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Nahum 3:1 — Word Study

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WLCה֖וֹי עִ֣יר דָּמִ֑ים כֻּלָּ֗הּ כַּ֤חַשׁ פֶּ֙רֶק֙ מְלֵאָ֔ה לֹ֥א יָמִ֖ישׁ טָֽרֶף׃

BSAwoe!hôwy [a cry of sorrow, a lament] excitementʻîyr blooddâm [the liquid that flows through the body] allkôl liekachash plunderpereq [robbery, violent takeover, spoils of war] fruitmᵉlêʼâh notlôʼ to removemûwsh preyṭereph [victims, spoils, that which is torn apart]

Word
Listen & take awayNahum 3
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Ta.ref) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Nahum 3:1quick helps
In a sentenceNahum pronounces a lament over a city characterized by violence and deceit.
Who is speakingNahum, a prophet delivering a message of judgment.
Where we areThe opening of a prophecy against Nineveh, detailing its sins.
The hard wordדָּמִ֑ים
Take awayThe city is condemned for its bloodshed and lies.
clause subjectטֶרֶף verbמוּשׁ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Nahum 3:1

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Prophecy Against Ninevehgenerated

1Woe to the city of blood, full of lies, full of plunder, never without prey.
2The crack of the whip, the rumble of the wheel, galloping horse and bounding chariot!
3Charging horseman, flashing sword, shining spear; heaps of slain, mounds of corpses, dead bodies without end— they stumble over their dead—
4because of the many harlotries of the harlot, the seductive mistress of sorcery, who betrays nations by her prostitution and clans by her witchcraft.

Nahum 3:1 expresses a cry of sorrow directed at Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, known for its violence and deceit. This verse sets the tone for Nahum's prophetic message, which details the city's impending judgment due to its many offenses, including bloodshed and treachery. The surrounding verses amplify this theme, showcasing the chaos and destruction that accompany the city's actions.


The Key Word הוֹי, Hogenerated

The word הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing strong emotions, particularly sorrow or lament. It is often used in contexts of mourning or warning, indicating a serious tone in the message being delivered.

In this verse, it serves as a powerful introduction to the condemnation of Nineveh, highlighting the gravity of the situation and the prophet's deep concern for the city.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb יָמִ֖ישׁ (it will depart) governs the entire verse, with multiple clauses describing the characteristics of the city. The structure emphasizes the city’s attributes through a series of noun phrases and predicates, creating a vivid picture of its moral decay.

The arrangement of the clauses highlights the city’s state of being full of blood, lies, and plunder, culminating in the stark declaration of never being without prey, which underlines the severity of its actions.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates הוֹי as (ō), which conveys a similar emotional weight of lamentation. This choice reflects the translators' intent to maintain the original's tone of sorrow.

The Greek word for דָּמִ֑ים is αἱμάτων (haimaton), indicating blood, which retains the original's emphasis on violence and the consequences of the city's actions.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Nahum 3:1 declares a woe to Nineveh, calling it a city of blood, filled with lies and plunder, and always having prey. This verse introduces the prophet's message of judgment against the city for its violent and deceitful actions.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does 'woe' signify in this context?

'Woe' expresses deep sorrow and a warning of impending judgment, indicating the seriousness of Nineveh's sins.

Why is Nineveh described as a 'city of blood'?

This description highlights the city's history of violence and bloodshed, particularly against its enemies.

What does the phrase 'full of lies' imply?

It suggests that deceit and falsehood are pervasive in Nineveh, contributing to its moral corruption.

How does the imagery of 'prey' fit into the verse?

The term 'prey' indicates that the city is constantly victimizing others, reinforcing its reputation for brutality.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some examples of violence and deceit in our world today, and how can we respond to them?
  2. How can we ensure that we are not contributing to a culture of lies in our own lives?
  3. In what ways can we seek justice for those who are victimized in society?
  4. How does understanding the context of Nineveh's judgment affect our view of God's justice?

