2 Timothy 4

-8 1 3 2 -9 1 0 0 0 0 13 96 -9 2 0 0 2 0 1 RVStyle2 7 StyleNameNormal textFontNameArialUnicode Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaUnicode Size Standard StyleNameJumpFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonHoverEffects rvheUnderlineUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameHeading - Module name SizeDoubleFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode SizeStandard StyleName"Heading small - Module descriptionFontNameTahomaColorclMaroonUnicode Size Standard StyleNameHeading - LinkFontNameTahomaColorclNavy HoverColorclPurpleUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaStylefsUnderlineColorclBlueUnicode Jump Size Standard StyleNameDefaultFontNameTahomaColorclBlue HoverColorclMaroonNextStyleNoUnicode Jump Size -9 2 0 0 2 0 2 RVStyle2 jBiDiModervbdLeftToRightTabs StyleNameCentered Alignment rvaCenterTabsStandardTabs-9 2 0 0 2 0 4 RVStyle2 -9 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 17 2 8 0 0 CHAPTER IV) Outline of Chapter 4) Theme: The Apostle Paul Tells Timothy What To Do in the Interest of Sound Doctrine) Preach It I charge you ) ) 4:1 8 In season, out of season, for apostasy is coming.) Remain faithful in view of the fact that I am about to set sail. ) 4:9 22 Items of personal information, requests, greetings.) ) 4:1 8) 4 1 I charge you in the sight of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingdom: 2 herald the word; be on hand in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, admonish, with all longsuffering and teaching. 3 For the season will arrive when men will not endure the sound doctrine, but, having itching ears, will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own fancies; 4 and will turn away their ears from the truth, and will turn aside to the myths.) 5 As for yourself, however, be sober in all matters, suffer hardship, do the work of an evangelist, your ministry discharge to the full.) 6 For I am already being poured out as a drink-offering, and the season of my departure has arrived. 7 The grand fight I have fought, the race I have finished, the faith I have kept. 8 For the future, there is safely stored away for me the wreath of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day, and not to me alone but to all who have loved his appearing.) ) 1. Underlying the thought expressed in the opening paragraph of chapter 4 are the grievous seasons of departure from the faith, which were described in chapter 3. Though, in a sense, these seasons are certainly future (3:1; 4:3, 4), they must not be thought of as wholly separate from and unrelated to conditions present even now, while Paul is writing. The very fact that Paul admonishes Timothy to fulfil his ministry, reproving and rebuking whenever this is necessary, and remaining sober in the midst of all untoward circumstances, shows that future heresy is viewed as the outgrowth of present error. The coming apostasy is a further stage in the development of the already present deviation from the truth.) But though the background of chapters 3 and 4 is the same, a difference of approach is, nevertheless, discernible. Chapter 3 stresses the fact that Timothy, confronted with developing opposition to the truth, must abide in the true doctrine.

Chapter 4 brings into prominence Timothy s duty to proclaim this doctrine. Let him speak out while people are still willing to listen. They will not always be willing. Let the herald of the gospel discharge his ministry to the full!) Accordingly, Paul writes, I charge you in the sight of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingdom.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.21|AUTODETECT|” For the meaning of I charge��165�� you in the sight of God and of Christ Jesus see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.21|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It is on the eve of his death that Paul delivers this final, most solemn charge. He directs Timothy s attention to God and to Christ Jesus, in whose presence the charge is issued and received. He places Timothy under oath to comply with the charge. It is to God and to the Anointed Savior that Timothy (Paul, too, of course!) will have to render an account. And this is the Christ who is about to judge! In a sense, even now his approaching footsteps can be heard. He is on the way. Paul stresses the certainty of his coming and its impending character, but does not fix any date.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Now this Christ Jesus will judge the living, that is, those who will still be living on earth at the moment of the Second Coming, and the dead, that is, those who will have died by that time. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:31 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.18.8|AUTODETECT|” Luke 18:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.27-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.27-43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” John 5:27 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.51|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:51) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.52|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.52|AUTODETECT|” 52) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:13 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.11-66.20.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.11-66.20.15|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 20:11 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .)) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” The idea that Christ is coming to judge is of frequent occurrence in Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.5|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.7-53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.7-53.1.9|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:7 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.17.31|AUTODETECT|” Acts 17:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” ). The expression, He will judge the living and the dead may already have become a fixed formula, as would appear from similar statements in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.10.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 10:42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.5|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 . It was probably part of a baptismal confession, explained to the catechumens and afterward confessed by them at baptism. Out of such formulas as these The Apostles Creed arose.��166��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.14|AUTODETECT|” Paul furthermore adjures Timothy by Christ s future, glorious appearing, that is, by his brilliant Second Coming, viewed as the rising of the sun 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.14|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.2.13|AUTODETECT|” Titus 2:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.10|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; also N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.2.8|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=39.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Mal. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ), and by��167�� his majestic kingship, the rulership into which he will then fully enter. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.5|AUTODETECT|” and on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.5|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” , especially footnote e.) If Timothy obeys, he will share in (and if he disobeys, he will miss) the glory of the Epiphany and of the Reign 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:13 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.3.13|AUTODETECT|” 3:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.21|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 3:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.22.5|AUTODETECT|” 22:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 2. By means of five brisk imperatives (all of them aorists) the content of the charge is now set forth: herald the word; be on hand in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, admonish, with all longsuffering and teaching.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.27|AUTODETECT|” a. Herald��168�� the word. This is basic to the other four imperatives. The rendering Preach the word is entirely correct, if the verb preach be understood in its primary, etymological meaning (from the Latin praedicare): to proclaim before the public, and not in the weakened sense which today is often attached to it: to deliver a moral or religious discourse of any kind and in any way. The word employed in the original means proclaim 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.10.27|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 10:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” ); literally, herald, make known officially and publicly a matter of great significance. Of course, all preaching should be heralding 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul calls himself a herald (see footnote 168). By order of his Superior he made an authoritative, open, forceful declaration. He here commands Timothy to be a herald also.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 According to Scripture, then, heralding or preaching is generally the divinely authorized proclamation of the message of God to men. It is the exercise of ambassadorship.��169��) This is evident from the following examples. These men are all said to have heralded :) Noah) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.5|AUTODETECT|” God will destroy the world. Turn away from your sins! Or similar words 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.5|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.19|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.19|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Jonah) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=32.3.4|AUTODETECT|” Jonah 3:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.41|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.41|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 John the Baptist) Repent, for the Kingdom of heaven is at hand! ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Look, the Lamb of God, who is taking away the sin of the world! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.3.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.1.29|AUTODETECT|” John 1:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Healed Gerasene Demoniac) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.39|AUTODETECT|” God has done great things for me! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Luke 8:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 The Apostle Paul) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” Jesus is the Christ! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.14|AUTODETECT|” Far be it from me to glory, except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.14|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.20|AUTODETECT|” But now has Christ been raised from the dead, the first-fruits of them that are asleep! 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.20|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 15:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. verses 55 58; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.13-52.4.18|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:13 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 Similarly the twelve, Philip the evangelist, Peter at Cesarea, a strong angel, etc., are said to have preached . The verb is even used in connection with Christ, for he, too, was bringing God s message to man.) The herald brings God s message. Today in the work of heralding or preaching careful exposition of the text is certainly included. But genuine heralding or preaching is lively, not dry; timely, not stale. It is the earnest proclamation of news initiated by God. It is not the abstract speculation on views excogitated by man.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.8|AUTODETECT|” The somewhat timid Timothy must never be afraid to herald the word, that is, the gospel 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.16.15|AUTODETECT|” 16:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.6|AUTODETECT|” ). It is the true message of redemption in Christ, and as such stands over against all falsehood (see verse 4). Moreover, in sharp contrast with the oft stealthy infiltration practised by Satan and his servants 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ) is this open-and-above-board proclamation by one who brings good tidings and publishes peace 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=34.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Nah. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��170��) 1 1 2 8 0 0 How this heralding must be done is indicated by the four imperatives which follow:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.16|AUTODETECT|” b. Be on hand in season, out of season. Welcome or not welcome, Timothy must ever be on the spot ��171�� with the message from God. He must buy up the opportunity 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.5.16|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 5:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” c. Reprove or Convict. See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” for the related noun. Sin must be brought home to the sinner s consciousness in order that he may repent. See the detailed discussion of this verb in N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.16.8|AUTODETECT|” John 16:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , especially footnote 200.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 d. Rebuke. In the process of reproving or convicting the sinner, the latter must be sharply reprimanded. His sin must not be toned down.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.7-52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” e. Admonish. Nevertheless, the demands of love must be fully satisfied. Hand in hand with pertinent rebuke there must be tender, fatherly admonition. See N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.7-52.2.12|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:7 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” , and for detailed explanation of the verb admonish see on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.1|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.24|AUTODETECT|” Modifying each of the three imperatives is the beautiful phrase, with all longsuffering and teaching, meaning with utmost longsuffering and with most painstaking teaching-activity. Cf. a similar combination in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.24|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , gentle to all, qualified to teach. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.6|AUTODETECT|” Such longsuffering is a distinctly Christian virtue 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.6|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.2|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.11|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.3.12|AUTODETECT|” 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.14|AUTODETECT|” ; and see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ), as well as (elsewhere) a divine attribute 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.1-46.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ). Note that longsuffering (slowness to wrath, gentle patience with people who have erred) and teaching-activity go together. Neither is complete without the other. The manner in which Paul dealt with the Corinthian fornicator illustrates what he means by reprove, rebuke, admonish, with all longsuffering and teaching 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.1-46.5.8|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 5:1 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.5.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.5-47.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.5-47.2.11|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 2:5 11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.12.1-10.12.15|AUTODETECT|” ). A much earlier example is Nathan s treatment of David 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=10.12.1-10.12.15|AUTODETECT|” II Sam. 12:1 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 3 and 4. A reason is now given, showing why Timothy must be diligent in the work of heralding the gospel and of reproving, rebuking, and admonishing: For the season will arrive when they will not endure the sound doctrine.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1|AUTODETECT|” In every period of history 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.1|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ) there will be a season during which men refuse to listen to sound doctrine. As history continues onward toward the consummation, this situation grows worse. Men will not endure or tolerate the truth, the doctrine which because it promotes spiritual health is called sound 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ). But, having itching ears, will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own fancies. It is not the herald of the gospel that is at fault, but the hearing of the fickle men who make up the audience! They have ears that are itching (from a verb which in the active means to tickle; hence, in the passive, to be tickled, and thus to itch, fig. to have an irritating desire ). Their craving is for teachers to suit their fancies or perverted tastes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.5.31|AUTODETECT|” ). So great is that hankering that they pile up teacher upon teacher. This reminds one of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.5.31|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 5:31) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.33.32|AUTODETECT|” , The prophets prophesy falsely & and my people love to have it so, and of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=26.33.32|AUTODETECT|” Ezek. 33:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.3|AUTODETECT|” , And lo, thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one who has a pleasant voice and can play well on an instrument; for they hear thy words, but they do them not. The people here pictured are more interested in something different, something sensational, than they are in sober truth. And when sober truth is presented (as it surely was by Ezekiel), they are not interested in the truth itself, but only in the way in which it is presented, the preacher s style, oratory, & the preacher himself, his voice, bearing, looks, mannerisms. Here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.3|AUTODETECT|” II Timothy 4:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.4|AUTODETECT|” 4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.15-55.3.17|AUTODETECT|” the emphasis is on the craving for fascinating stories and philosophical speculations: and will turn away their ears from the truth, and will turn aside to the myths. God s redemptive truth, which deals with sin and damnation, with the necessity of inner change, etc. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.15-55.3.17|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:15 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ) they cannot stomach. They turn away 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ) from it, and turn aside 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ) to the myths, those familiar old womanish myths mentioned earlier 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.4|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.7|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.7|AUTODETECT|” 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.14|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.16|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.16|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) or anything similar to them. There are always teachers that are willing to scratch and tickle the ears of those who wish to be tickled (Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, I. iii).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 5. As for yourself, however & Cf. 3:10, 14. Note the sharp and double contrast. Verse 5 is both the climax of verses 1 5 and the introduction to verses 5 8. As a climax, it draws a contrast between Timothy and the fickle multitude described in verses 3 and 4. As an introduction, it draws a contrast between Timothy, still in the thick of the fight, and Paul who has fought the grand fight. In the beginning of the verse the first of these two contrasts predominates; at the end, the second.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Paul writes, be sober in all matters, suffer hardship, do the work of an evangelist, your ministry discharge to the full. The sober person is calm, steady, and sane 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.7|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” ; see N.T.C. on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.6|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.8|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.8|AUTODETECT|” ). He is not intoxicated with morbid craving for whatever is sensational or sentimental. He does not turn away his ears from the truth and turn aside to the myths. The apostle demands that Timothy shall show this calm and well-balanced attitude in all matters. This means, of course, that also with respect to suffering for the sake of the gospel Timothy must neither court such suffering, on the one hand, nor complain about it, on the other. He must simply do the work of an evangelist 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.8|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.11|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” ), perfectly willing to bear ill-treatment whenever it is his lot so to suffer, even rejoicing that he is counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the name of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.5.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 5:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; on the verb see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.9|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.8|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. the similar verb in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He must permit nothing to stop him, but must discharge his gospel-ministry to the full: heralding the word, being on hand in season, out of season, reproving, rebuking, admonishing, with all longsuffering and teaching.) 1 12 2 8 0 0 6 8. Timothy, then, must preach the word, etc., not only because apostasy is coming (verses 1 4), but also in view of the fact that Paul is about to set sail to the shores of eternity. When the older man is called to higher spheres, the younger man must fill the breach. He must take the torch and carry it onward. This second thought explains the conjunction for at the beginning of verse 6.) In one of the most sublime and moving passages, which with respect to grandeur of thought and stateliness of rhythm is probably unsurpassed anywhere in Paul s epistles, the apostle lifts this letter and his apostolic career to its wonderful finale:) For I am already being poured out as a drink-offering, and the season of my departure has arrived.) The grand fight I have fought, the race I have finished, the faith I have kept.) For the future there is safely stored away for me the wreath of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day, and not to me alone but to all who have loved his appearing.) A possible theme for this passage would be:) In Three Tenses Paul, the Lord s Prisoner, Triumphantly Expresses His Faith) This is divided as follows:) 1. Verse 6: His Faith-Appraisal of the Present) 2.

