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Isaiah 51:19 — Word Study

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WLCשְׁתַּ֤יִם הֵ֙נָּה֙ קֹֽרְאֹתַ֔יִךְ מִ֖י יָנ֣וּד לָ֑ךְ הַשֹּׁ֧ד וְהַשֶּׁ֛בֶר וְהָרָעָ֥ב וְהַחֶ֖רֶב מִ֥י אֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃

BSAThesehênnâh pairsshᵉnayim [two things, a dual calamity] have befallenqârâʼ devastationshôd [desolation, wasting] and destructionsheber [breaking, shattering] faminerâʻâb [hunger, lack of food] and swordchereb [cutting instrument, war] Whomîy [what person] will grieve for younûwd [mourn, be sorry] Whomîy [what person] can comfort younâcham [show pity, sympathize with]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 51
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 19 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('a.na.cha.Mekh) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 51:19quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse outlines the calamities that have come upon the people and questions who will mourn or comfort them.
Who is speakingThe prophet Isaiah, addressing the people in distress.
Where we areThe context is a lamentation over the suffering of the people due to their sins.
The hard wordשְׁתַּ֤יִם
Take awayThe dual nature of the calamities emphasizes the severity of the situation.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectהֵנָּה verbנוּד The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 51:19

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Calamities of the Peoplegenerated

18Among all the sons she bore, there is no one to guide her; among all the sons she brought up, there is no one to take her hand.
19These pairs have befallen you: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. Who will grieve for you? Who can comfort you?
20Your sons have fainted; they lie at the head of every street, like an antelope in a net. They are full of the wrath of the LORD, the rebuke of your God.
21Therefore now hear this, you afflicted one, drunken, but not with wine.

Isaiah 51:19 describes the dual calamities that have befallen the people: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. The prophet questions who will grieve for them or offer comfort, highlighting their isolation and suffering. This passage serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as seen in the surrounding verses that depict the affliction of the people.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 47:9These two things will overtake you in a moment, in a single day: loss of children, and widowhood. They will come upon you in full measure, in spite of your many sorceries and the potency of your spells.
2Ezekiel 14:21For this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘How much worse will it be when I send against Jerusalem My four dire judgments—sword, famine, wild beasts, and plague—in order to cut off from it both man and beast?
3Job 2:11Now when Job’s three friends—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite—heard about all this adversity that had come upon him, each of them came from his home, and they met together to go and sympathize with Job and comfort him.
4Psalm 69:20Insults have broken my heart, and I am in despair. I looked for sympathy, but there was none, for comforters, but I found no one.
5Jeremiah 9:17–21This is what the LORD of Hosts says: “Take note, and summon the wailing women; send for the most skillful among them.

The Key Word שְׁתַּ֤יִם, she.Ta.yimgenerated

The word שְׁנַיִם (shnayim) means 'two' and serves to denote pairs or dualities. It appears frequently in the Hebrew Bible, often to emphasize the significance of things that come in twos, such as witnesses or tablets. The parsing as an adjective indicates its function in this verse as a descriptor of the calamities.

In this context, it emphasizes the dual nature of the afflictions faced by the people, suggesting a compounded suffering that requires attention and response.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse consists of multiple clauses, with the main idea centered around the calamities that have befallen the people. The finite verb יָנ֣וּד (does he show sympathy) governs the inquiry about who will mourn or comfort them, while the preceding phrases list the pairs of calamities.

The structure emphasizes the severity of the situation through the repetition of 'who' in the questions, drawing attention to the lack of support for the afflicted.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, שְׁתַּ֤יִם is rendered as δύο, which simply means 'two.' This choice reflects a straightforward translation that retains the duality of the calamities without additional interpretation.

The use of שְׁתַּ֤יִם highlights the emphasis on the compounded nature of the suffering, which is consistent with the original Hebrew intent.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 51:19 describes the dual calamities that have come upon the people: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. The prophet questions who will mourn for them or offer comfort, highlighting their isolation and suffering. This passage serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the dual calamity refer to?

The dual calamity refers to the simultaneous occurrences of devastation and destruction, as well as famine and sword, indicating a severe crisis.

Who is being addressed in this verse?

The people of Israel are being addressed, particularly those who are suffering due to their sins.

What is the significance of the questions posed?