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Woe to the city of blood, full of lies, full of plunder, never without prey.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Woe to the bloody city! It is all full of lies and robbery—no end to the prey.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Woe to the city of blood, full of lies, full of plunder, never without prey.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Woe to the city guilty of bloodshed! She is full of lies; she is filled with plunder; she has hoarded her spoil!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the prey departeth not;

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and rapine; the prey departeth not.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and rapine; the prey departeth not.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robberies; the prey departeth not;

GNVGeneva Bible1599

O bloody citie, it is all full of lyes, and robberie: the pray departeth not:

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Woe to the bloody city! It is all full of lies [and] violence; the prey departeth not.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Woe [to] the city of blood, She is all with lies — burglary — full, Prey doth not depart.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Woe [to] the city of blood, || She is all full with lies [and] burglary, || Prey does not depart.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Woe to the city of blood! it is all full of lies and robbery; never ceaseth the preying;

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Woe to the city full of blood! It is all full of lies and stolen property; victims are always in her.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Woe to thee, O city of blood, all full of lies and violence: rapine shall not depart from thee.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

What a disaster is coming upon this murderous city with all its treachery! It is full of wealth it has robbed, and always has plenty of victims.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

A curse is on the town of blood; it is full of deceit and violent acts; and there is no end to the taking of life.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclauseה֖וֹיwoe.to!clausenoun phraseעִ֣יר[the].cityדָּמִ֑יםof.blood(s)clausenoun phrase · subjectכֻּלָּ֗of.itהּallpredicateכַּ֤חַשׁlyingclausenoun phrase · predicateפֶּ֨רֶק֙plunderמְלֵאָ֔ה[is].fullclauseadverbialלֹ֥אnotverbיָמִ֖ישׁit.will.departsubjectטָֽרֶףprey

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of Nahum 3:1, with no significant variations noted in the Dead Sea Scrolls, though some words were partly restored.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

ה֖וֹי עִ֣יר דָּמִ֑ים כֻּלָּ֗הּ כַּ֤חַשׁ פֶּ֙רֶק֙ מְלֵאָ֔ה לֹ֥א יָמִ֖ישׁ טָֽרֶף׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
ה֖וֹיעִ֣ירπόλιςדָּמִ֑יםαἱμάτωνכֻּלָּ֗הּὅληכַּ֤חַשׁψευδὴςפֶּ֙רֶק֙ἀδικίαςמְלֵאָ֔הπλήρηςלֹ֥אοὐיָמִ֖ישׁψηλαφηθήσεταιטָֽרֶף׃θήρα

10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q82a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[הוי] [עיר] [דמים] [כל׳ה] [כחש] פרק מלאה [לוא] [ימיש] [טרף]

nothing on the leather here — 2 partly restored, 8 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — Mur88a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

הוי עיר דמים כל׳ה כחש פרק מלאה לא ימיש טרף

4 words on the leather — 6 partly restored.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Nahum 3:1הוֹיwoe to!woe to!הוֹיעִיר[the] city [the] city ofעִירדָּםbloodbloodדָּםכֹּלall of itall of itכֹּלכַּ֫חַשׁlyinglyingכַּ֫חַשׁפֶּ֫רֶקplunderplunderפֶּ֫רֶקמָלֵא[is] full[is] fullמָלֵאלֹאnotnotלֹאמוּשׁit will depit will departמוּשׁטֶ֫רֶףpreypreyטֶ֫רֶףטָרַףto tearto tearטָרַףעוּרto rouseto rouseעוּרדָּמַםto silenceto silence: staדָּמַםכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלכָּחַשׁto deceiveto deceiveכָּחַשׁפָּרַקto tearto tearפָּרַקמָלֵאto fillto fillמָלֵאהוֹAh!Ah!הוֹאוֹיwoe!woe!אוֹימוּשׁto feelto feelמוּשׁסָפַדto mournto mournסָפַדמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁלָכַדto captureto captureלָכַדזָרַקto scatterto scatterזָרַקנָקִיinnocentinnocentנָקִיעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהסֹ֫לֶתfine flourfine flourסֹ֫לֶת
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Nahum 3:1

