.18|AUTODETECT|” ). But was this purpose made clear to Paul directly by Christ himself or indirectly through the mediation of Ananias or anyone else? This question has already been touched upon in the discussion of verse 1, but requires a more detailed answer here. Now in connection with Paul s dramatic experience on the way to Damascus it must be admitted that either alternative makes sense. As long as Ananias was, as it were, the mouth of Christ, Paul s unshakable conviction that he had been called by Christ and had received his gospel from him, and not from men, nor even through man in the sense that somehow it had lost its purity through this human intervention, was altogether justified. Nevertheless, if a choice must be made, I would favor the former alternative.��35�� According to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15-44.26.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:15 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.5|AUTODETECT|” , in answer to Paul s question, Who art thou, Lord? the Lord answers, I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. But arise and stand upon your feet because for this purpose have I appeared to you: to appoint you a minister and a witness not only to the things which you have seen but also to the things in connection with which I will appear to you; delivering you from the [Jewish] people and from the Gentiles, to whom I am sending you, to open their eyes so that they may turn from darkness to light and from the dominion of Satan to God, in order that they may receive forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among those who have been sanctified by faith in me. This account certainly leaves the impression that not only the words, I am Jesus whom you are persecuting, reported in all three accounts 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.8|AUTODETECT|” 22:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.15|AUTODETECT|” 26:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.0|AUTODETECT|” ), but also the call to apostleship among the Gentiles had come directly from the lips of Christ! And do not even the words of 22:15, where Ananias is saying to Paul, You will be a witness for him to all men concerning the things which you have seen and heard, imply that Paul had already heard many things from the lips of Christ? Is it not probable, therefore, that the accounts which we have in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 22 were never intended to reproduce in full the words which Jesus addressed to Paul?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” To this should be added Paul s experience while he was praying in the temple at Jerusalem, three years after his conversion, and long before he wrote Galatians. While Paul had fallen into a trance it was the Savior who had said to him, Depart, for I will send you far away to the Gentiles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 22:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.13|AUTODETECT|” It is clear, therefore, that not only in connection with Paul s experience before his conversion 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.14|AUTODETECT|”
27. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) but also in connection with his conversion itself the point has been established that the gospel which he received and the call to proclaim it originated not in man but in God.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.8|AUTODETECT|” 16b, 17. This holds also with respect to the apostle s experience, immediately and shortly after his conversion, for he continues: I did not at once confer with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went to Arabia; and again I returned to Damascus. Having been led by the hand to Damascus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.10-44.9.18|AUTODETECT|” ), Paul never gave anyone an opportunity to impose his subjective ideas upon him. To be sure, Ananias, at the direction of the Lord, had visited the former persecutor, had laid his hands upon him, had restored his sight, had baptized him, and had told him that he, Paul, would be a witness to all men 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.10-44.9.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:10 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.12-44.22.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.12-44.22.16|AUTODETECT|” 22:12 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.13|AUTODETECT|” ). But all of this had been done at Christ s own command. In fact, Ananias, having heard so many distressing reports with respect to Saul the persecutor, had been reluctant to carry out the order he received. His reluctance had to be overcome 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.14|AUTODETECT|”
28. 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Moreover, it is not at all strange that the Lord had told Ananias to speak to Paul about the latter s mission to all men. After all, Paul s experience had been so sudden and had occasioned such a complete turn-about in his thinking, and such a radical reversal in his aiming, that a full discussion of its meaning under calmer circumstances was altogether natural and required. Kind-hearted Ananias was the right man for this task. But inasmuch as the message which the latter conveyed to Paul was not his own, Paul here in Galatians is fully justified in omitting any reference to this disciple of the Lord and his mission, since it did not in any way affect the point which he, Paul, is trying to establish, namely, that his gospel and his calling to proclaim it came from above, not from below.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.17|AUTODETECT|” Having spent a number of days in Damascus, Paul, instead of going to Jerusalem in order to receive from the other apostles whom he fully acknowledges as such! instruction in the contents of the gospel, at once decided not to go there. The words, I did not at once confer with flesh and blood do not mean not at once but later, but rather I immediately decided not to confer with flesh and blood ; that is, I decided not to consult mere man, man in all his weakness, over against God the Omnipotent 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.17|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ; and see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ). So, Paul did not at that time go to Jerusalem. Literally he writes, I did not at once put myself upon those who were apostles before me, seeking their advice or approval. He knew very well that, having seen the Lord and having already received the gospel and the call to proclaim it from him, he was on fully equal terms with the other apostles. So, instead of going to Jerusalem, he had gone to Arabia! The fact that Luke does not make mention of this trip is not strange.