The questions emphasize the lack of support and comfort for the afflicted, highlighting their dire situation.

How does this verse connect to the surrounding text?

It connects to the surrounding text by illustrating the consequences of the people's abandonment of God and their resulting suffering.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some ways I can offer comfort to those who are suffering around me?
  2. How does understanding the duality of calamities change my perspective on hardship?
  3. In what ways have I experienced or witnessed the consequences of turning away from God?
  4. How can I be more aware of the needs of those who may feel isolated in their struggles?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Theodoret of Cyrus and Ishodad of Merv provide insights on Isaiah 51:19, interpreting the dual calamities as consequences of sin and abandonment of God.

Theodoret of CyrusCOMMENTARY ON Isaiah 16:51.19 c. 393–460
By “two,” he means the bravery of the adversaries and the desertion of the auxiliaries: while the former attack with courage, the others flee in a cowardly fashion.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 51 →
Ishodad of MervCOMMENTARY ON Isaiah 51:19 9th c.
“These two things have befallen you,” that is, they have befallen you because of your sins. You have abandoned God, and you have followed the idols;
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 51 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 51:19 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

These two things are come unto thee,.... Affliction from the hand of God, though by means of enemies, and no friends to help, support, and comfort, as before hinted: or else this respects what

Read John Gill on Isaiah 51 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 51 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

These two things; either, 1. Those which were now mentioned: 1. That she was drunk with the cup of God’ s wrath, . 2. That she had none to support or comfort her in that condition, Or, 2. Those which here follow, which although they be expressed in four words, yet they may fitly be reduced to two things, the desolation or devastation of the land, and the destruction of the people, by famine and sword. So famine and sword are not named as new evils, but only as the particular ways or means of bringing the destruction there mentioned; and the words may be thus rendered, desolation and destruction, even (this Hebrew particle being oft taken expositively, whereof many instances have been given)…

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 51 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 51:19 These two [things] are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?Ver. 19. These two things are come unto thee.] As they seldom are separated; as some write of the asp, that he never wanders alone without his companion. Who shall be sorry for thee?] Condole and comfort thee. Desolation and destruction, and the famine and the sword,] i.e., Desolation by famine, and destruction by the sword; or, as some will have it, desolation by famine and sword, and want of consolation. By whom shall I comfort thee?] By whom but by myself, when thou art at thy greatest under, and even forsaken of thy…

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 51 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(19) These two things . . .—The two things are amplified into four: (1) the two effects, and (2) the two causes. Who shall be sorry for thee?—Better, Be sorry with thee, or who shall console thee? Even Jehovah is represented as failing, or seeming to fail, in finding a comforter for such affliction.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 51 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 19. These two things - desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword] That is, desolation by famine, and destruction by the sword, taking the terms alternately: of which form of construction see other examples. De S. Poesi, Heb. Prael. xix., and Prelim. Dissert. p. xxx. The Chaldee paraphrast, not rightly understanding this, has had recourse to the following expedient: "Two afflictions are come upon thee, and when four shall come upon thee, depredation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword - " Five MSS. הרעב haraab, without the conjunction ו vau; and so the Septuagint and Syriac. By whom shall I comfort thee - "Who shall comfort thee"] A MS., the Septuagint…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 51 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

19. These two things] (ch. Isaiah 47:9), i.e. two kinds of calamities; namely, devastation and destruction on land and city; famine and sword on the inhabitants. who shall be sorry for thee] Better who condoles with thee (Jeremiah 15:5; Nahum 3:7), i.e. “thou hast no sympathizers.” To “condole” is in Hebr. to shake the head (cf. Jeremiah 16:5; Job 2:11; Job 42:11 &c.), a similar gesture, expressed by a different verb, denotes contempt (see on ch. Isaiah 37:22). by whom shall I comfort thee?] Rather: how (lit. who) shall I comfort thee? The idiom cannot be reproduced exactly; see Amos 7:2; Amos 7:5 and comp. Davidson’s Synt. § 8 R. 1 (where it is suggested that the peculiar use of the…

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 51 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

These two things are come unto thee - Margin, ‘Happened.’ That is, two sources of calamity have come upon thee; to wit, famine and the sword, producing desolation and destruction; or desolation by

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 51 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

These pairs have befallen you: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. Who will grieve for you? Who can comfort you?

