Psalms 119:55 — Word Study
WLCזָ֘כַ֤רְתִּי בַלַּ֣יְלָה שִׁמְךָ֣ יְהוָ֑ה וָֽ֝אֶשְׁמְרָ֗ה תּוֹרָתֶֽךָ׃
BSAIn the nightlayil [darkest, most trying] O LORDYᵉhôvâh [Yehovah, the Lord of covenant] I rememberzâkar■ [carefully, thoughtfully, to recall, to mark] Your nameshêm [hallowed, revered] that I may keepshâmar▸ [diligently, faithfully, obey, watch over] Your lawtôwrâh [divine, guiding, instruction, Torah]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| זָ֘כַ֤רְתִּי | I have remembered | Verb, Qal, perfect first person common singular |
| בַלַּ֣יְלָה | in the night | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| שִׁמְךָ֣ | name your | Noun common masculine singular construct, suffix |
| יְהוָ֑ה | O Yahweh | Noun proper |
| וָֽ֝אֶשְׁמְרָ֗ה | and I have kept ! | Verb qal sequential imperfect first person common singular, suffix |
| תּוֹרָתֶֽךָ׃ | law your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | In the night, O LORD, I remember Your name, that I may keep Your law. |
| KJV | I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law. |
| ASV | I have remembered thy name, O Jehovah, in the night, And have observed thy law. |
| YLT | I have remembered in the night Thy name, O Jehovah, And I do keep Thy law. |
| WEB | I have remembered your name, Yahweh, in the night, and I obey your law. |
| BBE | I have given thought to your name in the night, O Lord, and have kept your law. |
The translations agree on the essence of the verse, emphasizing the act of remembering God's name and the commitment to keeping His law.
The main clause is supported by a prepositional phrase indicating the time of remembrance and a purpose clause that expresses the intention behind the action.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbזָכַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 119:55
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Reflections on God’s Lawgenerated
Psalm 119:55 is a verse where the psalmist expresses a personal commitment to God during the night, a time often associated with challenges and reflection. The surrounding verses emphasize the importance of God's statutes and precepts, illustrating the psalmist's dedication to observing God's teachings even in times of difficulty, as seen in Psalm 119:54 and Psalm 119:56.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 42:8 | The LORD decrees His loving devotion by day, and at night His song is with me as a prayer to the God of my life. |
| 2 | Psalm 63:6 | When I remember You on my bed, I think of You through the watches of the night. |
| 3 | Psalm 77:6 | At night I remembered my song; in my heart I mused, and my spirit pondered: |
| 4 | Psalm 139:18 | If I were to count them, they would outnumber the grains of sand; and when I awake, I am still with You. |
| 5 | Genesis 32:24–28 | So Jacob was left all alone, and there a man wrestled with him until daybreak. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 12 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — זָכַר, za.Khar.tigenerated
The verb זָכַר (zakar) means 'to remember' and is derived from a root implying recognition. This word encompasses recalling thoughts, commemorating significant days, and prompting others to remember. The parsing indicates it is a perfect tense verb in the first person, showing a completed action of remembering.
In this verse, the psalmist uses זָכַר to express a deliberate act of remembering God's name during the night, suggesting a thoughtful and careful reflection, which is essential for maintaining one's commitment to God's law.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
All translations agree on the essence of the verse, emphasizing the act of remembering God's name and the commitment to keeping His law.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb זָכַרְתִּי (I have remembered) governs the entire verse, with a prepositional phrase indicating when this remembrance occurs, followed by a noun phrase that identifies the object of remembrance, and concluding with a clause that expresses the purpose of the action.
The structure emphasizes the psalmist's active engagement with God’s name during the night, leading to a commitment to His law, which is articulated through the sequential actions of remembering and keeping.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates זָכַר as ἐμνήσθην (emnēsthen), which also means 'to remember'. This choice reflects a direct connection to the act of recalling, though it may not carry the same nuances of recognition found in the Hebrew.
This translation choice shows a consistent understanding of the importance of memory in relation to divine commands, as the Greek word similarly emphasizes the act of remembrance.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 119:55 expresses the psalmist's commitment to remember God's name during the night, a time of reflection and potential difficulty. This remembrance is connected to the intention to keep God's law, highlighting the importance of faithfulness even in challenging times.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Remembering God's name signifies recalling His identity, character, and promises, which strengthens the psalmist's resolve to follow His commandments.
The night often symbolizes darkness or adversity; by remembering God during this time, the psalmist demonstrates reliance on God amidst challenges.
This verse reflects the central theme of Psalm 119, which emphasizes the importance of God's law and the psalmist's commitment to obeying it, especially during difficult times.
To keep God's law means to obey and uphold His commandments, ensuring that one's actions align with His divine guidance and instruction.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways can I remember God's name during difficult times in my life?
