1 Peter 5

Hendriksen

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-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 31 2 8 0 0 5. Conclusion) (5:1 14)) ) Outline) 5:1 14 VII. Conclusion ) 5:1 4 A. Duties of Elders ) 5:1 1. Appeal ) 5:2 3 2. Serve ) 5:4 3.

Receive ) 5:5 9 B. Exhortations ) 5:5 7 1. Submission ) 5:8 2. Self-control ) 5:9 3. Resistance ) 5:10 11 C. Prayer ) 5:12 14 D.

Greetings ) 5:12 1. Purpose ) 5:13 14 2. Farewell ) ) ) ) VII. Conclusion) 5:1 14) 5 1 To the elders among you, I appeal as a fellow elder, a witness of Christ s sufferings and one who also will share in the glory to be revealed: 2 Be shepherds of God s flock that is under your care, serving as overseers not because you must, but because you are willing, as God wants you to be; not greedy for money, but eager to serve; 3 not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock. 4 And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away.) 5 Young men, in the same way be submissive to those who are older. All of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, because,) God opposes the proud) but gives grace to the humble. ) 6 Humble yourselves, therefore, under God s mighty hand, that he may lift you up in due time. 7 Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you.) 8 Be self-controlled and alert. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. 9 Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings.) 10 And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have suffered a little while, will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast.) 11 To him be the power for ever and ever.

Amen.) 12 With the help of Silas, whom I regard as a faithful brother, I have written to you briefly, encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God. Stand fast in it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” 13 She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you her greetings, and so does my son ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Mark. 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Greet one another with a kiss of love.) 1 11 2 8 0 0 Peace to all of you who are in Christ.) ) A. Duties of Elders) 5:1 4) 1. Appeal) 5:1) The message of the epistle is concluded in chapter 4. The remainder of the epistle consists of admonitions, exhortations, and personal greetings. In fact, in the last chapter of his letter Peter is remarkably personal, for he even relates that he is an eyewitness of Christ s sufferings.) 1. To the elders among you, I appeal as a fellow elder, a witness of Christ s sufferings and one who also will share in the glory to be revealed.) Note these points:) (a) Elder) In the Greek, the word elders appears without the definite article to stress the function of this office. The word elder refers not so much to the age (v. 5) as to the task of the person who holds the position of leader in the church (vv. 2 3).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Following the example of the elders of Israel who ruled in the synagogues, elders in the early church gave leadership to local congregations 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.11.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 11:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.18|AUTODETECT|” 21:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.23|AUTODETECT|” ). The apostles appointed elders in every church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Acts 14:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ), and apostolic helpers were instructed to do likewise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” ). The apostles charged the elders to provide spiritual care for the members of the church by teaching and preaching the Word; to guard the purity of the Christian faith by warning God s people against false doctrines; and to promote peace and order in the church by setting examples in their own households 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11-49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11-49.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2-54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul gives Timothy and Titus a list of qualifications for elders 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2-54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:2 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.17|AUTODETECT|” The term used in 5:1 is presbyteros (elder), from which we have the derivative presbyterian. Observe that in the New Testament the word episkopos (overseer, bishop), which gives us the derivative episcopal, also occurs. In some passages, these two terms are interchangeable and therefore have the same meaning 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.17|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ).��1�� Notice that Peter calls himself a fellow elder 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.0|AUTODETECT|” II John 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.0|AUTODETECT|” III John 1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He reveals that he places himself not above but next to the elders. And thus he indicates that an apostle can also be an elder.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Peter writes, I appeal [to you] as a fellow elder. He intimates that the elders should set an example in committing themselves to God and in doing good (4:19). He does so by directing the attention of the elders to his previous discussion. A few translations, on the basis of a particle in the Greek text, begin verse 1 with the adverb therefore.��2�� The adverb links this verse to the last verse of the preceding chapter.) (b) Witness) The apostle describes himself as a fellow elder and an eyewitness of the sufferings of Christ. He points to Gethsemane and Golgotha, even though the Gospels do not relate whether Peter was present at the crucifixion of Christ. Peter witnessed Jesus agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, the trial before the high priest, and the condemnation of Jesus that caused him to stand trial in the presence of Pilate. In effect, Peter is an eyewitness.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.35|AUTODETECT|” The term witness has a double connotation: to see something take place 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.35|AUTODETECT|” John 19:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and to proclaim the message of the occurrence (a figurative sense). This term usually is used in the figurative sense; every believer in effect is a witness for Christ. Some commentators accept only the second interpretation and thereby preclude the authorship of Peter.��3�� However, Peter himself formulated the prerequisite of apostleship when Matthias was chosen by lot to take the place of Judas Iscariot:) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.21-44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Therefore it is necessary to choose one of the men who have been with us the whole time the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from John s baptism to the time when Jesus was taken up from us. For one of these must become a witness with us of his resurrection. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.21-44.1.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:21 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.45-42.24.48|AUTODETECT|” Peter is one who testifies to the sufferings of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.24.45-42.24.48|AUTODETECT|” Luke 24:45 48) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.1.8|AUTODETECT|” Acts 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He proclaims the message of salvation because he is an eyewitness of the suffering Jesus experienced in Gethsemane, before the Sanhedrin and Pilate, and at Calvary. The context of verse 1 permits the interpretation that he is not only a fellow elder but even a fellow sufferer for the sake of Christ.��4�� Suffering leads to glory in which Peter shares.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 (c) Participant) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Peter says that he is one who also will share in the glory to be revealed. From the day Peter followed Jesus, he had seen his glory during his ministry, especially at the time of Jesus transfiguration 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.16.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.2|AUTODETECT|” 17:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.14|AUTODETECT|” John 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.2.11|AUTODETECT|” 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.17|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.17|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Although Peter writes the future tense will share, he already has indicated that the Spirit of glory is resting on the believers (4:14; compare 1:8). A Christian shares in Christ s glory now, although in part, and afterward fully.) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Peter alerts the readers that this glory is about to be revealed. The time separating us from the revelation of God s glory is short. Moreover, Peter notes that this revelation is not a single event but a continuous act. The unfolding of divine glory is an unbroken process.) ) Practical Considerations in 5:1) When an athlete consistently scores in a particular game, he receives the adulation of the spectators. He basks in glory because he is the hero of the day. But when in the next game he fails to perform according to the crowd s expectations, his glory disappears as green leaves on the morning of a severe frost.

