Joel 1:17 — Word Study
WLCעָבְשׁ֣וּ פְרֻד֗וֹת תַּ֚חַת מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם נָשַׁ֙מּוּ֙ אֹֽצָר֔וֹת נֶהֶרְס֖וּ מַמְּגֻר֑וֹת כִּ֥י הֹבִ֖ישׁ דָּגָֽן׃
BSAThe seedspᵉrudâh△ [rotten, shriveled] lie shriveledʻâbash△■ [abash, to dry up] beneathtachath the clodsmigrâphâh△ [lumps of earth] the storehousesʼôwtsâr [treasure houses, granaries] are in ruinsshâmêm■ [desolate, devastated] the granariesmammᵉgurâh△ [barns, storehouses for grain] are broken downhâraç■ [overthrown, destroyed] forkîy the graindâgân [wheat or corn] has withered awayyâbêsh■ [to wither, become dry]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| עָבְשׁ֣וּ | they have shriveled | Verb, Qal, perfect third person common plural |
| פְרֻד֗וֹת | [the] seeds | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| תַּ֚חַת | under | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם | shovels their | Noun common feminine plural construct, suffix |
| נָשַׁ֙מּוּ֙ | they are desolate | Verb, Niphal, perfect third person common plural |
| אֹֽצָר֔וֹת | [the] storehouses | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| נֶהֶרְס֖וּ | they have been torn down | Verb, Niphal, perfect third person common plural |
| מַמְּגֻר֑וֹת | [the] granaries | Noun common, feminine plural absolute |
| כִּ֥י | for | Particle |
| הֹבִ֖ישׁ | it has dried up | Verb, Hiphil, perfect third person masculine singular |
| דָּגָֽן׃ | [the] grain | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The seeds lie shriveled beneath the clods; the storehouses are in ruins; the granaries are broken down, for the grain has withered away. |
| KJV | The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered. |
| ASV | The seeds rot under their clods; the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the grain is withered. |
| YLT | Rotted have scattered things under their clods, Desolated have been storehouses, Broken down have been granaries, For withered hath the corn. |
| WEB | The seeds rot under their clods. The granaries are laid desolate. The barns are broken down, for the grain has withered. |
| BBE | The grains have become small and dry under the spade; the store-houses are made waste, the grain-stores are broken down; for the grain is dry and dead. |
All translations agree on the essential meaning of the verse.
The main clause is followed by several subordinate clauses that describe the state of the agricultural landscape.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectפְּרֻדֹות
verbעָבַשׁ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
4 of 11 occur nowhere else in the Old Testament — words chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Joel 1:17
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Lament over the Landgenerated
Joel 1:17 depicts a scene of devastation where the seeds lie shriveled and the storehouses are in ruins. This reflects the dire consequences of a locust invasion that has left the land barren and the people without food. The imagery emphasizes the impact of this disaster on both the agricultural economy and the community's well-being, calling for a response from the people and their leaders.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Genesis 23:16 | Abraham agreed to Ephron’s terms and weighed out for him the price he had named in the hearing of the Hittites: four hundred shekels of silver, according to the standard of the merchants. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 1 reference, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — עָבְשׁ֣וּ, 'a.ve.Shugenerated
The verb עָבַשׁ (abash) means to shrivel or dry up. It conveys the idea of something that has wasted away, particularly in the context of agriculture. The perfect tense indicates a completed action, emphasizing the current state of the seeds as having already withered.
This word is used to describe the effects of neglect or disaster, highlighting the loss of vitality in the crops. Its usage here underscores the severity of the agricultural crisis that Joel is lamenting.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The verse is rendered similarly across translations, with all versions acknowledging the shriveling of seeds and the destruction of storehouses.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb עָבְשׁ֣וּ (they have shriveled) governs the main clause, with several phrases describing the state of the seeds and the storehouses. The structure emphasizes the consequences of the locust plague, with each phrase building on the devastation.