WEBWorld English Bible2000

These two things have happened to you— who will grieve with you?— desolation and destruction, and famine and the sword. How can I comfort you?

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

These pairs have befallen you: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. Who will grieve for you? Who can comfort you?

NETBNew English Translation2006

These double disasters confronted you. But who feels sorry for you? Destruction and devastation, famine and sword. But who consoles you?

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

These two things are befallen thee, who shall bemoan thee? desolation and destruction, and the famine and the sword; how shall I comfort thee?

RVARevised Version, American1894

These two things are befallen thee; who shall bemoan thee? desolation and destruction, and the famine and the sword; how shall I comfort thee?

NWBWebster's Bible1833

These two things have come to thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?

GNVGeneva Bible1599

These two thinges are come vnto thee: who will lament thee? desolation and destruction and famine, and the sworde: by whome shall I comfort thee?

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

These two [things] are come unto thee; who will bemoan thee? — desolation and destruction, and famine and sword: how shall I comfort thee?

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

These two are meeting thee, who is moved for thee? Spoiling and destruction — Famine and sword, who — I comfort thee?

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

These two are meeting you, || Who is moved for you? Spoiling and destruction, famine and sword! By whom do I comfort you?

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Two things are these which have befallen thee: who will have compassion for thee? desolation and destruction, and famine and sword—with whom shall I comfort thee?

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

These two troubles happened to you—who will grieve with you?— desolation and destruction, and the famine and the sword. Who will comfort you?

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

There are two things that have happened to thee: who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword, who shall comfort thee?

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Two tragedies have struck you: devastation caused by famine, and destruction caused by war. Who is going to sympathize with you? Who is going to comfort you?

BBEBible in Basic English1949

These two things have come on you; who will be weeping for you? wasting and destruction; death from need of food, and from the sword; how may you be comforted?

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclauseשְׁתַּ֤יִםtwo.[things]clausesubjectהֵ֨נָּה֙thosenoun phrase · predicateקֹֽרְאֹתַ֔יִ[have].happenedךְto.youclausesubjectמִ֖יwho?verbיָנ֣וּדdoes.he.show.sympathyprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָ֑toךְyouclausenoun phrase · subjectnoun phrasenoun phraseהַtheשֹּׁ֧דdevastationוְandnoun phraseהַtheשֶּׁ֛בֶרdestructionוְandnoun phrasenoun phraseהָtheרָעָ֥בfamineוְandnoun phraseהַtheחֶ֖רֶבswordclausesubjectמִ֥יwho?verbאֲנַחֲמֵֽdoobjectךְI.comfort.you

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text (MT) of Isaiah 51:19 lists pairs of calamities: devastation and destruction, famine and sword, and questions who will grieve or comfort. The Septuagint (LXX) aligns closely with the MT in terms of content, as 11 of the 12 words match, although the word order and articles differ due to the nature of Greek syntax. The Dead Sea Scrolls (1Qisaa) also agree with the MT, preserving the same pairs of calamities and the rhetorical questions, indicating a consistent transmission of this verse across these ancient witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

שְׁתַּ֤יִם הֵ֙נָּה֙ קֹֽרְאֹתַ֔יִךְ מִ֖י יָנ֣וּד לָ֑ךְ הַשֹּׁ֧ד וְהַשֶּׁ֛בֶר וְהָרָעָ֥ב וְהַחֶ֖רֶב מִ֥י אֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
שְׁתַּ֤יִםδύοהֵ֙נָּה֙ταῦταקֹֽרְאֹתַ֔יִךְσοιמִ֖יτίςיָנ֣וּדσυλλυπηθήσεταιהַשֹּׁ֧דπτῶμαוְהַשֶּׁ֛בֶרσύντριμμαוְהָרָעָ֥בλιμὸςוְהַחֶ֖רֶבμάξαιραמִ֥יτίςאֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃^παρακαλέσει

