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Isaiah 57:19 — Word Study

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WLCבּוֹרֵ֖א נִ֣יב שְׂפָתָ֑יִם שָׁל֨וֹם׀ שָׁל֜וֹם לָרָח֧וֹק וְלַקָּר֛וֹב אָמַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה וּרְפָאתִֽיו׃

BSAbringingbârâʼ praisenôwb [thanksgiving, worship] to their lipssâphâh [the edge of the mouth, language] Peaceshâlôwm peaceshâlôwm [shalom, completeness, wellness] to those farrâchôwq [distant, physically or spiritually] and nearqârôwb [close, in place or relationship] saysʼâmar the LORDYᵉhôvâh [Yehovah, The covenant Name of God] and I will heal themrâphâʼ [mend, cure, restore, completely, physically and emotionally]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 57
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 19 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (u.re.fa.Tiv) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 57:19quick helps
In a sentenceThe LORD promises peace and healing to those both far and near.
Who is speakingThe LORD, identified as Yahweh, the covenant name of God.
Where we areIn a passage about God's compassion and the restoration He offers.
The hard wordשָׁל֨וֹם
Take awayGod's healing and peace are available to everyone.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectיהוה verbבָּרָא The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 57:19

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Promise of Peace and Healinggenerated

18I have seen his ways, but I will heal him; I will guide him and restore comfort to him and his mourners,
19bringing praise to their lips. Peace, peace to those far and near,” says the LORD, “and I will heal them.”
20But the wicked are like the storm-tossed sea, for it cannot be still, and its waves churn up mire and muck.
21“There is no peace,” says my God, “for the wicked.”

Isaiah 57:19 speaks of God's intention to bring praise to the lips of His people, offering peace to those who are both distant and close to Him. This verse emphasizes God's desire to heal and restore, showcasing His compassion for all, regardless of their proximity to Him. The surrounding verses highlight God's awareness of human ways and His commitment to guiding and comforting those who seek Him.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Exodus 4:11–12And the LORD said to him, “Who gave man his mouth? Or who makes the mute or the deaf, the sighted or the blind? Is it not I, the LORD?
2Hosea 14:2Bring your confessions and return to the LORD. Say to Him: “Take away all our iniquity and receive us graciously, that we may present the fruit of our lips.
3Luke 21:15For I will give you speech and wisdom that none of your adversaries will be able to resist or contradict.
4Ephesians 6:19Pray also for me, that whenever I open my mouth, words may be given me so that I will boldly make known the mystery of the gospel,
5Colossians 4:3–4as you pray also for us, that God may open to us a door for the word, so that we may proclaim the mystery of Christ, for which I am in chains.

The Key Word שָׁל֨וֹם, sha.Lomgenerated

The Hebrew word שָׁלוֹם (shalom) conveys a rich meaning that includes completeness, wellness, and peace. It is often associated with God's relationship with humanity, reflecting not just the absence of conflict but a holistic sense of well-being.

In this verse, שָׁלוֹם appears twice, emphasizing the depth of peace God offers. This peace is not limited to physical safety but extends to emotional and spiritual health, indicating a comprehensive restoration that God desires for His people.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

All translations agree on the use of peace for שָׁלוֹם, reflecting the consistent understanding of this Hebrew term across versions.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb אָמַ֥ר, he says, governs the entire verse, with multiple phrases providing detail about God's promise of peace and healing. The structure emphasizes the LORD's declaration, making it the focal point of the message.

The use of parallelism with שָׁל֨וֹם repeated underscores the importance of peace, while the phrases describing those 'far' and 'near' highlight the inclusivity of God's offer.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates שָׁלוֹם as εἰρήνην (eirēnēn), which also means peace. This choice reflects a direct correlation to the Hebrew meaning, emphasizing a state of tranquility and completeness.

The LXX's use of εἰρήνην aligns with the Hebrew context, suggesting a consistent understanding of peace as a divine gift.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 57:19 speaks of God's promise to bring praise to the lips of His people and offers peace to those who are far and near. The verse emphasizes God's healing and restoration, showing His compassion for all, regardless of their distance from Him.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that God brings praise to their lips?

This indicates that God inspires gratitude and worship in His people, reflecting their response to His goodness and mercy.

How does God offer peace to those far and near?

God's peace is available to everyone, whether they are physically distant or spiritually far from Him, emphasizing His desire to restore relationships.