Neither Luke nor Paul is trying to give us a complete biography of Paul. Paul s purpose has been stated more than once. And as to Luke, he is interested in setting forth the great works which Jesus, from his heavenly home, continued to do on earth in the establishment of his church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.7|AUTODETECT|” ), mainly through the preaching of the Word. Since Paul, in all probability, did not carry out any preaching mission in sparsely settled Arabia probably referring to the northern part of the large peninsula of Arabia, the part that extends almost to the very border of Damascus��36�� , it is not surprising that Luke omits mention of Paul s visit to that largely desert region. Surely, no one, not even the most confirmed Judaizer, would dare to claim that in Arabia Paul had received his gospel either from men or through man! And, on the other hand, the thought suggests itself that withdrawing to Arabia for rest, prayer, and meditation was exactly what Paul needed, so that his mind, violently shaken, would have time and opportunity to ponder the implications of the words which the Lord had spoken to him at the moment of his unforgettable experience. And again I returned to Damascus, writes Paul. Note that he still does not go to Jerusalem to confer with the other apostles.

Instead, having returned to Damascus, he begins to preach Christ in all his fulness. He does this not in this or that private dwelling 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.7|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.9|AUTODETECT|” ) or even in a school 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” ), but at once in the synagogues 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ). What courage! It reminds us of the boldness that characterized the other apostles when, shortly after Christ s resurrection, they addressed the people in the very courts of the temple 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In both cases the reason for this lack of fear is to be sought in the conviction on the part of these men that they had seen the risen Lord, were proclaiming his gospel, and were discharging the commission with which he himself had entrusted them.) 1 10 2 8 0 0 Chapter 1) Verses 18 24) Theme: The Gospel of Justification by Faith apart from Law-works Defended against Its Detractors) I. This Gospel s Origination: it is not of human but of divine origin) D. Not until three years later did I go up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, for fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles, only James. Then I went to Syria and Cilicia, but remained unknown by sight to the Christian churches of Judea. For the change wrought in me they glorified God.) ) 1:18 24) D. This gospel originated in God, as shown by Paul s experiences shortly after his conversion (continued)) 18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to become acquainted with Cephas, and I remained with him fifteen days; 19 but none of the other apostles did I see, only James the Lord s brother. 20 Now take note: with respect to the things which I am writing to you, in the presence of God (I affirm) that I am not lying. 21 Then I came to the districts of Syria and Cilicia. 22 But I was still unknown by sight to the Christian churches of Judea. 23 They simply kept hearing, He who formerly persecuted us is now preaching the gospel of the faith which he formerly was trying to destroy. 24 And they were glorifying God on my account.) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” 18. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to become acquainted with Cephas. Having spent some time in Arabia and in Damascus, Paul afterward went up to Jerusalem. This trip took place after three years, this intervening period being figured from the main event mentioned in verses 15 and 16: Paul s dramatic conversion. What portion of this three years was spent in Arabia, what portion in Damascus, is not indicated. We do not even know whether these three years were three full years, or two full years and part of another year, or only one full year and fractions of two other years.