The sentence structure reflects a series of observations about the agricultural state, with the verbs indicating actions that have led to the current desolation.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew verb עָבַשׁ is rendered as ἐσκίρτησαν, which carries a sense of leaping or springing away, suggesting a dynamic loss rather than a static state. This choice may imply a more active destruction.
This translation choice reflects an interpretation that emphasizes the suddenness of the devastation, contrasting with the more passive connotation of the Hebrew.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Joel 1:17 describes how the seeds have shriveled under the clods, the storehouses are in ruins, and the granaries are broken down because the grain has withered away. This verse highlights the severe impact of a locust plague on the agricultural landscape and the community's food supply.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It indicates that the crops have died or become unusable due to lack of nourishment, reflecting a dire agricultural crisis.
The storehouses are in ruins because the grain that should have been stored has withered away, leading to a loss of food supply.
The withering of grain symbolizes the complete devastation of the land's productivity, affecting the livelihood of the people.
This verse illustrates the consequences of sin and disobedience, calling the people to repentance and a return to God.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see the consequences of neglect in my own life or community?
- How can I respond to the needs of those affected by loss or devastation?
- What steps can I take to ensure that I am nurturing the things that are important in my life?
- How does understanding this agricultural imagery help me grasp the spiritual lessons Joel is conveying?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators like Jerome and Gregory the Dialogist reference this verse to discuss themes of sin and consequence, highlighting the spiritual implications of the agricultural devastation.
The animals have trampled in their own dung; the barns have been destroyed, the storehouses have been scattered, because the grain has been mixed up;Early Church Fathers on Joel 1 →
What is a basket of dung, except the memory of sins? For the sins of the flesh are called dung. Hence it is also said through the prophet: "The beasts have rotted in their dung." For the beasts to rot in their dung is for carnal people to…Early Church Fathers on Joel 1 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Joel 1:17 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe seed is rotten under their clods,.... Or "grains" (z) of wheat or barley, which had been sown, and, for want of rain, putrefied and wasted away under the clods of earth, through the great
Read John Gill on Joel 1 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThe seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered. The seed is rotten - "is dried up," 'vanishes away,' from an Arabic root (Maurer).
Read Robert Jamieson on Joel 1 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe seed; called so from the seedsman’ s scattering it abroad when he soweth it, and in this place only so used, for aught I can observe, and yet this use of it here is justified by all the following words; the grain which is sown for the seed against next spring. Is rotten; is putrefied, grown musty and fruitless; nor is this word any where else used in Scripture. Under their clods, and earth, from under which the seed covered should spring up, but now, as unsound, rotten, and fruitless seed, is lost under it. The garners, or storehouses, treasuries of corn, in which it was kept for future use, are laid desolate; either run to ruin, because the owners, discouraged with the barrenness of…
Read Matthew Poole on Joel 1 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJoe 1:17 The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered.Ver. 17. The seed is rotten under their clods] It lieth buried or drowned with excessive rain and moisture, corrupting the seed soon after it was sown: and that which was not so marred was afterwards, when it came to be grain, dried up with excessive heat. The corn is withered] So that the garners were desolated, the barns broken down for want of stuffing, and for that there was no use of them, since they sowed but reaped not, Micah 6:15. The husbandman was called to mourning, Amos 5:16, for a threefold calamity that lay upon his tillage. First, immoderate rain…
Read John Trapp on Joel 1 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(17) The corn is withered.—The results of the terrible drought, coincident with the ravages of the locusts, are now described. The ancient versions present difficulty and variety in the exact rendering of this verse, owing to several words occurring in it being not found elsewhere in Holy Scripture. On the whole the English text seems correct and satisfactory.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Joel 1 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 17. The seed is rotten under their clods] When the sprout was cut off as low as possible by the locusts, there was no farther germination. The seed rotted away.
