Hebrews 3

Hendriksen

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Summation) 8 2 3 8 0 0 A. A Comparison of Jesus and Moses ) 3:1 6 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 3 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Therefore, holy brothers, who share in the heavenly calling, fix your thoughts on Jesus, the apostle and high priest whom we confess. 2 He was faithful to the one who appointed him, just as Moses was faithful in all God s house. 3 Jesus has been found worthy of greater honor than Moses, just as the builder of a house has greater honor than the house itself. 4 For every house is built by someone, but God is the builder of everything. 5 Moses was faithful as a servant in all God s house, testifying to what would be said in the future. 6 But Christ is faithful as a son over God s house. And we are his house, if we hold on to our courage and the hope of which we boast. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.0|AUTODETECT|” In the span of two chapters, the author of Hebrews has demonstrated from the pages of the Old Testament that Jesus is superior to angels. Someone among the Hebrews who received the epistle might ask whether Jesus is greater than Moses. The Jews thought that no one was greater than Moses, for he gave the people of Israel two tablets of stone on which God had written the law 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.34.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 34) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” ). The angels, by contrast, were only intermediaries at the time the law was given 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:38) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.53|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.53|AUTODETECT|”

8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” In the preceding chapter the writer described Jesus as high priest 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) but did not compare him with Aaron. The comparison between Jesus and Moses in this chapter in a sense parallels the comparison of Jesus and the angels. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

Therefore, holy brothers, who share in the heavenly calling, fix your thoughts on Jesus, the apostle and high priest whom we confess.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.11|AUTODETECT|” links chapter 3 to the immediately preceding discourse on the unity Jesus has with his brothers. Together they belong to the family of God. The brothers are holy because they are made holy by Jesus 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and on that account Jesus is not ashamed to call them brothers. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 In 3:1 these people are, for the first time in Hebrews, specifically addressed as holy brothers. The adjective ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 holy) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 reveals that the brothers have been sanctified and may enter the presence of God, for sin has been removed through the suffering and death of Jesus. The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 brothers) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” also applies to the author of Hebrews. In fact, he is one of them in the family of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” 10:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.22|AUTODETECT|” 13:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” The recipients of the epistle are also sharers in the heavenly calling. This is a unique calling, a heavenly invitation to enter the kingdom of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.11.29|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 11:29) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.1.18|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 1:18) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.4|AUTODETECT|”

8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=53.1.11|AUTODETECT|” II Thess. 1:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.9|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.1.9|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 1:9) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.10|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.1|AUTODETECT|” The privilege of being called by God is coupled with a command. The charge is not difficult and complicated, and the brothers are able to comply with it. They are asked to fix their thoughts on Jesus and to do this diligently. Apparently the readers of the epistle are not doing this at the moment, for they seem to drift away. Already in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.1|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 the writer exhorts them to pay more careful attention to the gospel they have heard, for knowledge about Jesus is essential. As the author prepares to teach about Jesus, he does not call Jesus the Christ, the Son of God, the Son of man, or Lord and Savior, but calls him the apostle and high priest. Interestingly, the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 apostle) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 appears first in this verse, even though we would have expected the expression ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 high priest) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” to have precedence because of its use in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 apostle) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.10|AUTODETECT|” refers to the one whom God has sent a concept repeatedly used by the evangelist John in his Gospel (3:17, 34; 5:36 38; 6:29, 57; 7:29; 8:42; 10:36; 11:42; 17:3) and even in his first epistle 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.4.10|AUTODETECT|” I John 4:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 apostle) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 has the deeper meaning of ambassador. The apostle is not merely sent: he is empowered with the authority of the one who sends him.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”
8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Furthermore, he can and may speak only the words his superior gives him. He is forbidden to utter his own opinions when they are at variance with those of the one who sends him. Jesus, then, proclaims the very Word of God. He brings the gospel, the good news. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Whereas the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 apostle) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 relates by comparison to Moses, the designation ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 high priest) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is reminiscent of Aaron. The separate functions of these two brothers are combined and are fulfilled in the one person of Jesus. And in his work Jesus is greater than both Moses and Aaron. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The congregation that received the author s epistle confessed the name of Jesus. I do not think that the church of that time had a standard confession apart from the saying ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus is Lord) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.12.3|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 12:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.6-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” ) and a few hymns 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.6-50.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:6 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.11-55.2.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.2.11-55.2.13|AUTODETECT|” II Tim. 2:11 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). After all, the author of Hebrews instructs his readers about the apostleship and high priesthood of Jesus. In subsequent years, however, a carefully worded confession may have begun to circulate in the early churches. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