The main point is this, that not immediately after his conversion but now at last, after three years Paul leaves Damascus for Jerusalem. It is evident that he does not go to Jerusalem in order to receive a mandate to preach the gospel, nor in order to discover the latter s contents. He has already received his commission and also the gospel, namely, from the Lord himself. Moreover, according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.23-44.9.25|AUTODETECT|” he has already been effectively preaching the gospel in the synagogues of Damascus. In fact, it was that very preaching of the gospel which stirred up the Jews, so that they took counsel to kill the preacher. Somehow by means of slandering Paul, describing him as a dangerous person, and perhaps offering a bribe? they persuaded the ethnarch of Damascus to assist them in their plot to kill Paul. The result: Paul s enemies guarded the city s gates, thinking that thus they would certainly get the apostle in their trap. However, Paul got wind of this scheme, and, by means of a large basket in which he was lowered to the ground from a window of a disciple s house built on the city-wall, he found safety and freedom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.23-44.9.25|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:23 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.32|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Southward he then wended his way, probably proceeding through the darkness all by himself. But why did he turn his face toward the south, that is, toward Jerusalem? The answer, given here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.42|AUTODETECT|” , is that he wanted to visit or become acquainted with��37�� Cephas 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=43.1.42|AUTODETECT|” John 1:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He may have learned from traveling disciples that right at this moment Cephas was staying in Jerusalem.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Paul reached the place where Cephas was staying. He continues his report: and I remained with him fifteen days. Again, we cannot be certain whether the period was equal to our fifteen days or more nearly to our fourteen days (cf. the expression three years at the beginning of this verse, in connection with which we experience a similar difficulty). What was the purpose of this meeting, and what took place between these two men? One can only guess. It would seem probable that from Peter the escapee gained valuable information about the life of Jesus while still on earth, about the present state of the church in Jerusalem, and about plans for the future; while, in all likelihood Peter gained first hand knowledge concerning Paul s unforgettable experience as he drew near to Damascus, concerning the state of religion in that city and concerning the clever and providential! manner in which the plot of the Jews had been foiled.

But whatever may have been the topics of discussion, one fact requires emphasis: the two men were meeting on a footing of perfect equality. Neither received his commission or his gospel from the other!) Paul s candid reporting of this visit with Cephas proves his honesty and historical objectivity. Had he been lacking in these qualities he would, no doubt, have left this incident unmentioned, for fear that the Judaizers would take advantage of it in support of their theory that Paul had received his gospel not from God but from men; particularly, in this case, from Peter. Paul, however, is not trying to hide anything that might be construed as being pertinent, one way or the other, to this basic point of contention (the gospel s origin). Besides, he must have been thoroughly convinced that, in the final analysis, the Judaizers in reality would derive little comfort from a visit so late in the day that is, so long a time after the apostle s conversion of such short duration, and for such a purpose . Was it not altogether natural that Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ, should wish to learn more about Peter, another apostle, commissioned by the same Lord, and should avail himself of the opportunity that presented itself?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19-44.14.21|AUTODETECT|” 19. Continued: but none of the other apostles did I see. The reason for this cannot have been that in Jerusalem Paul, out of fear, kept himself in hiding. Lack of courage was not at all characteristic of this man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.19-44.14.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:19 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.30|AUTODETECT|” 19:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|” 20:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.12-44.21.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.12-44.21.14|AUTODETECT|” 21:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.21-44.27.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.21-44.27.26|AUTODETECT|” 27:21 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.9-46.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.9-46.4.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:9 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.22-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.22-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:22 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.12-50.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:12 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.2|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.29|AUTODETECT|” ). For the boldness of the other apostles, displayed by them after Christ s resurrection, see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.1|AUTODETECT|” . The real reason why Paul did not see the other apostles was probably the latters absence from Jerusalem at this time. It is true that, according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.1|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” , immediately after Stephen s death the apostles had not joined in the flight of believers from that city. But do not ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 and 12:1, 2 suggest that they, except Peter and James (the latter being John s brother whom Herod killed with the sword), did leave afterward? We are not told how long before the events reported in these two passages they had left. Besides, by this time there must have been many Christian communities scattered throughout the country that was inhabited by the Jews, communities in need of leadership. This guidance was provided, we may well assume, by the apostles. The point which Paul is making is that he did not deem it necessary to visit all these communities and meet all these apostles in order to be approved by them and receive instruction from them in the essence of the gospel. So he, already an apostle, had seen only Cephas, and this merely for the purpose of getting acquainted with him.