Verse 7: His Faith-Summary of the Past) 3. Verse 8: His Faith-Exultation regarding the Future) 1. His Faith-Appraisal of the Present) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.1-4.15.10|AUTODETECT|” When Paul writes, For I am already being poured out as a drink-offering, he is making a profession of faith. He does not call his present horrible imprisonment, with the issue no longer in doubt, death, but a drink-offering, comparable to the libation of wine which was poured out beside the altar. According to the law 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.1-4.15.10|AUTODETECT|” Num. 15:1 10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” ), when a lamb was sacrificed, the drink-offering consisting of one-fourth of a hin of wine (1 hin = slightly more than 1 gallon); when the offering was a ram, the prescribed libation was one-third of a hin; and for a bull it was one-half of a hin. Since this wine was gradually poured out, was an offering, and was the final act of the entire sacrificial ceremony, it pictured most adequately the gradual ebbing away of Paul s life, the fact that he was presenting this life to God as an offering, and the idea that while he viewed his entire career of faith as a living sacrifice 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.16|AUTODETECT|” 15:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), he looked upon the present stage of this career as being the final sacrificial act.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.12|AUTODETECT|” Similarly, when the apostle adds, And the season of my departure has arrived, he is again making a profession of faith. The word season (������) is entirely proper in this connection, for: a. the apostle is thinking not only of the moment of execution but of this entire final imprisonment which was about to end in execution; and b. he views this final period under the symbolism of the unmooring of a ship which in its coming and going is bound to the seasons 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Now this appropriate time or season is here called the season of my departure. The primary meaning of the phrase used in the original is of my loosening or of my release. Think of the loosening of the ropes or cables of a ship when weighing anchor. Hence, the word loosening acquired the secondary meaning departure (cf. M.M., p. 36). Accordingly, Paul says that the season of his departure has arrived (perfect tense of the verb that was used in verse 2, where it was rendered be on hand, see footnote 171).