11 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

שתים המה קראת׳כי מי ינוד ל׳כי השד והשבר והרעב והחרב מי ינחמ׳ך

12 words on the leather.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 51:19שְׁנַ֫יִםtwo [thingstwo [things]שְׁנַ֫יִםהֵ֫מָּהtheytheyהֵ֫מָּהקָרָא[have] happ[have] happenedקָרָאמִיwho?who?מִינוּדdoes he shodoes he show syנוּדךְto youto youךְשֹׁדthe devastathe devastationשֹׁדשֶׁ֫בֶרand the desand the destrucשֶׁ֫בֶררָעָבand the famand the famineרָעָבחֶ֫רֶבand the swoand the swordחֶ֫רֶבמִיwho?who?מִינחםdo I comfordo I comfort yoנחםמָהwhat?what?מָהשָׁדַדto wasteto wasteשָׁדַדשָׁבַרto breakto breakשָׁבַררָעֵבbe hungrybe hungryרָעֵבחָרֵבto dryto dryחָרֵבשֵׁנִיsecondsecondשֵׁנִיהֵן3 fem3 femהֵןיָעַדto appointto appointיָעַדכְּמוֹlikelikeכְּמוֹעָשָׂרtentenעָשָׂראַ֫יִלramramאַ֫יִליָהַבto giveto giveיָהַבעֶרְוָהnakednessnakednessעֶרְוָהרוּץto run: ruto run: runרוּץעָרַךְto arrangeto arrangeעָרַךְנוּעַto shaketo shakeנוּעַצִפּוֹרbirdbirdצִפּוֹרחָמָסviolenceviolenceחָמָס
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 51:19

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
שְׁתַּ֤יִםshe.Ta.yim two [things] H8147 Adj
769× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for the number two appears in Genesis and Exodus, describing pairs and dualities. It can also mean double or twice. In the Bible, it is often used to describe things that come in twos, like two witnesses or two tablets.
Amplified meaning
two things, a dual calamity
Tyndale gloss
two
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שְׁנַ֫יִם (shnayim) means 'two' and serves as both a cardinal and ordinal number. It can denote 'both,' 'double,' or 'twice,' and is used in various combinations with other numbers. The word is derived as a dual form of שָׁנָה (shanah), which relates to the concept of pairs.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שְׁנַ֫יִם, שְׁתַּיִם 768 n.m. et f. du. two

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8147 שְׁנַ֫יִם, שְׁתַּיִם two

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8147 shnayim shen-ah'-yim

dual of 8145; feminine shttayim {shet-tah'-yim}; two; also

(as ordinal) twofold:--both, couple, double, second, twain, +

twelfth, + twelve, + twenty (sixscore) thousand, twice, two.

see HEBREW for 08145

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שְׁנַ֫יִם (she.na.yim) — two.

1) two

1a) two (the cardinal number)

1a1) two, both, double, twice

1b) second (the ordinal number)

1c) in combination with other numbers

1d) both (a dual number)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAcfda
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
הֵ֙נָּה֙he.nah they H2007 Pronoun
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A Hebrew pronoun meaning they or them, used to refer to a group of people or things, often in a general sense, like in the Psalms. It can also be used to describe something belonging to them.
Tyndale gloss
they(fem.)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הֵ֫מָּה (hennah) means 'they' in Hebrew, specifically referring to a feminine plural form. It is derived from a grammatical extension of another word, הוּא (hu), which means 'he/she/it.' The entries indicate its use in various contexts, often emphasizing identity or relation.

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2007 הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם they

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2007 hennah hane'-naw

prolongation for 2004; themselves (often used emphatic for

the copula, also in indirect relation):--X in, X such (and

such things), their, (into) them, thence, therein, these, they

(had), on this side, whose, wherein.

see HEBREW for 02004

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֵנָּה (hen.nah) — they(fem.).

they, these, the same, who

A grammatical form of hu (הוּא "he/she/it" H1931)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3fp
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
קֹֽרְאֹתַ֔יִךְko.re.'o.Ta.yikh [have] happened to you H7122 Verb qal participle (active) feminine plural common · suffix
139× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to encounter or meet someone, either by chance or on purpose. It can describe a friendly meeting or a hostile one. In Exodus, the Israelites encountered God on Mount Sinai.
Tyndale gloss
to encounter: meet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קָרָא (*qara'*) is a primitive root meaning to encounter or meet, often unexpectedly. It encompasses various nuances, including to befall or happen by chance. The verb appears in different forms: Qal (to meet), Niphal (to meet unexpectedly), and Hiphil (to cause to meet). Brown-Driver-Briggs notes its use in a figurative sense as well.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קָרָא] 137 vb. encounter, befall

Qal 131

meet, encounter

fig. befall

Niph. meet unexpectedly

Hiph. thou didst cause all this evil to befall them

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7122 קָרָא encounter, befall

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7122 qara' kaw-raw'

a primitive root: to encounter, whether accidentally or in a

hostile manner:--befall, (by) chance, (cause to) come (upon),

fall out, happen, meet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָרָא (qa.ra) — to encounter: meet.