- How does reflecting on God's character influence my commitment to His teachings?
- What practices can I adopt to ensure I am keeping God's law faithfully?
- How can I encourage others to remember God's name and follow His instructions?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early church fathers often reflected on the significance of remembering God's name and law. Here is a quotation from Augustine of Hippo, who emphasizes the importance of this remembrance.
"I have thought upon Your Name, O Lord, in the night-season, and have kept Your law" [Psalms 119:55].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 119 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 119:55 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleI have remembered thy name, O Lord, in the night,.... In the night of distress and affliction, as Jarchi; or rather literally, in the night season, when on his bed and awake: while others were
Read John Gill on Psalms 119 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryI have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 119 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThy name; thy holy nature and attributes, thy blessed word, and thy wonderful works; all which come under the title of God’ s name. In the night, when darkness causeth fear in others, I took pleasure in remembering thee; and when others abandon all business, and wholly give themselves up to rest and sleep, my thoughts and affections were working towards thee. And have kept thy law; this was the fruit of my serious remembrance of thee.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 119 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 119:55 I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law.Ver. 55. I remembered thy name, &c.] Breaking my sleep for the purpose, to meditate on thy holy attributes, word, and works. And have kept thy law] Which could not have been kept, if not kept in firm and fresh memory. See 1 Corinthians 15:2.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 119 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 55. I have remembered thy name] Thou art Jehovah; and as our God thou hast made thyself known unto us. In the deepest night of our affliction this has consoled me.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 119 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges55. The constant recollection of the Lawgiver and all that He has revealed Himself to be, is the most powerful motive to observance of His laws. in the night] Cp. Psalms 119:62; Psalms 1:2.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 119 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleI have remembered thy name, O Lord, in the night ... - I have thought on thee in the night, when on my bed; I have done it in the night of calamity and sorrow. See the notes at Psalms 63:6.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 119 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bibleæ, Zain.49-56. The word… upon which thou hast caused me to hope—In a time of derision and apostasy the psalmist finds strength and delight in the word. Times of persecution and contempt are always times of apostasy.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 119 →The verse in English, compared — 16 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
In the night, O LORD, I remember Your name, that I may keep Your law.
I have remembered your name, Yahweh, in the night, and I obey your law.
In the night, O LORD, I remember Your name, that I may keep Your law.
I remember your name during the night, O Lord, and I will keep your law.
Tyndale line
I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law.
I have remembered thy name, O Jehovah, in the night, And have observed thy law.
I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have observed thy law.
I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law.
I haue remembred thy Name, O Lord, in the night, and haue kept thy Lawe.
Strictly literal
I have remembered thy name, O Jehovah, in the night, and have kept thy law.
I have remembered in the night Thy name, O Jehovah, And I do keep Thy law.
I have remembered Your Name in the night, O YHWH, || And I keep Your law.
I remembered in the night thy name, O Lord, and observed thy law.
I think about your name during the night, Yahweh, and I keep your law.
Simplified
At night I think about the kind of person you are, Lord, and do what you say.
I have given thought to your name in the night, O Lord, and have kept your law.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with 6 of the 6 Hebrew words matched in the Greek translation. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, but the core content aligns with the Masoretic Text.
זָ֘כַ֤רְתִּי בַלַּ֣יְלָה שִׁמְךָ֣ יְהוָ֑ה וָֽ֝אֶשְׁמְרָ֗ה תּוֹרָתֶֽךָ׃
6 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[זכרתי] [בלילה] שמ׳ך יהוה [ואשמרה] [תורת׳ך]
nothing on the leather here — 2 partly restored, 4 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 119:55
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
The Hebrew word זָכַר (zakar) means 'to remember' and is built from a primitive root implying recognition. It covers a range of meanings, including recalling thoughts, commemorating days, and causing others to remember. The entries also note its use in various grammatical forms, such as being remembered or making a memorial.
זָכַר vb. remember
Qal
Human subj.
remember, recall, call to mind, usu. as affecting present feeling, thought or action
remember persons (human subj.)
remember י׳
remember
think of or on, call to mind something present or future
remember a day, to observe, commemorate it
remember, with implied mention of, obj.
Subj. י׳ (אלהִם)
remember persons
remember the distress of his servants
their devotion
remember his own covenant (with them)
his mercy
extenuating circumstances
remember sins, idolatries
Niph.
be brought to remembrance, remembered, thought of, usu. c. neg.
neg. be not remembered = no longer exist, of name of Israel, as nation
be remembered, of particular days, in order to be observed, commemorated
Hiph.
cause to remember, remind
cause to be remembered, keep in remembrance
mention
record, only pt.
of sacrifice, make a memorial
base
H2142 זָכַר remember .. Human subj. . remember, recall, call to mind, usu. as affecting present feeling, thought or action
. remember persons (human subj.)