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
ה֖וֹיHo woe to! H1945 Particle
51× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Hoy is an expression of sadness or pain, like saying oh or woe. It's used to show strong emotions, and is often translated as alas or woe in the KJV Bible. This word conveys a sense of lament or regret.
Amplified meaning
a cry of sorrow, a lament
Tyndale gloss
woe!
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing dissatisfaction and pain, often translated as 'ah,' 'alas,' or 'woe.' It is used in lamentations and conveys a sense of sorrow or distress. The word is a prolonged form of another Hebrew term, indicating its emotional weight.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוֹי 81 interj. expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1945 הוֹי expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1945 howy hoh'ee

a prolonged form of 1930 (akin to 188); oh!:--ah, alas, ho,

O, woe.

see HEBREW for 01930

see HEBREW for 0188

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוֹי (hoy) — woe!.

ah!, alas!, ha!, ho!, O!, woe!

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTj
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Is sometimes used in our Bibles where a softer expression would be at least equally proper: "Woe to such a one!" is in our language a threat or imprecation of some calamity, natural or judicial, to befall a person; but this is not always the meaning of the word in Scripture. We find the expression, "Woe is me!" that is, Alas for my sufferings! And, "Woe to the women with child, and those who give suck!" that is, Alas for their redoubled sufferings in times of distress! If in the denunciatory language of Christ, we should read, "Alas for thee, Chorazin! Alas for thee, Bethsaida!" we should do not injustice to the general sentiments of the passage.

Yet in many cases the word woe is used in a fuller and more awful sense, expressing an inspired denunciation and foreshadowing of God’s wrath upon sinners; as when we read, "Woe to those who build houses by unrighteousness, and cities by blood;"…

woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
עִ֣יר'ir [the] city of H5892 Noun common · feminine singular construct
1,090× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to a city or town, often a place with a wall or a watchman. It is used to describe a settlement or encampment, like the city of Ai, which is mentioned in the book of Joshua. The word is used to identify specific locations in the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
excitement
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage

base

עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town

city, town, abode of men

of fortress in a city

appar. fortified place, of any size

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men

. of fortress in a city

. appar. fortified place, of any size

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5892 `iyr eer

or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)

{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a

watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or

post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.

see HEBREW for 05782

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִיר (ir) — excitement.

1) excitement, anguish

1a) of terror

עִיר (ir) — city.

1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town

עִיר (ir) — City (of On).

Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)

This name means city, town

Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)

עִיר (ir) — Ir-.

#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;

son of: Tehinnah (H8468)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
דָּמִ֑יםda.Mim blood H1818 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
360× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Blood refers to the liquid that flows through the body, essential for life. In the Bible, blood is often used to symbolize life, guilt, or sacrifice, as seen in the story of Jesus' crucifixion.
Amplified meaning
the liquid that flows through the body
Tyndale gloss
blood
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּם (dam) means 'blood' and refers to the blood of both humans and animals. It is often associated with death, particularly when shed, and can also figuratively denote the juice of grapes or bloodshed. The term carries religious significance and is used in various contexts, including references to guilt and innocence.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

דָּם 300 n.m. blood

blood of man or animal

usually blood become visible

blood used with religious significance

fig. of wine

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1818 דָּם blood

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1818 dam dawm

from 1826 (compare 119); blood (as that which when shed

causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of

the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed

(i.e. drops of blood):--blood(-y, -guiltiness, (-thirsty), +

innocent.

see HEBREW for 01826

see HEBREW for 0119

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּם (dam) — blood.

1) blood

1a) of wine (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

blud (dam, probably from 'adham "to be red"; haima): Used in the Old Testament to designate the life principle in either animal or vegetable, as the blood of man or the juice of the grape (Le 17:11, et al.); in the New Testament for the blood of an animal, the atoning blood of Christ, and in both Old Testament and New Testament in a figurative sense for bloodshed or murder (Ge 37:26; Ho 4:2; Re 16:6).