: meet

1) to encounter, befall, meet

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to meet, encounter

1a2) to befall (fig)

1b) (Niphal) to meet, meet unexpectedly

1c) (Hiphil) to cause to meet

קָרָא (qa.ra) — to encounter: toward.

: toward/(come)against

1) to encounter, befall, meet

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to meet, encounter

1a2) to befall (fig)

1b) (Niphal) to meet, meet unexpectedly

1c) (Hiphil) to cause to meet

קָרָא (qa.ra) — to encounter: chanced.

: happen[unexpectedly]

1) to encounter, befall, meet

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to meet, encounter

1a2) to befall (fig)

1b) (Niphal) to meet, meet unexpectedly

1c) (Hiphil) to cause to meet

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal | Suff — Verb qal participle (active) feminine plural common · suffix
HVqrfpc/Sp2fs
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
מִ֖יmi who? H4310 Pronoun
423× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is used to ask questions like who, whose, or whom. It can also be used to express a wish, like would that or whoever. It appears in many forms throughout the Bible, often in phrases like O that or what.
Amplified meaning
what person
Tyndale gloss
who?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִי (mi) is an interrogative pronoun primarily used to ask about persons, meaning 'who?' or 'whose?'. It can also appear in rhetorical questions and has some idiomatic uses, such as 'who among...?' or 'whosoever'. The word is rarely applied to things, and its forms can vary in emphasis.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִי 423 pron.interrog. who? of persons

מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied

in the gen. whose

in an indirect qu.

מִי ב׳ who among … ?

strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.

various rhetorical uses whose

מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it

once, following a verb, any one

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4310 מִי who? of persons . מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied

. in the gen. whose

. in an indirect qu.

. מִי ב׳ who among … ?

. strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.

. various rhetorical uses whose

. מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it

. once, following a verb, any one

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4310 miy me

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as 4100 is of things,

who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also

(indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction

with prefix or suffix:--any (man), X he, X him, + O that!

what, which, who(-m, -se, -soever), + would to God.

see HEBREW for 04100

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִי (mi) — who?.

who?, whose?, whom?, would that, whoever, whosoever

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Pronoun
HPi
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
יָנ֣וּדya.Nud does he show sympathy H5110 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
24× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To wander means to move aimlessly, showing grief or sympathy, and is used to describe someone who is lost or in need of comfort, like a mourner or a fugitive.
Amplified meaning
mourn, be sorry
Tyndale gloss
to wander
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נוּד (*nuwd*) is a primitive root meaning to move to and fro or wander. It encompasses a range of actions including shaking, fluttering, and showing grief, as well as more figurative uses like taunting or consoling. The entries detail various forms and nuances, such as causing others to wander or moving oneself in grief.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נוּד vb. move to and fro, wander, shudder, shew grief

Qal

move to and fro, wander aimlessly, as fugitive

flutter

waver, wave, shake

shew grief (i.e. by shaking or nodding head)

Hiph.

cause to wander aimlessly, as fugitives

make a wagging, wag with the head

Hoph. and the worthless, like briers made to flutter (tossed away) are they

Hithpo‛lel

move oneself to and fro, sway, totter

shake oneself, in excitement

bemoan oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5110 נוּד move to and fro, wander, shudder, shew grief

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5110 nuwd nood

a primitive root; to nod, i.e. waver; figuratively, to

wander, flee, disappear; also (from shaking the head in

sympathy), to console, deplore, or (from tossing the head in

scorn) taunt:--bemoan, flee, get, mourn, make to move, take

pity, remove, shake, skip for joy, be sorry, vagabond, way,

wandering.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נוּד (nud) — to wander.