. remember י׳
. remember
. think of or on, call to mind something present or future
. remember a day, to observe, commemorate it
. remember, with implied mention of, obj.
. Subj. י׳ (אלהִם) . remember persons
. . remember the distress of his servants
. their devotion
. . remember his own covenant (with them)
. his mercy
. extenuating circumstances
. remember sins, idolatries
. . be brought to remembrance, remembered, thought of, usu. c. neg.
. neg. be not remembered = no longer exist, of name of Israel, as nation
. be remembered, of particular days, in order to be observed, commemorated
. . cause to remember, remind
. cause to be remembered, keep in remembrance
. mention
. record, only pt.
. of sacrifice, make a memorial
2142 zakar zaw-kar'
a primitive root; properly, to mark (so as to be recognized),
i.e. to remember; by implication, to mention; also (as
denominative from 2145) to be male:--X burn (incense), X
earnestly, be male, (make) mention (of), be mindful, recount,
record(-er), remember, make to be remembered, bring (call,
come, keep, put) to (in) remembrance, X still, think on, X
well.
see HEBREW for 02145
זָכַר (za.khar) — to remember.
1) to remember, recall, call to mind
1a) (Qal) to remember, recall
1b) (Niphal) to be brought to remembrance, be remembered, be thought of, be brought to mind
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to cause to remember, remind
1c2) to cause to be remembered, keep in remembrance
1c3) to mention
1c4) to record
1c5) to make a memorial, make remembrance
V-Qal-Perf-1cs — Verb · Qal · perfect first person common singularHVqp1cs
לַ֫יְלָה (layil) means 'night' and is derived from a root that suggests a twist away from light. It encompasses the literal sense of night as opposed to day, as well as figurative uses related to gloom or adversity. The term appears in contexts like Isaiah 21:11.
לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל 242 n.m. night
base
H3915 לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל night
3915 layil lah'-yil
or (Isa. 21:11) leyl {lale}; also laylah {lah'- yel-aw}; from
the same as 3883; properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e.
night; figuratively, adversity:--((mid-))night (season).
see HEBREW for 03883
לַ֫יְלָה (lay.lah) — night.
1) night
1a) night (as opposed to day)
1b) of gloom, protective shadow (fig.)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHRd/Ncmsa
nit.
See DAY AND NIGHT for the natural usage and the various terms.
1. In the Old Testament:
Figurative uses: The word "night" (laylah or layil is sometimes used figuratively in the Old Testament. Thus, Moses compares the brevity of time, the lapse of a thousand years, to "a watch in the night" (Ps 90:4). Adversity is depicted by it in such places as Job 35:10; compare Isa 8:20; Jer 15:9. Disappointment and despair are apparently depicted by it in the "burden of Dumah" (Isa 21:11,12); and spiritual blindness, coming upon the false prophets (Mic 3:6); again sudden and…
[DAY]
The ancient Hebrews began their artificial day at evening, and ended it the next evening, so that the night proceeded the day. This usage may probably be traced to the terms employed in describing the creation, Ge 1:5,8,13, etc., "The evening and the morning were the first day." The Hebrews allowed twelve to the day; but these hours were not equal, except at the equinox. At other times, when the hours of the night were long, those of the day were short, as in winter; and when the hours of night were short, as at midsummer, the hours of the day were long in proportion. See HOURS.
The nights are sometimes extremely cold in Syria, when the days are very hot; and travelers in the deserts and among the mountains near Palestine refer to their own sufferings from these opposite extremes, in illustration of Jacob’s words in
שֵׁם (shem) means 'name' and encompasses various meanings such as reputation, fame, and glory. It can refer to the designation of God and is often associated with memorials or monuments. The word is built from a primitive root and highlights individuality and honor. There is a mention of its use in relation to false gods, which is forbidden.
שֵׁם 864 n.m. name (√ unknown)
of river, beasts, city, i.e. exact designation of it
usu. of pers.
= reputation
esp. as giving a man a kind of posthumous life, esp. in his sons
name, as designation of God
of false gods, use forbidden
= memorial, monument
base
H8034 שֵׁם name (√ unknown)
8034 shem shame
a primitive word (perhaps rather from 7760 through the idea
of definite and conspicuous position; compare 8064); an
appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by
implication honor, authority, character:--+ base,
(in-)fame(-ous), named(-d), renown, report.
see HEBREW for 07760
see HEBREW for 08064
שֵׁם (shem) — name.