Particularly in sports, the glory of the players is transient.) A person s physical appearance can be strikingly beautiful in youth and the early years of adulthood. But when the wrinkles begin to appear, youth s glory vanishes. Achievements, in whatever area these may be, often garner glory and honor. Yet they are temporal and soon forgotten. Therefore the Latin proverb is pertinent: Sic transit gloria mundi (So the glory of the world passes on).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.8-42.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Scripture, however, reveals a glory that is heavenly, divine, and eternal. Persons who were permitted to see this glory have seen it only momentarily: the shepherds in Bethlehem s fields witnessed heaven s glory when Jesus was born 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.8-42.2.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:8 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.1-40.17.13|AUTODETECT|” ); Peter, James, and John were with Jesus at his transfiguration 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.17.1-40.17.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 17:1 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1-44.9.9|AUTODETECT|” ); Paul on the way to Damascus was blinded by the heavenly brilliance of Jesus glory 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.1-44.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:1 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.9-66.1.20|AUTODETECT|” ); and John at Patmos saw Jesus in all his splendor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.9-66.1.20|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:9 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 9 2 8 0 0 In his epistle Peter teaches that heavenly glory is abiding.��5�� This is what he says: we share in the glory that God will continue to reveal (5:1), we will receive an unfading crown of glory (5:4), and we have been called to God s eternal glory in Christ (5:10). The heavenly glory which we shall share with Christ is eternal.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:1) A �� v �� one definite article describes two functions of the apostle: presbyter and witness. The preposition �� applies to both nouns.) �� this present active participle is a substitute for the future tense.) �� the present passive infinitive from �� (I reveal) denotes continuous action. The use of the passive implies that God is the agent.) 2. Serve) 5:2 3) 2. Be shepherds of God s flock that is under your care, serving as overseers not because you must, but because you are willing, as God wants you to be; not greedy for money, but eager to serve; 3. not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.15-43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” a. Be shepherds of God s flock. The imagery is striking in view of Jesus words spoken at the time of Peter s restoration: Feed my lambs, Take care of my sheep, and Feed my sheep 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.21.15-43.21.17|AUTODETECT|” John 21:15 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” ). Here is a figure of speech that Jesus often used. He applied the saying I am the good shepherd 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.11|AUTODETECT|” John 10:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.52|AUTODETECT|” ) to himself and called the church a flock of sheep. He borrowed the imagery from the Old Testament 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.52|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 78:52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.63.11|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 63:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.10|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.13.7|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 13:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). As Jesus is the Chief Shepherd (v. 4), so the elders should be shepherds working under him and caring for God s people, called God s flock. Here Peter commands the elders to be shepherds while they serve as overseers. They must feed the flock by discipline and doctrine. ��6��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” The expression flock appears four times in the New Testament: Jesus uses it to calm his disciples ( Do not be afraid, little flock [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.12.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 12:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28-44.20.29|AUTODETECT|” ]); Paul exhorts the Ephesian elders to keep watch over yourselves and all the flock and to protect it from savage wolves that will not spare the flock 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28-44.20.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ); Peter tells the elders to be shepherds of God s flock that is under your care (v. 2) and to be examples to the flock (v. 3). The Greek word for flock is a diminutive form. It is a term of endearment and means God s precious flock that has been bought with the blood of Christ.) 1 10 2 8 0 0 b. Serving as overseers. Elders serve by being overseers of the flock. Peter gives them a number of instructions about how they are to do their work. We have the following scheme, put in parallel form to show the negative and positive directives:) not because you must but because you are willing,) as God wants you to be ) not greedy for money but eager to serve ) not lording it over) those entrusted) to you but being examples to the) flock ) ) ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.7|AUTODETECT|” First, let us consider the negative statement not because you must. In the Greek, the adverbial expression which in the New Testament occurs only here means by compulsion ��7�� or by force or constraint. ��8�� The desired attitude is similar to that of the person who donates his gifts: Each man should give what he has decided in his heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.7|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 9:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Positively, an elder must serve willingly and spontaneously to please God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He does so freely, with the sole purpose of doing God s will. By doing so, he demonstrates his love and thankfulness toward God.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.3|AUTODETECT|” Second, the prohibition not greedy for money is telling, for this is one of the vices the elders should avoid 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.3|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.7|AUTODETECT|” , and see 11).��9�� During his earthly ministry, Jesus instructed the disciples: The worker deserves his wages 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.10.7|AUTODETECT|” Luke 10:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul amplifies this thought when he writes about the material support of the preacher. Says he, The Lord has commanded that those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.14|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” ). And in the pastoral Epistles Paul indicates that elders received remuneration for their labors in the church. The elders who direct the affairs of the church well are worthy of double honor, especially those whose work is preaching and teaching 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ). In the next verse, Paul quotes Jesus saying, The worker deserves his wages, to show that the term honor includes financial support. The elders, however, ought to shun every desire to enrich themselves. Should they yield to this desire, they would commit the sin of greed, which is idolatry 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What is forbidden is not the desire for fair remuneration, but the sordid love of gain. ��10��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Peter tells the elders not to be greedy but eager to serve. He says that they must be filled with enthusiasm in their task of serving God s people. They must find their satisfaction in serving Christ, not in serving Money.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Third, as shepherds of the flock, the elders receive their authority directly from the Chief Shepherd (v. 4) through the Holy Spirit 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.28|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). However, they are not to misuse this authority; hence the admonition, not lording it over those entrusted to you. That is, Jesus has given them a charge to serve the people of his flock.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” The words lording it over speak of a high-handed autocratic rule over the flock. ��11�� Although Jesus delegates authority to leaders in the church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ), no elder may abuse the power he has received. When Paul writes to the Christians in Corinth, he advances their spiritual stability. Says he, Not that we lord it over your faith, but we work with you for your joy, because it is by faith you stand firm 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.24|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.4|AUTODETECT|” ; also compare ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.34.4|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 34:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The apostles Peter and Paul never used their apostolic office for personal advantage. They placed themselves alongside the members of the church to strengthen the weak, heal the sick, and bind up the wounded.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Peter notes that the elders are to serve the people who are entrusted to their care. In the Greek, Peter literally says, not lording it over the lots. The lots are the various parts of the congregation which have been assigned as portions to the individual presbyters. ��12�� Jesus, then, entrusts various parts of his church to the elders and holds them accountable to God for the work they perform 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.17|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The elders serve God s people not because of natural leadership capabilities or because Peter ordained them as presbyters. They serve because Jesus the Chief Shepherd called them to this task.��13��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Church leaders must be examples to the flock. Paul instructs Timothy to be an example to the believers in speech, life, love, faith, and purity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; and see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ). The elders must induce the people to imitate them in true obedience to the gospel of Christ. Furthermore, when these leaders faithfully proclaim the Word and live in accordance with it, they enhance the name of Christ and thus strengthen their authority. In short, for the elders words and deeds must be synonymous 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.11.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 11:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.17|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 17 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 5:2 3) People are slavish borrowers of expressions they do not have in their own tongue. The result is that words in time assume different shades of meaning. Often the original meaning of a word disappears completely.) One such word is the term clergy. Today we use it of ordained pastors. We place it in opposition to the unordained members of the church whom we call laity. Now notice an interesting development in the history of these two terms.