1) to shake, waver, wander, move to and fro, flutter, show grief, have compassion on

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to move to and fro, wander (aimlessly), take flight

1a2) to flutter

1a3) to waver, wave, shake

1a4) to show grief

1a4a) to lament, condole, show sympathy

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to cause to wander (aimlessly)

1b2) to make a wagging, wag (with the head)

1c) (Hithpolel)

1c1) to move oneself to and fro, sway, totter

1c2) to shake oneself

1c3) to bemoan oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Nave's Topical Bible

→ General scriptures concerning Job 2:11-13; 6:14; 22:29; Ec 7:2; Php 2:1,2; Jas 1:27; 1Pe 3:8

→ See AFFLICTED

→ See AFFLICTIONS

→ See JESUS, COMPASSION OF

→ See PITY

two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
לָ֑ךְLakh to you H9032 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

ךְ (kh) — you.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person feminine singular

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp2fs — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp2fs
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
הַשֹּׁ֧דha.Shod the devastation H7701 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means violence or destruction, often referring to social sin or ruin, as seen in the desolation of cities like Sodom and Gomorrah. It is used to describe the devastating effects of war and oppression. This concept is discussed in books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.
Amplified meaning
desolation, wasting
Tyndale gloss
violence
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שֹׁד (shod) refers to concepts of violence and destruction, encompassing havoc, devastation, and ruin. It is derived from a root that suggests oppression and robbery. The term appears in contexts related to social sin and the consequences of violence, as noted in Job 5:21.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֹׁד, שׁוֹד n.m. violence, havoc, devastation, ruin

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7701 שֹׁד, שׁוֹד violence, havoc, devastation, ruin

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7701 shod shode

or showd (Job 5:21) {shode}; from 7736; violence,

ravage:--desolation, destruction, oppression, robbery,

spoil(-ed, -er, - ing), wasting.

see HEBREW for 07736

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֹׁד (shod) — violence.

1) havoc, violence, destruction, devastation, ruin

1a) violence, havoc (as social sin)

1b) devastation, ruin

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
וְהַשֶּׁ֛בֶרve.ha.She.ver and the destruction H7667 Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
45× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes a breaking or shattering, like a physical injury or a dream being interpreted, and is used to convey ruin or destruction in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
breaking, shattering
Tyndale gloss
breaking
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שֶׁ֫בֶר (sheber) refers to breaking or fracturing, encompassing meanings like crash, ruin, and destruction. It can also denote the breaking of a dream and its interpretation. The term appears in various contexts, including physical damage and emotional distress.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֶׁ֫בֶר, שֵׁ֫בֶר n.m. breaking, fracture, crushing, breach, crash

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7667 שֶׁ֫בֶר, שֵׁ֫בֶר breaking, fracture, crushing, breach, crash

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7667 sheber sheh'-ber

or sheber {shay'-ber}; from 7665; a fracture, figuratively,

ruin; specifically, a solution (of a dream):--affliction,

breach, breaking, broken(-footed, -handed), bruise, crashing,

destruction, hurt, interpretation, vexation.

see HEBREW for 07665

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֶׁ֫בֶר (she.ver) — breaking.

1) breaking, fracture, crushing, breach, crash, ruin, shattering

1a) breaking, fracture, shattering, crushing

1b) crashing

1c) breaking (of a dream), interpretation

1d) quarries

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Art | N-ms — Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Td/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

de-struk'-shun: In the King James Version this word translates over 30 Hebrew words in the Old Testament, and 4 words in the New Testament. Of these the most interesting, as having a technical sense, is 'abhaddon (from verb 'abhadh, "to be lost," "to perish"). It is found 6 times in the Wisdom Literature, and nowhere else in the Old Testament; compare Re 9:11. See ABADDON.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Destruction

In Job 26:6, 28:22 (Heb. abaddon) is sheol, the realm of the dead.

two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
וְהָרָעָ֥בve.ha.ra.'Av and the famine H7458 Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
101× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Famine or hunger is what this Hebrew word represents, often referring to a lack of food or spiritual nourishment. It appears in books like Genesis and Jeremiah, highlighting the importance of trust in God during difficult times.
Amplified meaning
hunger, lack of food
Tyndale gloss
famine
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָעָב (ra`ab) refers to famine and hunger, indicating a lack of food that can affect individuals or entire nations. It is derived from the root meaning to be hungry, and it encompasses both literal and figurative uses, such as famine caused by divine judgment. The entries consistently emphasize its association with severe food scarcity.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָעָב 101 n.m. famine, hunger

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7458 רָעָב famine, hunger

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7458 ra`ab raw-awb'

from 7456; hunger (more or less extensive):--dearth,

famine, + famished, hunger.

see HEBREW for 07456

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָעָב (ra.av) — famine.

