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Psalms 18:7 — Word Study

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WLCוַתִּגְעַ֬שׁ וַתִּרְעַ֨שׁ׀ הָאָ֗רֶץ וּמוֹסְדֵ֣י הָרִ֣ים יִרְגָּ֑זוּ וַ֝יִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁ֗וּ כִּי־ חָ֥רָה לֽוֹ׃

BSAnarrowtsar to callqârâʼ The LordYᵉhôvâh to(wards)ʼêl Godʼĕlôhîym to cryshâvaʻ to hearshâmaʻ templehêykâl voiceqôwl cryshavʻâh facepânîym Lebobôwʼ earʼôzen

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 18
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 7 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (lo) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 18:7quick helps
In a sentenceThe earth shook and quaked, revealing God's power and anger.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, reflecting on God's response to distress.
Where we areA poetic description of God's might during a time of trouble.
The hard wordחָ֥רָה
Take awayGod's anger can cause the very foundations of the earth to tremble.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbבְּ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 18:7

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — God's Response in Distressgenerated

6In my distress I called upon the LORD; I cried to my God for help. From His temple He heard my voice, and my cry for His help reached His ears.
7Then the earth shook and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains trembled; they were shaken because He burned with anger.
8Smoke rose from His nostrils, and consuming fire came from His mouth; glowing coals blazed forth.
9He parted the heavens and came down with dark clouds beneath His feet.

Psalm 18:7 describes a dramatic response from God to the psalmist's cries for help. The imagery of the earth shaking and the mountains trembling illustrates the power of God when He acts in anger. This passage reflects the deep connection between divine anger and natural phenomena, emphasizing God's authority over creation.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Psalm 114:4–7the mountains skipped like rams, the hills like lambs.
2Matthew 28:2Suddenly there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, rolled away the stone, and sat on it.
3Acts 4:31After they had prayed, their meeting place was shaken, and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and spoke the word of God boldly.
4Acts 16:25–26About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the other prisoners were listening to them.
5Psalm 46:2Therefore we will not fear, though the earth is transformed and the mountains are toppled into the depths of the seas,

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 11 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word חָ֥רָה, Cha.rahgenerated

The verb חָ֥רָה (charah) means to burn or be incensed, particularly in the context of anger. It conveys a sense of intense emotional response, often associated with zeal or wrath. The parsing indicates it is in the perfect tense, showing that God's anger is a completed action, emphasizing its immediacy and intensity.

This word is used to express strong emotions, and in this verse, it connects God's anger directly to the physical upheaval of the earth. It shows that God's displeasure is not just a spiritual or emotional state but has tangible effects on the world around us.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb וַתִּגְעַ֬שׁ (va.tig.'ash), and it shook, governs the entire verse, with several clauses describing the effects of this shaking. The structure emphasizes the sequence of events: the earth shakes, the mountains tremble, and the cause is identified as God's anger.

The use of sequential imperfect verbs illustrates ongoing action, suggesting that the shaking and quaking are not isolated events but part of a continuous response to God's anger.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates וַתִּגְעַ֬שׁ as ἐν (en), indicating a focus on the presence of shaking. This choice highlights the immediacy of the action and its connection to God's intervention.

The LXX's rendering of חָ֥רָה as φωνῆς (phōnēs) suggests a link between God's voice and His anger, emphasizing that His displeasure is both heard and felt.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 18:7 describes how the earth shook and quaked because of God's anger. This verse illustrates the power of God and how His emotions can have a dramatic impact on the world around us.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the earth shook?

The shaking of the earth symbolizes God's powerful response to the psalmist's distress, showing that divine anger can manifest in natural phenomena.

Why does the psalmist mention the foundations of the mountains?

The foundations of the mountains represent stability and strength. Their trembling indicates a profound disturbance caused by God's anger.

How can God's anger be understood in this context?

God's anger is portrayed as a just response to the psalmist's cries for help, emphasizing His active involvement in the affairs of humanity.

What is the significance of the imagery used in this verse?

The imagery of shaking and quaking highlights the connection between God's emotional state and the physical world, illustrating His sovereignty over creation.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I understand the relationship between God's anger and His actions in my life?
  2. What are some examples in my life where I have seen God's power at work?
  3. How can I respond to God's anger in a way that leads to growth and understanding?
  4. In what ways can I recognize the impact of my emotions on those around me?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early church Fathers quoted this verse to discuss God's power and response to human distress, illustrating the connection between divine anger and natural phenomena.