The word clergy comes from the Greek kleeros (v. 3), which in the original means lot or in this verse an allotment of members of the church. In early ecclesiastical Latin, the expression clerus signified a congregation and pointed to a group of unordained members. In later years, however, the Latin term clericus became the designation for an ordained person; the rest of the people were called laity (from the Greek word laos or laikos, people).) When Peter wrote verses 2 and 3 and instructed the elders to be shepherds of the people, he told them not to lord it over those who were entrusted to their care. But the Greek term he employed to describe the ones entrusted to the elders now functions as a label for the clergy.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:2 3) Verse 2) �� the aorist active imperative of the verb �� (I tend a flock) is a constative aorist without reference to a distinct period of time.��14��) �� the present active participle translated serving as overseers is absent in important Greek manuscripts. Many translators adopt the reading of these witnesses and omit the participle. Because of the internal evidence from the epistle itself (for example, Peter s penchant for using participles), other translators incorporate the words serving as overseers (or an equivalent) in the text.��15��) Verse 3) �� note the compound of this present active participle; it is intensive.) �� this is the objective genitive: models for the flock. ) 3.

Receive) 5:4) 4. And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away.) Pastors should never forget that they are directly responsible to Jesus, who bears the title Chief Shepherd in this text. They ought to remember that the church belongs to Jesus, even though they faithfully love and serve God s people. They must acknowledge that they serve the master Shepherd, whom they serve until he returns. As Jesus undershepherds, they guide his sheep to the green pastures of his Word and feed them spiritual food.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” Only here in the New Testament the expression Chief Shepherd appears. True, Peter refers to Jesus as the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls (2:25). And the writer of Hebrews calls him the great Shepherd of the sheep (13:20). But in this verse he tells the readers that this Chief Shepherd will return some day. When that day comes, Jesus will bring his rewards with him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.12|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 22:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.25|AUTODETECT|” When Jesus comes, the undershepherds will receive their prize from him, namely, an unfading crown of glory. They accept this trophy as a recognition of the labors of love they have devoted to the members of the church. Theirs is the crown of glory that will never fade away 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Greek word for fade away relates to the amaranth flower, which does not lose its beauty and therefore symbolizes immortality. Skillful hands formed a crown of these flowers; the crown then was given to the victor as a token of his glory.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” At the end of his missionary career, while in a Roman prison, Paul says that there is in store for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ). James also mentions that the person who perseveres in trials will receive the crown of life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.17|AUTODETECT|” ). Touching is the contrast between the crown of thorns Jesus wore 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.17|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.2|AUTODETECT|” John 19:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.19.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and the unfading crown of glory he gives his people. Jesus bore the crown of humiliation so that we may wear the garland of glory. Conclusively, the victim became the victor who shares his victory with his followers.) 1 18 2 8 0 0 Even though the translation the glorious crown (GNB) is grammatically acceptable, the structure of the sentence in the original stresses the word glory. Furthermore, in the broader context this word is prominent, for Peter mentions that he is one who also will share in the glory to be revealed (v. 1); and in his benediction he states that God calls us into his eternal glory (v. 10).) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:4) �� the genitive in this aorist passive verb from �� (I reveal) is part of the genitive absolute construction. Mark that the aorist tense denotes single occurrence and that the passive suggests an implied agent (God).) �� pertaining to the amaranth flower, so called because it never withers or fades, and when plucked off revives if moistened with water; hence it is a symbol of perpetuity and immortality. ��16��) �� the use of the genitive points to the quality of the noun. Scholars call this the genitive of definition. ��17��) B. Exhortations) 5:5 9) 1. Submission) 5:5 7) (a) Clothe yourselves) 5:5) Once again Peter issues a set of instructions and exhortations (compare 2:13, 18; 3:1, 7, 8).

In verse 1 he addresses the elders, in verse 5 the younger men, and in verses 6 9 all the readers. In concluding his epistle, the apostle first instructs the elders and then the next generation.) 5. Young men, in the same way be submissive to those who are older. All of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, because,) God opposes the proud) but gives grace to the humble. ) Observe these points:) a. Subjection. Peter turns to the young men and writes the phrase in the same way.

In Peter s epistle this phrase may indicate nothing more than that the writer makes a transition in his discussion (see 3:1 with its explanation). The phrase, then, is more or less equivalent to the connective adverb also.��18��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1-54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Accordingly, Peter first instructs the elders to demonstrate willingness to serve and to be examples to the believers. Next, he tells the young men to be submissive to those who are older. Is Peter discussing first the office of elder and then an office filled specifically by younger men? Although Scripture introduces the office of elder 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.1-54.3.7|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:1 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.5-56.1.9|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:5 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.6|AUTODETECT|” ), it mentions no office for younger men. True, in the early church the younger men performed duties in burial services 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ); and Paul instructs Timothy to treat younger men as brothers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and Titus to encourage them to be self-controlled 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But the New Testament provides no evidence that these young men were serving in any official capacity. Therefore, in view of this lack of evidence we cannot prove that Peter thinks of these young men as deacons.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 When we consider this verse, we see the clear lines of subordination. The cultural background is evident. The first-century Jewish writer Philo observes that the sect called the Essenes separated the older men from the younger. On the sabbath in their synagogues, arranged in rows according to their ages, the younger below the elder, they sit decorously as befits the occasion.& ��19��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” Does the Greek word for elders ( those who are older [v. 5]) refer to function (see v. 1) or to age? Because Peter mentions no specific office for the younger men in verse 5, we infer that he thinks of age and function. The one interpretation does not rule out the other. A word can convey two meanings when a writer provides indications to that effect. For example, Paul confirms such a shift in meaning for the word presbyteros in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” I Timothy 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.17|AUTODETECT|” I Timothy 5:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 3 2 8 0 0 Peter teaches that in the church the elders are called to positions of leadership; he exhorts the junior men to be submissive to them. And he urges these young men to show respect and deference to those who are more advanced in age. By implication, they learn obedience and humility from their elders and at the same time are trained to assume leadership roles in church and community.) b. Humility. For both the older and the younger generation, humility ought to be the hallmark of Christian living. Peter writes, All of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another.

Is the word all restrictive or comprehensive? In the restrictive sense it applies to the younger men, so that verse 5a and 5b form one unit. But this combination leaves the rest of the sentence grammatically unrelated to the preceding. Most translators, therefore, have opted for the comprehensive meaning of all. They have combined verse 5b and 5c, so that 5a forms a separate sentence.��20��) Clothe yourselves with humility toward one another. The Greek gives an interesting description of the act of putting on humility.