What kind of healing does God promise?

The healing mentioned encompasses both physical and emotional restoration, highlighting God's comprehensive care for His people.

Why is the repetition of 'peace' significant?

The repetition underscores the depth and fullness of the peace God offers, reinforcing its importance in the context of His promise.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what areas of my life do I need to seek God's peace and healing?
  2. How can I express gratitude and praise to God for His blessings?
  3. What does it mean for me to be 'near' to God, and how can I cultivate that relationship?
  4. How can I share the message of God's peace with others who may feel distant from Him?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers comment on this verse, often interpreting it in the context of God's compassion and the promise of healing, reflecting on the Savior's work.

JeromeCOMMENTARY ON Isaiah 16:13 c. 347–420
Some understand this passage to be about the Savior in particular, because he was deeply saddened for a while over the sins of the world, saying, “My soul is sorrowful to the point of death.” And the Father struck him,
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 57 →
John ChrysostomON THE EPISTLE TO THE Hebrews 9:9 c. 347–407
But let us humble our own souls by almsgiving and forgiving our neighbors their trespasses, by not remembering injuries or avenging ourselves.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 57 →
Augustine of HippoLETTER 130 354–430
Through love of this true life you ought, then, to consider yourself desolate in this world, no matter what happiness you enjoy.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 57 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 57:19 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

I create the fruit of the lips,.... Which is praise and thanksgiving, Hebrews 13:16 that is, give occasion of it, afford matter for it, by restoring comforts to the church and its mourners, as in the

Read John Gill on Isaiah 57 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him. I create the fruit of the lips - i:e., thanksgivings, which flow from the lips.

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 57 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

I create, I will by my almighty power and in a wonderful manner produce, the fruit of the lips; Peace: either, 1. Praise or thanksgiving, which is called the fruit of our lips, , and peace: or rather, 2. That peace which is not wrought by men’ s hands, but only by God’ s lips or word; peace with God, and in a man’ s own conscience, which God hath promised to his people, and which he hath published and offered to all sorts of men by the preaching of the prophets, and especially of the apostles; as may be gathered both from the object of this peace in the following words, and by the exclusion of all wicked men from this peace, 21. Peace: the doubling of the word signifies the certainty and…

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 57 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 57:19 I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to [him that is] far off, and to [him that is] near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him.Ver. 19. I create the fruit of the lips,] i.e., I speak peace to my people by the mouths of my faithful ministers, applying and setting home the promises; and this I do most magnificently and mightily. Peace, peace.] See on Isaiah 26:3.

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 57 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(19) The fruit of the lips . . .—The words point primarily to the praise and thanksgiving of the pardoned penitent (comp. Hosea 14:2; Hebrews 13:15), but include also all true utterances of the wise of heart (Proverbs 10:31). All these alike have their origin in the creative fiat of Jehovah, which proclaims “peace” (i.e., salvation) to all, whether near or far, Jews in Jerusalem, or Jews in exile, or (as in Ephesians 2:17) the Gentiles whose distance was that of spiritual remoteness. The message of healing is for all.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 57 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 19. I create the fruit of the lips] "The sacrifice of praise," saith St. Paul, Hebrews 13:15, "is the fruit of the lips." God creates this fruit of the lips, by giving new subject and cause of thanksgiving by his mercies conferred on those among his people, who acknowledge and bewail their transgressions, and return to him. The great subject of thanksgiving is peace-reconciliation and pardon, offered to them that are nigh, and to them that are afar off, not only to the Jew, but also to the Gentile, as St. Paul more than once applies those terms, Ephesians 2:13; Ephesians 2:17. See also Acts 2:39. Peace to him that is far off - "That is, to the penitent; and to him that is near, i.e.…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 57 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

19. I create the fruit of the lips] Better, creating fruit of the lips, continuing Isaiah 57:18. “Fruit of the lips” means praise and thanksgiving, as Hosea 14:2 (R.V. marg.); Hebrews 13:15. Jehovah will create this, cause it to spring forth spontaneously, from those who experience His lovingkindness. Peace, peace &c.] Peace, peace to the far off and to the near! an exclamation, like Isaiah 57:21. The contrast of the “far off” and the “near” is probably that between the Jews still in exile, and those who have returned and are “near” to Jerusalem (cf. ch. Isaiah 56:8).

