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Isaiah 21:5 — Word Study

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WLCעָרֹ֧ךְ הַשֻּׁלְחָ֛ן צָפֹ֥ה הַצָּפִ֖ית אָכ֣וֹל שָׁתֹ֑ה ק֥וּמוּ הַשָּׂרִ֖ים מִשְׁח֥וּ מָגֵֽן׃ פ

BSAThey prepareʻârak [set in order, arrange] a tableshulchân [for a meal or sacred purpose] they lay outtsâphâh [overlay, cover] a carpettsâphîyth [rug, mat] they eatʼâkal [devour, consume] they drinkshâthâh [feast, indulge] Rise upqûwm [stand, arise] O princessar [rulers, captains] oilmâshach [anoint, rub with oil] the shieldsmâgên [protective armor, defense]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 21
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 5 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ma.Gen) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 21:5quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse depicts a scene of preparation for a feast, calling on leaders to rise and prepare for battle.
Who is speakingThe speaker is a prophetic voice, likely Isaiah, addressing the rulers of Babylon.
Where we areThis verse is part of a prophecy concerning the impending fall of Babylon.
The hard wordעָרֹ֧ךְ
Take awayThe imagery contrasts a banquet with the urgency of military readiness.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbעָרַךְ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 10 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 21:5

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Prophecy Against Babylongenerated

4My heart falters; fear makes me tremble. The twilight of my desire has turned to horror.
5They prepare a table, they lay out a carpet, they eat, they drink! Rise up, O princes, oil the shields!
6For this is what the Lord says to me: “Go, post a lookout and have him report what he sees.
7When he sees chariots with teams of horsemen, riders on donkeys, riders on camels, he must be alert, fully alert.”

Isaiah 21:5 describes a vivid scene where leaders prepare for a feast while also being called to readiness for battle. The juxtaposition of indulgence and the need for vigilance highlights the impending doom facing Babylon. This passage serves as a warning of the consequences of complacency amidst celebration, emphasizing the need for alertness in times of crisis.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 22:13–14But look, there is joy and gladness, butchering of cattle and slaughtering of sheep, eating of meat and drinking of wine: “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!”
2Daniel 5:1–5Later, King Belshazzar held a great feast for a thousand of his nobles, and he drank wine with them.
31 Corinthians 15:32If I fought wild beasts in Ephesus for human motives, what did I gain? If the dead are not raised, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.”
4Isaiah 13:2–17Raise a banner on a barren hilltop; call aloud to them. Wave your hand, that they may enter the gates of the nobles.
5Isaiah 45:1–3This is what the LORD says to Cyrus His anointed, whose right hand I have grasped to subdue nations before him, to disarm kings, to open the doors before him, so that the gates will not be shut:

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 6 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word עָרֹ֧ךְ, 'a.Rokhgenerated

The verb עָרַךְ (arak) means to arrange or set in order. It is used here in the infinitive absolute form, indicating an action that is being emphasized in the context of preparation.

This word encompasses a range of meanings related to order, including the preparation of a table for a meal or sacred purpose. The act of arranging signifies not just physical organization but also the value placed on the items being arranged.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb עָרֹ֧ךְ governs the entire verse, with several phrases hanging off it: an infinitive phrase describing the action of preparing, followed by additional clauses detailing the actions of laying out, eating, and drinking.

The structure emphasizes the sequence of actions, with the imperative ק֥וּמוּ (arise) calling the officials to action, highlighting the urgent need for readiness amidst the celebratory context.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates עָרֹ֧ךְ as ἑτοίμασον (hetoimasōn), which means 'prepare' and carries a similar connotation of readiness. This choice underscores the theme of preparation, linking the act of arranging with the need for vigilance.

The Greek term reflects a narrowing of focus, as it emphasizes the act of preparing for an event, aligning with the urgent call to action present in the Hebrew text.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 21:5 describes a scene where leaders are preparing a feast while also being called to rise and prepare for battle. This verse contrasts the indulgence of eating and drinking with the urgency of military readiness, serving as a warning against complacency.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the preparation of the table signify?

The preparation of the table signifies a moment of indulgence and celebration, but it is juxtaposed with the urgent call for leaders to be ready for battle, highlighting the tension between leisure and vigilance.