The word clothe means to tie a piece of clothing to oneself. For example, slaves used to knot a white scarf or apron over their clothing to distinguish themselves from freemen.��21�� The suggestion is that Christians ought to tie humility to their conduct so that everyone is able to recognize them. Peter exhorts the readers to fasten humility to themselves once for all. In other words, it stays with them for the rest of their lives.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.29|AUTODETECT|” What is humility? Jesus invites his followers to learn humility from him. He invites all those who are weary and burdened to come to him and learn. For, he says, I am gentle and humble in heart 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.11.29|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 11:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” ). Humility comes to expression when we consider others better than ourselves 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ). Humility is one of the Christian virtues, next to compassion, kindness, gentleness, and patience 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Col. 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Scripture also warns against false humility, which has the appearance of wisdom and demonstrates its worthlessness in a show of self-imposed worship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And last, Peter instructs his readers how to live as Christians by telling them, among other things, to be compassionate and humble (3:8).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.34|AUTODETECT|” c. Authority. God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble. Peter supports his exhortation with an appeal to Scripture. He quotes ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.3.34|AUTODETECT|” Proverbs 3:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , which in the Hebrew differs slightly from the Greek in wording but not in meaning: [God] mocks proud mockers but gives grace to the humble. Perhaps this passage circulated in synagogue and church as a proverbial saying, because James also quotes this verse (4:6).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.6.8|AUTODETECT|” The believer ought to know that God has provided for him everything he needs. He possesses nothing he has not received, is nothing but for the grace of God, and, apart from Christ can do nothing. ��22�� Should he attribute anything to himself, he would not only rob God but also meet him as his adversary. Hence, the Christian lives humbly with his God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=33.6.8|AUTODETECT|” Mic. 6:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 3 2 8 0 0 (b) Humble yourselves) 5:6) 6. Humble yourselves, therefore, under God s mighty hand, that he may lift you up in due time.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Here is another exhortation in a series of instructions near the end of Peter s epistle. Verse 6 relates to the preceding verse because of the connective adverb therefore. On the basis of the quotation from Proverbs, Peter urges the believers to humble themselves. In the previous verse the apostle instructs the recipients to be humble toward one another. But in verse 6, he encourages them to be humble before God 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.10|AUTODETECT|” James 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” ). As man must love both God and man 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.22.37-40.22.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 22:37 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), so he must demonstrate humility toward God and man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.1-40.18.5|AUTODETECT|” a. Humble yourselves. What does Peter mean by these words? He wants the readers to subject themselves to God in such a manner that they put their confidence in God alone. They should know that God cares for them and wants them to be completely dependent on him.��23�� In the presence of God, man ought to be fully aware of his own insignificance. Indeed, Jesus teaches that when a person humbles himself like a little child, he is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.18.1-40.18.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 18:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.9.9|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus himself demonstrated true humility when he, a king, entered the city of Jerusalem on a donkey. He fulfilled the prophecy, See, your king comes to you & gentle and riding on a donkey 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.9.9|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 9:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.21.5|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 21:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.3.19|AUTODETECT|” b. Under God s mighty hand. This is Old Testament language that describes God s rule in regard to Israel. God showed his powerful hand in leading the nation Israel out of Egypt 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.3.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.3.24|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 3:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.9.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.9.26|AUTODETECT|” 9:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.9.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.9.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.26.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.26.8|AUTODETECT|” 26:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.51-42.1.52|AUTODETECT|” ). In the New Testament, too, the mighty hand of God is evident. Mary sings: He has scattered those who are proud & but has lifted up the humble 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.1.51-42.1.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 1:51 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ; and see the parallel ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=9.2.7|AUTODETECT|” I Sam. 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). God s hand disciplines some people and defends others.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 c. That he may lift you up in due time. Because of the trials the readers endure, the danger is real that they may lose courage to persevere. Even though God will not test Christians beyond their endurance, they realize that human fortitude has limits. Therefore, Peter encourages the readers and tells them that God responds to their humility with exaltation. God never forsakes his own, but often in the nick of time he lifts them up and gives them the victory.

The believer who puts his trust in the Lord knows that God upholds this world and is in full control of every situation. Accordingly he sings,) This is my Father s world,) O let me ne er forget) That though the wrong seems oft so strong,) God is the Ruler yet.) Maltbie D. Babcock) Although Peter instructs the believers to pursue humility with the result that God may exalt them, he is not promoting a merit system. Such a system, to be precise, fosters false humility. It means that the believer purposely humbles himself to oblige God to exalt him. Peter tells the Christians to be completely dependent on God and notes that God at the right moment will lift them up. (The expression in due time also refers to the return of Christ, as Peter indicates in other passages [1:5; 2:12].) Peter assures the readers that they can fully trust God s word, for he invites them to throw all their cares upon God.) (c) Cast away anxiety) 5:7) 7.

Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you.) Of all the religions in the world, only the Judeo-Christian religion teaches that God cares for his children. In fact, he cares so much that he bids them bring all their problems to him. The Bible says:) Commit your way to the Lord;) trust in him and he will do this:) He will make your righteousness shine like the dawn,) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.5|AUTODETECT|” the justice of your cause like the noonday sun. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.37.5|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 37:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Cast your cares on the Lord) and he will sustain you;) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.55.22|AUTODETECT|” he will never let the righteous fall. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.55.22|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 55:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.25|AUTODETECT|” Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear.& For the pagans run after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that you need them. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.25|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 1 2 8 0 0 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Notice that Peter uses the term cast. In the Greek, the tense implies that casting is a single act. In true humility and trust in God, the Christian throws all his anxieties on the Lord. The Greek word for anxiety means to be drawn in different directions. ��24�� Anxiety has a debilitating effect on our lives and results from our loss of confidence and assurance. If we doubt, we assume the burden of worries and thus demonstrate a lack of faith. Therefore Peter urges us to cast our worries on God and to trust in him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.31.6|AUTODETECT|” The verb to cast signifies the act of exerting effort to fling something away from ourselves. It describes a deliberate act. Once we have thrown away our anxieties, although not our troubles, we know that God cares for us. In both the Old and New Testaments God s promise to care for his children is sure 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.31.6|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 31:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 ) Practical Considerations in 5:6 7) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.3|AUTODETECT|” The world regards humility not as a virtue but as a weakness that man should avoid. Just as he avoids arrogance and pride, so he should abhor humility. Humbleness is understood in the derogatory sense of a weak person who is groveling in the dust. Scripture, however, teaches that meekness is not weakness but moral strength. Moses was known as a very humble man, more humble than anyone else on the face of the earth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.3|AUTODETECT|” Num. 12:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and yet served as the greatest leader and lawgiver Israel ever had.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 Scripture exhorts us to be humble before God and man. But in daily life, practice often differs from theory. For example, a pastor longs to be the minister of a large congregation but never receives a call; a member of a church openly campaigns for a position as elder or deacon but never is elected; someone vies for the editorship of a denominational paper but is not appointed. In these cases, pride and self-interest play a dominant role. A humble person knows that not man but God promotes and appoints people to work in the church. The words of the psalmist are to the point:) No one from the east or the west) or from the desert can exalt a man.) But it is God who judges:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.75.6-19.75.7|AUTODETECT|” He brings one down, he exalts another. [) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.75.6-19.75.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 75:6 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ]) 1 15 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:5 7) Verse 5) Q�� this verb also occurs in 2:13. It is the aorist passive (deponent) imperative from Q�� (I submit). Because of the inclusive sense of the verse, the aorist is constative. Although some manuscripts include the present middle participle Q�� (see 2:18; 3:1, 5), manuscript support is stronger for omission than for inclusion.) �� this verb appears only once in the New Testament; it is the aorist passive imperative from �� (I tie) and has a reflexive connotation .��25��) Verse 6) �� from the verb �� (I bring low), this verb is the aorist passive imperative. The verb can be understood either as a passive or as a middle . Translators prefer the middle.) Q�� C.