He was faithful to the one who appointed him, just as Moses was faithful in all God s house.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 God the Father appointed Jesus to be the mediator between God and man and to bring the good news of salvation to sinful humanity. God appointed him to be apostle and high priest and expected him to faithfully execute his task, which Jesus did. ) The translation employs the past tense, he ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 was) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.3|AUTODETECT|” faithful (italics added). However, the author, by using a present participle in the original, intimates that the work God appointed Jesus to do did not terminate when his earthly task was complete, but continues in heaven. Jesus continues to be faithful in his high-priestly work of intercession and in preparing a place for his people 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.14.3|AUTODETECT|” John 14:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.21|AUTODETECT|” ). He remains faithful in loving and in perfecting the church of which he is the head. Paul states this eloquently: In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.21|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:21) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 5 3 8 0 0 However, the first recipients of the epistle perhaps asked, Was not Moses faithful to God? They knew the words God spoke to Aaron and Miriam in the presence of Moses: ) When a prophet of the Lord is among you, ) I reveal myself to him in visions, ) I speak to him in dreams. ) But this is not true of my servant Moses; ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.6-4.12.7|AUTODETECT|” he is faithful in all my house. [) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.6-4.12.7|AUTODETECT|” Num. 12:6 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ] ) 8 3 3 8 0 0 Observe this parallel: ) Jesus was faithful to God who appointed him ) Moses was faithful to God in all his house��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”

8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The parallelism takes on added meaning when we interpret the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 house) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 not literally but figuratively. The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 house) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is a synonym for the family of God. Moses ministered faithfully to the church of God in the desert during the forty-year journey. Then what is the difference between Jesus and Moses? That question the writer answers in the next verse. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

Jesus has been found worthy of greater honor than Moses, just as the builder of a house has greater honor than the house itself.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 In this verse the author returns his attention to Jesus and deems him worthy of greater honor than Moses. Certainly both Jesus and Moses have been faithful to God, but the difference between the two goes beyond the virtue of faithfulness. Already the writer has called Jesus apostle and high priest; Moses never filled this twofold office. But that point is not under discussion at the moment. To demonstrate this truth the writer uses an illustration from the building trade, an example whose validity everyone acknowledges. ) As we know, the builder of a house has greater honor than the house itself has. When a house or a building is erected, people may admire the beauty of the structure and speak words of praise, but they reserve tribute and honor for the architect and for the builder.