Why is there a call to arise?

The call to arise indicates the need for leaders to transition from a state of indulgence to one of readiness and action, reflecting the urgency of the situation.

What does the imagery of eating and drinking convey?

The imagery of eating and drinking conveys a sense of normalcy and celebration, yet it serves as a stark reminder of the impending danger that requires immediate attention.

How does this verse relate to the overall message of Isaiah?

This verse relates to the overall message of Isaiah by illustrating the consequences of complacency and the need for vigilance in the face of impending judgment.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what areas of my life do I need to be more vigilant, rather than complacent?
  2. How can I prepare for challenges while still enjoying times of celebration?
  3. What does it mean for me to 'arise' in my own circumstances?
  4. How can I balance my responsibilities with moments of rest and indulgence?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early interpretations of this verse highlight the urgency of readiness amidst indulgence, as seen in the comments from Jerome, who notes the significance of the banquet context in relation to impending doom.

JeromeCOMMENTARY ON Daniel 2:5.31 c. 347–420
And in testimony of the fact that Babylon was captured during a banquet, Isaiah clearly exhorts it to battle when he writes, “Babylon, my beloved,
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 21 →
JeromeVerse 5. c. 347–420
Set the table, observe those who are eating and drinking: arise, leaders, take up the shield. This place is understood in two ways: o Medes and Elamites, of whom I spoke above: ascend, O Elam, besiege the Medes, take food,
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 21 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 21:5 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Prepare the table,.... Set it, spread it, furnish it with all kind of provisions, as at a feast; and such an one Belshazzar made, the night the city was taken: these words are directed to him by his

Read John Gill on Isaiah 21 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 21 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Prepare the table; furnish it with meats and drinks, as it follows. The prophet foretells what the Babylonians would be doing when their’ enemies were at their doors, that they would give up themselves to feasting and security. Watch in the watch-tower, to give us notice of any approaching danger, that in the mean time we may more securely indulge ourselves in mirth and pleasures. Arise, ye princes; either, 1. Ye Medes and Persians; whilst your enemies the Babylonians are feasting securely, prepare to make your assault. Or, 2. Ye princes of Babylon; arise from the table and run to your arms. Which sudden alarm and change of their posture proceeded from tidings out of the watch-tower, as may…

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 21 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 21:5 Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, [and] anoint the shield.Ver. 5. Prepare the table.] Insultat regi Balthasari, ac irridendo voces illius memorat. Prepare the table, said Belshazzar. But more need he had to have said, Prepare the battle; set the army in array, &c. But this secure sot thought of no such matter. His destruction, though at hand, was hid from his eyes by the Lord, who “ Auferre mentem talibus primum solet, Caliginemque, affundit, ut ruant suas Furenter in clades, sibi quas noxii Accersierunt ultro, consiliis malis. ” Watch in the watchtower.] That we may revel the more securely. Eat, drink.] Etiamsi Hannibal sit ad portas…

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 21 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(5) Prepare the table, watch in the watch-tower.—The words (historical infinitive) are better taken as indicative: They prepare . . . they watch. The last clause has been variously rendered, they spread the coverlet; i.e., for the couches of the revellers (Amos 6:4); and they take a horoscopes (Ewald). Here, with hardly a shadow of a doubt, there is a reference to the temper of reckless revel such as was the immediate forerunner of the capture of Babylon. The prophet had, perhaps, an analogue of such blind security before his eyes at the very time he wrote (Isaiah 22:13), which led him to anticipate a like state of things in Babylon. Anoint the shield . . .—The summons is one which in the…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 21 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 5. Prepare the table - "The table is prepared"] In Hebrew the verbs are in the infinitive mood absolute, as in Ezekiel 1:14: "And the animals ran and returned, רצוא ושוב ratso veshob, like the appearance of the lightning;" just as the Latins say, currere et reverti, for currebant et revertebantur. See Isaiah 32:11, and the note there. Arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.] Kimchi observes that several of the rabbins understood this of Belshazzar's impious feast and death. The king of a people is termed the shield, because he is their defense. The command, Anoint the shield, is the same with Anoint a new king. Belshazzar being now suddenly slain, while they were all eating and…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 21 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

5. The prophet contrasts his own lonely vigils with the careless security of the Babylonian revellers (cf. Daniel 5; Jeremiah 51:39; Isaiah 14:11). Prepare the table, &c.] Render as in R.V. They prepare the table, they set the watch (the only measure of precaution adopted by the revellers), they eat, they drink. arise, ye princes] The banquet breaks up in confusion, for the foe is at the gates. anoint the shield] Shields were oiled (2 Samuel 1:21), probably to make the blows glide off them.