F. D. Moule interprets the preposition to mean location. This is his translation: humble yourselves therefore [to a position] beneath the strong hand of God. ��26��) Verse 7) �� this aorist active participle from the verb �� (I throw something on someone) assumes an imperatival sense because it is dependent on the aorist passive imperative �� of the preceding verse.��27��) �� it matters. As an impersonal verb, it is followed by �� (about) with the genitive Q�� (you). The context, however, implies that God is the subject.) 2.

Self-control) 5:8) The exhortations in the epilogue of this epistle appear to be loosely related. Peter moves from topic to topic: submission, humility, and self-control. And he seems to lack the time to expand on them. He writes,) 8. Be self-controlled and alert. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” Peter exhorts the Christian who puts his confidence in God to be in full control of his senses. In two other places in his epistle he urges the readers to self-control (1:13; 4:7). Moreover, he admonishes the people to be alert, that is, to be fully awake 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The warning is clear and crisp: be sober and alert. Be on your guard!) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The sentence be self-controlled and alert concentrates on two characteristics: self-control is man s ability to look at reality with a clear mind, and alertness is a state of watchfulness and readiness. The first characteristic describes a person who controls his own disposition, while the second discloses his readiness to respond to outside influences. A Christian must always be on guard against both internal and external forces that are bent on destroying him. These forces originate in man s chief adversary, Satan.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31-42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” Peter calls Satan your enemy the devil. He speaks from experience, for he remembers the words of Jesus on the night of the betrayal: Simon, Simon, Satan has asked to sift you as wheat. But I have prayed for you, Simon, that your faith may not fail 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.31-42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:31 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.41|AUTODETECT|” ). That same night Peter denied his Lord when he failed to watch and pray 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.41|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.3.1-38.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Satan is the adversary who accuses the Christian in the presence of God. The Old Testament provides a vivid illustration of Satan accusing the high priest Joshua, whose filthy garments God changed for clean ones 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=38.3.1-38.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Zech. 3:1 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=18.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Job 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.31|AUTODETECT|” ). Satan is the prince of this world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.31|AUTODETECT|” John 12:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.30|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.30|AUTODETECT|” 14:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.11|AUTODETECT|” 16:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.19|AUTODETECT|” ); his residence is on this earth and he restlessly moves from place to place. Satan not only controls the whole world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.19|AUTODETECT|” I John 5:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), but also is a slanderer who turns the truth into a lie. He slanders God and man, pits one person against another, and undermines the believer s faith in God.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.13|AUTODETECT|” The devil prowls around like a roaring lion. In all of Scripture only Peter portrays Satan as a prowling, roaring lion. His simile reminds one of the psalmist s words: Roaring lions tearing their prey open their mouths wide against me 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.13|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.21|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.21|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 104:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.22.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.22.25|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 22:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Looking for someone to devour. Were it not for God s revelation, this portrayal of Satan would strike terror in the heart of a Christian. The believer would have no protection against this fearful adversary. Should he become Satan s victim he would be ruthlessly destroyed.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11-49.6.18|AUTODETECT|” A Christian, however, has the protection of spiritual armor 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11-49.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:11 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” ). When a Christian is fully equipped, the devil is unable to penetrate this armor. Also, Jesus has taught his followers to pray, Deliver us from the evil one 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.11|AUTODETECT|” ). And God declares that Satan s defeat is through the blood of the Lamb 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.11|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ). Nevertheless, the Christian must always be on full alert against the devil s schemes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 13 2 8 0 0 The prince of darkness grim,) We tremble not for him;) His rage we can endure,) For lo! his doom is sure,) One little Word shall fell him.) Martin Luther) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:8) ��, �� two aorist active imperatives are written in the form of clear, distinct commands. Both aorists are constative; this use of the aorist contemplates the action in its entirety. ��28��) �� Bruce M. Metzger defends this reading as original and states that the others are scribal attempts to alleviate the difficulty of the absolute use of ��. ��29��) 3. Resistance) 5:9) 9. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.7|AUTODETECT|” a. Resist him. The parallel in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.7|AUTODETECT|” James 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 is striking: Resist the devil. And Paul urges the Ephesians to stand against the devil s schemes (6:11, 13). For Christians the state of being alert must continue unabated.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.19|AUTODETECT|” How do we oppose Satan? Peter says, [By] standing firm in the faith. The Greek word translated standing firm means solid ; that is, in respect to faith the believer must be solid and unmovable. For example, Paul uses the word solid when he writes, God s solid foundation stands firm 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.19|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word faith, however, can be taken in a subjective sense of one s personal faith and trust in God. It can also be objective faith; that is, the body of Christian doctrine. Although Peter uses the word subjectively in other passages (1:5, 7, 9), here the context favors the objective sense. Peter refers not so much to the faith of the individual as to the faith, or beliefs, of the worldwide body of believers. Thus the term faith relates to the teachings of the Christian church.��30��) 1 6 2 8 0 0 b. Because you know. Peter reminds the readers that the Christian church is universal. For this reason the believers must stand together against Satan. The expression you know refers not to knowing how to do something but to knowing (thinking about) somebody. In this case, Peter calls the attention of the readers to fellow Christians in other parts of the world.) c.

That your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings. Here is a literal translation of the Greek: That the same experiences of sufferings are being accomplished by your brethren who are in the world (NASB). Peter does not say the same sufferings but the same kind of sufferings. Perhaps he wants to point to the exact experience other Christians have to endure and thus put it in emphatic form. He conveys the message that the readers ought to see that their sufferings are only part of Christian martyrdom.) In the Greek, Peter chooses the word brotherhood to portray the Christian community of brothers and sisters. Peter is saying, The same sufferings which happen to your brethren are also undergone by you. ��31�� Christian men and women throughout the world are suffering for the sake of Christ.