The architect and the builder stand, figuratively, above the structure they have created. They stand on a different level. By analogy, the author says, God is the architect; Jesus is the builder of God s house; Moses is a servant in God s house. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.11|AUTODETECT|” By making the comparison between Jesus and Moses the author does not minimize the work of Moses. His faithfulness is not in question; indeed, Scripture reveals that God honored Moses in many ways. God himself appeared to Moses face to face 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.33.11|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 33:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.34.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and conferred on him the gift of a long life to be precise, 120 years. And when Moses died in Moab, God buried him 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.34.6|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 34:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ). But the writer of Hebrews is saying that there is no comparison between Jesus and Moses because we really are talking about two different categories. Jesus constructs the spiritual house of God; Moses was a faithful servant in all God s house. Jesus is the founder of God s household (which has its beginning in creation) and Moses himself belongs to that household. In addition, the seat of honor at God s right hand belongs to Jesus. Jesus has been honored by God because through him God made the universe 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 4. For every house is built by someone, but God is the builder of everything.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 This verse is an explanatory comment and may be placed in parentheses.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3” 3) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� A house does not grow as a plant does; it is an inanimate object that needs a builder. Every house has a builder. The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 house) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 may be understood literally, as in verse 3; or it can be used figuratively to refer to the family living in the house. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The emphasis in verse 4 falls on the last part of the sentence. The change of subject is introduced by the conjunction ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 but) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . God is the builder of everything. At first the meaning of this clause seems incongruous with the context, which speaks about Jesus. We would have expected a statement that Jesus builds the house, instead of the comprehensive remark that God builds everything. Of course, no one disputes the truth of the remark, and it directs our attention to God s sovereignty. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” The author of Hebrews thus far has shown that he does not make a clear distinction between God and the Son. Rather he teaches that God works through the Son; for example, in creation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” ). Also, God makes Jesus perfect through suffering 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). God the Father, then, builds everything through his Son. And because Christ constructs God s house, he is worthy of greater honor than Moses. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5 6a. Moses was faithful as a servant in all God s house, testifying to what would be said in the future. But Christ is faithful as a son over God s house.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.2|AUTODETECT|” a. The author repeats what he already said in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.7|AUTODETECT|” . There he compares Moses and Jesus; here he contrasts the two. He literally quotes the Septuagint version of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.12.7|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 12:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , although the word order varies. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. Moses is called a servant; Christ, a son. The contrast is heightened by the use of two different prepositions: Moses was a servant ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 in) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 God s house, whereas Christ is a son ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 over) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 God s house. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 c. The author chooses the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 servant) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 to describe Moses. Note that he does not call Moses a slave or an attendant. This word 9 1 -1 9 0 0 servant) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.5|AUTODETECT|” ) occurs frequently in the Old Testament, but only once in the original Greek of the New Testament 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:5) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It means that a person is in service to someone who is superior. Also, it connotes one who wishes to serve, in contrast to a slave who must serve. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.1.1-6.1.4|AUTODETECT|” d. Moses proved faithful in the function God had given him and served honorably with distinction 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=6.1.1-6.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Josh. 1:1 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” ). Christ also is faithful, although he occupies a different position. He is the son to whom God has given authority over the house; that is, the household of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:21) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.18.15|AUTODETECT|” e. Moses functioned as a prophet and was a prototype of Jesus, the great prophet 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.18.15|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 18:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.18.18|AUTODETECT|” , ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.18.18|AUTODETECT|” 18) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” ). He testified to what would be said in the future, specifically the gospel that Jesus proclaimed as the fullness of God s Revelation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4” 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 6b. And we are his house, if we hold on to our courage and the hope of which we boast.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.16|AUTODETECT|” The metaphor that describes the people of God as a house or a building occurs rather frequently in the New Testament 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.6.19|AUTODETECT|” 6:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.16|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 6:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:5) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ). We are the house of God, says the author of Hebrews. This means that now the believers in Jesus Christ, not the Jews, constitute the household of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.2.19-49.2.22|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 2:19 22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.15|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.19|AUTODETECT|” ). Only Christians acknowledge Christ Jesus as the chief cornerstone. For only in him the whole body, supported and held together by its ligaments and sinews, grows as God causes it to grow 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.19|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 There are two limitations. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” a. If we hold on to our courage. We can no longer be part of the house unless we have courage. For the Hebrew Christians the temptation to return to Judaism was not at all imaginary. They were exhorted to hold on to their faith in Christ against fierce opposition from their Jewish countrymen. But Gentile Christians, too, must be vigilant in the face of persecution 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=52.2.14|AUTODETECT|” I Thess. 2:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 courage) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is significant for the Christian because it relates to his boldness, openness, and frankness in preaching and teaching the gospel. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. And the hope of which we boast. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5” 5) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.18-58.6.19|AUTODETECT|” �� If the readers of this epistle do not hold on to the hope of which they boast, then they are no longer part of the, household of God. Later in the epistle the writer explains what he means by hope. He speaks of the unchangeable nature of God s purpose and the impossibility that God would lie. Says the author, We who have fled to take hold of the hope offered to us may be greatly encouraged. We have this hope as an anchor for the soul, firm and secure 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.18-58.6.19|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 6:18 19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” As God is true to his purpose and being, so the Christian must be a true reflection of his Creator and Redeemer. If he fails, he ceases to be part of God s house. Therefore, throughout the epistle, but especially in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 10:23) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , the author exhorts his readers to be true to their calling: Let us hold unswervingly to the hope we profess, for he who promised is faithful. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Doctrinal Considerations in 3:1 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.0|AUTODETECT|” In the first verse of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.0|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , two titles are given to the recipients of the epistle and two to Jesus. Jesus has called the recipients brothers and they confess his name, just as he is not ashamed to declare their names. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” The structure of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 can be represented in a diagram:��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6” 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) -60 3 1 0 2 0