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 57 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

I create the fruit of the lips - The Chaldee and Syriac render this, ‘The words of the lips.’ The ‘fruit’ of the lips is that which the lips produce, that is, words; and the reference here is

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 57 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

bringing praise to their lips. Peace, peace to those far and near,” says the LORD, “and I will heal them.”

WEBWorld English Bible2000

I create the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace, to him who is far off and to him who is near,” says Yahweh; “and I will heal them.”

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

bringing praise to their lips. Peace, peace to those far and near,” says the LORD, “and I will heal them.”

NETBNew English Translation2006

I am the one who gives them reason to celebrate. Complete prosperity is available both to those who are far away and those who are nearby,” says the Lord, “and I will heal them.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

I create the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace, to him that is far off and to him that is near, saith Jehovah; and I will heal him.

RVARevised Version, American1894

I create the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace, to him that is far off and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

I create the fruite of the lips, to be peace: peace vnto them that are farre off, and to them that are neere, sayth the Lord: for I will heale him.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

I create the fruit of the lips: peace, peace to him [that is] afar off, and to him [that is] nigh, saith Jehovah; and I will heal him.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Producing the fruit of the lips, 'Peace, peace,' to the far off, and to the near, And I have healed him, said Jehovah.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Producing the fruit of the lips, || Peace, peace, to the far off, and to the near, || And I have healed him,” said YHWH.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Creating the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace to him that is afar off, and to him that is near, saith the Lord; and I will heal him.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

and I create the fruit of the lips. Peace, peace, to those who are far off and to those who are near—says Yahweh—I will heal them.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

I created the fruit of the lips, peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, said the Lord, and I healed him.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

so they will be able to say thank you. The Lord declares, Peace, peace, to those who are far away and those who are near. I will heal you.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

I will give the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace, to him who is near and to him who is far off, says the Lord; and I will make him well.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbבּוֹרֵ֖א[I.am].about.to.createnoun phrase · objectנִ֣יב[the].fruitשְׂפָתָ֑יִםof.lipsclausenoun phrase · subjectשָׁל֨וֹםpeaceשָׁל֜וֹםpeaceprepositional phrase · predicateprepositional phraseלָto.(the)noun phrasedistantרָח֧וֹק[person]וְandprepositional phraseלַto.(the)noun phrasenearקָּר֛וֹב[person]clauseverbאָמַ֥רhe.sayssubjectיְהוָ֖הYahwehוּandclauseverbרְפָאתִֽיIobjectוwill.heal.him

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls largely agree on the wording of this verse, with the Scrolls providing partial matches. The Septuagint also aligns closely, though its word order differs.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

בּוֹרֵ֖א נִ֣יב שְׂפָתָ֑יִם שָׁל֨וֹם׀ שָׁל֜וֹם לָרָח֧וֹק וְלַקָּר֛וֹב אָמַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה וּרְפָאתִֽיו׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
שָׁל֨וֹם׀εἰρήνηνשָׁל֜וֹםεἰρήνηνלָרָח֧וֹקμακρὰνוְלַקָּר֛וֹבκαὶיְהוָ֖הκύριοςוּרְפָאתִֽיו׃αὐτούς

6 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

בבורה ניב שפתים שלום לרחוק ולקרוב אמר יהוה ורפתי׳הו

9 words of the verse are on this fragment. The rest of the verse is not on it.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Q8a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[בורא] [ניב] שפתים שלום שלום לרחוק ולקרוב אמר יהוה [ורפאתי׳ו]

4 words on the leather — 3 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q58a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