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 21 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Prepare the table - This verse is one of the most striking and remarkable that occurs in this prophecy, or indeed in any part of Isaiah. It is language supposed to be spoken in Babylon.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 21 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

They prepare a table, they lay out a carpet, they eat, they drink! Rise up, O princes, oil the shields!

WEBWorld English Bible2000

They prepare the table. They set the watch. They eat. They drink. Rise up, you princes, oil the shield!

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

They prepare a table, they lay out a carpet, they eat, they drink! Rise up, O princes, oil the shields!

NETBNew English Translation2006

Arrange the table, lay out the carpet, eat and drink! Get up, you officers, smear oil on the shields!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

They prepare the table, they set the watch, they eat, they drink: rise up, ye princes, anoint the shield.

RVARevised Version, American1894

They prepare the table, they set the watch, they eat, they drink: rise up, ye princes, anoint the shield.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Prepare the table, watch in the watch-tower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Prepare thou the table: watch in the watch towre: eate, drinke: arise, ye princes, anoynt the shielde.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Prepare the table, appoint the watch; eat, drink: arise, ye princes, anoint the shield.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Arrange the table, watch in the watch-tower, Eat, drink, rise, ye heads, anoint the shield,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Arrange the table, watch in the watchtower, || Eat, drink, rise, you heads, anoint the shield,

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Prepare the table, put on the candlesticks, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

They prepare the table, they spread rugs and eat and drink; arise, princes, anoint your shields with oil.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Prepare the table, behold in the watchtower them that eat and drink: arise, ye princes, take up the shield.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

They set the table, they spread out the rugs, they eat and drink… “Get up, officers! Prepare your shields for battle!”

BBEBible in Basic English1949

They make ready the table, they put down the covers, they take food and drink. Up! you captains; put oil on your breastplates.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbעָרֹ֧ךְthey.are.arrangingnoun phrase · objectהַtheשֻּׁלְחָ֛ןtableclauseverbצָפֹ֥הthey.are.spreading.outnoun phrase · objectהַtheצָּפִ֖יתrugclauseverbאָכ֣וֹלthey.are.eatingclauseverbשָׁתֹ֑הthey.are.drinkingclauseclauseverbק֥וּמוּariseclausenoun phraseהַOשָּׂרִ֖יםofficialsclauseverbמִשְׁח֥וּsmearobjectמָגֵֽןa.shield

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1Qisaa and 4Q55) show agreement in the wording of the verse, with 8 of the 10 words matched. The Septuagint has a similar structure, though its word order differs significantly.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

עָרֹ֧ךְ הַשֻּׁלְחָ֛ן צָפֹ֥ה הַצָּפִ֖ית אָכ֣וֹל שָׁתֹ֑ה ק֥וּמוּ הַשָּׂרִ֖ים מִשְׁח֥וּ מָגֵֽן׃ פ

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
עָרֹ֧ךְἑτοίμασονהַשֻּׁלְחָ֛ןτράπεζανאָכ֣וֹלπίετεשָׁתֹ֑הφάγετεק֥וּמוּἀναστάντεςהַשָּׂרִ֖יםἄρξοντεςמִשְׁח֥וּἑτοιμάσατεמָגֵֽן׃ פθυρεούς

8 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

ערוך השלחן צופה הצפית אכול שתה קומו השרים משחו מגן

10 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q55a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ערך] [השלחן] [צפה] [הצפית] [אכול] שתה קומו השרים [משחו] [מגן]