1) famine, hunger

1a) famine (in land, nation)

1a1) of Jehovah's word (fig)

1b) hunger (of individuals)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Art | N-ms — Conjunction · particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HC/Td/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fam'-in (ra`abh; limos):

1. Natural Causes

2. Famines Mentioned

3. Divine Relations

4. Figurative Uses

The common Old Testament word for "famine" is ra`abh; re`abhon also occurs (Ge 42:19,33; Ps 37:19), and kaphan (Job 5:22; 30:3), all meaning "hunger" and "famine"; in the New Testament the word is limos, meaning primarily "failure," "want of food."

1. Natural Causes:

In early times, especially in lands dependent on their own productions, famines were not infrequent. They were generally caused by local irregularities of the rainfall, by destructive hail storms (Ex 9:23,11,32), by ravages of insects (Ex 10:15;

Famine

The first mentioned in Scripture was so grievous as to compel Abraham to go down to the land of Egypt (Gen. 26:1). Another is mentioned as having occurred in the days of Isaac, causing him to go to Gerar (Gen. 26:1, 17). But the most remarkable of all was that which arose in Egypt in the days of Joseph, which lasted for seven years (Gen. 41-45).

Famines were sent as an effect of God’s anger against a guilty people (2 Kings 8:1, 2; Amos 8:11; Deut. 28:22-42; 2 Sam. 21:1; 2 Kings 6:25-28; 25:3;

Scripture records several famines in Palestine, and the neighboring countries, Ge 12:10 26:1 Ru 1:1 2Ki 6:25 Ac 11:27. The most remarkable one was that of seven years in Egypt, while Joseph was governor, Ge 41:1-57. It was distinguished for its duration, extent, and severity; particularly as Egypt is one of the countries least subject to such a calamity, by reason of its general fertility. Famine is sometimes a natural effect, as when the Nile does not overflow in Egypt, or rains do not fall in Judea, at the customary season; or when caterpillars, locusts, or other insects, destroy the fruits. But all natural causes are…

two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
וְהַחֶ֖רֶבve.ha.Che.rev and the sword H2719 Conjunction · particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
413× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sword or cutting instrument is what this Hebrew word refers to, including knives and tools for cutting stone. It is used in the Bible to describe weapons and sharp objects.
Amplified meaning
cutting instrument, war
Tyndale gloss
sword
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֶ֫רֶב (chereb) means 'sword' and can also refer to other cutting instruments like knives and tools. It is derived from a root meaning 'drought,' highlighting its destructive nature. The term is used in various contexts in the Old Testament, primarily to denote weapons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫רֶב 411 n.f. sword (as weapon)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2719 חֶ֫רֶב sword (as weapon)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2719 chereb kheh'-reb

from 2717; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its

destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp

implement:--axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

see HEBREW for 02717

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫רֶב (che.rev) — sword.

1) sword, knife

1a) sword

1b) knife

1c) tools for cutting stone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Art | N-fs — Conjunction · particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
HC/Td/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sord.

See ARMOR, III, 5.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Sword

Of the Hebrew was pointed, sometimes two-edged, was worn in a sheath, and suspended from the girdle (Ex. 32:27; 1 Sam. 31:4; 1 Chr. 21:27; Ps. 149:6: Prov. 5:4; Ezek. 16:40; 21:3-5).

It is a symbol of divine chastisement (Deut. 32:25; Ps. 7:12; 78:62), and of a slanderous tongue (Ps. 57:4; 64:3; Prov. 12:18). The word of God is likened also to a…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[ARMS, ARMOR]

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Used by

Gideon Jud 7:20

Goliath 1Sa 21:9

Peter Mt 26:51; Joh 18:10

→ David' s army equipped with 1Ch 21:5

→ To be beaten into plowshares Isa 2:4; Mic 4:3

→ Made of plowshares Joe 3:10

→ Two-edged Heb 4:12; Re 1:16; 2:12

→ FIGURATIVE

Of war Ge 27:40

two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
מִ֥יmi who? H4310 Pronoun
423× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word is used to ask questions like who, whose, or whom. It can also be used to express a wish, like would that or whoever. It appears in many forms throughout the Bible, often in phrases like O that or what.
Amplified meaning
what person
Tyndale gloss
who?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִי (mi) is an interrogative pronoun primarily used to ask about persons, meaning 'who?' or 'whose?'. It can also appear in rhetorical questions and has some idiomatic uses, such as 'who among...?' or 'whosoever'. The word is rarely applied to things, and its forms can vary in emphasis.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מִי 423 pron.interrog. who? of persons

מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied

in the gen. whose

in an indirect qu.