None of the other apostles had he seen, only [or except] James, the Lord s brother. Does this mean that, after all, Paul had seen two apostles, namely, Peter, who, being one of the Twelve, was an apostle in the plenary sense of that term, and James, an apostle in a more general sense? Though from the point of view of grammar this possibility must be allowed, yet from the aspect of logic the alternative explanation would appear to be more reasonable, namely, In addition to Cephas, the only apostle whom I saw in Jerusalem, I also saw one other person of special importance, James, the Lord s brother. This does not mean that Paul had seen no other believers in Jerusalem; only, that he saw no other individuals of special prominence in the kingdom, Christian leaders.��38��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Paul calls James the Lord s brother. This distinguishes him from James, the brother of John (these two brothers being the sons of Zebedee), and from James, the son of Alphaeus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.3|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.3|AUTODETECT|” 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.17|AUTODETECT|” ). That James, the Lord s brother, was a man of prominence in the early church, particularly in Jerusalem, is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” 15:13 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.18|AUTODETECT|” 21:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.5|AUTODETECT|” . In the days of Christ s earthly sojourn James and his brothers had remained unbelievers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.5|AUTODETECT|” John 7:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|” ). But after the resurrected Christ had appeared to him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.7|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ), James and the other brothers of Jesus had become believers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.21|AUTODETECT|” ). Of all of Christ s brothers James occupied a leading role in the early history of the church. He was a person of special gifts and wide sympathies. Objects of his tender affection were both the Jews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.21|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17|AUTODETECT|” 21:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.19|AUTODETECT|” ff.) and the Gentiles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:13 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.25|AUTODETECT|” ). The endearing phrase our beloved Barnabas and Paul may well have come from him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.25|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” ). He was a moderate, a man of peace, eager to weld Jew and Gentile into a single Christian fellowship. He wisely accepted the position that it was possible for believers of diverse origin and background to live together harmoniously, even though in non-essentials the forms of religious expression might not be exactly identical. In predominantly Jewish communities for example, in Jerusalem he favored, for the period of transition, the retention of the ancestral customs handed down from Moses, but never as a substitute for (or supplement of) faith in Christ. He was definitely opposed to burdening the Gentiles with the rite of circumcision and other Jewish ordinances, but tactfully proposed that in mixed communities certain practices offensive to Jews be avoided 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.13-44.15.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:13 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17-44.21.26|AUTODETECT|” ). Whether at times 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.17-44.21.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:17 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), in pursuing his policy of conciliation he may have bent backward too far in his attempt to satisfy, as far as possible, those from the Jews who, like himself, had turned to the Lord, is a question that need not concern us here.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.55|AUTODETECT|” That James is here called the Lord s brother because he sprang from the same womb as did Jesus, according to the latter s human nature, would seem to follow naturally from such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.55|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 13:55) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.56|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.13.56|AUTODETECT|” 56) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.6.3|AUTODETECT|” Mark 6:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the names of the other brothers are also mentioned, and the presence of sisters is also indicated. The burden of proof rests entirely on those who defend the idea that brother, as used here, means step-brother (son of Joseph by an earlier marriage) or cousin.��39��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.19|AUTODETECT|” For Paul, on his visit to Jerusalem, to have ignored a man of such prominence as James, would have been unthinkable. However, the apostle s testimony here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is in line with his main contention, namely, that he did not receive his gospel or his call to proclaim it from any man, but from Christ. While Paul remained at the home of Cephas for a period of two weeks, he only saw in this connection meaning perhaps briefly contacted James. And there is not a hint of a clash between Paul and James.