2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 21:5עָרַךְthey are arthey are arrangעָרַךְשֻׁלְחָןthe tablethe tableשֻׁלְחָןצָפָהthey are spthey are spreadצָפָהצָפִיתthe rugthe rugצָפִיתאָכַלeatingeatingאָכַלשָׁתָהdrinkingdrinkingשָׁתָהלֵבariseariseלֵבשַׂרO officialsO officialsשַׂרמָשַׁחsmearsmearמָשַׁחמָגֵןa shielda shieldמָגֵןצָפָהto watchto watchצָפָהשָׁלַחto send: dto send: departשָׁלַחשָׂרַרto ruleto ruleשָׂרַרגָּנַןto defendto defendגָּנַןשָׁקָהto water: to water: waterשָׁקָהשֻׁלְחָןtabletableשֻׁלְחָןקָרָאto encountto encounter: mקָרָאמַעֲרֶ֫כֶתrowrowמַעֲרֶ֫כֶתשִׁטָּהacaciaacaciaשִׁטָּהוָוhookhookוָושָׁתָהto drinkto drinkשָׁתָהלֶ֫חֶםfoodfoodלֶ֫חֶםשֵׁכָרstrong dristrong drinkשֵׁכָריַ֫יִןwinewineיַ֫יִןנֶ֫דֶרvowvowנֶ֫דֶרעֵדwitnesswitnessעֵדחֲמִשִּׁיםfiftyfiftyחֲמִשִּׁיםרָקִיקflatbreadflatbreadרָקִיק
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 21:5

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
עָרֹ֧ךְ'a.Rokh they are arranging H6186 Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
75× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to value or arrange things in order. It is used in various contexts, like setting up an army for battle or estimating the value of something, as seen in 1 Kings 10.
Amplified meaning
set in order, arrange
Tyndale gloss
to arrange
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָרַךְ (arak) means to arrange or set in order, applicable in various contexts such as preparing a table, organizing a battle, or stating a legal case. It can also denote valuing or taxing in the Hiphil form. The word encompasses a wide range of meanings related to order and comparison.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָרַךְ vb. arrange or set in order

Qal

arrange in order, seven altars

set or lay in order, as wood

in common life, arrange a table

arrange a battle, i.e. draw up in battle order

arrange weapons of army in order for battle

arrange words

state in order, set forth a legal case

compare (as result of arranging in order)

intrans. be comparable

base

עָרַךְ vb. denom. Hiph. value (for taxation), tax

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6186a עָרַךְ arrange or set in order .. . arrange in order, seven altars

. set or lay in order, as wood

. in common life, arrange a table

. arrange a battle, i.e. draw up in battle order

. arrange weapons of army in order for battle

. arrange words

. state in order, set forth a legal case

. . compare (as result of arranging in order)

. intrans. be comparable

H6186b עָרַךְ vb. denom. Hiph. value (for taxation), tax

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6186 `arak aw-rak'

a primitive root; to set in a row, i.e. arrange, put in order

(in a very wide variety of applications):--put (set) (the

battle, self) in array, compare, direct, equal, esteem,

estimate, expert (in war), furnish, handle, join (battle),

ordain, (lay, put, reckon up, set) (in) order, prepare, tax,

value.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָרַךְ (a.rakh) — to arrange.

1) to arrange, set or put or lay in order, set in array, prepare, order, ordain, handle, furnish, esteem, equal, direct, compare

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to arrange or set or lay in order, arrange, state in order, set forth (a legal case), set in place

1a2) to compare, be comparable

עָרַךְ (a.rakh) — to value.

(Hiphil) to value, tax

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Ptc — Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
HVqaa
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
הַשֻּׁלְחָ֛ןha.shul.Chan the table H7979 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
71× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A shulchan refers to a table, often used for meals or sacred purposes, like a king's table. It symbolizes a place of community and sharing.
Amplified meaning
for a meal or sacred purpose
Tyndale gloss
table
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שֻׁלְחָן (shulchan) means 'table' and is derived from the root meaning to spread out. It can refer to various types of tables, including those used for kings, private use, or sacred purposes. The entries consistently emphasize its primary meaning as a table.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֻׁלְחָן 71 n.m. table

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7979 שֻׁלְחָן table

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7979 shulchan shool-khawn'

from 7971; a table (as spread out); by implication, a

meal:--table.

see HEBREW for 07971

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֻׁלְחָן (shul.chan) — table.