1) name
1a) name
1b) reputation, fame, glory
1c) the Name (as designation of God)
1d) memorial, monument
Aramaic equivalent: shum (שֻׁם "name" H8036)
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffixHNcmsc/Sp2ms
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) is the proper name of the God of Israel, often rendered as Jehovah or the Lord. It signifies the self-existent or eternal nature of God. The name is closely associated with the revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:12-15 and is used in conjunction with other terms to denote sacred places. Some scholars suggest it derives from a root meaning 'to bring into being.'
יהוה c. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel—(1. MT יְהֹוָה 6518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהֹוִה 305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים) 2. Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph. of הוה (= היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver)
יהוה is not used by E in Gn, but is given Ex 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb
יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D
the phrase † אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy
יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh
base
H3068 יהוה i.e. יַהְוֶה n. pr. dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel
3068 Yhovah yeh-ho-vaw'
from 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish
national name of God:--Jehovah, the Lord. Compare 3050, 3069.
see HEBREW for 01961
see HEBREW for 03050
see HEBREW for 03069
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — LORD.
Jehovah = "the existing One"
1) the proper name of the one true God
1a) unpronounced except with the vowel pointings of a.do.na (אֲדֹנָי "Lord" H0136)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — The Lord.
Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — (Jerusalem of) the Lord.
Combined with ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
N-proper — Noun properHNpt
The Hebrew word שָׁמַר (*shamar*) is a primitive root meaning to keep, guard, or observe. It encompasses a wide range of actions including protecting, waiting for, and celebrating obligations like the Sabbath. The verb appears in various forms, indicating nuances such as being on guard or refraining from certain actions. It is used extensively in the Old Testament, reflecting both physical and moral vigilance.
שָׁמַר 465 vb. keep, watch, preserve
Qal 425
keep, have charge of
keep, guard, captives
hence, watch for, wait for
watch, observe
keep, retain, of storing up (food)
keep within bounds, restrain
observe, celebrate
keep sabbath
of other obligations
observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)
sts. י׳ subj.
keep, reserve, weeks of harvest
Niph.
36be on one's guard
keep oneself, refrain, abstain
be kept, guarded
Pi. those paying regard to false vanities
Hithp. I kept myself from
base
H8104 שָׁמַר keep, watch, preserve .. . keep, have charge of
. keep, guard, captives
. hence, watch for, wait for
. watch, observe
. . keep, retain, of storing up (food)
. keep within bounds, restrain
. . observe, celebrate
. keep sabbath
. of other obligations
. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)
. sts. י׳ subj.
. keep, reserve, weeks of harvest
. . be on one's guard
. keep oneself, refrain, abstain
. be kept, guarded
. those paying regard to false vanities
. I kept myself from
8104 shamar shaw-mar'
a primitive root; properly, to hedge about (as with thorns),
i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc.:--beward,
be circumspect, take heed (to self), keep(-er, self), mark,
look narrowly, observe, preserve, regard, reserve, save
(self), sure, (that lay) wait (for), watch(-man).
שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: obey.
: obey/observe
1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to keep, have charge of
1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life
1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)
1a3) to watch for, wait for
1a4) to watch, observe
1a5) to keep, retain, treasure up (in memory)
1a6) to keep (within bounds), restrain
1a7) to observe, celebrate, keep (sabbath or covenant or commands), perform (vow)
1a8) to keep, preserve, protect
1a9) to keep, reserve
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be on one's guard, take heed, take care, beware
1b2) to keep oneself, refrain, abstain
1b3) to be kept, be guarded
1c) (Piel) to keep, pay heed
1d) (Hithpael) to keep oneself from
שָׁמַר (sha.mar) — to keep: guard.
: guard
1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to keep, have charge of
1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life
1a2a) watch, watchman (participle)
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-1cs | Suff — Verb qal sequential imperfect first person common singular · suffixHc/Vqw1cs/Sh
תּוֹרָה (towrah) encompasses concepts of direction, instruction, and law, particularly relating to divine or human guidance. It refers to legal directives, customs, and teachings, including the Decalogue and the Pentateuch. The entries highlight its use in various contexts, such as prophetic and priestly instruction, but do not present significant disagreement among lexicons.
תּוֹרָה n.f. direction, instruction, law
instruction
law (prop. direction)
custom, manner
base
H8451 תּוֹרָה direction, instruction, law . instruction
. law (prop. direction)
. custom, manner
8451 towrah to-raw'
or torah {to-raw'}; from 3384; a precept or statute,
especially the Decalogue or Pentateuch:--law.
see HEBREW for 03384
תּוֹרָה (to.rah) — instruction.
1) law, direction, instruction
1a) instruction, direction (human or divine)
1a1) body of prophetic teaching
1a2) instruction in Messianic age
1a3) body of priestly direction or instruction
1a4) body of legal directives
1b) law
1b1) law of the burnt offering
1b2) of special law, codes of law
1c) custom, manner
1d) the Deuteronomic or Mosaic Law
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp2ms