1. Primitive Ideas:

Although the real function of the blood in the human system was not fully known until the fact of its circulation was established by William Harvey in 1615, nevertheless from the earliest times a singular mystery has been attached to it by all peoples. Blood…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Blood

(1.) As food, prohibited in Gen. 9:4, where the use of animal food is first allowed. Comp. Deut. 12:23; Lev. 3:17; 7:26; 17:10-14. The injunction to abstain from blood is renewed in the decree of the council of Jerusalem (Acts 15:29). It has been held by some, and we think correctly, that this law of prohibition was only ceremonial and temporary; while others regard it as still binding on all. Blood was eaten by the Israelites after the battle of Gilboa (1 Sam. 14:32-34).

(2.) The blood of sacrifices was caught by the priest in a basin, and then sprinkled seven times on the altar; that of the passover on the…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

To blood is ascribed in Scripture the mysterious sacredness which belongs to life, and God reserved it to himself when allowing man the dominion over and the use of the lower animals for food. Thus reserved, it acquires a double power: (1) that of sacrificial atonement; and (2) that of becoming a curse when wantonly shed, unless duly expiated. (Genesis 9:4; Leviticus 7:26; 17:11-13)

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The life of all animals was regarded as especially in the blood, which was a sacred and essential part of the sacrifices offered to God, Heb 9:22. It was solemnly sprinkled upon the altar and the mercy seat, "for it is the blood that maketh atonement for the soul," Le 17:1-16 the life of the victim for the life of the sinner. It was therefore most sacredly associated with the blood of the Lamb of God which "cleanseth us from all sin," Eph 1:7 1Jo 1:7. Hence the strict prohibition renewed in Ac 15:29. In direct opposition to this are the heathen customs of drinking the blood of animals and even of men- of eating raw flesh, with the blood, and even fresh cut from the living…

woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
כֻּלָּ֗הּku.Lah all of it H3605 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp3fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
כַּ֤חַשׁKa.chash lying H3585 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A lie or deception, like the hypocrisy Jesus condemned in Matthew 23:27. It can also refer to physical weakness or emaciation, as in Proverbs 14:25.
Tyndale gloss
lie
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כַּ֫חַשׁ (kachash) refers to both lying or deception and physical leanness or emaciation, suggesting a failure of flesh. The word is derived from a root that emphasizes the idea of failure. It encompasses both literal and figurative meanings, with no significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כַּ֫חַשׁ n.m. 1. lying. 2. leanness

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3585 כַּ֫חַשׁ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3585 kachash kakh'-ash

from 3584; literally, a failure of flesh, i.e. emaciation;

figuratively, hypocrisy:--leanness, lies, lying.

see HEBREW for 03584

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כַּ֫חַשׁ (ka.chash) — lie.

1) lying, deception

2) leanness, failure

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

li'-ing.

See LIE.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Lying spirit from God 1Ki 22:21-23; 2Ch 18:20-22

→ See FALSEHOOD

→ See HYPOCRISY

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- Forbidden

Le 19:11; Col 3:9

- Hateful to God

Pr 6:16-19

- An abomination to God

Pr 12:22

- A hindrance to prayer

Isa 59:2,3

- The devil, the father of

Joh 8:44

- The devil excites men to

1Ki 22:22; Ac 5:3

- SAINTS

. Hate

Ps 119:163; Pr 13:5

. Avoid

woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
פֶּ֙רֶק֙pe.rek plunder H6563 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means a place where roads split or a violent takeover, like plunder. It appears in the Bible as a crossroad or robbery.
Amplified meaning
robbery, violent takeover, spoils of war
Tyndale gloss
plunder
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֶּ֫רֶק (pereq) refers to a parting of ways or a fork in roads, as well as plunder or robbery. It is derived from a root meaning to snatch away. The term encompasses both physical crossroads and the act of taking by force.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֶּ֫רֶק n.[m.]

parting of ways

plunder (as snatched away)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6563 פֶּ֫רֶק