Read AdamClarke on Joel 1 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges17. The grains shrivel (R.V. marg.) under their shovels (or hoes)] unable to withstand the scorching heat. This is the only rendering which the existing text will permit[32]; but the last word especially is not satisfactory. Merx (p. 100 f.) examines the passage at some length; but his restoration is not convincing. [32] Grains, lit. things parted (cf. Syr. perdβ). A.V. is rotten follows Ibn Ezra and Kimchi in explaining the Heb. ‘βbhηsh from the Aram, ‘aphash, to rot; but the meaning is unsuitable (for rotting is not an effect of drought), and the Arab. ‘abisa, to be dried up (esp. of dirt) both agrees better phonetically and yields a preferable sense. ξπψτεϊ is derived obviously from πψσ…
Read Cambridge on Joel 1 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe seed is rotten under the clods - Not only was all to be cut off for the present, but, with it, all hope for the future. The scattered seed, as it lay, each under its clod known to God, was dried up, and so decayed.
Read Albert Barnes on Joel 1 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The seeds lie shriveled beneath the clods; the storehouses are in ruins; the granaries are broken down, for the grain has withered away.
The seeds rot under their clods. The granaries are laid desolate. The barns are broken down, for the grain has withered.
The seeds lie shriveled beneath the clods; the storehouses are in ruins; the granaries are broken down, for the grain has withered away.
The grains of seed have shriveled beneath their shovels. Storehouses have been decimated and granaries have been torn down, for the grain has dried up.
Tyndale line
The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered.
The seeds rot under their clods; the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the grain is withered.
The seeds rot under their clods; the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered.
The seed hath perished under their clods, the granaries are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered.
The seede is rotten vnder their cloddes: the garners are destroyed: the barnes are broken downe, for the corne is withered.
Strictly literal
The seeds are rotten under their clods, the granaries are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered.
Rotted have scattered things under their clods, Desolated have been storehouses, Broken down have been granaries, For withered hath the corn.
Scattered things have rotted under their clods, || Storehouses have been desolated, || Granaries have been broken down, || For the grain has withered.
The grains of seed are rotten under their clods, laid desolate are the garners, pulled down are the barns; for the corn is dried up.
The seeds rot under their clods, the granaries are desolate, and the barns have been broken down, for the grain has withered.
From the Latin
The beasts have rotted in their dung, the barns are destroyed, the storehouses are broken down: because the corn is confounded.
Simplified
Seeds planted in the ground shrivel up; the storehouses are empty, the barns are torn down because the grain has dried up.
The grains have become small and dry under the spade; the store-houses are made waste, the grain-stores are broken down; for the grain is dry and dead.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint align closely, with ten of the eleven words matching. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain partial words and restorations but agree with the overall message of desolation and loss.
עָבְשׁ֣וּ פְרֻד֗וֹת תַּ֚חַת מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם נָשַׁ֙מּוּ֙ אֹֽצָר֔וֹת נֶהֶרְס֖וּ מַמְּגֻר֑וֹת כִּ֥י הֹבִ֖ישׁ דָּגָֽן׃
10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
עפשו פורות תחת מגרפתי׳הם [נשמו] [אצרות] [נהרסו] [ממגרות] [כי] [הביש] [דגן]
3 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Joel 1:17
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
עָבַשׁ (abash) is a primitive root meaning to dry up or shrivel. It primarily conveys the idea of something wasting away, as noted in the Qal form. The only specific reference provided is in the context of Job 1:17.
[עָבַשׁ] vb. shrivel;—Qal Jo 1:17
ref
H5685 עָבַשׁ
5685 `abash aw-bash'
a primitive root; to dry up:--be rotten.
עָבַשׁ (a.vash) — to shrivel.
(Qal) to shrivel, waste away
V-Qal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Qal · perfect third person common pluralHVqp3cp
פְּרֻדָה (prudah) is a feminine passive participle derived from the root meaning to separate. It refers to something that is separated, specifically a kernel or seed. The term appears in the plural form in יוחנן א:17 (John 1:17), where it is translated as grain.