מִי ב׳ who among … ?

strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.

various rhetorical uses whose

מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it

once, following a verb, any one

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4310 מִי who? of persons . מִי is rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied

. in the gen. whose

. in an indirect qu.

. מִי ב׳ who among … ?

. strengthened and emph. forms of interrog.

. various rhetorical uses whose

. מִי may sometimes be rendered whosoever, though, as the examples will shew, it does not really mean it

. once, following a verb, any one

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4310 miy me

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as 4100 is of things,

who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also

(indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction

with prefix or suffix:--any (man), X he, X him, + O that!

what, which, who(-m, -se, -soever), + would to God.

see HEBREW for 04100

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִי (mi) — who?.

who?, whose?, whom?, would that, whoever, whosoever

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Pronoun
HPi
two [things] they [have] happened to you who? does he show sympathy to you the devastation and the destruction and the famine and the sword who? do I comfort you
אֲנַחֲמֵֽךְ׃'a.na.cha.Mekh do I comfort you H5162 Verb piel imperfect first person common singular · suffix
108× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To comfort means showing pity or sympathy, as seen in God's actions throughout the Bible, such as in Isaiah 40. The word can also imply regret or remorse, like in the story of Jonah, who was sorry for his actions. It involves easing someone's pain or discomfort.
Amplified meaning
show pity, sympathize with
Tyndale gloss
to be sorry: comfort
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נָחַם (nacham) is a Hebrew root that conveys a range of meanings related to feelings of sorrow, compassion, and comfort. It can signify being sorry, repenting, or consoling oneself, as well as avenging oneself in a more negative context. The verb appears in various forms, including Niph., Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, each reflecting different nuances of comfort and regret.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[נחם] vb. Niph. be sorry, console oneself, etc.

Niph.

be sorry, moved to pity, have compassion, for others

be sorry, rue, suffer grief, repent, of one’s own doings

comfort oneself, be comforted

comfort oneself, ease oneself, by taking vengeance

Piel—comfort, console

Pual; be comforted, consoled

Hithpa.—

be sorry, have compassion

rue, repent of

comfort oneself, be comforted

ease oneself, by taking vengeance

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5162 נחם Niph. be sorry, console oneself, etc. .comfort, console

. be comforted, consoled

.— . be sorry, have compassion

. rue, repent of

. comfort oneself, be comforted

. ease oneself, by taking vengeance

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5162 nacham naw-kham'

a primitive root; properly, to sigh, i.e. breathe strongly;

by implication, to be sorry, i.e. (in a favorable sense) to

pity, console or (reflexively) rue; or (unfavorably) to avenge

(oneself):--comfort (self), ease (one's self),

repent(-er,-ing, self).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָחַם (na.cham) — to be sorry: comfort.

: comfort

1) to be sorry, console oneself, repent, regret, comfort, be comforted

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to be sorry, be moved to pity, have compassion

1a2) to be sorry, rue, suffer grief, repent

1a3) to comfort oneself, be comforted

1a4) to comfort oneself, ease oneself

1b) (Piel) to comfort, console

1c) (Pual) to be comforted, be consoled

1d) (Hithpael)

1d1) to be sorry, have compassion

1d2) to rue, repent of

1d3) to comfort oneself, be comforted

1d4) to ease oneself

Also means: na.cham (נָחַם ": relent" H5162H)

נָחַם (na.cham) — to be sorry: relent.

: relent

1) to be sorry, console oneself, repent, regret, comfort, be comforted

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to be sorry, be moved to pity, have compassion

1a2) to be sorry, rue, suffer grief, repent

1a3) to comfort oneself, be comforted

1a4) to comfort oneself, ease oneself

1b) (Piel) to comfort, console

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Imperf-1cs | Suff — Verb piel imperfect first person common singular · suffix
HVpi1cs/Sp2fs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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