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6563 pereq peh'-rek

from 6561; rapine; also a fork (in roads):--crossway,

robbery.

see HEBREW for 06561

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֶּ֫רֶק (pe.req) — plunder.

parting of ways, breaking in upon, plunder, crossroad

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
מְלֵאָ֔הme.le.'Ah [is] full H4392
64× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Full means having no empty space, like a full cup or a full heart. It can also mean a large amount, like a multitude of people.
Tyndale gloss
full
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָלֵא (male') means 'full' and can refer to fullness in both literal and figurative senses. It encompasses concepts of filling and completeness, and can also be used adverbially. The word is derived from a root meaning to fill, and it appears in contexts related to abundance or multitude.

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4392 מָלֵא full

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4392 male' maw-lay'

from 4390; full (literally or figuratively) or filling

(literally); also (concretely) fulness; adverbially,

fully:--X she that was with child, fill(-ed, -ed with),

full(-ly), multitude, as is worth.

see HEBREW for 04390

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָלֵא (ma.le) — full.

1) full, fulness, that which fills

1a) fully (adv)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HAafsa
HAafsa
woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
לֹ֥אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
יָמִ֖ישׁya.Mish it will depart H4185 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
20× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To remove means to take something away or depart from a place. This word can be used literally or figuratively, and is often translated as cease or depart. It implies a sense of separation.
Tyndale gloss
to remove
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוּשׁ (muwsh) is a Hebrew verb meaning to depart or remove, primarily used for inanimate objects. It can denote both literal and figurative withdrawal, appearing in forms such as Qal (to depart) and Hiphil (to remove). The entries suggest a focus on the act of removal or cessation, but do not specify particular verses.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מוּשׁ, מִישׁ] vb. depart, remove

Qal;—depart, mostly of inanimate things (= be removed)

Hiph.; remove, take away

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4185 מוּשׁ, מִישׁ depart, remove .—depart, mostly of inanimate things (= be removed)

.; remove, take away

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4185 muwsh moosh

a primitive root (perhaps rather the same as 4184 through the

idea of receding by contact); to withdraw (both literally and

figuratively, whether intransitive or transitive):--cease,

depart, go back, remove, take away.

see HEBREW for 04184

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוּשׁ (mush) — to remove.

1) to depart, remove

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to depart

1a2) to remove

1a3) to be removed (of inanimate objects)

1b) (Hiphil) to remove, depart

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singular
HVqi3ms
woe to! [the] city of blood all of it lying plunder [is] full not it will depart prey
טָֽרֶף׃Ta.ref prey H2964 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
22× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to something that has been torn apart, like prey or food. In Genesis 49:27 and Isaiah 18:6, it describes the spoils of war or the leftovers of a predator's meal.
Amplified meaning
victims, spoils, that which is torn apart
Tyndale gloss
prey
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

טֶ֫רֶף (teref) refers to something that is torn, such as prey or food, and can also mean a leaf. It is derived from a root that conveys the idea of fragments. The entries consistently highlight its meanings related to prey and food, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

טֶ֫רֶף n.m. prey, food; leaf

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2964 טֶ֫רֶף prey, food; leaf

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2964 tereph teh'-ref

from 2963; something torn, i.e. a fragment, e.g. a fresh

leaf, prey, food:--leaf, meat, prey, spoil.

see HEBREW for 02963

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

טֶ֫רֶף (te.reph) — prey.

1) prey, food, leaf

1a) prey

1b) food

1c) leaf

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

pra (baz, Tereph, shalal): "Prey" is frequent in the Old Testament, chiefly as the translation of baz, "spoil," "plunder" (Nu 14:3,11; De 1:39; Isa 10:6, etc.); of Tereph, "prey of wild beasts," "torn thing" (Ge 49:9; Nu 23:24; Job 4:11, etc.); of malqoah, "a taking" (Nu 31:11, etc.; Isa 49:24,25); of shalal, "spoil" or "booty" (Jud 5:30 twice; Jud…

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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