Eusebius of CaesareaCOMMENTARY ON Psalms 18:8 c. 260–340
When the Son of God journeyed on the earth in the time of his incarnation, whoever worshiped the natural elements of this earth were shaken and trembled, and everywhere his reputation became familiar to the ears of Greeks and barbarians;
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 18 →
Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 18 354–430
"And the earth was moved and trembled" [Psalms 18:7]. When the Son of Man was thus glorified, sinners were moved and trembled.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 18 →
Diodorus of TarsusCOMMENTARY ON Psalms 18 d. c. 390
The effect of God’s hearkening and being moved to wrath was that everything together was reduced to alarm and confusion, their common master being enraged.
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 18 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 18:7 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Then the earth shook and trembled,.... As it did quickly after Christ called upon the Lord, and cried to his God upon the cross, Matthew 27:50; and so some time after, when his people were praying

Read John Gill on Psalms 18 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. Then the earth shook and trembled ... because he was wroth - with my persecutors.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 18 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Then God appeared on my behalf in a miraculous and glorious manner, and with the great terror and confusion of all mine enemies, which is here compared to an earthquake. The earthquake was so deep and violent, that it overthrew whole mountains by the roots; whereby he designs his lofty and potent enemies; such being oft compared to mountains, as ,3 144:5 , &c.

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 18 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 18:7 Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.Ver. 7. Then the earth shook and trembled, &c.] Upon David’ s prayer all this befell; like as, Acts 4:31, the house shook wherein they were praying; and the thundering legion procured thunder and rain; and so did Samuel by his prayers, 1 Samuel 12:17-18. But this terrible tempest here described is to be taken rather allegorically than historically. The prophet, in most lofty and lively terms and expressions (far above the strain of the most sublime either poets or orators), describeth God’ s powerful presence and concurrence in David’ s conquests. The foundations also…

Read John Trapp on Psalms 18 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(7) The earth shook.—The sudden burst of the storm is the Divine answer to the sufferer’s prayer. For similar manifestations comp. Psalms 68:7-8; Psalms 77:14-20; Amos 9:5; Micah 1:3; Habakkuk 3:4; but here the colours are more vivid, and the language more intense. In fact, the whole realm of poetry cannot show a finer feeling for nature in her wrath. We first hear the rumbling of the earth, probably earthquake preceding the storm (for volcanic phenomena of Palestine see Stanley’s Sinai and Palestine, 124), or possibly only its distant threatening. Comp. “Earth groans as if beneath a heavy load.” BYRON. Foundations also of the hills.—In Sam., “of the heavens”—i.e., the hills, called also…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 18 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 7. Then the earth shook and trembled] "In this and the following verses David describes, by the sublimest expressions and grandest terms, the majesty of God, and the awful manner in which he came to his assistance. The representation of the storm in these verses must be allowed by all skilful and impartial judges to be truly sublime and noble, and in the genuine spirit of poetry. The majesty of God, and the manner in which he is represented as coming to the aid of his favourite king, surrounded with all the powers of nature as his attendants and ministers, and arming (as it were) heaven and earth to fight his battles, and execute his vengeance, is described in the loftiest and most…

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 18 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

7–15. Forthwith David’s prayer is answered by the Advent of Jehovah for the discomfiture of his enemies. He manifests Himself in earthquake and storm. The majestic though terrible phenomena of nature are the expression of His presence. Nature in its stern and awful aspect is a revelation of His judicial wrath. We may call this an ‘ideal’ description of a Theophany; for though it is possible that David refers to some occasion when his enemies were scattered by the breaking of a terrible storm (cp. Joshua 10:11; Judges 5:20 f.; 1 Samuel 7:10), we have no record of such an event having actually happened in his life; and in any case the picture is intended to serve as a description of God’s…

Read Cambridge on Psalms 18 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Then the earth shook and trembled - The description which follows here is one of the most sublime that is to be found in any language.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 18 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Then the earth shook and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains trembled; they were shaken because He burned with anger.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Then the earth shook and trembled. The foundations also of the mountains quaked and were shaken, because he was angry.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Then the earth shook and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains trembled; they were shaken because He burned with anger.