Because of the fellowship of these saints, this information should be heartening to the readers and should not surprise them (see 4:12).) d. Are undergoing. Translations of this Greek verb vary, with some translators giving it an active (middle) connotation and others a passive.��32�� As some stress that suffering is an experience, others state that through it the sufferers accomplish God s purpose. In fact, the Christian who suffers because of Christ rejoices when Christ s glory is revealed (4:13 14); the time of suffering is but a little while (v. 10). In his epistle Peter mentions suffering and glory in the same breath. Thus the Christian awaits not the end of suffering but its goal. ��33��) ) Doctrinal Considerations in 5:8 9) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Out of the numerous symbols the Bible uses to portray spiritual truths, I select two that appear in Scripture from Genesis to Revelation. They are the symbols of the snake and of the lion. Both of them are descriptive of both Satan and Jesus Christ. The sign of the snake appears in the account about Adam and Eve in Eden; there it depicts Satan 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.3.1-1.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 3:1 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.9|AUTODETECT|” ). In the last book of the Bible, Satan bears the name that ancient serpent 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.12.9|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 12:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.2|AUTODETECT|” 20:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.21.8-4.21.9|AUTODETECT|” Toward the end of Israel s desert journey, Moses put a bronze snake on a pole so that anyone bitten by a venomous snake might look at it and live 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.21.8-4.21.9|AUTODETECT|” Num. 21:8 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ). Note that the symbol of the snake in the desert points to Jesus lifted up on a cross so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.15|AUTODETECT|” John 3:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.9|AUTODETECT|” Peter portrays Satan as a prowling, roaring lion that seeks to devour anyone in its path. However, the lion is also the symbol of sovereignty; first it refers to the tribe of Judah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.49.9|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 49:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.5|AUTODETECT|” ), and then it represents Judah s greatest descendant, Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.5|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 5:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 8 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:9) �p �P�p �� this is a peculiar Greek construction designed to stress the same kinds of sufferings, rather than the same sufferings. ��34�� Observe that �� is plural.) C. Prayer) 5:10 11) Peter concludes his epistle with a benediction that is eloquent and at the same time touching. He speaks from the heart and from the personal experience of suffering. He says,) 10. And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have suffered a little while, will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast. 11. To him be the power for ever and ever.

Amen.) What a beautiful benediction! It sparkles in its simplicity, yet in depth it is profound. Every word is significant in this prayer.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” a. And the God of all grace. The connective particle and, which some translators understand as but to show contrast with the immediately preceding verse, introduces a fitting prayer at the conclusion to the epilogue. In this prayer Peter calls upon the God of all grace. The wording occurs only here in the New Testament, with the exception of a parallel in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.3|AUTODETECT|” II Corinthians 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , where Paul writes, the God of all comfort. Peter intimates that God is the source, the possessor, and the giver of all grace. He mentions the concept grace repeatedly in his epistle.��35�� The apostle teaches that God s grace is rich and varied (4:10) and is given to those who are humble (5:5).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 b. Who called you to his eternal glory in Christ. The term call is not merely an invitation which a person can accept or reject as he pleases. It is a divine summons. ��36�� It is a royal command which the recipient must obey and cannot ignore.) Moreover, Peter reveals that God calls us to holiness (1:15), to his wonderful light (2:9), to serve (2:21; 3:9), and to eternal glory (5:10). This calling is effectual and is the consequence of election, by which God chooses, sanctifies, and summons us to obedience (1:2).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Notice that Peter adds the name of Christ when he says that God called the recipients of his letter to his eternal glory. That is, God called them effectively in Christ. God has chosen them in Christ before the creation of the world 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” ) and has called them in him in this present age 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.30|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The good news is that they will share in God s eternal glory (see 4:13; 5:1, 4).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” c. After you have suffered a little while. Peter specifies that entering God s eternal glory takes place after the believers have experienced a short period of suffering. The contrast between the brevity of human suffering and the eternity of God s glory is clear. For the moment the intensity of suffering seems severe, but it is both little and of short duration compared to the glory of eternity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.18|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.17|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.1|AUTODETECT|” d. [God] will himself restore you. The basic meaning of the Greek word for restore is to repair that which has been broken so as to make it complete. Paul urges Christian brothers and sisters to restore gently a person who has fallen into a sin 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In his mercy, God takes the fallen sinner and perfects him; that is, makes him what he ought to be. A commendable translation is this: [God] will see that all is well again (JB).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” e. And make you strong, firm and steadfast. The New International Version has a series of three adjectives, but the Greek has three verbs: confirm, strengthen, and establish you (NASB).��37�� God continues the work of restoring man. Says Peter, God makes the believers strong in their faith. The apostle remembers the words Jesus spoke to him on the night of the betrayal: I have prayed for you, Simon, that your faith may not fail. And when you have turned back, strengthen your brothers 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , italics added). In the Greek, Peter uses the same word that Jesus spoke to him.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The next verb, translated make you firm (NIV), occurs only here in the New Testament and all of Greek literature. The last verb, to make steadfast, literally means to lay a foundation, and figuratively, to establish. ��38�� These verbs are synonymous and serve to emphasize the significance of God s work in us. With this prayer Peter encourages the believers, who experience untold suffering for Christ, and gives them the assurance that God stands next to them.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” f. To him be the power for ever and ever. Amen. This is the conclusion of Peter s prayer. Except for the omission of the word glory and in the Greek the deletion of the verb to be, this doxology is a repetition of an earlier passage (4:11). In a few passages the expression power occurs 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.11|AUTODETECT|” 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=65.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Jude 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Along with other terms it describes majesty and grandeur.��39�� It is a term used as an attribute or title for rulers (kings and emperors) and for God.) 1 14 2 8 0 0 A verb must be supplied in this doxology. Thus most translators insert the optative of wish: To him be power. Others choose the indicative mood and write either is ( dominion is his [Moffatt]), holds ( he holds dominion [NEB]), belongs ( power belongs to him [SEB]), or lasts ( his power lasts [JB]).) The last word in this doxology is Amen. That is, so let it be! With this concluding term Peter has ended his formal letter. In the rest of his epistle he writes final greetings and the benediction.) ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:10) �P�� the personal pronoun in the genitive case is emphatic; it strengthens the definite article that precedes the adjective �0�� (eternal).) �� notice that this verb and the three that follow are in the future tense.

In the compound verb �� has a perfective force.��40��) D. Greetings) 5:12 14) 1. Purpose) 5:12) The writer concludes his epistle with a postscript. He states the purpose of his letter and mentions the name of his assistant. He extends the greetings of fellow Christians, and he pronounces his apostolic benediction.) 12. With the help of Silas, whom I regard as a faithful brother, I have written to you briefly, encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God.

Stand fast in it.) We ask these questions:) (a) Who is Silas?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Is he the same person who accompanies Paul on his second missionary journey?��41�� In his epistles Paul mentions Silvanus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.19|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.1|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.32|AUTODETECT|” ). Is this name a variant of Silas ? We know that Silas was a prophet 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.32|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.37|AUTODETECT|” ) and held Roman citizenship 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.37|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It is hardly to be doubted that this Silas is the same pers[on] as the Silvanus who is mentioned in Paul and 1 P[e]t[er]. ��42�� This person has either two names or a Greek and a Latin spelling of his name. Peter s comment that he regards Silas as a faithful brother suggests that the recipients of this letter were well acquainted with Silas. The word brother signifies a fellow Christian. We assume, therefore, that because of his missionary travels with Paul and Peter, Silas was a respected person in the early Christian church.) 1 7 2 8 0 0 (b) Who wrote the letter?) Peter states that he composed the letter with the help of Silas. Could Silas have been the letter carrier? Certainly. However, the phrase with the help of implies more than only delivering the epistle. Did Silas compose the entire letter, to which Peter added a postscript? Hardly.