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T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.Bottom T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacing�T.CellHSpacing�CTDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 3:2) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Jesus) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 faithful) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Moses) rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 house) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 3:3) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Jesus) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data 73-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 greater honor) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Moses) rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 builder) rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 house) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 3:4) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 God) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 builder) rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 3:5) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Moses) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 faithful) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 servant) rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 house) TDc.BestWidth3c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data %!-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 3:6a) TDc.BestWidthMc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 Christ) TDc.BestWidth�c.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 faithful) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data #-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 son) rvcMiddlec.Data ‘#-8 1 3 2 8 1 3 8 0 0 house) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 3:1 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.24|AUTODETECT|” �� the aorist active imperative, second person plural of the compound intensive verb (from �� [down] and �� [I put my mind to]) conveys the message of thoroughly and carefully noticing someone or something; in this case, Jesus. See ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.24|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 10:24) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� a literal translation of this aorist active participle in the dative singular is to the one who made him and could refer to the humanity of Jesus. It is better to translate the participle as to the one who appointed him. Then it relates to the office of Christ as apostle and high priest. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 5) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� the word belongs to the family of the verb �� (I serve, venerate, care for, cure). The Septuagint uses the noun as a translation of ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ebed) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (attendant, servant); the noun �� denotes willing service, whereas �� or �� indicates slavish submission. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� translated boldness, frankness, openness, confidence, the noun is a combination of �� (all) and �� (speech, word), from �� (I speak). It conveys the meaning, therefore, of having the freedom to speak to everyone.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7” 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 20 3 8 0 0 B. A Warning Against Unbelief ) 3:7 19 ) 7 So, as the Holy Spirit says: ) Today, if you hear his voice, ) 8 do not harden your hearts ) as you did in the rebellion, ) during the time of testing in the desert, ) 9 where your fathers tested and tried me ) and for forty years saw what I did. ) 10 That is why I was angry with that generation, ) and I said, Their hearts are always going astray, ) and they have not known my ways. ) 11 So I declared on oath in my anger, ) They shall never enter my rest. ) 12 See to it, brothers, that none of you has a sinful, unbelieving heart that turns away from the living God. 13 But encourage one another daily, as long as it is called Today, so that none of you may be hardened by sin s deceitfulness. 14 We have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly till the end the confidence we had at first. 15 As has just been said: ) Today, if you hear his voice, ) do not harden your hearts ) as you did in the rebellion. ) 16 Who were they who heard and rebelled? Were they not all those Moses led out of Egypt? 17 And with whom was he angry for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the desert? 18 And to whom did God swear that they would never enter his rest if not to those who disobeyed? 19 So we see that they were not able to enter, because of their unbelief. ) One of the stylistic devices that the author uses to introduce a quotation of the Old Testament is the formula ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 God says) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 or ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the Holy Spirit says) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.7|AUTODETECT|” . The writer refers to the Old Testament writer as only a mouthpiece of God 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). That is, God is the primary author of Scripture, and man is the secondary author through whom God speaks.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8” 8) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Scripture, for the author of Hebrews, is God s Word, and that Word is divine. He indeed has a high view of Scripture. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 Many times in his epistle the author quotes a passage from the Old Testament without a smooth transition in the context. The author first quotes Scripture, subsequently explains it by applying the words to the readers of his epistle, and afterward at times supports his application with examples taken from biblical history. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” Consider, then, the third chapter of Hebrews. In the first six verses the author, in drawing a comparison between Jesus and Moses, declares that Jesus is worthy of greater honor than Moses. Then, without a transition, the writer quotes ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95:7 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . He explains and applies the psalm citation in verses 12 15. And to buttress his application, he provides historical examples (vv. 16 19). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0

Scripture) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 3:7 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” In the temple ritual and in the synagogue worship services, the use of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” was well established. Both ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and 96 were known as the psalms of invitation to worship. We may assume that these psalms were a significant part of the early Christian liturgies as well.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9”