Even now the season is already here. The weighing of the anchors and the loosening of the ropes has begun. Soon the blast of the wind will be in the sails, and then, almost immediately, the haven of everlasting bliss will have been reached.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” It is only by faith that present circumstances can be so appraised. Similarly, in other passages the apostle speaks of the believer s demise as: a departure to be with Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” ), and to be at home with the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.8|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ); gain 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ); very far better 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ); a falling asleep in Jesus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.15|AUTODETECT|” Elsewhere Scripture calls it: precious in the sight of Jehovah 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.116.15|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 116:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.22|AUTODETECT|” ); a being carried away by the angels into Abraham s bosom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.22|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” ); a going to paradise 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.2|AUTODETECT|” ); a going to the house with many mansions 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.2|AUTODETECT|” John 14:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 2. His Faith-Summary of the Past) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.24|AUTODETECT|” When the apostle continues, The grand fight I have fought, he is again using the language of faith; for it is clear that an unbeliever, describing Paul s post-conversion life, would have characterized it as foolish or even insane, sheer madness 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.26.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 26:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), certainly not the grand fight. But Paul, by means of the very word-order which he selects (placing each of the three objects before its verb; see my translation), emphasizes that it was, indeed, the beautiful, grand, or noble, fight which he had fought; that it was not the path of chance but the scheduled race which he had run; and that this life of his, now viewed as finished, had been ruled not by the whim or caprice of the moment but by that personal faith which by God s grace he had kept to the very end.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 When Paul thus summarizes his past, he is not boasting, except in the Lord. He is recording what grace has achieved in the heart of the chief of sinners. Hence, not on the pronoun I does he place the emphasis as one might mistakenly infer from the usual translation, which causes each of the three brief clauses to begin with I , but on the grand fight, the race, the faith. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” When the apostle summarizes his life as a Christian under the symbolism of the grand fight, the underlying figure is probably a wrestling-match, boxing-bout, or similar contest 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.7|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|” b, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The third of comparison is prodigious exertion of energy against a very powerful foe.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 It had been a fight against Satan; against the principalities and powers, the world-rulers of this darkness in the heavenlies; against Jewish and pagan vice and violence; against Judaism among the Galatians; against fanaticism among the Thessalonians; against contention, fornication, and litigation among the Corinthians; against incipient Gnosticism among the Ephesians and Colossians; against fightings without and fears within; and last but not least, against the law of sin and death operating within his own heart.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” But triumphantly Paul is able to say, the grand fight I have fought. It is vain to say that this is not strictly true because Paul had not as yet actually reached the execution-block. When death is very near and very certain, it is easy for the mind to project itself into that near-by future moment from which it then looks back upon the past, and rejoices not only in that past but in the present blessing which that past has produced.��172�� Our Lord used similar language, which must be explained similarly 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.4|AUTODETECT|” John 17:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|” When the apostle adds, the race I have finished an obstacle-race, indeed! , he stresses the fact that in his life as a believer he has fully accomplished that ministry to which the Lord had called him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ); his eye, like that of a skilled runner, having been riveted at all times upon the finishing post: the glory of God by means of the salvation of sinners 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.7|AUTODETECT|” 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.16|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.1|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.2|AUTODETECT|” 2) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 That Paul was, indeed, a man with this one holy passion, with this one objective in mind, so that the figure of the race is very appropriate, is evident from such words as the following:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22-46.9.24|AUTODETECT|” I have become all things to all men, that I may by all means save some & Even so run that you may attain & Therefore, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do it all to the glory of God & just as I also please all men in all matters, not seeking my own profit but the profit of the many, that they may be saved. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.22-46.9.24|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:22 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31-46.10.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.31-46.10.33|AUTODETECT|” 10:31 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) And cf. 3:7 14.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” In summarizing the past, Paul finally drops every metaphor, and writes, The faith I have kept. Here, as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , the meaning is probably not, I have kept the pledge nor I have maintained the true doctrine ( faith in the objective sense), but, in harmony with the present context, I have retained my personal trust in God, my confidence in all his Christ-centered promises. In the spiritual arena of life I have not only fought hard and run well, but I have also been sustained to the end by the deeply rooted conviction that I shall receive the prize, the glorious reward (see next verse).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 3. His Faith-Exultation regarding the Future) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Having discussed the present and the past, Paul turns his eye to the future. This, as has become evident, is altogether natural; for, the noble fight, successfully waged, the race satisfactorily run, and the faith stedfastly exercised, call for the reward of grace. Accordingly, the apostle writes, For the future,��173�� and then tells us what he confidently expects. Says he, There is safely stored away for me (note the force of the compound Greek verb ��������), so that no enemy will ever be able to deprive me of it, the wreath the victor s wreath 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.5|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” ) of the righteousness,��174�� that is, the wreath to which I am entitled as a reward for the life which in principle has been in conformity with God s law 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.11|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.22|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). That this wreath is Paul s by right, a right founded upon grace, is evident; for:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” a. To those who fight the grand fight, run the race, and keep the faith (in other words, to Paul and others like him) God has promised to give the wreath 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.12|AUTODETECT|” James 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.5|AUTODETECT|” b. Christ has earned it for them 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.6|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.6|AUTODETECT|” 6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” Now the present passage simply states that the wreath or award is a righteous one, but does not indicate its nature. From other passages we learn that it means everlasting life 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.12|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.1.12|AUTODETECT|” James 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.4|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ), here 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) as possessed and experienced in the new heaven and earth.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.12|AUTODETECT|” The apostle continues, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day. This Lord and Judge is Christ Jesus (see on verse 1). And this Judge or Umpire respects the contest-rules which he himself has laid down. He is the righteous Judge, who on that notable day, the day of his return 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.12|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.10|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.8|AUTODETECT|” ) will give whatever is due 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.8|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 20:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.13|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.20.13|AUTODETECT|” 13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 shed much light). For all such people who, like Paul, are unjustly condemned, the idea of the coming judgment day when they will be vindicated by a just Judge is full of comfort.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.18|AUTODETECT|” This righteous Judge, says Paul, will award the wreath of righteousness to me. Yet, not to me alone, but to all who love his appearing, his brilliant second coming (as in verse 1). Note the word love, not fear, for perfect love casts out fear 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.18|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.25|AUTODETECT|” ). When the Spirit and the bride say, Come, every person who really loves the Lord will also say, Come. And when the Lord answers, I am coming quickly, the immediate reply will be, Amen, come, Lord Jesus. Of all the indications that one loves the Lord, this earnest longing for his return is one of the best, for such a person is thinking not only of himself and of his own glory but also of his Lord and of the latter s public vindication. For all such persons the wreath is waiting. And this wreath, unlike earthly wreaths, is imperishable 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.25|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 9:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 16 2 8 0 0 ) 4:9 22) 9 Do your best to come to me quickly; 10 for Demas has deserted me, because he fell in love with the present world, and has gone to Thessalonica; Crescens (has gone) to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia. 11 Luke is the only one with me. Pick up Mark and bring him with you, for he is very useful to me for (the) ministry. 12 Now Tychicus I am commissioning for Ephesus. 13 The cloak which I left in Troas with Carpus bring along when you come; also the books, especially the parchments.) 14 Alexander, the metal-worker, did me much damage. The Lord will repay him in accordance with his deeds. 15 You, too, be on your guard against him, for he vigorously opposed our words.) 16 At my first defence no one was at my side, but all deserted me; may it not be charged against them! 17 But the Lord stood at my side, and gave me strength, in order that through me the message might be fully heralded, and all the Gentiles might hear it, and I was rescued out of (the) mouth of (the) lion. 18 And the Lord will rescue me from every evil work, and save me (bringing me) to his heavenly kingdom; to him (be or is) the glory forever and ever. Amen.) 19 Greet Prisca and Aquila and the family of Onesiphorus. 20 Erastus remained at Corinth, but Trophimus I left at Miletus sick. 21 Do your best to come before winter. Eubulus greets you, as do Pudens and Linus and Claudia and all the brothers.) 22 The Lord (be) with your spirit. Grace (be) with you.) ) The present paragraph consists, in general, of items of personal information, requests, and greetings.