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 20. Since the apostle is well aware of the fact that his own representation of the facts is going to be challenged by the enemies, he adds: Now take note: with respect to the things which I am writing to you, in the presence of God (I affirm) that I am not lying. Here he solemnly affirms, with an appeal to God s own presence and omniscience, that what he says is true.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” In reading Paul s epistles it is striking how often the apostle s awareness of the presence of God shines through his lines, as it were 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.6.17|AUTODETECT|” 6:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.7.25|AUTODETECT|” 7:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” 8:35 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.1|AUTODETECT|” 9:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.1|AUTODETECT|” 10:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.33-45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.33-45.11.36|AUTODETECT|” 11:33 36) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.13|AUTODETECT|” 15:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25-45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25-45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” 16:25 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.15|AUTODETECT|” 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” ff.; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.3.14-49.3.21|AUTODETECT|” 3:14 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and in all the other epistles). He was filled with a genuine and overpowering consciousness of living in the very presence of God, the God whom he loved and, what is even more meaningful, who loved him. A good rule for each person to follow is, therefore, this one:) 1 6 2 8 0 0 When you think, when you speak, when you read, when you write,) When you sing, when you walk, when you seek for delight, ) To be kept from all wrong both at home and abroad,) Live always as under the eye of your God. ) (First lines of a poem) of anonymous authorship)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” 21. Paul continues: Then I came to the districts of Syria and Cilicia. Luke states that it was because of another plot against Paul s life that the brothers in Jerusalem, having become aware of it, decided that he should leave the city. Paul agreed, for, as he himself reports, the Lord appeared to him and told him to depart quickly, adding the encouraging words, I will send you far away to the Gentiles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.17-44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.22.17-44.22.21|AUTODETECT|” 22:17 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). So Paul was conducted on his way to Caesarea, and from there sent to his home-town, Tarsus, the chief city of Cilicia, from which, probably after a period of several years, Barnabas, overtaxed with evangelistic activity, brought him to Antioch in Syria to join in the work there.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Now this sequence of events raises the question, If Paul first made his abode in Cilicia, afterward in Syria, why does he, in making his own report, reverse this order; in other words, why Syria and Cilicia instead of Cilicia and Syria ? Some answers are: a. because Syria adjoins Palestine, so that, traveling by land, one would reach Syria before entering Cilicia; b. because in Cilicia the apostle remained inactive, but he worked in Syria; and c. because Cilicia, though a Roman province, was rather weak and under the jurisdiction of Syria. Whatever may be the truth as to this question, the main point which Paul is trying to stress must not be lost sight of. He is saying, as it were, Then I left Jerusalem and went to places so remote that the possibility of contact with the Twelve, to receive the gospel from them or to be seriously influenced by them, was excluded. ) 22, 23. Continued: But I was still unknown by sight to the Christian churches of Judea. The apostle was fully justified in making this statement, for in former days his persecution activity, as far as it had been carried on in the southern part of Palestine, had been largely confined to Jerusalem; and as a convert and apostle he, having spent a fortnight with Cephas, had not entered any of the surrounding territory.��40�� Thus personally he was still unknown in these country churches, probably implying and thus unknown also to the apostles who were serving them (see on verse 19).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=48.2.6-48.2.10|AUTODETECT|” For various reasons the Christians in the outlying districts were used to making trips to Jerusalem. On these visits they would call on some of their fellow-believers. Also, those dwelling in Jerusalem would visit those outside the city. In both of these cases those of Jerusalem would joyfully and vividly impart to their friends and relatives the news about the persecutor turned gospeler. As a result They, that is, the members of the Christian churches of Judea, simply kept hearing, He who formerly persecuted us is now preaching the gospel of the faith��41�� which he formerly was trying to destroy. The underlying implication of this exuberant exclamation must not escape us.