8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 a. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0 7 9. So, as the Holy Spirit says:) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Today, if you hear his voice,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 do not harden your hearts) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 as you did in the rebellion,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 during the time of testing in the desert,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 where your fathers tested and tried me) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and for forty years saw what I did.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.7|AUTODETECT|” David, whose name is mentioned later in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.7|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” , does not speak. But the Holy Spirit speaks, addressing both the people of God in Old Testament times and the readers of the Epistle to the Hebrews. And it is because of the Holy Spirit, as the author of Hebrews teaches, that Scripture is divinely inspired and addresses people throughout the centuries 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.3.16|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 3:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.20-61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.1.20-61.1.21|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 1:20 21) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10”
8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The Holy Spirit speaks to man by means of the inspired Word of God. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Today.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.12|AUTODETECT|” God s Word is living and active[,] sharper than any double-edged sword 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” ). At no point does Scripture become outdated and irrelevant. God spoke to the people of Israel in the desert; David composed ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , through which God addressed the Israelites; the author of Hebrews quotes a number of verses from that psalm and says that the Holy Spirit speaks to those reading his epistle. God s Word still speaks to us today. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 If you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” The reference is to the original hearers and singers of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , and is expressed in the form of a wish in the original Hebrew but in the Greek is given as a conditional sentence. The sentence means: If you should hear God s voice, listen to what he has to say to you. Do not be like your forefathers who turned a deaf ear to the voice of God. Therefore, God is saying to you, Do not harden your hearts. That is, don t ever ignore my voice, for that spells trouble. James in his epistle puts it succinctly: You adulterous people, don t you know that friendship with the world is hatred toward God? Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God (4:4). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 The phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 harden not your hearts) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is Semitic in origin, but no one has difficulty understanding its meaning. In our culture we use the concept ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 deaf) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and say that someone, by ignoring the speaker, deliberately refuses to hear. Nevertheless, by doing this the person takes full responsibility for his willful neglect and refusal to hear. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 As you did in the rebellion, during the time of testing in the desert.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.8|AUTODETECT|” God speaks to his people Israel, and he calls to mind what happened in the desert during the forty-year journey. He even refers to place names: Meribah and Massah 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 95:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In the Septuagint, these two names are translated ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 rebellion) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 testing) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.7|AUTODETECT|” respectively. The history lesson, however, is to the point. After the people of Israel (at the beginning of their journey) had left the Desert of Sin near Rephidim, they lacked water. When they quarreled with Moses, God told him to strike a rock. He did, and water gushed forth. Moses called the place Massah, which means testing, and Meribah, which is the word for quarreling 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 17:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.20.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Near the completion of their forty-year journey, the people of Israel quarreled again because of thirst. This time Moses lost his temper, struck the rock twice instead of speaking to it as God had said, and forfeited his place as leader of the Israelites. Consequently he was not allowed to enter the Promised Land. Moses called the place Meribah 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.20.13|AUTODETECT|” Num. 20:13) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Where your fathers tested and tried me and for forty years saw what I did.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 From the first year through the fortieth year, the people of Israel tried the patience of God. The history of the Israelites forty years in the wilderness is replete with examples of the unbelief and faithlessness of young and old.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11”
8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.21|AUTODETECT|” �� Yet amidst the rebelliousness of the people of Israel, God showed his mighty acts: a pillar of fire by night to shield them from the desert cold, a cloud by day to protect them from the sun s burning rays, manna to satisfy their hunger, and water out of the rock to quench their thirst; furthermore, their clothes and shoes did not wear out 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.13.21|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 13:21) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.4-2.16.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.16.4-2.16.5|AUTODETECT|” 16:4 5) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.6|AUTODETECT|” 17:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.5|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.29.5|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 29:5) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The Lord God of Israel was their rock and shield for forty years.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12”
8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 b. ) 6 1 -1 9 0 0

That is why I was angry with that generation,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and I said, Their hearts are always going astray,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 and they have not known my ways. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
So I declared on oath in my anger,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 They shall never enter my rest. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 God s patience was taxed to the limit by those rebellious people. His anger flared. God was incensed with that generation.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13”

8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Twice God addressed the obstinate Israelites and spoke to them directly. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Their hearts are always going astray, and they have not known my ways.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.0|AUTODETECT|” The exact words spoken by God are found in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.0|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.0|AUTODETECT|” and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Deuteronomy 1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.11|AUTODETECT|” , where Moses records the historical narrative of Israel s rebellion. When the people refused to enter the Promised Land, wanted to return to Egypt, and chose another leader, God said to Moses: How long will these people treat me with contempt? How long will they refuse to believe in me, in spite of the miraculous signs I have performed among them? 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.11|AUTODETECT|” Num. 14:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.22|AUTODETECT|” The Israelites did not rebel against God once: after the return of the spies, they put God to the test ten times 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.22|AUTODETECT|” Num. 14:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and refused to listen to his voice. Their hearts were filled with unbelief, and their eyes were blind to the miracles God performed. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 They shall never enter my rest.) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.35|AUTODETECT|” Because the people of Israel treated God with contempt, God solemnly swore: Not a man of this evil generation shall see the good land I swore to give your forefathers 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.35|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 1:35) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.23|AUTODETECT|” ; see also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Num. 14:23) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). God took the promise of rest away from the unbelieving Israelites and told them they would die in the desert. Their children of twenty years and younger would be allowed to enter the land God had promised to the forefathers. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.12.9|AUTODETECT|” The land the Israelites were to possess is called a rest, for there they would have a permanent and safe dwelling 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.12.9|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 12:9) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The land of Israel would be given to those who had not spurned God. In his anger God swore that all the others would not see the land but would die in the desert. God was saying that he would cease being God as it were before he would let those rebellious Israelites enter the land of Canaan. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 In the context of the Israelites possession of the land, the concept ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 rest) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 was fulfilled only in a limited sense. The way of life for the wandering nomad had ended and the career of the valiant soldier ceased when the land was conquered. However, the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 rest) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.0|AUTODETECT|” has a much deeper meaning, which the author subsequently explains in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.0|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 9 1 3 8 0 0