It can be divided into five sub-paragraphs, as follows:) a. verses 9 13: Paul gives expression to the loneliness which he feels, and the need of more kingdom-workers, asks for his cloak, for books and parchments, and for the speedy arrival of Timothy.) b. verses 14, 15: He warns Timothy against Alexander, the metal-worker.) c. verses 16 18: From the manner in which the Lord had strengthened him during his first defence Paul derives comfort for the present and for the future.) d. verses 19 21: Greetings to and from certain individual believers, items of information with reference to others, repetition of request for Timothy s speedy coming.) e. verse 22: Benediction.) 9, 10, 11a. Do your best to come to me quickly.) Paul, writing from a cold, dank dungeon in Rome, and facing death, longs for the presence of his beloved child Timothy. He wants him to come quickly, that is, before winter (see on verse 21). The reason for the apostle s feeling of loneliness is as follows: for Demas has deserted me, because he fell in love with the present world, and has gone to Thessalonica; Crescens (has gone) to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia. Luke is the only one with me.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Demas had at one time been Paul s assistant in the gospel-ministry 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Philemon 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ). During the first Roman imprisonment Demas, too, had been in Rome. Twice the apostle had mentioned him in one breath with Luke, the beloved physician 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.25|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.25|AUTODETECT|” Philemon 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.17|AUTODETECT|” ). It would seem to be a safe inference from the present passage that also during the second Roman imprisonment Demas had been in Rome, and had rendered service in the kingdom. Hence, all the more pathetic are these plaintive words, Do your best to come to me quickly, for Demas has deserted me. The verb used in the original implies that Demas had not merely left Paul (on this or that legitimate mission), but had left him in the lurch, had abandoned, forsaken him. The separation was not merely local but spiritual. Paul is deeply disappointed with Demas. Demas left because he fell in love��175�� with the present age, the world on this side of the grave, the transitory era which, in spite of all its pleasures and treasures, will soon be past 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.17|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Much can be said in support of the view that Demas, in love with the present world, never belonged to the company of those who love Christ s appearing. Note the sharp and probably intentional contrast between the lover of the present world (verse 9) and the lovers of the Epiphany (verse 8). Moreover, nowhere is there a word about the restoration of Demas. Demas should probably not be placed in a class with Mark! Though we have no solid ground for speaking with certainty about this matter, nevertheless, the spirit of the present passage and of its context rather points in the direction of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.22|AUTODETECT|” Matthew 7:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.23|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.7.23|AUTODETECT|” 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , as a general indication of the class to which Demas belongs. Just why Demas went to Thessalonica, and not to some other place, is not known. Perhaps he thought that the deepest desires of his soul could be better satisfied there than elsewhere. Did he leave Rome because this capital was at that time the most dangerous place for a Christian to be? Did he have business, friends, or relatives in Thessalonica? We do not know.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Paul adds, Crescens (has gone) to Galatia. Instead of Galatia another reading has Gallia. This would then be the region which today is called France plus certain surrounding territories. It is impossible to determine which of these two readings is correct. Hence, we do not know where Crescens went.��176�� Nor do we have any reliable information about Crescens except that which is supplied by the present passage.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.21|AUTODETECT|” Titus (has gone) to Dalmatia, continues Paul. It seems that after Titus visit to Jerusalem as a test-case 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.21|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.19|AUTODETECT|” ), all his missions were to provinces in Europe. Whenever, away from Paul, he was on a mission, he was never very far from the east coast of the Adriatic Sea or its southern extension, the Ionian Sea. Being able, courageous, and consecrated, he knew how to handle the quarrelsome Corinthians, the mendacious Cretans, and the reputedly pugnacious Dalmatians. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.12|AUTODETECT|” . In contrast with Demas who had deserted Paul, we must believe that both Crescens and Titus had gone where duty called them. See also on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Luke is the only one with me. The author of the third Gospel was a remarkable person. He was the beloved physician 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.17-44.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ), always loyal to Paul, to the gospel, to the Lord. Frequently he had been Paul s companion in travel, as is indicated by the we sections in Acts (16:10 17; 20:6 16; 21; 27; 28). He had been with Paul on the second missionary journey, at Troas and at Philippi. He had evidently been left behind at the latter place 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.16.17-44.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Acts 16:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.0|AUTODETECT|” ). Toward the close of the third tour he seems again to have joined Paul at Philippi (Acts 20:60), and he accompanied him to Jerusalem. For a while we do not see him. But suddenly he re-appears, for he is in Paul s company on the long and dangerous sea-journey from Palestine to Rome 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ). He is with the apostle during both the first and the second Roman imprisonments 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Philemon 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Paul needed a doctor and a friend. Luke was both, and directly or indirectly may also have served in the capacity of Paul s secretary.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Luke and Paul had much in common. Both were educated men, men of culture. Both were big-hearted, broad-spirited, sympathetic. Above all, both were believers and missionaries.��177��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” But if Luke was such a wonderful friend, why does Paul say, Luke is the only one with me ? The following answer may be suggested: a. The very presence, off and on, of no one else besides Luke made the absence of all the others all the more conspicuous, especially in contrast with Paul s circumstances during the first imprisonment when he was permitted to receive all who came to him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.30|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:30) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Also, b. There may be more here than an expression of loneliness. It is entirely possible that the apostle also wishes to stress the fact that he is short on help, that there were not enough reapers; perhaps not even a sufficient number to provide adequately for the spiritual needs of those believers who were still in Rome.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 It must be emphasized that whatever is stated in verse 10 and 11a, in connection with Demas, Crescens, Titus, and Luke, has the purpose of urging Timothy to do his best to come quickly.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” 11b, 12, 13. With a view to this coming of Timothy, the apostle continues, Pick up Mark and bring him with you, for he is very useful to me for (the) ministry. The home of Mark was in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.12.12|AUTODETECT|” Acts 12:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.36-44.15.41|AUTODETECT|” ). It was he who had deserted Paul and Barnabas on the first missionary journey. Paul, therefore, had refused to take Mark with him on the second tour. So Barnabas had taken Mark and had sailed away to Cyprus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.15.36-44.15.41|AUTODETECT|” Acts 15:36 41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ). Subsequently, however, we find Mark again in the company of Paul at Rome during the apostle s first imprisonment 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.10|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=57.1.24|AUTODETECT|” Philemon 24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Afterward he is with Peter in Rome 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.13|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Tradition supports the idea that there was a close connection between Peter s preaching in Rome and the writing of Mark s Gospel. After Peter s martyrdom Mark seems to have become Paul s assistant once more. At Paul s request and in co-operation with Timothy he may have been making a tour of the churches in Asia Minor while Paul was writing II Timothy. Timothy, leaving for Rome, is urged to pick him up, because Paul knows that by this time Mark is very useful to him for ministry. The implication is probably this: since Mark has experienced a change for the better, having taken to heart the lesson which his earlier failure had taught him, and since he is well acquainted with Rome and with the condition of the church in that city, hence in Rome he will be the right man in the right place. The context indicates that when Paul uses the term ministry or service, he is thinking of kingdom-work, service in the interest of the gospel, and does not merely mean, He can perform certain duties to make life easier for me personally. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Continuing, then, along this same line, the man who even in the dungeon is the great superintendent of missions adds, Now Tychicus I am commissioning (probably an epistolary aorist) for Ephesus. Tychicus was a beloved brother, faithful minister and fellow-servant in the gospel, a man worthy of all confidence. He was one of several intimate friends who had accompanied the apostle when at the close of his third missionary journey he was returning from Greece through Macedonia into Asia, with the purpose of going to Jerusalem on a charitable mission 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” ). Also later, during the first Roman imprisonment, Tychicus had been with Paul. He had been commissioned by the apostle to carry to their destinations the epistle to the Ephesians, the one to the Colossians, and probably also the one to Philemon. He was, moreover, the right person to supply the necessary atmosphere more detailed information about Paul s circumstances , so that the letters which he delivered could be understood all the more readily 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.21|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Col. 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ). During the interval between the first and second Roman imprisonments Tychicus is again (or still) working in close cooperation with Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Titus 3:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And now, during the second Roman imprisonment, Paul finds that Tychicus is the logical person to send to Ephesus with this letter (II Timothy). In addition, he is also the right man to serve for a while as director of affairs in the churches of Asia Minor, as a substitute for Timothy during the latter s absence, which would be of rather lengthy duration, since Timothy would not be able to return to Ephesus until at least April (see on verse 21).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 Timothy, then, must not hesitate to leave Ephesus. Under another trusted leader, namely, Tychicus, the work will be continued. The cause will not have to suffer. When Timothy leaves for Rome, he must, moreover, take with him a few things needed by Paul: The cloak which I left in Troas with Carpus bring along when you come; also the books, especially the parchments.) The word translated cloak (�������� =, by metathesis from ��������, a transliteration of the Latin paenula) indicates a kind of blanket of coarse wool that was used as an outer garment to protect against the cold and the rain. It had a hole in the middle for the head to pass through. There were no sleeves.

In Latin this is the more usual (though not the only) meaning of the word. In Greek it is this meaning that has abundant papyri support. The connotation briefcase, bookwrap, or satchel, a receptacle for important documents and/or books, is found at times, and there have always been those who assign this meaning to the word in the present passage.��178�� But the apostle does not seem to be asking for his satchel with documents but for two different kinds of articles: a. the paenula, and b. the books, especially the parchments. It is possible that both a. and b. were in one class in this sense only, that they were rather troublesome to carry along at all times; for example, in hot weather. So, Paul may have left them with Carpus (otherwise unknown to us), intending soon to return in order to pick them up. Whatever may have been the reason why this was not done, the apostle in his cold, damp dungeon, with winter just around the corner, feels the need of this cloak, and asks Timothy to bring it along when he comes.

Troas was not far from Timothy s headquarters at Ephesus.��179��) And let Timothy also bring the books, especially the parchments. The books were in all probability papyrus-rolls; the parchments or membranes were skins of sheep, lambs, goats, or calves, especially prepared for writing. Paul wants the books but above all the parchments! What was written in these books and parchments? Is it not natural to assume that the Lord s prisoner desired above all else to spend his few remaining weeks or months in meditating upon the Word of God? For the rest, as to exact contents, we simply do not know, and it is useless to add to the guesses that have been made.��180��) It is clear that the believer in his yearning to provide for his intellectual and spiritual needs (books, parchments) is not called upon to ignore the needs of the body .