1) table

1a) table

1a1) of king's table, private use, sacred uses

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

"Table" is derived from the Latin tabula, meaning primarily "a board," but with a great variety of other significances, of which "writing-tablet" is the most important for the Biblical use of "table." So in English "table" meant at first "any surface" and, in particular, "a surface for writing," and further specialization was needed before "table" became the name of the familiar article of furniture ("object with a horizontal surface"), a meaning not possessed by tabula in Latin. After this specialization "table" in the sense of "a surface for writing" was replaced in later English by the diminutive form "tablet." But "surface for writing" was still a common meaning of "table," and in this sense it represents luach (Ex 24:12, etc.), a word of uncertain origin, plax, "something flat" (

Of the altar Mal 1:7,12

Of the Lord' s supper 1Co 10:21

Of idolatrous feasts 1Co 10:21

Of charities Ac 6:2

2. Of shewbread

Thompson Chain Reference topics

(1) An Article of Furniture

Jud 1:7; 2Sa 9:7; 1Ki 10:5; 18:19; Ne 5:17; Mt 15:27

(2) Of Shewbread, used in the Tabernacle

Ex 25:23; 31:8; 37:10; 40:22; Nu 3:31; 2Ch 13:11; Heb 9:2

--SEE Shewbread, SHEWBREAD

they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
צָפֹ֥הtza.Foh they are spreading out H6823 Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
47× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Tsaphah can also mean to overlay or cover something, often with metal. It involves laying something over another material, like plating or coating.
Amplified meaning
overlay, cover
Tyndale gloss
to overlay
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צָפָה (tsaphah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to lay out, overlay, or cover. It can refer to actions like plating or laying over materials, particularly metals. The entries suggest a focus on the physical act of covering or overlaying, with examples including pillars overlaid with gold. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[צָפָה] 47 vb. lay out, lay over

Qal they lay out the rug!

Pi. overlay, plate

Pu. impure silver laid over a sherd; pillars overlaid with gold.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6823 [צָפָה] lay out, lay over .they lay out the rug!

. overlay, plate

. impure silver laid over a sherd; pillars overlaid with gold.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6823 tsaphah tsaw-faw'

a primitive root (probably identical with 6822 through the

idea of expansion in outlook, transferring to action); to

sheet over (especially with metal):--cover, overlay.

see HEBREW for 06822

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צָפָה (tsa.phah) — to overlay.

1) to lay out, lay over, overlay, cover

1a) (Piel) to overlay, plate, stud

1b) (Pual) to be laid over

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Ptc — Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
HVqaa
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
הַצָּפִ֖יתha.tza.Fit the rug H6844 Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A watchtower is a high place for a sentry to watch over a city, like the ones in the book of 2 Kings.
Amplified meaning
rug, mat
Tyndale gloss
rug
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צָפִית (tsaphiyth) is primarily defined as a rug or carpet, indicating something laid out. Additionally, Strong's entry suggests a connection to a sentry or watchtower, derived from a related root. The only specific biblical reference provided is Isaiah 21:5.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

צָפִית n.f. rug, carpet (laid out);—Is 21:5

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6844 צָפִית rug, carpet (laid out)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6844 tsaphiyth tsaw-feeth'

from 6822; a sentry:--watchtower.

see HEBREW for 06822

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צָפִית (tsa.phit) — rug.

1) rug, carpet

2) (CLBL) watch

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-fs — Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
HTd/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

rug: Alternative rendering of a word (semikhah) in Jud 4:18 the Revised Version (British and American), "mantle" the King James Version. The translation is doubtful; Oxford Hebrew Lexicon; see Brown, Driver, and Briggs gives "rug or thick coverlet (?)."

they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
אָכ֣וֹל'a.Khol eating H398 Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
810× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.
Amplified meaning
devour, consume
Tyndale gloss
to eat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָכַל (akal) means 'to eat' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including literal consumption by humans and animals, as well as figurative uses like devouring by fire or destruction. It can describe actions such as feeding or causing to eat, and it also appears in contexts of oppression and destruction. The verb has various forms, indicating different subjects and nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָכַל 806 vb. eat

Qal

eat, human subject

of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

fig. of fire, devour, consume

of sword, devour, slay

in genl., devour, consume, destroy

fig. of oppression, devour the poor

Niph.

be eaten by man

be devoured by fire, consumed

be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

Pu. be consumed

Hiph.

cause to eat, feed with

cause to devoure, obj. sword

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H398 אָכַל eat .. eat, human subject

. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

. fig. of fire, devour, consume

. of sword, devour, slay

. in genl., devour, consume, destroy

. fig. of oppression, devour the poor

. . be eaten by man

. be devoured by fire, consumed

. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

. be consumed

. . cause to eat, feed with

. cause to devoure, obj. sword

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

398 'akal aw-kal'

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively):--X at

all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up),

feed (with), food, X freely, X in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay)

meat, X quite.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָכַל (a.khal) — to eat.