בורה נוב שפתים [שלום] [שלום] [לרחוק] ולרקרוב אמר יהוה ורפתי׳ו

6 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 57:19בָּרָא[I am] abou[I am] about toבָּרָאנוֹב[the] fruit[the] fruitנוֹבשָׂפָהlipslipsשָׂפָהשָׁלוֹםpeacepeaceשָׁלוֹםשָׁלוֹםpeacepeaceשָׁלוֹםרָחֹקto distant to distant [perרָחֹקקָרֹבand to nearand to near [peקָרֹבאָמַרhe sayshe saysאָמַריהוהYahwehYahwehיהוהרָפָאand I will and I will healרָפָאשָׁלֵםto completto completeשָׁלֵםנוּבto bear frto bear fruitנוּבסָפָהto snatchto snatchסָפָהרָחַקto removeto removeרָחַקקָרֵבto presentto present: comקָרֵבהָיָהto beto beהָיָהרָפָהto slackento slackenרָפָהיֵהוּאJehuJehuיֵהוּאיָצַרto form: fto form: formedיָצַראָדָםthe man (Athe man (Adam)אָדָםיְרִיעָהcurtaincurtainיְרִיעָהלָשׁוֹןtonguetongueלָשׁוֹןקָרֹבnearnearקָרֹבקָצֶהendendקָצֶהרָחֹקdistantdistantרָחֹקאֵידcalamitycalamityאֵידכֹּהthusthusכֹּהיהוהYHWH/GodYHWH/Godיהוה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 57:19

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
בּוֹרֵ֖אbo.Re' [I am] about to create H1254 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
55× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to create or make something, often used to describe God's creative power. It can also mean to choose or select something. The Bible uses it to describe God's creation of the world.
Tyndale gloss
to create
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בָּרָא (bara') is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning to create or shape, often with God as the subject. It encompasses the creation of the heavens, earth, and new circumstances, and can also refer to cutting down or out. Additionally, it has a secondary meaning related to becoming fat or making oneself fat, as noted in 1 Samuel 2:29.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בָּרָא 53 vb. shape, create

Qal Pf.—shape, fashion, create

Niph.—Pass.

be created

with reference to birth

of something new, astonishing

Pi.

cut down

cut out

base

[בָּרָא] vb. be fat—Hiph. 1 S 2:29 to make yourself fat.

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1254a בָּרָא shape, create .Pf.—shape, fashion, create

.—Pass. . be created

. with reference to birth

. of something new, astonishing

. . cut down

. cut out

H1254b בָּרָא be fat

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1254 bara' baw-raw'

a primitive root; (absolutely) to create; (qualified) to cut

down (a wood), select, feed (as formative processes):--

choose, create (creator), cut down, dispatch, do, make (fat).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בָּרָא (ba.ra) — to create.

1) to create, shape, form

1a) (Qal) to shape, fashion, create (always with God as subject)

1a1) of heaven and earth

1a2) of individual man

1a3) of new conditions and circumstances

1a4) of transformations

1b) (Niphal) to be created

1b1) of heaven and earth

1b2) of birth

1b3) of something new

1b4) of miracles

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to cut down

1c2) to cut out

בָּרָא (ba.ra) — to fatten.

1) to be fat

1a) (Hiphil) to make yourselves fat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVqrmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Smith's Bible Dictionary

To create is to cause something to exist which did not exist before, as distinguished from make , to re-form something already in existence.

[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
נִ֣יבnuv [the] fruit H5108 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Fruit represents the produce or results of our actions, as seen in Proverbs, where it describes the consequences of our choices. This word is used to symbolize spiritual growth and maturity. It emphasizes the importance of living a righteous life.
Amplified meaning
thanksgiving, worship
Tyndale gloss
fruit
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

נוֹב (nov) and נִיב (niv) both mean 'fruit' in Hebrew, with references to literal and figurative uses. The entries indicate that nov is a variant spelling of niv. The term appears in contexts such as Isaiah 57:19, where it signifies the 'fruit of lips' as a metaphor for thanksgiving.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נוֹב Kt (Qr נִיב, q.v.) n.[m.] fruit;—cstr. Is 57:19 fruit of lips (fig. for thanksgiving).

done

[נִיב] n.[m.] fruit

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5108a נוֹב Kt fruit H5108b נִיב fruit

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5108 nowb nobe

or neyb {nabe}; from 5107; produce, literally or

figuratively:--fruit.

see HEBREW for 05107

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נוֹב (nov) — fruit.

fruit

Another spelling of niv (נִיב "fruit" H5108B)

נִיב (niv) — fruit.

fruit

Also means: nov (נוֹב "fruit" H5108A)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

froot.

See FOOD; BOTANY, and special articles on APPLE; FIG; VINE, etc.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Fruit

A word as used in Scripture denoting produce in general, whether vegetable or animal. The Hebrews divided the fruits of the land into three classes:,

(1.) The fruit of the field, “corn-fruit” (Heb. dagan); all kinds of grain and pulse.

(2.) The fruit of the vine, “vintage-fruit” (Heb. tirosh); grapes, whether moist or dried.