One is reminded of the very similar entreaty which, under analogous circumstances, was penned by another notable warrior of the cross many centuries later. It was William Tyndale, the well-known Bible translator, who from his cold prison-cell at Vilvoorde made request that in view of the approaching winter (how like Paul!) a cloak, woollen shirt, warm cap, and most of all, his Hebrew Bible, grammar, and vocabulary be brought to him.) 14, 15. We come now to the second sub-paragraph (see p. 318), a warning against a bitter enemy of the faith: Alexander, the metal-worker, did me much damage.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” It is not easy to reconstruct the circumstances under which Alexander opposed Paul and the good cause which the latter represented. It can, however, be stated with well-nigh certainty that there had been a trial (this, in the light of the trial-context; see verse 16, though the trial referred to there is probably not the same as the one in which Alexander was involved; see on that verse). In this trial Alexander had been an accuser or a witness for the prosecution. Who was this Alexander? His name was as common then as are the names Brown, Jones, or Smith today 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.21|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” 19:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” , probably five different Alexanders). From the context it would appear that this Alexander is living in Rome; for it stands to reason that it was especially in Rome that he was able to oppose Paul, who was also in that city. Now if that inference be correct, he must probably not be identified with the Alexander mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” nor with the one to whom ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 refers, for these Alexanders lived in the Ephesus region.��181��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.22|AUTODETECT|” The present Alexander, then, is probably a different person. He is the metal-worker 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.4.22|AUTODETECT|” Gen. 4:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” LXX). Now, in connection with the trial, Alexander, by means of deeds (verse 14) and words (verse 15), had succeeded in damaging Paul. No doubt he had helped to bring about an adverse court-decision with respect to the apostle, though we do not know whether the sentence, Condemned to death had already been announced or conveyed to the apostle. We do know, however, that this sentence was now certain, and that Paul knew this. He knew that he was about to die (see on 4:6, 7, 8; also on verse 18). But instead of avenging himself upon Alexander, he leaves the matter of retribution entirely to the Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.32.35|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 32:35) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.17-45.12.19|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.12.17-45.12.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 12:17 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.23|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.12|AUTODETECT|” ). Hence, he immediately adds, The Lord will repay (best reading) him in accordance with his deeds. When Christ returns to judge (see on verses 1 and 8), he will not forget what Alexander has done, but will give him his due (same verb as in verse 8, where it is used in a favorable sense). See ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.62.12|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 62:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.24.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.24.12|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 24:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.25.31-40.25.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 25:31 46) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.28|AUTODETECT|” John 5:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.5.29|AUTODETECT|” 29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.15|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.23|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.13|AUTODETECT|” 20:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Paul continues, You, too, be on your guard against him, for he vigorously opposed our words. Forewarned is forearmed. Let Timothy, in coming to Rome, be constantly on his guard against this wicked Alexander, who will try his utmost to harm the disciple even before the latter has reached his master. Let him take the necessary precautions so that he will know what to say and what to do if and when he should be confronted with Alexander. And, prayer being at all times the best prophylactic, let him pray about this matter, in order that the proper words may be given to him when he needs them, and the proper actions may be suggested to him.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.39|AUTODETECT|” This Alexander was a relentless persecutor, one who vigorously (upon this word rests the emphasis) stood over against hence, resisted, opposed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.5.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 5:39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.21.15|AUTODETECT|” Luke 21:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Acts 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.13.8|AUTODETECT|” 13:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.19|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 9:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 3:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 4:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.4.7|AUTODETECT|” James 4:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.5.9|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 5:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ) our words, that is, the arguments for the defence, a defence in which the apostle had been assisted by others 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.16|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.16|AUTODETECT|” 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.11|AUTODETECT|” 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), as the modifier our indicates.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 16 18. That word our , instead of my, brings up the past. There had been another trial. In that first defence no one had taken Paul s side. It is readily understood why Paul speaks of the trial as a defence (literally apology in the sense of speech in vindication from accusation), for that had been his part in it. In that former trial, then, Paul had stood alone.

Entirely alone? No, for the Lord had caused his presence to be felt in a remarkable manner. From the way in which the Lord had then strengthened him Paul derives comfort for the present and for the future. Let Timothy also take courage. This, in general, is the sense of the third sub-paragraph (see p. 318) which follows.) I shall treat it first positively, giving the interpretation which by many is considered to be the most natural one, even though today it is not the most widely accepted one; then negatively, stating the difficulties which beset the opposite interpretation.) At my first defence no one was at my side, but all deserted me.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Paul, being in a reminiscent mood, as one is prone to be when he reaches the end of his life here on earth and has an opportunity to look back, vividly recalls this other trial, the one which, if these interpreters are correct, had taken place a few years earlier. At that time no one had come to stand beside him in his defence. That was during the period of the first Roman imprisonment. What a difference between then and now, as to the actual trial! Now, during this second Roman imprisonment, Demas had deserted him (see on verse 10), and all those in Asia had turned away from him 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.15|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” ). But Onesiphorus had come from Asia, and Luke had remained faithful. But during that previous imprisonment not a single person had presented himself as a witness for Paul s defence. All had deserted. Why? Had fear held them back? Or possibly the feeling: The apostle does not need us, for the Romans are favorably inclined to him, and no accuser has appeared in order to press his charge? See pp. 26, 27. However that may be, to a certain extent Paul had suffered a disappointment. But he knows how to forgive. Hence, he continues: May it not be charged against them. This prayerful wish is entirely in harmony with the spirit of Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” ), of Stephen 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.60|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:60) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.5|AUTODETECT|” ) and & of Paul himself 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.13.5|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 13:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” But the Lord stood at my side and gave me strength. That, during his first imprisonment, this had indeed been Paul s blessed experience is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.12|AUTODETECT|” . The Lord (Jesus Christ) had stood by him and had strengthened 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.12|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; the same word as in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.22|AUTODETECT|” ; and cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.9.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 9:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.4.20|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.6.10|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 6:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.11|AUTODETECT|” ) him, and this not only during that imprisonment but even on his way to it 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.23.11|AUTODETECT|” Acts 23:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.23|AUTODETECT|” 27:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And the purpose had been: in order that through me the message might be fully heralded (literally, in order that through me the heralded message or preaching, kerugma, see on verse 2 might be fulfilled or accomplished ), and all the Gentiles might hear it.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.24|AUTODETECT|” The following interpretation is natural: I was set at liberty in order that after my acquittal I might complete my task of heralding the gospel of salvation, so that not only the Gentiles east of Rome but also those west of Rome might hear it. Paul s gospel-message, the heralded word as spoken by him, must reach the limits of the West. Spain could not be omitted 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.24|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 15:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.28|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.15.28|AUTODETECT|” 28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.21|AUTODETECT|” And I was rescued out of (the) mouth of (the) lion. Probably this is simply an idiomatic way of saying, I was delivered out of the jaws of death (ex faucibus mortis, Calvin), and not a specific reference to Satan, Nero, or a literal lion of the amphitheater. In all probability this, as is clear from ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.21|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 (the passage upon which Paul s figurative expression is based) means complete deliverance. Paul had been enabled to declare the name of the Lord far and wide. His first Roman imprisonment had ended in full acquittal and in more missionary journeys.) 1 4 2 8 0 0 From this experience of the past the apostle draws encouragement: And the Lord will rescue me from every evil work, and save me (bringing me) to his heavenly kingdom.) Note the parallel:) At my first defence all deserted me (verse 16). Now Demas has deserted me (verse 10). Same verb in both cases.) At my first defence I was rescued (verse 17). Now, the Lord will rescue me (verse 18). Again the same verb both times.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.10|AUTODETECT|” The stress falls on this divine rescuing activity. In the past there had been danger. Now, too, there was that which men would consider danger. But in the past the Lord had intervened; now again he will intervene decisively for deliverance 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.10|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In the past Paul had been rescued from death. Now he will be rescued by means of death. In neither case does his soul perish. He is never separated from the love of God in Christ.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.22-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” To destroy Paul spiritually and to annihilate the kingdom of Christ is, nevertheless, at all times exactly what Satan intends to do. All the efforts which he puts forth to achieve this sinister purpose constitute his evil work. But Paul is convinced that, as in the past so also now, the Lord will rescue me from every evil work, though not from all physical harm. The man who wrote ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.22-47.11.33|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 11:22 33) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 does not expect immunity from injury to the body! But the Lord (Jesus Christ) will save me to (this is either a pregnant expression meaning will save me, bringing me to, or means will save me for, the two interpretations yielding about the same resultant sense) his heavenly kingdom. The Lord is going to bring Paul to heaven, that is, to that kingdom which, though seen on earth in shadow, has its seat in heaven, and belongs to heaven as to its essence and fulness (see on verse 1).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.24|AUTODETECT|” The expression the Lord & will save me to (or for) his heavenly kingdom implies that Paul expected to go to heaven immediately upon death. This is Scripture s doctrine throughout. Thus, the psalmist expects to be welcomed into the realm of glory when he dies 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.24|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 73:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.25|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.73.25|AUTODETECT|” 25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.0|AUTODETECT|” ). Lazarus is immediately carried by the angels into Abraham s bosom 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.16.0|AUTODETECT|” Luke 16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” , see especially verse 22). The penitent thief enters Paradise at once, together with his Lord 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:43) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.1|AUTODETECT|” ). Paul is convinced that when the earthly tent is destroyed, the building from God, eternal in the heavens will be ready to receive the believer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ); that death is gain 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.21|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ), which would not be true if it meant extinction of being or passing into oblivion; and that to depart from this earth means to be with Christ, a condition which is better by far than continued life here below 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.13-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” ). And the book of Revelation pictures the souls of the martyrs as having been translated immediately into heaven, and as being very happily and busily occupied in that region of bliss 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.13-66.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:13 17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Not filled with dismay is Paul when he thinks of imminent departure from this earth. On the contrary, since this departure is better by far than remaining on earth, his soul is filled with rapture. Hence, not surprising is the doxology: To him the glory forever and ever. Amen. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.18|AUTODETECT|” ; but here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.18|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” the never-ceasing glory is ascribed to Christ, the Lord. Cf. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.9.5|AUTODETECT|” Romans 9:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.27|AUTODETECT|” 16:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” . By adding the word of solemn affirmation or confirmation, Amen (on which see N.T.C. on John, Vol. I, p. 111, footnote 51), the apostle shows that he most heartily desires or definitely declares 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” and in those texts of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.6.13|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 6:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 which contain the doxology of the Lord s prayer) that Christ s glory the radiating splendor of all his marvelous attributes be his possession world without end.) 1 13 2 8 0 0 The interpretation that has been presented, according to which the expression my first defence refers to the first Roman imprisonment, particularly to the trial which then took place and which resulted in Paul s acquittal and more journeys, is supported by the testimony of tradition. That Eusebius thus interprets the passage is clear from the quotation which has been given (see p. 27). Cf. also Chrysostom (Hom. XI).��182��) Many commentators, however, favor an interpretation which differs radically from the one supported by tradition. They feel that the latter is out of harmony with the favorable conditions of the imprisonment recorded in the book of Acts. Their view may be briefly summarized as follows:) (1) My first defence means: my first appearance in court, the preliminary investigation (prima actio) in the present trial.) (2) No one was at my side means: no patron ( friend at court, a man of importance in the eyes of the Romans) accompanied me to the court-room, attesting by his very presence that I am a respectable person.) Similarly, all deserted me means: all those potential patrons abandoned me.) (3) The sentence, But the Lord stood at my side and gave me strength, in order that through me the message might be fully heralded means: the Lord strengthened me in order that by means of my defence in the court-room my message might reach its climax (or: so that by that means it got to be fully completed).) (4) And all the Gentiles might hear it means: and in order that the crowd of Roman grandees in the court-room, as representing the entire heathen world, might hear my defence (or: so that this crowd got to hear my defence).) (5) And I was rescued from the mouth of the lion means: and I was kept from being executed that day.��183��) In fairness to those who favor this view it must be said that some, though wishing to be counted among its defenders, express serious misgivings and doubts about it.