It is evident that the reporters, men and women of simple faith in Christ, approved of the gospel as preached by Paul! They recognized it as being the very same good news which they had accepted from the start, having heard it from the lips of Christ and his disciples. It was that gospel which at one time Paul had been trying to destroy. It was that same gospel which he was now preaching! What a crushing argument against the Judaizers, who were slandering the apostle for proclaiming the wrong kind of gospel, one that would not reach quite far enough to save people. What the church s pillars are reported to have done later on, namely, give expression to their conviction that the gospel as preached by Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.6-48.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:6 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.26|AUTODETECT|” ) was the true gospel, the Jerusalem saints were shouting even now, and their Judaean fellow-believers, who were constantly hearing it, were in glad accord with them. 24. Paul concludes: And they all of them together were glorifying��42�� God on my account. They were not suspicious, as those of Jerusalem had been at one time 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ), nor indifferent 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=66.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), nor unforgiving, nor even merely happy. On the contrary, fully realizing that whatever comes from God must be returned to him in the form of praise and thanksgiving, and that this circle must never be broken, they declared the glorious character of God s marvelous attributes: power, sovereignty, wisdom, grace, mercy, etc., shown in saving a wretch, a relentless persecutor, and transforming him into a flame-tongued herald of the gospel! What depth of feeling must have overwhelmed Paul s soul as he wrote these last words: They were glorifying God on my account ! ) 1 15 2 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 1) This chapter consists of four short paragraphs: verses 1 5; 6 10; 11 17; and 18 24. In the first of these subdivisions Paul s painful distress reveals itself in the manner in which he describes himself and the addressed, and in the qualifying clause by means of which he enlarges on his opening salutation. In that clause he clearly implies that to the sacrifice of Christ for sinners to purchase their salvation nothing can be added.) In the second paragraph Paul gives expression to his shocked amazement about those whom he addresses, because of their disloyalty to the God who had called them, and their readiness to accept a different gospel, which really was no gospel at all but a dangerous distortion. He pronounces God s curse upon anyone who might proclaim or is actually proclaiming a gospel other than the one which had been preached to the Galatians and had been accepted by them.) In this connection two facts must be borne in mind:) (1) Paul s anathemas have relevancy in every age. Anyone who teaches that God s grace and human endeavor are twin sources of salvation, that is, that to a certain extent men are able to lift themselves into heaven by the lobes of their ears, is here condemned. Implication: then would not this curse rest at least as heavily upon those who proclaim that salvation can be achieved apart entirely from divine help ?) (2) These anathemas are aimed at those who are leading the Galatians astray, not at the Galatians themselves.

With the latter the apostle is sorely displeased. Nevertheless, in his love and patience he still regards them as his and God s children, grievously erring children though they be a lesson for all pastors, parents, and leaders of men.) In verses 11 17 Paul proves that the charge of the opponents, namely, that he is not a true apostle and that his gospel had been imparted to him not by God but by men, and is accordingly a merely human invention, is false. He bolsters his argument by briefly setting forth certain relevant events from the story of his life. As to receiving the gospel from men, particularly from other apostles, he shows that before his conversion this would have been psychologically impossible for such a bitter persecutor; that at the time of his conversion it would have been wholly unnecessary, for Christ himself revealed the gospel to him by appearing to him and addressing him directly; and that immediately after his conversion it would, in addition, have been geographically unthinkable, for in Damascus and in Arabia, the places to which he wended his way, there were no apostles who could have imparted the gospel to him.) The same line of argumentation is continued in the closing paragraph. Paul shows that his first post-conversion visit to Jerusalem was of very short duration, had as its purpose to become acquainted with Cephas (Peter), not to receive the gospel from him, and was not followed by visits to the other apostles (though James, the brother of the Lord, was also briefly contacted). The writer had remained unknown to the Christian churches of Judea, outside Jerusalem.