1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to eat (human subject)

1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds)

1a3) to devour, consume (of fire)

1a4) to devour, slay (of sword)

1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought)

1a6) to devour (of oppression)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be eaten (by men)

1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire)

1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh)

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to cause to eat, feed with

1c2) to cause to devour

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to feed

1d2) to cause to eat

1e) (Piel)

1e1) consume

Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Ptc — Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
HVqaa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Eating

The ancient Hebrews would not eat with the Egyptians (Gen. 43:32). In the time of our Lord they would not eat with Samaritans (John 4:9), and were astonished that he ate with publicans and sinners (Matt. 9:11). The Hebrews originally sat at table, but afterwards adopted the Persian and Chaldean practice of reclining (Luke 7:36-50). Their principal meal was at noon (Gen. 43:16; 1 Kings 20:16; Ruth 2:14; Luke 14:12). The word “eat” is used metaphorically…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The Jews would have considered themselves polluted by eating with people of another religion, or with any who were ceremonially unclean or disreputable-as with Samaritans, Joh 4:9, publicans, Mt 9:11, or Gentiles, Ac 10:28 Ga 2:12. Eating together was an established token of mutual confidence and friendship, a pledge of friendly relations between families, which their children were expected to perpetuate. The rites of hospitality were held sacred; and to this day, among the Arabs, a fugitive is safe for the time, if he gains the shelter of even an enemy’s tent. The abuse of hospitality was a great crime, Ps 41:9.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ The host acting as waiter Ge 18:8

→ Favored guests served a double portion Ge 43:34

→ Table used in Jud 1:7

→ Sitting at table Ex 32:6

→ Reclining on couches Am 6:4,7; Lu 7:37,38; Joh 13:25

→ Ablutions before Mt 15:2

→ See FEASTS

→ See FOOD

→ See GLUTTONY

they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
שָׁתֹ֑הsha.Toh drinking H8354 Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
217× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to drink, and it's used in many ways, like drinking from a cup or feasting. It's also used to describe being drunk or taking part in a big celebration. We see it in stories like the Last Supper in Matthew 26:27.
Amplified meaning
feast, indulge
Tyndale gloss
to drink
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁתָה (shathah) means 'to drink' and can refer to both literal drinking and figurative uses, such as feasting or experiencing God's wrath. It is a primitive root that appears in various forms, including Qal and Niphal, indicating actions like drinking and being drunk. The lexicons note its connection to the Aramaic equivalent שְׁתָה (she.tah), but do not present significant disagreements.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁתָה 217 vb. drink

Qal 216

Niph. all which is (may be) drunk

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8354 שָׁתָה drink

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8354 shathah shaw-thaw'

a primitive root; to imbibe (literally or figuratively):--X

assuredly, banquet, X certainly, drink(-er, -ing), drunk

(X -ard), surely. (Prop. intensive of 8248.)

see HEBREW for 08248

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁתָה (sha.tah) — to drink.

1) to drink

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to drink

1a1a) of drinking cup of God's wrath, of slaughter, of wicked deeds (fig)

1a2) to feast

1b) (Niphal) to be drunk

Aramaic equivalent: she.tah (שְׁתָה "to drink" H8355)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Ptc — Verb · Qal · infinitive absolute
HVqaa
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
ק֥וּמוּKu.mu arise H6965 Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
628× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Qum means to rise or stand up, used in various contexts like rising to power or standing firm, as seen in Jeremiah and Ezra.
Amplified meaning
stand, arise
Tyndale gloss
(Leb)-kamai
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קוּם (qum) is a primitive root meaning 'to rise' and encompasses a range of actions such as standing, becoming powerful, and establishing. It can imply a sudden or hostile rise, as well as the act of fulfilling or confirming something. The entries also note various grammatical forms, indicating its use in different contexts, including raising up or causing to stand.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash Je 51:1.

ref

קוּם 628 vb. arise, stand up, stand

Qal 460

arise

arise, in hostile sense (oft. with idea of suddenness)

arise, abs., = become powerful

arise = come on the scene, appear, of leader, prophet

arise for, i.e. to become

arise for action

arise (out of inaction), introducing some specific deed

esp. arise = start, make a move, to go somewhere

stand

Pi.

fulfil

confirm, ratify

confirm, establish

impose, an obligation

Pō‛l. raise up

Hithpō‛l. raise oneself, = rise up

Hiph.