(3.) “Orchard-fruits” (Heb. yitshar), as dates, figs, citrons, etc.

Injunctions concerning offerings and tithes were expressed by these Hebrew terms alone (Num. 18:12; Deut. 14:23). This word “fruit” is also used of children or offspring (Gen. 30:2; Deut. 7:13; Luke 1:42;

[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
שְׂפָתָ֑יִםse.fa.Ta.yim lips H8193 Noun common · feminine dual absolute
176× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to lips or language, and can also mean the edge or border of something. It is used in the Bible to describe the shore of a sea or the edge of a cup.
Amplified meaning
the edge of the mouth, language
Tyndale gloss
lips
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word שָׂפָה (*saphah*) encompasses meanings related to 'lip,' 'speech,' and 'edge.' It is derived from concepts of termination, suggesting boundaries like the edge of a vessel or the bank of a river. The word can refer to physical lips, language, or the edges of various objects, including shores.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׂפָה 176 n.f. lip, speech, edge

lip

language

edge: shore of sea; bank of river

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8193 שָׂפָה lip, speech, edge . lip

. language

. edge: shore of sea; bank of river

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8193 saphah saw-faw'

or (in dual and plural) sepheth {sef-eth'}; probably from

5595 or 8192 through the idea of termination (compare 5490);

the lip (as a natural boundary); by implication, language; by

analogy, a margin (of a vessel, water, cloth, etc.):--band,

bank, binding, border, brim, brink, edge, language, lip,

prating, ((sea-))shore, side, speech, talk, (vain) words.

see HEBREW for 05595

see HEBREW for 08192

see HEBREW for 05490

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׂפָה (sa.phah) — lips.

: lips/mouth

1) lip, language, speech, shore, bank, brink, brim, side, edge, border, binding

1a) lip (as body part)

1b) language

1c) edge, shore, bank (of cup, sea, river, etc)

שָׂפָה (sa.phah) — lip: words.

: words/language

1) lip, language, speech, shore, bank, brink, brim, side, edge, border, binding

1a) lip (as body part)

1b) language

1c) edge, shore, bank (of cup, sea, river, etc)

שָׂפָה (sa.phah) — lip: edge.

: edge/border/opening

1) lip, language, speech, shore, bank, brink, brim, side, edge, border, binding

1a) lip (as body part)

1b) language

1c) edge, shore, bank (of cup, sea, river, etc)

שָׂפָה (sa.phah) — lip: shore.

: shore/bank(of_sea/river)

1) lip, language, speech, shore, bank, brink, brim, side, edge, border, binding

1a) lip (as body part)

1b) language

1c) edge, shore, bank (of cup, sea, river, etc)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absolute
HNcfda
[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
שָׁל֨וֹם׀sha.Lom peace H7965 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
237× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word for peace, shalom, means completeness, wellness, and friendship, and is often used to describe God's relationship with humanity, as seen in the covenant with the Israelites. It encompasses physical and spiritual health, prosperity, and harmony.
Tyndale gloss
Peace
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁלוֹם (shalom) conveys a range of meanings including completeness, soundness, welfare, and peace. It can refer to physical safety and health, as well as emotional states like tranquility and friendship, particularly in human relationships and with God. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to be complete' and is used in various contexts, including greetings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁלוֹם 237 n.m. completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

completeness in no.

safety, soundness, in body

welfare, health, prosperity

peace, quiet, tranquility, contentment

peace, friendship

peace from war

as adj. those at peace with him

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7965 שָׁלוֹם completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7965 shalowm shaw-lome'

or shalom {shaw-lome'}; from 7999; safe, i.e. (figuratively)

well, happy, friendly; also (abstractly) welfare, i.e. health,

prosperity, peace:--X do, familiar, X fare, favour, + friend,

X great, (good) health, (X perfect, such as be at)

peace(-able, -ably), prosper(-ity, -ous), rest, safe(-ty),

salute, welfare, (X all is, be) well, X wholly.

see HEBREW for 07999

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace.

: peace

1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

1a) completeness (in number)

1b) safety, soundness (in body)

1c) welfare, health, prosperity

1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment

1e) peace, friendship

1e1) of human relationships

1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship

1f) peace (from war)

1g) peace (as adjective)

שָׁלוֹם (ye.ho.vah sha.lom) — Peace.

This name means completeness, peace

Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)

שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace: well-being.