This is not surprising. Note the following:) With respect to point (1) above. The fact that the statement, Alexander, the metal-worker, did me much damage is followed by At my first defence no one was at my side, may imply that the damage wrought by Alexander was not done at my first defence, but more recently. Paul may be comparing the present with the past. If so, he is retracing his steps, drawing lessons and analogies from the experiences of former years. This, at any rate, is entirely in line with what he is doing in other passages of the same epistle (1:5; 2:2; 3:14, 15; 4:7).) With respect to (2).

Paul mentions Luke who is with him, and Demas who has deserted him. About patrons not a word. Also, if there has been a trial of any kind ( preliminary or otherwise) during this present imprisonment, it is hard to believe that Paul intended to say that Luke was either absent or not qualified to serve as patron.) With respect to (3). The idea that the fully accomplished proclamation refers simply to a court-room defence does not seem as reasonable as is the view that it refers to the hope of proclaiming the gospel to the whole world, that is, to the West (Spain) as well as to the East.) With respect to (4). To say that the clause, & and that all the Gentiles might hear it means no more than, and that the whole court-room crowd might hear it would seem to do violence to the text (as Gealy admits). To view this crowd as representing the entire heathen world looks like forced exegesis in the interest of a theory.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.21|AUTODETECT|” And finally, with respect to (5). In the light of the passage of which Paul, no doubt, was thinking, namely, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.21|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” 22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” , which describes a deliverance of the most thorough-going character, it can be said with little possibility of successful contradiction that rather unsatisfactory is the view according to which rescue from the lion s mouth means nothing more than this, namely, that immediately after his preliminary hearing Paul, instead of being executed, was led back, as a chained prisoner, to his horrible dungeon, there to await certain death 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 2 2 8 0 0 It is safe to say, therefore, that if there be a better interpretation than that which was offered by the early church, it has not yet been presented. It must be freely admitted that the traditional view has its difficulties. But are not the difficulties with which the opposite view is confronted even more formidable?) 19. The fourth sub-paragraph (greetings, etc., verses 19 21; see p. 318) begins as follows: Greet Prisca and Aquila and the family of Onesiphorus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” As to Prisca and Aquila, note that in four of the six references to this wonderful team the name of the wife precedes 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.26|AUTODETECT|” 18:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.3|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ; and here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.19|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” ). In two references the order is reversed 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.2|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Guesses as to the reason why Aquila is usually mentioned last (and Prisca first) are:) 1 5 2 8 0 0 a. Prisca excelled her husband in loyalty and zeal with respect to the work of the Lord.) b. Prisca sprang from a more distinguished family.) c. Prisca had been the noble hostess, and as such had bestowed much sympathetic care upon Paul and his helpers.) If the underlying assumption be correct, namely, that a writer bestows special honor or higher rating upon the person whom he most often mentions first an assumption which is not granted by all! then the last-mentioned reason might well be the correct one; but we do not know.) Note also that Paul says Prisca , but Luke says Priscilla . Aquila means eagle. These are Latin names.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.1-44.18.3|AUTODETECT|” Aquila was a man of Pontus by race, who had lived for a while in Rome. As a result of an outburst of anti-Semitism on the part of emperor Claudius, Aquila and his wife had left Rome and had settled in Corinth. He was a tentmaker as was Paul. Soon the two men were working together. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.1-44.18.3|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” .) The inference would seem to be justified that it was through Paul that his host and hostess were brought to Christ. When, homeward bound from the second missionary journey, the apostle made a brief stop at Ephesus, Aquila and Prisca were traveling with him, and he left them there 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.18|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.19|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.19|AUTODETECT|” 19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.24-44.18.26|AUTODETECT|” ). It was here that they proved to be a God-send to that fervent preacher Apollos, to whom they expounded the way of God more accurately 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.18.24-44.18.26|AUTODETECT|” Acts 18:24 26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” ). When Paul on his third missionary journey sends I Corinthians from Ephesus, he appends a fervent greeting from Aquila and Prisca and from the church that is in their house 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.3-45.16.5|AUTODETECT|” ). When on this same journey Paul finally arrives in Corinth and sends a letter to the Romans, he causes the salutation to Prisca and Aquila to be the first of a lengthy list. (The theory that this list does not belong here, though strongly argued, has never been proved. I cling firmly to the belief that it is an authentic part of the epistle to the Romans.) Not only is this greeting the first, it is also the fullest and the warmest. It now appears that the devoted couple had risked their necks for Paul. Once more, as in Ephesus, the home of Aquila and Priscilla, who are now back in Rome, is the meeting-place for the Christian congregation 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.3-45.16.5|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:3 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.19|AUTODETECT|” ). Finally, it appears from our present passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.19|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.17|AUTODETECT|” ) that the two have again left Rome and have returned to Ephesus. The reason for this return to Ephesus may have been the Neronian persecution. With what warmth of feeling Paul must have sent this greeting penning it with his own hand! See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.3.17|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 3:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 to his loyal friends and fellow-workers Aquila and Prisca!) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.16|AUTODETECT|” The apostle also sends greetings to the family of Onesiphorus 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.16|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” 20. Paul is about to convey best regards from certain believers here in Rome with whom he had maintained a degree of contact (see verse 21), no doubt through Luke (see on verse 11). Before he does this, however, he is careful to indicate the reason why two persons have been prevented from sending greetings. This reason is that they are not in Rome. The apostle wants Timothy to know this, so that he may not begin to wonder about the omission. Says Paul: Erastus remained at Corinth, but Trophimus I left at Miletus sick. Since in the book of Acts both of these names occur in close proximity, in connection with Paul s third missionary journey, a journey in which he was accompanied by Timothy much of the way (see pp. 35, 36), and since here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” the apostle mentions these names as those of men well-known to Timothy, so that no further designation is necessary, it may be safely assumed that Erastus is the one who on the third missionary journey (outward bound) was sent with Timothy to Macedonia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.4|AUTODETECT|” ),��184�� and that Trophimus was the one who on that same journey (homeward bound), with Timothy accompanied Paul 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.4|AUTODETECT|” Acts 20:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.5|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.20.5|AUTODETECT|” 5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.29|AUTODETECT|” ). It was this same Trophimus, an Ephesian, who became the innocent cause of Paul s seizure by the mob in Jerusalem 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.21.29|AUTODETECT|” Acts 21:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 It is reasonable to assume that, in his notes regarding Erastus and Trophimus, the apostle is recounting recent experiences. It was only shortly ago, while Paul, perhaps returning from Spain, was traveling east, then north, then west (via Miletus, Troas, Corinth, to Rome; see a map; also pp. 39, 40) that Erastus had remained at Corinth, and that Trophimus had been left at Miletus sick. Hence, neither of these men is now able to send greetings from Rome.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.13.14|AUTODETECT|” It must have been hard for Trophimus to be left behind at Miletus, only thirty-six miles south of his home at Ephesus. And it must have been a sorrowful experience for Paul to discover that he did not at this occasion receive from his Lord the power to heal. In God s sovereign providence believers, too, become ill 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.13.14|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 13:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.20.1|AUTODETECT|” ; Hezekiah, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=12.20.1|AUTODETECT|” II Kings 20:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.13|AUTODETECT|” ; Paul, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25-50.2.27|AUTODETECT|” ; Epaphroditus, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.25-50.2.27|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:25 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.23|AUTODETECT|” ; Timothy, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.5.23|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 5:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” ; Trophimus, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.14|AUTODETECT|” ). They even die! The passage, With his stripes we are healed, does not mean that they have been exempted from the infirmities of the flesh. Often, to be sure, it pleases God to heal them, a blessing which arrives in answer to prayer 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.14|AUTODETECT|” James 5:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=59.5.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” ). But even if God s will be otherwise, theirs is ever the comfort of such passages as ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.23.0|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.27.0|AUTODETECT|” 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.0|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.42.0|AUTODETECT|” 42) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.1-43.14.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.1-43.14.3|AUTODETECT|” John 14:1 3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.35-45.8.39|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:35 39) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4-50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.4-50.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:4 7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6-55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6-55.4.8|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:6 8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.6|AUTODETECT|” 12:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , to mention only a few among many references.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.0|AUTODETECT|” 21. For a true appreciation of the depth of feeling, the pathos, which underlies the request which now follows, one must bear in mind that to the list of absent fellow-workers mentioned in verse 10 those which have just now been named (Prisca, Aquila, Erastus, Trophimus, and where was Onesiphorus? still on earth?) must now be added. Hence, not at all surprising are the words: Do your best to come before winter. The winter-season (Feast of Tabernacles to Feast of Passover; in other words, October to April) was approaching. Then navigation ceased, or, if attempted at all, became very dangerous, as Paul knew by experience 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.0|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ). Besides, the apostle was aware that the day of execution was fast approaching 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.6|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:6) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ). If Timothy delayed his coming, the two would never meet again on earth. And, with winter approaching, Paul needed his cloak (see on verse 13).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=55.4.21|AUTODETECT|” Probably through Luke as go-between, certain believers who have resisted the urge to flee away from Rome and its bloody persecution ask to be remembered: Eubulus greets you, as do Pudens and Linus and Claudia and all the brothers. Even legend has nothing to say with reference to Eubulus, a Greek proper name meaning good counselor, prudent person. Among the Greeks Linus was the name of a mythical minstrel. The Linus to whom Paul refers seems to have been simply a believer in Rome, not a past companion of Paul. Tradition has it that after Peter s death this man was appointed to the bishopric of the church at Rome (Irenaeus, Against Heresies III. iii. 3; Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History III. iv). Whether this tradition rests upon any basis of fact is open to doubt.