Accordingly, when the wonderful news of his conversion began to spread, those who heard it did not begin to praise Peter or the rest of the apostles but were glorifying God on Paul s account, for it was from God from Christ himself that the former persecutor had received the glorious gospel of salvation full and free for Gentiles as well as for Jews.) Implication: since, then, this gospel is divine in origin and essence, no attempt must be made to distort it. It is the only good news whereby men are saved, enabled to be a blessing to their neighbors, and equipped to live to God s glory.) 10 One preposition ��� governs both appellatives.) 11 The flexibility or wide variety of connotations adhering to the preposition ��� makes it impossible for me to join those exegetes who are of the opinion that it must here mean supporting (me), in distinction from ����, which would simply have meant in (my) company. Is not the support already clearly implied?) 12 The one preposition from introduces the entire expression God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, showing that these two Persons are placed on the level of complete equality.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 13 The position of the adjective ������� gives it special emphasis, which accounts for my translation this present world dominated by evil instead of simply this present evil world. ) 14 This modifier ( according to, etc.) belongs to verse 4 in its entirety, as brought out in the translation.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” 15 Though the verb is missing, so that one could either insert ����, Isaiah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.113.2|AUTODETECT|” ) or �0� be 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.113.2|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 113:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; LXX:112:2), the resultant meaning would be about the same, for if his is the glory then glory should certainly be ascribed to him.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 16 On the concept glory see N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 62, 63, footnote 43.) 17 In the original the abruptness of this outburst is heightened by the absence of any introductory particle.) 18 It is true that the form of the verb can be interpreted either as a middle or as a passive, but passages like 3:1 ff.; 5:7 show that the apostle is definitely blaming the Galatians for lending a listening ear to the trouble-makers false teaching.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.9|AUTODETECT|” 19 On ����� as compared with ���� see, among many references that could be listed, M.M., p. 257. It should be obvious that the attempt at a consistent distinction between these two words, applicable in all cases, must fail, especially in Koine Greek. In the New Testament, for example, the two are sometimes used interchangeably 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.9|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). For the rest, the rule ���� adds, while ����� distinguishes is often helpful.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 A.R.V. American Standard Revised Version) N.E.B. New English Bible) A.V. Authorized Version (King James)) 20 The fact that in the very next verse the author clearly distinguishes between we and I, mentioning them in one breath, makes it quite clear that even in verse 8 his we is not a literary plural. On this subject see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, p. 82, footnote 65.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.13|AUTODETECT|” 21 For this meaning of ���� see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.1.26|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 1:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.18|AUTODETECT|” 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.24|AUTODETECT|” 11:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.17|AUTODETECT|” 16:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . The root idea of this preposition is beside, alongside; Cf. the English parallel. One can place things side by side for the sake of comparison. This easily shifts into that of opposition; for example, the worship of a false god besides the true God is carried on in opposition to contrary to the will of the true God.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.5|AUTODETECT|” 22 According to H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, Vol. III, p. 260, in the terminology of the Septuagint the word ������ indicates anything which by God or in God s name has been devoted to destruction and ruin. The rabbinical %erem is a broader concept, inasmuch as it comprises whatever is devoted to God, not only that which is devoted to him for destruction. The same distinction is carried over into the New Testament, where the noun ������ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.5|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.8|AUTODETECT|” , according to the best reading) means that which has been devoted to God as a votive offering, naturally with no curse implications; while ������ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.14|AUTODETECT|” , and also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.22|AUTODETECT|” 16:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) refers to that which is devoted to God without hope of being redeemed; hence, that which, or he who, is doomed to destruction, accursed. See also the entries ������ and ������ in L.N.T. (Th.) and L.N.T. (A. and G.).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 23 The first conditional sentence (verse 8) has �� and the aorist middle subjunctive in the protasis, and is, accordingly, future more vivid or third class. The second (verse 9) has �0 and the present middle indicative, and is simple, first class. It assumes that the condition is true to fact. In the present case we know that it is also actually true to fact. The apodosis, in both cases, uses the present imperative.) 