: well-being

1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

1a) completeness (in number)

1b) safety, soundness (in body)

1c) welfare, health, prosperity

1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment

1e) peace, friendship

1e1) of human relationships

1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship

1f) peace (from war)

1g) peace (as adjective)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

pes (shalom; eirene):

1. In the Old Testament:

Is a condition of freedom from disturbance, whether outwardly, as of a nation from war or enemies, or inwardly, within the soul. The Hebrew word is shalom (both adjective and substantive), meaning, primarily, "soundness," "health," but coming also to signify "prosperity," well-being in general, all good in relation to both man and God. In early times, to a people harassed by foes, peace was the primary blessing. In Ps 122:7, we have "peace" and "prosperity," and in 35:27; 73:3, shalom is translated "prosperity." In 2Sa 11:7 the King James Version, David asked of Uriah "how Joab did" (margin "of the peace of Joab"), "and how the people did (the Revised Version (British and American) "fared," literally, "of the peace of the people"), and…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ EXEMPLIFIED

By Abraham Ge 13:8,9

Abimelech Ge 26:29

Mordecai Es 10:3

David Ps 120:7

See CHARITABLENESS

See NATION, PEACE OF

→ SOCIAL Ge 45:24; Le 26:6; Job 5:23,24; Ps 34:14; 120:6,7; 133:1; Pr 12:20; 15:17; 16:7; 17:1,14; 20:3; Ec 4:6; Isa 2:4; 45:7; Jer…

- God is the author of

Ps 147:14; Isa 45:7; 1Co 14:33

- RESULTS FROM

. Heavenly wisdom

Jas 3:17

. The government of Christ

Isa 2:4

. Praying for rulers

1Ti 2:2

. Seeking the peace of those with whom we dwell

Jer 29:7

- Necessary to the enjoyment of life

Ps 34:12,14; 1Pe 3:10,11

- GOD BESTOWS UPON THOSE WHO

. Obey him

Le 26:6

. Please him

[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
שָׁל֜וֹםsha.Lom peace H7965 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
237× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word for peace, shalom, means completeness, wellness, and friendship, and is often used to describe God's relationship with humanity, as seen in the covenant with the Israelites. It encompasses physical and spiritual health, prosperity, and harmony.
Amplified meaning
shalom, completeness, wellness
Tyndale gloss
Peace
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁלוֹם (shalom) conveys a range of meanings including completeness, soundness, welfare, and peace. It can refer to physical safety and health, as well as emotional states like tranquility and friendship, particularly in human relationships and with God. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to be complete' and is used in various contexts, including greetings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁלוֹם 237 n.m. completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

completeness in no.

safety, soundness, in body

welfare, health, prosperity

peace, quiet, tranquility, contentment

peace, friendship

peace from war

as adj. those at peace with him

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7965 שָׁלוֹם completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7965 shalowm shaw-lome'

or shalom {shaw-lome'}; from 7999; safe, i.e. (figuratively)

well, happy, friendly; also (abstractly) welfare, i.e. health,

prosperity, peace:--X do, familiar, X fare, favour, + friend,

X great, (good) health, (X perfect, such as be at)

peace(-able, -ably), prosper(-ity, -ous), rest, safe(-ty),

salute, welfare, (X all is, be) well, X wholly.

see HEBREW for 07999

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace.

: peace

1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

1a) completeness (in number)

1b) safety, soundness (in body)

1c) welfare, health, prosperity

1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment

1e) peace, friendship

1e1) of human relationships

1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship

1f) peace (from war)

1g) peace (as adjective)

שָׁלוֹם (ye.ho.vah sha.lom) — Peace.

This name means completeness, peace

Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)

שָׁלוֹם (sha.lom) — peace: well-being.