146cause to arise, raise

raise, set up, stones

erect, build

fig, of setting up law

raise up = bring on the scene

raise up = rouse, stir up

instigate, build

fig, of setting up law

raise up = constitute

cause to stand

Hoph. be raised up

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6965a לֵב קָמָי prob. late Atbash H6965b קוּם arise, stand up, stand .. arise

. arise, in hostile sense (oft. with idea of suddenness)

. arise, abs., = become powerful

. arise = come on the scene, appear, of leader, prophet

. arise for, i.e. to become

. . arise for action

. arise (out of inaction), introducing some specific deed

. esp. arise = start, make a move, to go somewhere

. stand

. . fulfil

. . confirm, ratify

. confirm, establish

. impose, an obligation

. raise up

. raise oneself, = rise up

. . cause to arise, raise

. . raise, set up, stones

. erect, build

. fig, of setting up law

. raise up = bring on the scene

. . raise up = rouse, stir up

. instigate, build

. fig, of setting up law

. raise up = constitute

. cause to stand

. be raised up

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6965 quwm koom

a primitive root; to rise (in various applications, literal,

figurative, intensive and causative):--abide, accomplish, X

be clearer, confirm, continue, decree, X be dim, endure, X

enemy, enjoin, get up, make good, help, hold, (help to) lift

up (again), make, X but newly, ordain, perform, pitch, raise

(up), rear (up), remain, (a-)rise (up) (again, against), rouse

up, set (up), (e-)stablish, (make to) stand (up), stir up,

strengthen, succeed, (as-, make) sure(-ly), (be) up(-hold, -

rising).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָמָי (qa.may) — (Leb)-kamai.

Combined with lev (לֵב "Leb" H3820B)

§ -Kamai = "my adversary"

Leb-kamai, i.e., people of Gambulai

קוּם (qum) — to arise: rise.

: rise/get_going

1) to rise, arise, stand, rise up, stand up

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to arise

1a2) to arise (hostile sense)

1a3) to arise, become powerful

1a4) to arise, come on the scene

1a5) to stand

1a5a) to maintain oneself

1a5b) to be established, be confirmed

1a5c) to stand, endure

1a5d) to be fixed

1a5e) to be valid

1a5f) to be proven

1a5g) to be fulfilled

1a5h) to persist

1a5i) to be set, be fixed

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to fulfil

1b2) to confirm, ratify, establish, impose

1c) (Polel) to raise up

1d) (Hithpael) to raise oneself, rise up

1e) (Hiphil)

1e1) to cause to arise, raise

1e2) to raise, set up, erect, build

1e3) to raise up, bring on the scene

1e4) to raise up, rouse, stir up, investigate

1e5) to raise up, constitute

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
HVqv2mp
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
הַשָּׂרִ֖יםha.sa.Rim O officials H8269 Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
421× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A leader or person in charge, like a prince or captain, as seen in the Bible with King David and other rulers.
Amplified meaning
rulers, captains
Tyndale gloss
ruler
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׂר (sar) refers to a leader or ruler, encompassing a range of meanings from prince and chief to official and captain. It denotes various ranks, including military commanders and religious leaders, and can also imply a noble or merchant of high status. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to rule'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שַׂר 420 n.m. chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8269 שַׂר chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8269 sar sar

from 8323; a head person (of any rank or class):--captain

(that had rule), chief (captain), general, governor, keeper,

lord, ((-task- ))master, prince(-ipal), ruler, steward.

see HEBREW for 08323

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׂר (sar) — ruler.