[פְּרֻדָה] n.f. grain of seed (?);—only pl. Jo 1:17.
ref
H6507 פְּרֻדָה
6507 prudah per-oo-daw'
feminine passive participle of 6504; something separated,
i.e. a kernel:--seed.
see HEBREW for 06504
פְּרֻדָה (pe.ru.dah) — grain.
seed, grain of seed
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
תַּחַת (tachath) refers to the concept of being underneath or below. It can function as a noun meaning 'the under part,' or as an adverb and preposition indicating position or substitution, such as 'instead of' or 'for the sake of.' The word encompasses various uses, including physical placement and metaphorical meanings related to subjection or exchange.
תַּחַת n.[m.] the under part, hence as adv. accus. and prep. underneath, below, instead of
base
H8478 תַּחַת the under part, hence as adv. accus. and prep. underneath, below, instead of
8478 tachath takh'-ath
from the same as 8430; the bottom (as depressed); only
adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix
underneath), in lieu of, etc.:--as, beneath, X flat,
in(-stead), (same) place (where...is), room, for...sake, stead
of, under, X unto, X when...was mine, whereas, (where-)fore,
with.
see HEBREW for 08430
תַּחַת (ta.chat) — underneath: under.
: under/below
1) the under part, beneath, instead of, as, for, for the sake of, flat, unto, where, whereas n m
1a) the under part adv accus
1b) beneath prep
1c) under, beneath
1c1) at the foot of (idiom)
1c2) sweetness, subjection, woman, being burdened or oppressed (fig)
1c3) of subjection or conquest
1d) what is under one, the place in which one stands
1d1) in one's place, the place in which one stands (idiom with reflexive pronoun)
1d2) in place of, instead of (in transferred sense)
1d3) in place of, in exchange or return for (of things mutually interchanged)
conj
1e) instead of, instead of that
1f) in return for that, because that in compounds
1g) in, under, into the place of (after verbs of motion)
1h) from under, from beneath, from under the hand of, from his place, under, beneath
תַּחַת (ta.chat) — underneath: instead.
: instead/in_place/exchange
Prep — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
מֶגְרָפָה (migraphah) refers to a clod, specifically one that is thrown off by a shovel. It is noted in the context of Job 1:17, where it appears in the plural form. The word is derived from a root meaning to throw off, indicating its connection to the action of a shovel.
[מֶגְרָפָה] n.f. shovel only pl. Jo 1:17
ref
H4053 מֶגְרָפָה, מִגְרָפָה
4053 migraphah mig-raw-faw'
from 1640; something thrown off (by the spade), i.e. a
clod:--clod.
see HEBREW for 01640
מֶגְרָפָה (mig.ra.phah) — clod.
1) shovel
1a) clod (that thrown by a shovel) (possible)
N-fp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffixHNcfpc/Sp3mp
שָׁמֵם (shamem) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be desolated or appalled. It is built from a primitive root and encompasses a range of meanings including to stun, devastate, and cause horror. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances like being made desolate or causing desolation.
[שָׁמֵם] vb. be desolated, appalled
Qal
be desolated
be appalled, awestruck
Niph.
be desolated
be appalled
Pō‛.
I sat appalled
transit. appalling, causing horror
Hiph.
devastate, ravage
appal
inwardly trans., shewing horror
Hoph. all the days of (its) being desolate
Hithpō‛.
be appalled, astounded
cause oneself desolation, ruin
base
H8074 [שָׁמֵם] be desolated, appalled
8074 shamem shaw-mame'
a primitive root; to stun (or intransitively, grow numb),
i.e. devastate or (figuratively) stupefy (both usually in a
passive sense):--make amazed, be astonied, (be an)
astonish(-ment), (be, bring into, unto, lay, lie, make)
desolate(-ion, places), be destitute, destroy (self), (lay,
lie, make) waste, wonder.
שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: destroyed.
: destroyed/deserted
1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled
1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be desolated, be made desolate
1b2) to be appalled
1c) (Polel)
1c1) to be stunned
1c2) appalling, causing horror (participle)
1c2a) horror-causer, appaller (subst)
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to devastate, ravage, make desolated
1d2) to appal, show horror
1e) (Hophal) to lay desolate, be desolated
1f) (Hithpolel)
1f1) to cause to be desolate
1f2) to be appalled, be astounded
1f3) to cause oneself desolation, cause oneself ruin
שָׁמֵם (sha.mem) — be desolate: appalled.
: appalled
1) to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be desolated, be deflowered, be deserted, be appalled
1a2) to be appalled, be awestruck
1b) (Niphal)
V-Niphal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common pluralHVNp3cp
des'-o-lat (very frequently in the Old Testament for shamem, and its derivatives; less frequently, charebh, and its derivatives, and other words. In the New Testament it stands for eremos (Mt 23:38; Ac 1:20; Ga 4:27) eremoo (Re 17:16), and monoo (1Ti 5:5)): From Latin de, intens., solus, alone. Several shades of meaning can be distinguished:
(1) Its primary sense is "left lonely," "forlorn," e. g. Ps 25:16, "Have mercy upon me; for I am desolate" (Hebrew yachidh, "alone"); 1Ti 5:5, "she that is a widow indeed, and…
The Hebrew word אוֹצָר (o-tsar) means 'treasure' or 'storehouse.' It encompasses various types of treasures, including valuable items like gold and silver, as well as supplies of food or drink. The term can also refer to a treasury or a depository for weapons, indicating a broader range of meanings related to storage and value.
אוֹצָר n.m. treasure, store, treasury, storehouse
base
H214 אוֹצָר treasure, store, treasury, storehouse
214 'owtsar o-tsaw'
from 686; a depository:--armory, cellar, garner,
store(-house), treasure(-house) (-y).
see HEBREW for 0686
אוֹצָר (o.tsar) — treasure.
1) treasure, storehouse
1a) treasure (gold, silver, etc)
1b) store, supplies of food or drink
1c) treasure-house, treasury
1c1) treasure-house
1c2) storehouse, magazine
1c3) treasury
1c4) magazine of weapons (fig. of God's armoury)
1c5) storehouses (of God for rain, snow, hail, wind, sea)
N-mp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
stor'-houz-iz, -ez: The following chief changes in the use of this word (representing various Hebrew words) in the Revised Version (British and American) to be noted are: In De 28:8, the Revised Version (British and American) has "barns" ('acamim); in 1Ch 27:25, "treasures" ('otsroth); in Ne 12:25, for "thresholds" has "storehouses" ('asuppim), so, for "Asuppim" in 1Ch 26:15,17 ("house of Asuppim," "toward Asuppim") has "store-house"; in Lu 12:24, for "storehouse" has "store-chamber" (tameion). In other passages the King James Version "storehouse" is retained (Ge…
→ See TREASURE-HOUSES
הָרַס (harac) is a Hebrew verb meaning to throw down, break, or tear down. It covers a range of actions including overthrowing, destroying, and breaking through. The entries indicate it can be used in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Piel, each reflecting different nuances of the action.
הָרַס vb. throw down, break or tear down
Qal
throw down, tear down
break down, break away
break through
Niph. be thrown or torn down
Pi. overthrow, tear down
base
H2040 הָרַס throw down, break or tear down .. throw down, tear down
. break down, break away
. break through
. be thrown or torn down
. overthrow, tear down
2040 harac haw-ras'
a primitive root; to pull down or in pieces, break,
&Š destroy:--beat down, break (down, through), destroy,
overthrow, pluck down, pull down, ruin, throw down, X utterly.
הָרַס (ha.ras) — to overthrow.