NETBNew English Translation2006

The earth heaved and shook; the roots of the mountains trembled; they heaved because he was angry.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Then the earth shook and trembled; The foundations also of the mountains quaked And were shaken, because he was wroth.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Then the earth shook and trembled, me foundations also of the mountains moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Then the earth trembled, and quaked: the foundations also of the mountaines mooued and shooke, because he was angrie.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Then the earth shook and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains trembled and shook, because he was wroth.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And shake and tremble doth the earth, And foundations of hills are troubled, And they shake — because He hath wrath.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And the earth shakes and trembles, || And foundations of hills are troubled, || And they shake—because He has wrath.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(18:8) Then shook and trembled the earth; and the foundations of the mountains were moved; and they were shaken, because he was wroth.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken because God was angry.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

His going out is from the end of heaven, And his circuit even to the end thereof: and there is no one that can hide himself from his heat.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The earth shook to and fro; the foundations of the mountains trembled, shaking because of his anger.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Then trouble and shock came on the earth; and the bases of the mountains were moved and shaking, because he was angry.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וַandclauseverb phrase · verbתִּגְעַ֬שׁit.shookוַandתִּרְעַ֨שׁit.quakednoun phrase · subjectהָtheאָ֗רֶץearthוּand.[the]clausenoun phrase · subjectמוֹסְדֵ֣יfoundationsהָרִ֣יםof.[the].mountainsverbיִרְגָּ֑זוּthey.trembledוַ֝andclauseverbיִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁ֗וּthey.shook.back.and.forthכִּי(dm)clauseverbחָ֥רָהit.burnedprepositional phrase · prepositionalלֽtoוֹhim

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text of Psalms 18:7 describes the earth shaking and the mountains trembling due to God's anger, stating, "Then the earth shook and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains trembled; they were shaken because He burned with anger." The Septuagint, while not providing a direct translation of this verse, aligns closely with the Masoretic Text in terms of thematic elements, although the specific wording and structure differ. The Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q85, 8Q2, 11Q7, and 5/6hev1b, do not contain this verse directly but include fragments that suggest similar themes of calling upon God in distress. Overall, the Masoretic Text stands as the primary witness for this verse, with the Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls providing context and thematic resonance rather than direct agreement or disagreement.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וַתִּגְעַ֬שׁ וַתִּרְעַ֨שׁ׀ הָאָ֗רֶץ וּמוֹסְדֵ֣י הָרִ֣ים יִרְגָּ֑זוּ וַ֝יִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁ֗וּ כִּי־ חָ֥רָה לֽוֹ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וַתִּגְעַ֬שׁἐνוַתִּרְעַ֨שׁ׀μεהָאָ֗רֶץἐπεκαλεσάμηνוּמוֹסְדֵ֣יπρὸςיִרְגָּ֑זוּμουוַ֝יִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁ֗וּἤκουσενחָ֥רָהναοῦלֽוֹ׃φωνῆς

8 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q85a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[בצר] [ל׳י] [אקרא] [יהוה] [ואל] אלה׳י אשוע [ישמע] [מהיכל׳ו] [קול׳י] [ושועת׳י] [לפני׳ו] תבוא באזני׳ו

4 words on the leather — 10 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 8Q2a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[בצר] [ל׳י] [אקרא] יהוה [ואל] [אלה׳י] [אשוע] [ישמע] [מהיכל׳ו] קול׳י [ושועת׳י] [לפני׳ו] [תבוא] [באזני׳ו]

nothing on the leather here — 2 partly restored, 12 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 11Q7a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[בצר] [ל׳י] אקרא יהוה ואל אלוה׳י אשוע [ישמע] [מהיכל׳ו] [קול׳י] [ושועת׳י] [לפני׳ו] [תבוא] [באוזני׳ו]

3 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 9 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 5/6hev1ba copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[בצר] [ל׳י] [אקרא] [יהוה] [ואל] אלה׳י אשוע ישמע [מהיכל׳ו] [קול׳י] [ושועת׳י] [לפני׳ו] [תבוא] [באזני׳ו]