1) prince, ruler, leader, chief, chieftain, official, captain

1a) chieftain, leader

1b) vassal, noble, official (under king)

1c) captain, general, commander (military)

1d) chief, head, overseer (of other official classes)

1e) heads, princes (of religious office)

1f) elders (of representative leaders of people)

1g) merchant-princes (of rank and dignity)

1h) patron-angel

1i) Ruler of rulers (of God)

1j) warden

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-mp — Particle · noun common masculine plural absolute
HTd/Ncmpa
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
מִשְׁח֥וּmish.Chu smear H4886 Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
70× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To anoint means to rub oil on someone or something, often to set them apart for a special purpose, like when Samuel anointed David as king in 1 Samuel 16:13. It's a way of showing respect and consecrating someone or something.
Amplified meaning
anoint, rub with oil
Tyndale gloss
to anoint
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָשַׁח (mashach) means to smear or anoint, often with oil, for purposes of consecration or setting apart for a religious role. It can also refer to painting. The entries indicate its use in both a physical and a ceremonial context, particularly in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָשַׁח vb. smear, anoint

Qal

smear, house with colour (paint)

anoint, as consecration, solemn setting apart to an office, always by use of oil poured on the head

anoint, consecrate to religious service

Niph. be anointed

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4886 מָשַׁח smear, anoint .. smear, house with colour (paint)

. anoint, as consecration, solemn setting apart to an office, always by use of oil poured on the head

. anoint, consecrate to religious service

. be anointed

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4886 mashach maw-shakh'

a primitive root; to rub with oil, i.e. to anoint; by

implication, to consecrate; also to paint:--anoint, paint.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָשַׁח (ma.shach) — to anoint.

1) to smear, anoint, spread a liquid

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to smear

1a2) to anoint (as consecration)

1a3) to anoint, consecrate

1b) (Niphal) to be anointed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2mp — Verb · Qal · imperative second person masculine plural
HVqv2mp
they are arranging the table they are spreading out the rug eating drinking arise O officials smear a shield
מָגֵֽן׃ פma.Gen a shield H4043 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
63× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A shield in biblical times, this word also symbolizes protection, like God being a shield to those who trust in Him, as seen in Psalm 3:3. It can also refer to a ruler or leader who defends their people.
Amplified meaning
protective armor, defense
Tyndale gloss
shield
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָגֵן (magen) means 'shield' and can refer to both a small shield or buckler and a figurative protector. It can also denote the scaly hide of a crocodile. The word is feminine in plural form, מִגִּנָּה (mginnah), and is derived from a root meaning to cover or protect.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָגֵן n.m. & f. shield

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4043 מָגֵן shield

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4043 magen maw-gane'

also (in plural) feminine mginnah {meg-in-naw'}; from 1598; a

shield (i.e. the small one or buckler); figuratively, a

protector; also the scaly hide of the crocodile:--X armed,

buckler, defence, ruler, + scale, shield.

see HEBREW for 01598

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָגֵן (ma.gen) — shield.

shield, buckler

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sheld.

See ARMOR, IV, 1.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Shield

Used in defensive warfare, varying at different times and under different circumstances in size, form, and material (1 Sam. 17:7; 2 Sam. 1:21; 1 Kings 10:17; 1 Chr. 12:8, 24, 34; Isa. 22:6; Ezek. 39:9; Nahum 2:3).

Used figuratively of God and of earthly princes as the defenders of their people (Gen. 15:1; Deut. 33:29; Ps. 33:20; 84:11). Faith is…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The ordinary shield consisted of a framework of wood covered with leather; it thus admitted of being burnt. (Ezekiel 39:9) It was frequently cased with metal, either brass or copper; its appearance in this case resembled gold when the sun shone on it, 1 Macc. 6:39 and to this, rather than to the practice of smearing blood on the shield we may refer the redness noticed by. Nahum. (Nahum 2:3) The surface of the shield was kept bright by the application of oil as implied in (Isaiah 21:5) The shield was worn on the left arm, to which it was attached by a strap. Shields of state were covered with beaten gold. Shields were suspended about public buildings for ornamental purposes. (1 Kings 10:17) In the metaphorical language of the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A piece of defensive armor. God is often called the shield of his people, Ge 15:1 Ps 5:12 84:11, as are also princes and great men, 2Sa 1:21 Ps 47:9. See ARMOR.

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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