Peter states, I have written to you briefly. He indicates that he is the author of this epistle and that Silas helped him as a secretary. From letters written before, during, and after the first century of the Christian era, we have learned of the common practice of employing a scribe for writing out messages. A sender would ask a secretary to write a personal message for him and often the sender would add greetings in his own handwriting.��43��) Peter engaged the services of Silas, who was skilled in writing letters in acceptable Greek. As Tertius served Paul as secretary in the writing of Romans (16:22), so Silas was Peter s scribe. Presumably, as a faithful brother Silas helped Peter in presenting the readers with a letter written in flowing Greek.

The term faithful conveys the information that Peter and the recipients of the letter can depend on Silas. And Peter speaks from experience. Nevertheless, not Silas but Peter is the author of this epistle.) (c) What does briefly mean?) The writer of Hebrews also makes the qualification that his epistle is only a short letter (13:22). The implication is that Peter would like to discuss in greater detail the topics he has mentioned in his letter. Because Silas is a faithful brother, Peter entrusts the discussion of the details to him. In the concluding remarks, Silas sends no greetings to the readers as, for example, Tertius does to the Romans.

We infer that Peter commissioned Silas not only to carry but also to explain the epistle.) (d) What is the purpose of the letter?) In a few words Peter states his intention for writing. He says he is encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God. He confirms that God s grace preached by the apostles and accepted in faith by the believers is genuine. He is telling the Christians that they can fully trust the message they have heard from the apostles. Now they can read it in this epistle. The sufferings they endure are severe; for this reason, they need all the encouragement Peter is able to give them.

In a summary statement, then, he testifies that God s grace indeed is true.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.13|AUTODETECT|” Peter s final admonition is, Stand fast in it. This is a command, just as Paul wrote the church at Corinth: Be on your guard; stand firm in the faith; be men of courage; be strong 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). As the Christians face cruel oppression because of their faith, Peter exhorts them to stand firm.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 ) Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:12) Q�� grammarians and translators generally link this personal pronoun as an indirect object to the verb I have written and not as a dative of reference to the phrase a faithful brother. The definite article in �� has possessive qualities and can denote our. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.19|AUTODETECT|” �� this verb in the aorist refers to an epistle just finished 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.19|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.5.13|AUTODETECT|” I John 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��44��) 1 6 2 8 0 0 �0� in New Testament Greek, the preposition �0� (into) often takes the place of the locative � (in).��45��) �� the manuscript evidence favors the aorist active imperative. Other manuscripts have the word ��, which is the perfect active indicative with the force of a present tense (from 5��, I stand).) 2. Farewell) 5:13 14) 13. She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you her greetings, and so does my son Mark.) (a) Wife or church?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.5|AUTODETECT|” The language Peter uses in the final greeting is cryptic. To whom does he refer? To say that Peter s wife, who accompanied him on his journeys 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.29|AUTODETECT|” ), now sends greetings seems highly unlikely. Scholars, judging on the basis of Peter s use of the verb chosen together, are of the opinion that Peter is not writing about his wife but about the Christian church in the place where he resided. If Peter s wife had been with him, he would have said, She who is in Babylon with me. This is not the case, and thus we conclude that the elect church of Jesus Christ is sending greetings. New Testament writers often describe the church in female terms 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.3.29|AUTODETECT|” John 3:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.25-49.5.33|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:25 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.7-66.19.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.19.7-66.19.8|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 19:7 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2-66.21.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.2-66.21.3|AUTODETECT|” 21:2 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.17|AUTODETECT|” 22:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Accordingly, scholars favor the explanation that John in his second epistle addresses not a lady but a church 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=63.1.13|AUTODETECT|” II John 1, 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 (b) Babylon or Rome?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.8|AUTODETECT|” The evidence for taking the expression Babylon literally appears unconvincing. We have no proof that Peter traveled east to Mesopotamia to establish the church in Babylon. In fact, specific information concerning the church in Babylon during the first century is lacking. Also, the suggestion that Babylon is the name of a fortress in Egypt to which Peter sent his epistle appears to be improbable. Rather, Babylon is a cryptic name for Rome. In times of persecution, writers exercised unusual care not to endanger Christians to whom they wrote letters. For instance, when John was banished to Patmos during the persecution instigated by the emperor Domitian, he called Rome Babylon 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.14.8|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 14:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.16.19|AUTODETECT|” 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.17.5|AUTODETECT|” 17:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.2|AUTODETECT|” 18:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.18.21|AUTODETECT|” 21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Peter, who mentions persecution in nearly every chapter of his epistle, died a martyr s death near Rome. According to tradition, he was crucified upside down. In short, Peter wrote this epistle near the end of his life, when he probably stayed in the imperial city.) (c) Son or spiritual son?) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” If we assume that Peter sends the greetings of his wife in Babylon, then his natural son Mark also sends his regards. However, if Babylon is a code name for the church in Rome, then Mark probably is Peter s spiritual son. Affectionately Peter calls him my son Mark. Whether Peter was instrumental in the conversion of John Mark, son of Mary 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ), is difficult to prove. John Mark accompanied Paul as a fellow helper in the spread of the gospel. He stayed with Paul during the apostle s imprisonments in Rome 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Philem. 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Tradition indicates that Mark, with the aid of Peter, wrote the Gospel named after him. Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (about a.d. 125), writes that Mark was Peter s interpreter and composed the Gospel.��46�� Peter calls Mark his son in the same way Paul names Timothy his son 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.2|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 14a. Greet one another with a kiss of love.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.44-42.7.46|AUTODETECT|” The practice of greeting one another differs from culture to culture. It varies from the bow (in the Orient), the simple handshake, and the warm embrace to the kiss. In the ancient East, the practice of kissing each other prevailed not only in society but also in the synagogue and early church. We know that the kiss of greeting was customary among the Jews (see the references in the New Testament). Simon the Pharisee failed to greet Jesus with a kiss 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.7.44-42.7.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 7:44 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.20|AUTODETECT|” ); the father kissed the prodigal son and welcomed him home 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.15.20|AUTODETECT|” Luke 15:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.48-40.26.49|AUTODETECT|” ); and Judas kissed Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.48-40.26.49|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:48 49) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.37|AUTODETECT|” ). In the Gentile church, the Ephesian elders embraced Paul and kissed him good-by 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.37|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:37) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The kiss in the ancient world was both a friendly sign of greeting and an emotional token of farewell. ��47��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.16|AUTODETECT|” In his epistles Paul exhorts the Christians to greet one another with a holy kiss 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.20|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.13.12|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 13:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.26|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The adjective holy signifies that all those who are in the church of Jesus Christ regard one another as brothers and sisters. Peter uses a synonymous expression by calling the kiss a kiss of love. ) 1 2 2 8 0 0 In the middle of the second century, Justin Martyr writes that the practice of greeting one another with a holy kiss was a customary part of the Christian worship service.��48�� Scripture provides no evidence that this practice must be observed in obedience to an apostolic command. In the universal Christian church, the matter is part of local custom (the bow, the handshake, or the embrace).) 14b. Peace to all of you who are in Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.33|AUTODETECT|” Peter s benediction is a variant of those Paul gives at the end of his epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.33|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.23|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.23|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=64.1.14|AUTODETECT|” III John 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.27|AUTODETECT|” ). The farewell greeting peace encompasses the gospel of salvation, because Jesus himself conveys this message to all who believe in him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.27|AUTODETECT|” John 14:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.20.19|AUTODETECT|” 20:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In Jesus Christ we have peace with God and with one another. Although Peter expresses this prayer as a wish, all Christians have this peace in fellowship with Christ.) 1 55 2 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 5) Peter begins this chapter by exhorting the elders in the church to be shepherds of God s flock, for he also is an elder who is responsible to the Chief Shepherd Jesus Christ. He tells them to serve as overseers, to avoid greed, and to be examples to the members of the church. Then they will receive the crown of glory as their reward.) The apostle continues with a few admonitions: he exhorts young men to be submissive, and all the readers to be humble. Peter encourages the believers to cast their anxieties on God, to be self-controlled, and to resist the devil.) The apostle prays a prayer that is eloquent in its simplicity. In it he assures the readers that God will restore them, make them strong, and establish them. He mentions that Silas has helped in writing the epistle and in summary states the purpose of the letter.