1 word on the leather — 2 partly restored, 11 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 18:7גָּעַשׁand it shooand it shookגָּעַשׁרָעַשׁand it quakand it quakedרָעַשׁאֶ֫רֶץthe earththe earthאֶ֫רֶץמוֹסָדand [the] fand [the] foundמוֹסָדהַר[the] mount[the] mountainsהַררָגַזthey tremblthey trembledרָגַזגָּעַשׁand they shand they shook גָּעַשׁכִּיforforכִּיחָרָהit burnedit burnedחָרָהוֹto himto himוֹיָסַדto foundto foundיָסַדהַרmountainmountainהַרחָרַרto scorchto scorchחָרַרחָרָהto contendto contendחָרָהרָעַשׁto shaketo shakeרָעַשׁמוֹסָדfoundationfoundationמוֹסָדזְעָקָהoutcryoutcryזְעָקָהרָגַזto trembleto trembleרָגַזכְּנַ֫עַןCanaanCanaanכְּנַ֫עַןמִצְרַ֫יִם(Sea of) E(Sea of) Egyptמִצְרַ֫יִםגָּעַשׁto shaketo shakeגָּעַשׁגִּבְעָהGibeatGibeatגִּבְעָהאֶפְרַ֫יִםEphraimEphraimאֶפְרַ֫יִםשַׁאֲנָןsecuresecureשַׁאֲנָןיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעאַףfacefaceאַףיוֹנָהJonahJonahיוֹנָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 18:7

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
וַתִּגְעַ֬שׁva.tig.'Ash and it shook H1607 Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to shake or agitate violently, and can describe natural events like earthquakes or the turmoil of the sea. It is used to convey a sense of intense movement or instability.
Tyndale gloss
to shake
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּעַשׁ (ga`ash) is a Hebrew verb meaning to shake or quake. It encompasses various forms, including shaking violently, being convulsed, and reeling back and forth. The word appears in contexts related to agitation or disturbance, particularly in the Qal and Pual forms, indicating both active shaking and a state of being shaken.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[גָּעַשׁ] vb. shake, quake

Qal quake of earth at theoph.

Pu. be shaken up, convulsed

Hithp. shake back and forth, toss or reel to and fro

Hithpo. reel to and fro

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1607 גָּעַשׁ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1607 ga`ash gaw-ash'

a primitive root to agitate violently:--move, shake, toss,

trouble.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּעַשׁ (ga.ash) — to shake.

1) to shake, quake

1a) (Qal) to shake

1b) (Pual) to be shaken up, convulsed

1c) (Hithpael) to shake back and forth, toss or reel to and fro

1d) (Hithpoel) to reel to and fro

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Hc/Vqw3fs — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
Hc/Vqw3fs
and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
וַתִּרְעַ֨שׁ׀va.tir.'Ash and it quaked H7493 Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means to shake or quake, often describing the earth or sky trembling with fear. It's used in the books of Psalms and Isaiah, describing God's power and majesty.
Tyndale gloss
to shake
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָעַשׁ (ra`ash) is a Hebrew verb meaning to quake or shake. It describes actions such as trembling or moving, often due to fear, and can also refer to the springing of a horse. The verb appears in different forms, including Qal (to shake), Niphal (to be made to quake), and Hiphil (to cause to quake or leap).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[רָעַשׁ] vb. quake, shake

Qal quake, shake

Niph. is made to quake

Hiph.

cause to quake

cause (horse) to spring, leap (like locust)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7493 [רָעַשׁ] quake, shake

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7493 ra`ash raw-ash

a primitive root; to undulate (as the earth, the sky, etc.;

also a field of grain), partic. through fear; specifically, to

spring (as a locust):--make afraid, (re-)move, quake, (make

to) shake, (make to) tremble.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָעַשׁ (ra.ash) — to shake.

1) to quake, shake

1a) (Qal) to quake, shake

1b) (Niphal) to be made to quake

1c)(Hiphil)