: well-being

1) completeness, soundness, welfare, peace

1a) completeness (in number)

1b) safety, soundness (in body)

1c) welfare, health, prosperity

1d) peace, quiet, tranquillity, contentment

1e) peace, friendship

1e1) of human relationships

1e2) with God especially in covenant relationship

1f) peace (from war)

1g) peace (as adjective)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

pes (shalom; eirene):

1. In the Old Testament:

Is a condition of freedom from disturbance, whether outwardly, as of a nation from war or enemies, or inwardly, within the soul. The Hebrew word is shalom (both adjective and substantive), meaning, primarily, "soundness," "health," but coming also to signify "prosperity," well-being in general, all good in relation to both man and God. In early times, to a people harassed by foes, peace was the primary blessing. In Ps 122:7, we have "peace" and "prosperity," and in 35:27; 73:3, shalom is translated "prosperity." In 2Sa 11:7 the King James Version, David asked of Uriah "how Joab did" (margin "of the peace of Joab"), "and how the people did (the Revised Version (British and American) "fared," literally, "of the peace of the people"), and…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ EXEMPLIFIED

By Abraham Ge 13:8,9

Abimelech Ge 26:29

Mordecai Es 10:3

David Ps 120:7

See CHARITABLENESS

See NATION, PEACE OF

→ SOCIAL Ge 45:24; Le 26:6; Job 5:23,24; Ps 34:14; 120:6,7; 133:1; Pr 12:20; 15:17; 16:7; 17:1,14; 20:3; Ec 4:6; Isa 2:4; 45:7; Jer…

- God is the author of

Ps 147:14; Isa 45:7; 1Co 14:33

- RESULTS FROM

. Heavenly wisdom

Jas 3:17

. The government of Christ

Isa 2:4

. Praying for rulers

1Ti 2:2

. Seeking the peace of those with whom we dwell

Jer 29:7

- Necessary to the enjoyment of life

Ps 34:12,14; 1Pe 3:10,11

- GOD BESTOWS UPON THOSE WHO

. Obey him

Le 26:6

. Please him

[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
לָרָח֧וֹקla.ra.Chok to distant [person] H7350 Preposition
84× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means something or someone is far away, either physically or in time. It is often used to describe distant lands or events that happened long ago. In the Bible, it appears in books like Genesis and Psalms.
Amplified meaning
distant, physically or spiritually
Tyndale gloss
distant
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָחֹק (rachowq) means distant or far, and can refer to both physical distance and time. It can also denote a sense of remoteness or preciousness. The word can be used adverbially and is associated with the concept of distance in various contexts, including distant lands or times.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָחֹק, רָחוֹק adj. distant, far, et n.m. distance

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7350 רָחֹק, רָחוֹק distant, far, distance

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7350 rachowq raw-khoke'

or rachoq {raw-khoke'}; from 7368; remote, literally or

figuratively, of place or time; specifically, precious; often

used adverbially (with preposition):--(a-)far (abroad, off),

long ago, of old, space, great while to come.

see HEBREW for 07368

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָחֹק (ra.choq) — distant.

adj

1) remote, far, distant, distant lands, distant ones

1a) of distance, time

n m

2) distance

2a) from a distance (with prep)

Aramaic equivalent: ra.chiq (רְחִיק "far" H7352)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | Adj — Preposition
HRd/Aamsa
[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
וְלַקָּר֛וֹבve.la.ka.Rov and to near [person] H7138 Conjunction · preposition
77× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means near, describing something close in place, time, or relationship. It is used in the book of Genesis to describe family relationships. The word is used to describe a close connection.
Amplified meaning
close, in place or relationship
Tyndale gloss
near
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָרֹב (qarowb) means 'near' and can refer to proximity in place, time, or personal relationships, including kinship. It is derived from the root meaning to approach or be allied. The term appears in various contexts, such as describing the nearest city or a neighbor, as well as in relation to God.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָרֹב, קָרוֹב 78 adj. near;—

of city, the nearest

of pers.:

the nearest to; his neighbour.

abs.

of near relationship

near to י׳

near to י׳ in ceremon. function

of God (י׳)

of word

of time

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7138 קָרֹב, קָרוֹב near

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7138 qarowb kaw-robe'

or qarob {kaw-robe'}; from 7126; near (in place, kindred or

time):--allied, approach, at hand, + any of kin,

kinsfold(-sman), (that is) near (of kin), neighbour, (that is)

next, (them that come) nigh (at hand), more ready, short(-ly).

see HEBREW for 07126

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָרֹב (qa.rov) — near.