The apostle does not seem to regard him quite so highly. According to legend Pudens was a Roman senator converted by Peter; and Claudia was the mother of Linus. These last two (Pudens and Claudia) are common Latin names. Except for these brief notices here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.21|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 , we have no definite and reliable knowledge about any of the four persons mentioned here.��185�� Neither do we know who are meant by all the brothers. For example, we do not know whether these brothers belonged to the original, predominantly Gentile congregation or to one of the subsequently established assemblies of believers drawn from the Jewish element in Rome.��186��) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.18|AUTODETECT|” 22. The closing salutation, which is the fifth sub-paragraph (see p. 318) has two parts. The first part is addressed to Timothy alone: The Lord (be) with your spirit. The Lord means the Lord Jesus Christ 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.6.18|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 6:18) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.23|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 4:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.6.21|AUTODETECT|” ). The predicate (be) with your spirit implies that the spirit of Timothy needs to be strengthened, so that he will fully discharge his ministerial task and in the fulfilment of his duties will even be able to endure suffering for the sake of Christ, and this without protest. The second part is addressed not only to Timothy but also to all those who will hear or read the letter: Grace (be) with you. See on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=54.6.21|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 6:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 12 2 8 0 0 Synthesis of Chapter 4) See the Outline at the beginning of this chapter.) Timothy must preach the sound doctrine. This is the final, most solemn charge which the apostle issues as he directs his assistant s attention to God and to Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and in whose presence the charge is issued and received. Thus he places Timothy under oath to comply with the charge. If Timothy obeys, he will share in (and if he disobeys he will miss) the glory of Christ s Epiphany and Reign.) Timothy, then, must be a herald. He must forcefully and faithfully proclaim the divinely authorized message of salvation. Welcome or not welcome, he must ever be on hand with his good news.

In this connection, he must reprove, rebuke, and admonish, doing all this with utmost longsuffering and painstaking teaching-activity. Let him bear in mind that the season will arrive every age has such a season, but these seasons grow progressively worse when men will not tolerate the sound doctrine. To be sure, they will still want to have teachers; in fact, heaps of them. But these teachers will be the kind that suit the fancies of men whose ears itch to hear interesting stories instead of the truth. Let Timothy then be sober, willing to suffer hardship, while he discharges to the full his evangelistic ministry. Let him do this all the more in view of the fact that Paul, who has fought the grand fight, has finished the race, and has kept the faith, is about to depart to the shores of eternity, in order that he may receive the wreath which he can justly claim as his own, and which the Lord, the righteous Judge will award to him on the day of judgment, and not to him alone but to all those who have been looking forward with love and longing to the moment of their Lord s appearing, his brilliant second coming.) The closing paragraph (4:9 22) has been summarized on p. 318.) ) ) ) ) 165 The rendering charge (A.V., A.R.V., R.S.V.) is correct.

The context requires this rendering charge or adjure, not solemnly testify; for what follows (in verse 2) is a charge, not a testimony. For the opposite view see Robertson (Word Pictures, Vol. 4, p. 629), and Lenski, op. cit., p. 850.) 166 See P. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, three volumes, New York and London, edition 1919, Vol. I, pp. 16 23.) N.T.C. W. Hendriksen, New Testament Commentary) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.7|AUTODETECT|” 167 The accusative of the nouns epiphany and kingdom has been called that of adjuration or conjuration 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Mark 5:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.13|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.5.27|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 5:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.26|AUTODETECT|” ; cf. LXX on ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.4.26|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 4:26) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.30.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.30.19|AUTODETECT|” 30:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.31.28|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.31.28|AUTODETECT|” 31:28) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 1 2 8 0 0 168 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.21|AUTODETECT|” In Paul the verb to herald (�������) occurs in the following passages: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.2.21|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 2:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.8|AUTODETECT|” 10:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.14|AUTODETECT|” 14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.23|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.9.27|AUTODETECT|” 9:27) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.11|AUTODETECT|” 15:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.19|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.4.5|AUTODETECT|” 4:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.4|AUTODETECT|” 11:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 2:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.5.11|AUTODETECT|” 5:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.1.15|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 1:15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.1.23|AUTODETECT|” Col. 1:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.9|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:9) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.2|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.19|AUTODETECT|” . It is also of frequent occurrence in the Synoptics and in Acts. It is found once in Peter 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.19|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ); once in Revelation (5:2). The noun herald (�����) is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.7|AUTODETECT|” I Timothy 2:7) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.11|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:11) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.5|AUTODETECT|” . In the New Testament outside of Paul it occurs only in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.2.5|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 2:5) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” . Proclamation by the herald or heralding (�������) is found in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.21|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:21) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.2.4|AUTODETECT|” 2:4) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.15.14|AUTODETECT|” 15:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.17|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:17) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=56.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Titus 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.41|AUTODETECT|” . In addition to its occurrences in Paul this noun also occurs in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.12.41|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 12:41) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.32|AUTODETECT|” and in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.11.32|AUTODETECT|” Luke 11:32) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Synonyms are �P�������� (to announce good tidings), and in certain contexts ���������� (to proclaim, declare).) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.45|AUTODETECT|” 169 Words have a history. It is, therefore, not surprising that also this verb, like so many others, is at times used in a more general sense, namely, with respect to a proclamation or heralding that is not divinely authorized, ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.1.45|AUTODETECT|” Mark 1:45) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.7.36|AUTODETECT|” 7:36) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” 170 One must not ascribe qualities to heralding which do not properly belong to it. The view held by some (see, for example, Alan Richardson, article Preach, Teach in A Theological Word Book of the Bible, New York, 1952, pp. 171, 172) that the term heralding and its synonyms have nothing to do with the delivery of sermons to the converted, but always indicate the proclamation of the good news to the non-Christian world, is incorrect. To be sure, when the church was still in its infancy, and when even in the Roman world most people had never heard of the gospel, great emphasis was placed on missionary-activity. And the missionary s audience would naturally consist exclusively or largely of unbelievers, whether Jews or Gentiles. But this does not mean that when believers are being established in the faith, the message which they hear ceases to be kerugma 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.25|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:25) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and that the messenger ceases to be a herald. ) 1 3 2 8 0 0 171 Since everywhere else in the New Testament the verb has the sense arrive, come near, be present, be on hand, , a meaning which also suits the present context, I see no reason to adopt a different sense here .) M.M. The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources, by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan (edition Grand Rapids, 1952)) 172 Hence, I cannot agree with Lenski (op. cit., p. 860) who criticizes Robertson s graph (Gram.N.T., p. 895) for the three perfect tenses in I have fought, I have finished, I have kept. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.20|AUTODETECT|” 173 The objection advanced by Lenski against the futuristic rendering of �������� (op. cit., p. 862), namely, that the verb which is here introduced is present tense with perfect meaning , is not valid. It is the sense of the entire verse (verse 8), and not of the one verb, that determines the meaning of the adverb. English, too, allows such usage; for example, As to the future, a job has been provided for me! For other examples of ������ (with or without the article) in the futuristic sense see ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.27.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 27:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.29|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.7.29|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 7:29) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.13|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:13) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.16|AUTODETECT|” . The meaning for the rest is represented by the following passages: a. without the article: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.16|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:16) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.4.2|AUTODETECT|” 4:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.4.1|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 4:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; b. with the article: ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.4.8|AUTODETECT|” 4:8) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” 174 This is a righteous wreath, a wreath justly bestowed upon the righteous. It springs from righteousness, just like in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.1.3|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 1:3) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 work springs from (results from) faith, exertion springs from (is prompted by) love, and endurance springs from (is inspired by) hope. For this genitive of source see N.T.C. on I and II Thessalonians, pp. 46, 47, footnote 35. Others (e.g. Robertson, op. cit., p. 631) consider this to be a genitive of apposition, which, however, yields a very difficult meaning in the present context.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 175 By means of the translation, because he fell in love, I have tried to do justice to two facts: a. the participle used in the original is aorist, and b. it is undoubtedly causal in the present connection.) 176 ) The problem with reference to Galatia or Gallia is complicated. About the year 400 b.c. certain Gauls or Celts migrated to northern Italy. Some of the tribes moved farther eastward, entering Macedonia and Thrace. In the year 278 b.c. 20,000 Gauls crossed the Hellespont and moved into Asia Minor. Here they prospered and increased greatly in numbers. Though subsequently subjugated by the Romans, they were permitted to keep their own kings. The Roman province Galatia, named after them, comprised: a. the territory in central and northern Asia Minor in which most of these Gauls were now living, and b. certain districts to the south of this Celtic territory.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” Since Paul must be regarded as the author of the Pastorals, and he was in the habit of using the official names of Roman political units or provinces Asia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.19|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” ); Achaia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.1.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 1:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ); and Macedonia 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.8.1|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 8:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.1|AUTODETECT|” ) I believe that in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.1|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:1) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:2) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; and also in our present passage 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) if the reading Galatia is here authentic, it is the Roman province of Galatia (in Asia Minor) that is meant. (The fact, mentioned by several commentators, that certain Greek writers Polybius, Plutarch, etc. use the term Celtic Galatia to designate Gaul proper, has nothing to do with the argument. It is Paul s usage that interests us.) The Constitutions of the Holy Apostles, VII. xlvi (see the context) favors Galatia in Asia Minor as the province to which Crescens was sent.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” However, if the reading Gallia is, after all, authentic, it becomes easier to account for the tradition which ascribed to Crescens the founding of the church at Vienne near Lyons. Eusebius, moreover, says that Crescens was sent to Gaul, Ecclesiastical History, III. iv. The possibility that it was Gaul in Europe and not Galatia in Asia must be granted. On the assumption that Paul had visited Spain, it is logical to believe that he may also have established churches in Southern Gaul, and that Crescens may have been sent to strengthen what had been started there. Accordingly, the answer to the question, Where did Crescens go? depends on the answer to that other question, What is the correct reading here in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.10|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ? Is it Galatia or is it Gallia ? And the textual evidence is too nearly even to answer this question with any degree of finality.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 177 Several authors have attempted to write a Biography of Luke; for example, W. Ramsay, Luke The Physician; A. T. Robertson, Luke The Historian In The Light of Historical Research, New York, 1923, chapter II: A Sketch of Luke s Career ; D. A. Hayes, The Most Beautiful Book Ever Written, New York, 1913, pp. 3 54.