1c1) to cause to quake

1c2) to cause to spring or leap (of horse)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Hc/Vqw3fs — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
Hc/Vqw3fs
and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
הָאָ֗רֶץha.'A.retz the earth H776 Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
2,504× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The land or earth refers to the soil or ground, and can also mean a country, territory, or region. In the Bible, it is used to describe the earth and its inhabitants, and is often translated as 'land' or 'country'.
Tyndale gloss
land: soil
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֶ֫רֶץ (erets) is a feminine noun meaning 'earth' or 'land.' It encompasses various meanings, including the whole earth, specific territories like Canaan, and even inhabitants of the land. It can refer to soil, ground, or regions, and is used in phrases related to distance and the living. There is a note on the plural form אֲרָצוֹת, which mainly appears in later texts to denote multiple lands.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land

earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

earth, opp. to heaven, sky

earth = inhabitants of earth

land =

country, territory

district, region

trial territory

piece of ground

specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

= inhabitants of land

used even of Shᵉʼôl

ground, surface of ground

soil, as productive

אֶרֶץ in phrases

people of the land

in measurements of distance

the country of the plain, level or plain country

land of the living

end(s) of the earth

pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H776 אֶ֫רֶץ n. f. & (seld.) m. earth, land . . earth, whole earth (opp. to a part)

. earth, opp. to heaven, sky

. earth = inhabitants of earth

. land = . country, territory

. district, region

. trial territory

. piece of ground

. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel

. = inhabitants of land

. used even of Shᵉʼôl

. . ground, surface of ground

. soil, as productive

. אֶרֶץ in phrases . people of the land

. in measurements of distance

. the country of the plain, level or plain country

. land of the living

. end(s) of the earth

. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late; it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

776 'erets eh'-rets

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth

(at large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth,

field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: country/planet.

: country/field

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

1b2) district, region

1b3) tribal territory

1b4) piece of ground

1b5) land of Canaan, Israel

1b6) inhabitants of land

1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world

1b8) city (-state)

1c) ground, surface of the earth

1c1) ground

1c2) soil

1d) (in phrases)

1d1) people of the land

1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)

1d3) level or plain country

1d4) land of the living

1d5) end(s) of the earth

1e) (almost wholly late in usage)

1e1) lands, countries

1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan

אֶ֫רֶץ (e.rets) — land: soil.

: soil

1) land, earth

1a) earth

1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)

1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)

1a3) earth (inhabitants)

1b) land

1b1) country, territory

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTd/Ncfsa — Particle · noun common feminine singular absolute
HTd/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

urth ('adhamah, 'erets, 'aphar; ge, oikoumene):

In a hilly limestone country like Palestine, the small amount of iron oxide in the rocks tends to be oxidized, and thereby to give a prevailing reddish color to the soil. This is especially the case on relatively barren hills where there is little organic matter present to prevent reddening and give a more blackish tinge.

'Adhamah (compare 'adham, "a man," and Adam) is from 'adham, "to be red," and is used in the senses: "earth" (Ex 20:24), "land" (Ps 105:35), a "land" or country (Isa 14:2), "ground" (Ge 4:11), "the earth" (Ge 7:4).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Earth

(1.) In the sense of soil or ground, the translation of the word adamah’. In Gen. 9:20 “husbandman” is literally “man of the ground or earth.” Altars were to be built of earth (Ex. 20:24). Naaman asked for two mules’ burden of earth (2 Kings 5:17), under the superstitious notion that Jehovah, like the gods of the heathen, could be acceptably worshipped only on his own soil.

(2). As the rendering of ’erets, it means the whole world (Gen. 1:2); the land as opposed to the sea (1:10). Erets also denotes a country (21:32); a plot of ground (23:15); the ground on which a man stands (33:3); the inhabitants of the earth (6:1; 11:1); all the world except Israel (

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The term is used in two widely-different senses: (1) for the material of which the earth’s surface is composed; (2) as the name of the planet on which man dwells. The Hebrew language discriminates between these two by the use of separate terms, adamah for the former, erets for the latter. Adamah is the earth in the sense of soil or ground, particularly as being susceptible of cultivation. (Genesis 2:7) Erets is applied in a more or less extended sense-- (1) to the whole world, (Genesis 1:1) (2) to land as opposed to sea, (Genesis 1:10) (3) to a country, (Genesis 21:32) (4) to a plot of ground, (Genesis 23:15) and (5) to…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In both Hebrew and Greek the same word is used to denote the earth as a whole, and a particular land. Only the context can enable us to decide in which of these senses it is to be taken in a given passage.