1) near

1a) of place

1b) of time

1c) of personal relationship

1c1) kinship

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep | Adj — Conjunction · preposition
HC/Rd/Aamsa
[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
אָמַ֥ר'a.Mar he says H559 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
5,309× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to say or speak, and it's used in many different ways in the Bible. It can mean to command, promise, or think, and it's translated in the KJV as 'answer', 'appoint', or 'command'.
Tyndale gloss
to say
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָמַר (amar) is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to say' or 'to utter,' with a broad range of uses including to promise, command, or even boast. It appears in various forms, such as in the Qal (to say), Niphal (to be told), and Hiphil (to avow). The entries highlight its versatility in both spoken and internal contexts, though no specific verse is noted.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָמַר 5287 vb. utter, say

Qal

Say

Say in the heart (= think)

Promise

Command (esp. late)

Niph. be said, told

Hiph. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)

Hithp. act proudly, boast

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H559 אָמַר utter, say .. Say

. Say in the heart (= think)

. Promise

. Command (esp. late)

. be said, told

. avow, avouch (lit. cause to declare)

. act proudly, boast

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

559 'amar aw-mar'

a primitive root; to say (used with great

latitude):--answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call,

certify, challenge, charge, + (at the, give) command(-ment),

commune, consider, declare, demand, X desire, determine, X

expressly, X indeed, X intend, name, X plainly, promise,

publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), X still, X

suppose, talk, tell, term, X that is, X think, use (speech),

utter, X verily, X yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָמַר (a.mar) — to say.

1) to say, speak, utter

1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend

1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called

1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly

1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch

Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
יְהוָ֖הYah.weh Yahweh H3068 Noun proper
6,528× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
Yehovah, The covenant Name of God
Tyndale gloss
The Lord
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) is the proper name of the God of Israel, often rendered as Jehovah or the Lord. It signifies the self-existent or eternal nature of God. The name is closely associated with the revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:12-15 and is used in conjunction with other terms to denote sacred places. Some scholars suggest it derives from a root meaning 'to bring into being.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יהוה c. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel—(1. MT יְהֹוָה 6518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהֹוִה 305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים) 2. Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph. of הוה (= היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver)

יהוה is not used by E in Gn, but is given Ex 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb

יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D

the phrase † אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy

יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3068 יהוה i.e. יַהְוֶה n. pr. dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3068 Yhovah yeh-ho-vaw'

from 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish

national name of God:--Jehovah, the Lord. Compare 3050, 3069.

see HEBREW for 01961

see HEBREW for 03050

see HEBREW for 03069

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — LORD.

Jehovah = "the existing One"

1) the proper name of the one true God

1a) unpronounced except with the vowel pointings of a.do.na (אֲדֹנָי "Lord" H0136)

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — The Lord.

Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — (Jerusalem of) the Lord.

Combined with ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpt
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
[I am] about to create [the] fruit lips peace peace to distant [person] and to near [person] he says Yahweh and I will heal him
וּרְפָאתִֽיו׃u.re.fa.Tiv and I will heal him H7495 Verb qal sequential perfect first person common singular · suffix
67× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to heal or mend, often referring to God's power to cure physical or emotional hurts, as seen in Psalm 103:3.
Amplified meaning
mend, cure, restore, completely, physically and emotionally
Tyndale gloss
to heal
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָפָא (rapha') is a Hebrew verb meaning 'to heal' or 'to mend.' It covers various forms, including healing by God, physicians, and figurative healing of nations or individuals. The verb has different stems indicating active healing, being healed, and healing in order to be healed. The entries do not present any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָפָא vb. heal

Qal heal

Niph. be healed

Pi. have healed, heal

Hithp. in order to get healed

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7495 רָפָא heal

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7495 rapha' raw-faw'

or raphah {raw-faw'}; a primitive root; properly, to mend (by

stitching), i.e. (figuratively) to cure:--cure, (cause to)

heal, physician, repair, X thoroughly, make whole. See 7503.

see HEBREW for 07503

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָפָא (ra.pah) — to heal.

1) to heal, make healthful

1a) (Qal) to heal

1a1) of God

1a2) healer, physician (of men)

1a3) of hurts of nations involving restored favour (fig)

1a4) of individual distresses (fig)

1b) (Niphal) to be healed

1b1) literal (of persons)

1b2) of water, pottery

1b3) of national hurts (fig)

1b4) of personal distress (fig)

1c) (Piel) to heal

1c1) literal

1c2) of national defects or hurts (fig)

1d) (Hithpael) in order to get healed (infinitive)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-1cs | Suff — Verb qal sequential perfect first person common singular · suffix
Hc/Vqq1cs/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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