24 He cannot have meant, I now repeat what I just said (in verse 8), for there is too much difference in content between the two statements, as has been, and will be, indicated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.23|AUTODETECT|” 25 By no means does ��� always mean for or because. It can also be strongly confirmatory or exclamatory: Yes, indeed! Certainly! There! What! Why! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.23|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.7.41|AUTODETECT|” John 7:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.31|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.22|AUTODETECT|” 11:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 7 2 8 0 0 26 This is a contrary to fact or second class conditional sentence: with �0 and the imperfect indicative in the protasis; and the imperfect indicative with � in the apodosis.) 27 For the implications of the term servant see N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 44, 109, 110.) 28 Similarly Williams not a human message, and Beck not a human idea. ) 29 With the accusative ���� has this merging quality; see N.T.L. (A and G), p. 408: the meaning in accordance with merges with the result of. ) 30 Others, interpreting ��������� differently, and emphasizing the role of oral tradition especially as employed in the rabbinical schools, believe that Paul meant, I did not receive it by tradition from men, that is, I was not taught it. ) 31 The imperfect tenses make this summary very vivid; thus not persecuted but was persecuting and was destroying or was trying to destroy. As to the second verb, this can be rendered either way: a. was destroying, for Paul s efforts were partially successful; b. was trying to destroy, for these efforts fell far short of their goal. God took care of that!) 32 See W. Hendriksen, Bible Survey, p. 92 ff.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” 33 Though the textual evidence for God is not too strong, it is clear that God is meant. In the original, with the verb �P����� and the cognate noun �P�����, the name of God is not always expressed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ). However, the reference to God is clear from the context; thus also in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ; see 1:3.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 34 The phrase � ��� has given rise to much discussion. It has been rendered to me, through me, in connection with me, in my case, and simply in (or within) me. Though there are parallels for each of these uses, the inward look of the present epistle cf. Christ lives in me (2:20); until Christ be formed in you (4:19) has convinced me that in or within me is correct.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.0|AUTODETECT|” 35 This is also the view of S. Greijdanus, Is Hand. 9 (met 22 en 26) in tegenspraak met ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.0|AUTODETECT|” ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.0|AUTODETECT|” en 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ?, Kampen, 1935, p. 40.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 36 See Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible, Philadelphia, 1945, p. 87 and Plate XV.) 37 The verb 1������ (cf. the noun 4����, 5����) is from the stem ���; cf. �4��, �6�� (see, know). From this same stem are derived the English visit (cf. vision, wit); A. S. witan; Dutch weten, and similar words in German, Danish, Swedish, etc. Hence, in Koine Greek the meaning of the verb under discussion is: to visit with the purpose of getting to know, to become acquainted with.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.19|AUTODETECT|” 38 Accordingly, the charge that ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.26-44.9.29|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.26-44.9.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:26 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.14|AUTODETECT|” are in hopeless conflict is unfounded. Even Luke s statement that Paul was brought to the apostles is not necessarily in conflict with Paul s own declaration in the passage under discussion. The Praesidium of the Jerusalem church consisted originally of the apostles, the Twelve. When, due to their absence, other men had to replace them such as James, the Lord s brother, and certain elders this governing body could very well continue to bear the name the apostles. In ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.14|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Luke calls Barnabas an apostle. ) 1 1 2 8 0 0 39 On this see F. F. Bruce, Commentary on the Book of Acts, pp. 44, 45.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.22|AUTODETECT|” 40 For use of the term Judea for the region round about Jerusalem, but excluding the latter, see also ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.22|AUTODETECT|” John 3:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.22|AUTODETECT|” . That here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.4|AUTODETECT|” Jerusalem is indeed excluded follows naturally from verse 23, where the Jerusalem saints are introduced as referring to Paul s former activity as a persecutor in their midst. Certainly, if he had persecuted them, then to them, at least, he cannot have been unknown. It is impossible, however, to determine the exact boundaries of Judea as the term is employed here in verse 22. We do know, however, that from Jerusalem as a center the cause of the Lord had been spreading 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.8.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 8:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ff.), so that the term the churches of Judea in Christ (thus literally) must not be taken in too narrow a sense.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 41 In this context the objective sense of the word faith surely predominates; that is, it is the religion or doctrine that is meant. See also on 6:10.) 42 On the cognate noun ���� see N.T.C. on Philippians, pp. 62 64.) Hendriksen, W., & Kistemaker, S. J. (1953-2001). Vol. 8: New Testament commentary : Exposition of Galatians. Accompanying biblical text is author’s translation. New Testament Commentary (28). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House.)