Thus in Mt 27:45 we might, so far as the original word is concerned, render either "there was darkness over all the land," or over all the earth. The expression "all the earth" is sometimes used hyperbolically for a large portion of it, Ezr 1:2. The word is used of the whole world, etc. In a moral sense, earthly is opposed to what is heavenly, spiritual and holy, Joh 3:31 1Co 15:47 Col 3:2

and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
וּמוֹסְדֵ֣יu.mos.Dei and [the] foundations of H4144 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word describes a foundation or base, often translated as 'foundation'. It appears in descriptions of buildings, mountains, and other structures, emphasizing the idea of a solid starting point. The word is similar to H4143.
Tyndale gloss
foundation
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹסָד (mowcad) means 'foundation' and is derived from the root word represented by Strong's H3245. The entries consistently define it as a base or foundation, with no significant disagreement among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מוֹסָד] n.m. foundation

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4144 [מוֹסָד] foundation

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4144 mowcad mo-sawd'

from 3245; a foundation:--foundation.

see HEBREW for 03245

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹסָד (mo.sad) — foundation.

foundation

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Ncmpc — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct
HC/Ncmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
הָרִ֣יםha.Rim [the] mountains H2022 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
546× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A mountain or hill, sometimes used to describe a spiritual high point. In the Bible, it can refer to a real mountain or a figurative one. The word is often translated as hill or mount.
Tyndale gloss
mountain: mount
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הַר (har) means 'mountain' or 'hill,' and can refer to a range of hills or hill-country. It is derived from a root that suggests elevation and can be used figuratively. The entries consistently highlight its geographical connotations without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הַר 568 n.m. mountain, hill, hill-country

mountain, hill

hill-country, mountain-region

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2022 הַר mountain, hill, hill-country

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2022 har har

a shortened form of 2042; a mountain or range of hills

(sometimes used figuratively):--hill (country), mount(-ain), X

promotion.

see HEBREW for 02042

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הַר (har) — mountain: mount.

: mount/hill

hill, mountain, hill country, mount

הַר (har) — mountain: hill country.

: hill_country

hill, mountain, hill country, mount

A sub-meaning of har (הַר ": mount" H2022)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmpa — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Are among the most sublime and impressive of the Creator’s works on earth, and from the noblest and most enduring monuments of great events. Most of the mountains of Scripture thus stand as witnesses for God—every view of their lofty summits, and every recurrence to them in thought reminding us of the sacred facts and truths connected with them. Thus Mount Ararat is a standing memorial of the deluge of man’s sin, God’s justice, and God’s mercy. Mount Sinai asserts the terrors of the divine law. Mount Carmel summons us, like the prophet Elijah of old, not to "halt between two opinions;" but if Jehovah is God, to love and serve him. The mount of the Transfiguration still shines with the glory of the truths there taught, and Mounts Ebal and Gerizim still echo the curses and the blessings once so solemnly pronounced from them. So Mount Hor, Nebo, Lebanon, and Gilboa have been signalized by…

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- The elevated parts of the earth

Ge 7:19,20

- GOD

. Formed

Am 4:13

. Set fast

Ps 65:6

. Gives strength to

Ps 95:4

. Weighs, in a balance

Isa 40:12

. Waters, from his chambers

Ps 104:13

. Parches, with draught

Hag 1:11

. Causes, to smoke

Ps 104:32; 144:5

. Sets the foundations of, on fire

De 32:22

. Makes waste

Isa 42:15

. Causes, to tremble

and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
יִרְגָּ֑זוּyir.Ga.zu they trembled H7264 Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means to shake or tremble with strong emotions like fear, anger, or excitement. It can also mean to provoke or disturb someone, causing them to become agitated. The KJV Bible translates it in various ways, including 'tremble', 'quake', and 'rage'.
Tyndale gloss
to tremble
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

רָגַז (ragaz) is a Hebrew verb meaning to tremble or quake, often in response to strong emotions like anger or fear. It can describe both a state of agitation and the act of causing agitation in others. The entries indicate its use in various forms, including Qal, Hiphil, and Hithpael, covering a range of emotional responses.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָגַז vb. be agitated, quiver, quake, be excited, perturbed

Qal quake

Hiph. cause to quake, disquiet, enrage

Hithp. excite oneself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7264 רָגַז be agitated, quiver, quake, be excited, perturbed .quake

. cause to quake, disquiet, enrage

. excite oneself

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7264 ragaz raw-gaz'

a primitive root; to quiver (with any violent emotion,

especially anger or fear):--be afraid, stand in awe,

disquiet, fall out, fret, move, provoke, quake, rage, shake,

tremble, trouble, be wroth.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָגַז (ra.gaz) — to tremble.