The accounts are all very interesting; nevertheless, there is scarcely enough reliable first-hand information for a biography. There are many possibilities and some probabilities, but there are few certainties. Authorities are not even in agreement on the place of Luke s birth, though much can be said in favor of Antioch in Syria. See The Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Third Gospel.) 178 Milligan formerly defended this view, but changed his opinion (M.M., p. 665). A recent defender is A. Sizoo, in his own, very interesting, manner.

See his valuable book, De Antieke Wereld En Het Nieuwe Testament, Kampen, 1948, pp. 90, 91. His argument in defence of the position that here the word can hardly mean cloak is that Paul, the great traveler, would not have left his rain-coat behind, an article which was necessary not only in winter but in certain regions also during the summer. However, for reasons unknown to us, it may not have been feasible or even possible for Paul to get his belongings together.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.12|AUTODETECT|” 179 On the basis of the reference to Troas, Scott argues that these verses must be assigned to a much earlier letter, because Paul had not been in Troas for several years (op. cit., p. 138). But Scott s argument has value only if the book of Acts (see 16:8; 20:5) and Paul s other epistles 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.2.12|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 2:12) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) give us a complete itinerary. Specifically, it has value only if there cannot have been a release from a first Roman imprisonment and, following upon this release, a second Roman imprisonment. Such assumptions are precarious.) 1 2 2 8 0 0 180 There are those who think that the rolls contained portions of the Old Testament, or Jewish commentaries, or copies of his own letters, or of certain writings of pagan philosophers or poets. The following are a few among the many conjectures with respect to the parchments: the Septuagint, the words of Jesus which preceded the Gospels, Paul s own notations, legal documents or certificates (for example, a certificate of Roman citizenship) which the apostle needed for his coming (?) trial, etc. This last view is especially in favor among those commentators who are convinced that verses 16 18 imply that Paul is still awaiting a formal trial. Thus the reader is being gradually conditioned for what I consider to be a rather questionable interpretation of these verses. There are also those who adopt the view that neither books nor parchments had any writing on them. The apostle, then, is simply asking for something to write on!) 181 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” A. Those who, nevertheless, favor the identification of Alexander the metal-worker or metallurgist 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ) with Alexander the Ephesian heretic 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) base this theory upon the supposition that what Paul means in the passage now under discussion is, On my recent visit to Ephesus, Alexander the metal-worker did me much damage by vigorously opposing my proclamation of the gospel. So, Timothy, as long as you remain in Ephesus, be on your guard against him. Cf. John Rutherford, art. Alexander, in I.S.B.E., Vol. I., see esp. p. 91. Objections:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” (1) If the Alexander of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” is the one of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” , Timothy would know him. If any further description were needed, in addition to the mention of his name, would it not be in terms of the passage in the earlier epistle? The addition the metal-worker points away from the Alexander mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.19|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 1:19) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.1.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 .) 1 2 2 8 0 0 (2) As the context indicates (see verse 16), the apostle is not now thinking principally about opposition to the proclamation of the gospel but about opposition to words of defence in the court-room.) (3) The setting in our present passage is Rome, not Ephesus.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” B. Those who favor identification of Alexander the metal-worker 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” ) with Alexander the Jew thrust forward, in connection with a riot, to shield the Ephesian Jews 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.33|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:33) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.34|AUTODETECT|” 34) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.24|AUTODETECT|” ), an identification favored, among others, by F. W. Grosheide, Korte Verklaring, Handelingen, Vol. II, p. 100, do so because they like to associate Demetrius a silversmith 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:24) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) with Alexander the coppersmith. On the basis of this theory an interesting story can then be fabricated. For example, at the occasion of the Ephesian riot Alexander can be imagined to say, We Jews are not guilty of opposing Diana of the Ephesians. Why, I myself, as a coppersmith, make the shrines which Demetrius plates with silver. So, please do not take this out on us. Punish this fellow Paul and his companions Gaius and Aristarchus. The possibility that the two were the same person must be granted, but the belief that this is more than a mere possibility is faced with the following difficulties:) 1 1 2 8 0 0 (1) The account in Acts tells us nothing about the occupation of that Alexander.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” (2) In order to clinch this identification, Alexander the Jew of Ephesus must be brought to Rome. Now, of course, this may have happened; but there is nothing in the account to raise this mere possibility to the level of a probability. Or else the opposition of which Paul speaks 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.14|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:14) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” , ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.15|AUTODETECT|” 15) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) must be regarded as having taken place in Ephesus. This would seem to be in conflict with the present context.) 1 3 2 8 0 0 182 Among others who have accepted this view or, while admitting some doubt, have expressed a preference for it, are the following: Barnes, Bouma, Lock, Zahn (for titles see Bibliography).) 183 Among those who accept or lean toward this view are the following, with individual variations as to details of interpretation: Dibelius, Ellicott, Feine, Gealy, J�licher, Lenski, Robertson, Scott, Simpson, and White (see Bibliography for titles). It must be stressed, however, that the summary which has been given does not necessarily do full justice to the view of any one particular interpreter. See the separate Commentaries and Introductions for more complete information.) 184 ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Whether the Erastus mentioned in ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” was the same person as the one mentioned in the other two references 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ) cannot be determined. Those who reject the identification reason that the treasurer of the city of Corinth would not have been able to find time to be Paul s constant assistant, so as to be with him in Ephesus, ready to be sent on various missions.) 1 1 2 8 0 0 Those who favor the identification answer:) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” a. Timothy and Erastus are sent by way of Macedonia to Corinth 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.10|AUTODETECT|” with ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.16.10|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 16:10) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” ), and according to ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Erastus is the treasurer of the city, that is of Corinth.) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” b. Also, according to both ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” and ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.4.20|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 4:20) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 Erastus has something to do with Corinth. According to the first, he is Corinth s treasurer; according to the second, he remained at Corinth. ) 1 1 2 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” c. On his third missionary journey Paul was collecting funds to help the needy brothers in Jerusalem. A man such as the Erastus of ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.16.23|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 16:23) 1 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” , expert in financial affairs, would therefore be the right person to go along with Timothy 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.19.22|AUTODETECT|” Acts 19:22) 1 1 -1 9 0 0 ).) 1 5 2 8 0 0 d. It is not impossible that a man who traveled with Paul as financial expert could become city-treasurer, perhaps for one year. This office, moreover, was not regarded as one of great prominence. Even a slave or freedman could become city-treasurer.) On the entire question see also H. J. Cadbury, Erastus of Corinth, JBL 50 (1931), 42 58. For myself the matter remains in doubt.) 185 For the unreliable legends with respect to Pudens and Claudia see Edmundson, The Church in Rome, note C.) 186 See my Bible Survey, pp. 427 432.) )