With final greetings and a prayer of peace he concludes this first epistle.) ) ) ) ) 1 Ronald S. Wallace remarks, The word presbyteros denotes rather the status of eldership while episkopos denotes the function of at least some elders. Elder, EDT, p. 347.) 2 See, e.g., MLB, NASB, RV, ASV. Others have the translation so or now. Still others either leave the Greek particle untranslated (NIV, SEB) or adhere to the variant reading that deletes the Greek particle (KJV, NKJV).) 3 For example, consult Francis Wright Beare, The First Epistle of Peter: The Greek Text with Introduction and Notes, 2d ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1961), pp. 25, 172. And see Ernest Best, I Peter, New Century Bible series (London: Oliphants, 1971), pp. 63, 168.) 4 Refer to S.

Greijdanus, De Brieven van de Apostelen Petrus en Johannes, en de Brief van Judas, Kommentaar op het Nieuwe Testament series (Amsterdam: Van Bottenburg, 1929), p. 181. And see J. N. D. Kelly, A Commentary on the Epistles of Peter and Jude, Thornapple Commentaries series (1969; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981), p. 199.) 5 The Greek term glory occurs ten times in I Peter (1:7, 11, 21, 24; 4:11, 13, 14; 5:1, 4, 10).) 6 John Albert Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, ed. Andrew R.

Fausset, trans. William Fletcher, 7th ed., 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1877), vol. 5, p. 80.) 7 Bauer, p. 52.) 8 Thayer, p. 36.) 9 Also consult Didache 15:1 (LCL); and Polycarp s Epistle to the Philippians 5:2 (LCL).) 10 E. G. Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, and Essays (London: Macmillan, 1946), p. 230.) 11 Kenneth S. Wuest, Peter I, vol. 6 of Word Studies in the Greek New Testament, 16 vols. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1942), p. 125.) 12 Bauer, p. 435.

Also see Thayer, p. 349.) 13 Compare Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 231. And see John Calvin, Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles: The First Epistle of Peter, ed. and trans. John Owen (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948), p. 146.) 14 Refer to Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, trans. and rev. Robert Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), sec. 337.2.) 15 Consult Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 3d corrected ed. (London and New York: United Bible Societies, 1975), pp. 695 96.) GNB Good News Bible) 16 Thayer, p. 30.) 17 A.

T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 498. Also consult Robert Hanna, A Grammatical Aid to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983), p. 428.) 18 Bauer notes that when the Greek connective occurs sequentially, it means also (p. 568).) 19 Philo Every Good Man Is Free 81 (LCL). And see Kelly, Peter and Jude, p. 205. Compare I Clem. 1:3; 21:6 (LCL).) 20 The JB and MLB translate this verse as one complete sentence. The SEB, however, divides it into three separate sentences.

And the KJV and NKJV follow the TR and Majority Text with the reading be submissive (NKJV) in v. 5b.) 21 Consult Thayer, p. 166. And refer to Selwyn, The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 234.) 22 R. E. O. White, Humility, EDT, p. 537.) 23 Consult Walter Grundmann, TDNT, vol. 8, p. 19.

And refer to Hans-Helmut Esser, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 263.) 24 Thayer, p. 400.) 25 Robertson, Grammar, p. 808.) 26 C. F. D. Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 65.) 27 Consult Robertson, Grammar, p. 946.) 28 H. E. Dana and Julius R.

Mantey, A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament (1927; New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 196.) 29 Metzger, Textual Commentary, p. 696.) 30 Kelly takes the term subjectively and writes that it is your positive faith and trust in God. Peter and Jude, p. 210.) NASB New American Standard Bible) 31 Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament, vol. 5, p. 82.) 32 Here are a few versions that have the passive: are experienced (NKJV); are imposed (MLB); is required (RSV). And these have the active (middle) sense: are going through (GNB); is experiencing (SEB); is undergoing (NAB); are suffering (JB).) 33 Burkhard G�rtner, NIDNTT, vol. 3, p. 725.) 34 Robertson, Grammar, p. 505.) 35 These are the references in the Greek: 1:2, 10, 13; 2:19, 20; 3:7; 4:10; 5:5, 10, 12.) 36 Wuest, Peter I, p. 130.) JB Jerusalem Bible) 37 Some ancient manuscripts have four verbs, translated in the KJV and NKJV as perfect, establish, strengthen, and settle you. ) NIV New International Version) 38 Bauer, p. 356.) 39 Georg Braumann, NIDNTT, vol. 3, p. 718.) Moffatt The Bible: A New Translation by James Moffatt) NEB New English Bible) SEB Simple English Bible) 40 Consult Robertson, Grammar, p. 606.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.22|AUTODETECT|” 41 See the following verses: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.27|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.27|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.32|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.32|AUTODETECT|” 32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.40|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.40|AUTODETECT|” 40) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.19|AUTODETECT|” 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.4|AUTODETECT|” 17:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.10|AUTODETECT|” 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.5|AUTODETECT|” 18:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 7 2 8 0 0 42 Bauer, p. 750.) 43 Refer to Richard N. Longenecker, Ancient Amanuenses and the Pauline Epistles, New Dimensions in New Testament Study, ed. Richard N. Longenecker and Merrill C. Tenney (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1974), p. 287.) 44 Robertson, Grammar, pp. 845 46.) 45 Consult Blass and Debrunner, Greek Grammar, sec. 250.) 46 Refer to Eusebius Ecclesiastical History 3.39.15 (LCL).) 47 Walther G�nther, NIDNTT, vol. 2, p. 549.) 48 See Justin Martyr Apology 1.65.2 (LCL).)

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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