1) tremble, quake, rage, quiver, be agitated, be excited, be perturbed

1a)(Qal) to quake, be disquieted, be excited, be perturbed

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to quake, disquiet, enrage, disturb

1c) (Hithpael) to excite oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqi3mp — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine plural
HVqi3mp
and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
וַ֝יִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁ֗וּvai.yit.ga.'a.Shu and they shook back and forth H1607 Verb · Hithpael · sequential imperfect third person masculine plural
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to shake or agitate violently, and can describe natural events like earthquakes or the turmoil of the sea. It is used to convey a sense of intense movement or instability.
Tyndale gloss
to shake
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גָּעַשׁ (ga`ash) is a Hebrew verb meaning to shake or quake. It encompasses various forms, including shaking violently, being convulsed, and reeling back and forth. The word appears in contexts related to agitation or disturbance, particularly in the Qal and Pual forms, indicating both active shaking and a state of being shaken.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[גָּעַשׁ] vb. shake, quake

Qal quake of earth at theoph.

Pu. be shaken up, convulsed

Hithp. shake back and forth, toss or reel to and fro

Hithpo. reel to and fro

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1607 גָּעַשׁ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1607 ga`ash gaw-ash'

a primitive root to agitate violently:--move, shake, toss,

trouble.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גָּעַשׁ (ga.ash) — to shake.

1) to shake, quake

1a) (Qal) to shake

1b) (Pual) to be shaken up, convulsed

1c) (Hithpael) to shake back and forth, toss or reel to and fro

1d) (Hithpoel) to reel to and fro

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Hc/Vtw3mp — Verb · Hithpael · sequential imperfect third person masculine plural
Hc/Vtw3mp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

forth: "Forth," adverb (from "for"), signifies movement

(1) forward,

(2) out of,

(3) beyond a certain boundary.

In a few instances in the Old Testament it is the translation of the preposition `al, properly "above," "upon" (2Ki 11:15; 2Ch 23:14; Am 7:17 the King James Version), and of chuts, "without" (Ge 39:13; Jud 19:25). "Forth" is often used as an expletive of various verbs, as "break (forth)," "bring (forth)," "call (forth)," etc. In the Gospel of John it is the translation of exo, "without," as "Lazarus, come forth" (11:43; so 15:6; 19:4 the King James Version…

and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
כִּי־ki- for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTc — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
חָ֥רָהCha.rah it burned H2734 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
91× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To be incensed means to be very angry or furious, like a fire burning. It describes strong emotions like anger, zeal, or jealousy, and is used to express intense feelings in the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
to be incensed
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָרָה (charah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to burn or be kindled, particularly in the context of anger or zeal. It encompasses various forms, including to glow, grow warm, or become incensed. The entries indicate its use in different stems, such as Qal (to burn), Niphal (to be angry), and Hiphil (to kindle). The lexicons do not present significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חָרָה vb. burn, be kindled, of anger

Qal

of man

of God

Niph. be angry with

Hiph. burned with zeal (?) in repairing; and kindled his anger against me

Hithp. heat oneself in vexation.—The foll. forms are somewhat dub.: how canst thou hotly contend (in a race) with the horses?; because thou strivest eagerly (to excel) in cedar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2734 חָרָה burn, be kindled, of anger

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2734 charah khaw-raw'

a primitive root (compare 2787); to glow or grow warm;

figuratively (usually) to blaze up, of anger, zeal,

jealousy:--be angry, burn, be displeased, X earnestly, fret

self, grieve, be (wax) hot, be incensed, kindle, X very, be

wroth. See 8474.

see HEBREW for 02787

see HEBREW for 08474

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָרָה (cha.rah) — to be incensed.

1) to be hot, furious, burn, becomeangry, be kindled

1a) (Qal) to burn, kindle (anger)

1b) (Niphal) to be angry with, be incensed

1c) (Hiphil) to burn, kindle

1d) (Hithpael) to heat oneself in vexation

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqp3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
and it shook and it quaked the earth and [the] foundations of [the] mountains they trembled and they shook back and forth for it burned to him
לֽוֹ׃lo to him H9033 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

וֹ (o) — him.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp3ms — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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