1) to tear down, break down, overthrow, beat down, break, break through, destroy, pluck down, pull down, throw down, ruined, destroyer, utterly
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to throw down, tear down
1a2) to break through
1a3) to break down, break away
1b) (Niphal) to be torn down, be thrown down
1c) (Piel)
1c1) to overthrow, tear down
1c2) destroyer (participle)
V-Niphal-Perf-3cp — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common pluralHVNp3cp
מַמְּגֻרוֹת (mammegurot) refers to a granary or storehouse, derived from a root meaning to deposit. It appears in the context of storage for grain, as noted in the entry from Brown-Driver-Briggs, which cites its use in Joel 1:17. The term is plural, indicating multiple granaries.
מַמְּגֻרוֹת n.f.pl. id. [c.bf.ah], Jo 1:17
ref
H4460 מַמְּגֻרוֹת, מַמְּגֻרָה
4460 mammgurah mam-meg-oo-raw'
from 4048 (in the sense of depositing); a granary:--barn.
see HEBREW for 04048
מַמְּגֻרוֹת (mam.m.gu.rah) — granary.
granary, storehouse
N-fp — Noun common · feminine plural absoluteHNcfpa
כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'
כִּי conj. that, for, when
that
Of time, when, of the past
elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
Because, since
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that
. . Of time, when, of the past
. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
. Because, since
H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
3588 kiy kee
a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional
prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent
or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative
conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by
other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,
where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,
even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +
nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,
therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,
whether, while, whom, yea, yet.
כִּי (ki) — for.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if
1f) but rather, but
1g) except that
1h) only, nevertheless
1i) surely
1j) that is
1k) but if
1l) for though
1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
1b) even though
כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
Conj — ParticleHTc
for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.
In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…
יָבֵשׁ (yabesh) primarily means to be dry or to wither. It can refer to something that is dried up or lacking moisture, as well as the act of drying something out. The word has different forms, including Qal (to be dry), Piel (to make dry), and Hiphil (to dry up). It conveys a sense of desiccation or loss of vitality.
יָבֵשׁ vb. be dry, dried up, withered
Qal
be dry, dried up without moisture
be dried up
Pi. make dry, dry up
Hiph. dry up, make dry
dry up water
make dry, wither
exhibit dryness
base
H3001 יָבֵשׁ be dry, dried up, withered
3001 yabesh yaw-bashe'
a primitive root; to be ashamed, confused or disappointed;
also (as failing) to dry up (as water) or wither (as
herbage):--be ashamed, clean, be confounded, (make) dry (up),
(do) shame(-fully), X utterly, wither (away).
יָבֵשׁ (ya.vesh) — to wither.
1) to make dry, wither, be dry, become dry, be dried up, be withered
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be dry, be dried up, be without moisture
1a2) to be dried up
1b) (Piel) to make dry, dry up
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to dry up, make dry
1c1a) to dry up (water)
1c1b) to make dry, wither
1c1c) to exhibit dryness
V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person masculine singularHVhp3ms
דָּגָן (dagan) refers to grain or corn, specifically cereals like wheat. It is derived from a root meaning 'increase.' The entries consistently emphasize its agricultural context, relating to the produce of the land.
דָּגָן n.m. corn, grain (of cereals)
base
H1715 דָּגָן corn, grain (of cereals)
1715 dagan daw-gawn'
from 1711; properly, increase, i.e. grain:--corn ((floor)),
wheat.
see HEBREW for 01711
דָּגָן (da.gan) — grain.
wheat, cereal, grain, corn
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
gran.
See AGRICULTURE; GARNER.
Grain
Used, in Amos 9:9, of a small stone or kernel; in Matt. 13:31, of an individual seed of mustard; in John 12:24, 1 Cor. 15:37, of wheat. The Hebrews sowed only wheat, barley, and spelt; rye and oats are not mentioned in Scripture.
See CORN.