Application) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 3:12 15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” The quotation from the psalm is now applied to the recipients of the Epistle to the Hebrews, and its meaning is especially significant for the people who are in danger of turning away from God. The psalm citation serves as an introduction to a stirring appeal not to fall away from the living God. In a sense, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 may be called the summary of the pastoral exhortations in the epistle. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
See to it, brothers, that none of you has a sinful, unbelieving heart that turns away from the living God.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” The connection between ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” b and 3:12 is quite natural if we read the lengthy quotation from ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 as a parenthetical comment. This passage is an illustrative, historical reminder of the obstinate Israelites who died in the desert and were denied entrance to the land God had promised them.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14”

8 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The readers are exhorted to hold on to their courage and hope as members of the household of God. They cannot turn their backs on Christ in unbelief, for turning away from Christ is falling away from God. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 For Christians, therefore, the experience of the rebellious Israelites must serve as a warning that should not be taken lightly. Christians must thoroughly examine themselves and one another to see whether anyone has a sinful, unbelieving heart. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.13|AUTODETECT|” The author of Hebrews knows from Scripture that a falling away from God finds its origin, development, and impetus in unbelief. Unbelief characterized by mistrust and unreliability first comes to expression in disobedience, which in turn results in apostasy. The signs of apostasy are hardening of the heart and an inability to repent 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.1|AUTODETECT|” 4:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.6|AUTODETECT|” 6:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25-58.10.27|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.25-58.10.27|AUTODETECT|” 10:25 27) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.15|AUTODETECT|” 12:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The following series of contrasts can be made: ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

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salvation) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=24.17.9|AUTODETECT|”
The heart of someone who turns away from God is described as sinful, which means evil or wicked. God does not take the sin of unbelief lightly, for he knows that its origin lies in man s evil heart. The heart is deceitful above all things and beyond cure. Who can understand it? 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=24.17.9|AUTODETECT|”
Jer. 17:9) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
). Furthermore, the author of Hebrews indicates that it is possible to find persons with sinful, unbelieving hearts in the fellowship of the Christian church. ) 8 14 3 8 0 0
Whoever turns from the living God ) must fall; ) It s he who shares his guilt, his lot ) with all: ) Family, kin, nation, state, ) small and great. ) Whoever forsakes God is forsaken; ) Whoever rejects God is rejected. ) Frequent voices daily claim: ) Man who s come of age will settle ) down ) But they who say so without God ) drown. ) Nicholaas Beets ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
13. But encourage one another daily, as long as it is called Today, so that none of you may be hardened by sin s deceitfulness.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|”
Other portions of Scripture use various metaphors to describe the church. We read that the house of God consists of living stones 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|”
I Peter 2:5) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.12.12|AUTODETECT|”
), not of individual bricks cemented together by mortar. The household to which the believers belong is like a body that is made up of many parts; all the many parts form one body 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=46.12.12|AUTODETECT|”
I Cor. 12:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
). Furthermore, all the parts should have equal concern for each other. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.11|AUTODETECT|”
These examples provide the background for the exhortation in verse 13. We also are urged to encourage one another and build each other up 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=52.5.11|AUTODETECT|”
I Thess. 5:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) so that no member of the church will fall away. If the church were faithful to Jesus individually and collectively, the danger of apostasy would recede to the perimeter of the church. To put it figuratively, we as individual believers, united by faith, have the obligation to expel the forces of unbelief from the sacred precincts of the church, the body of Christ. What salvation, what joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, what victory over Satan if we daily encourage one another and uphold each other in the faith! ) 8 4 3 8 0 0
All one body we, ) One in hope and doctrine, ) One in charity. ) Sabine Baring-Gould ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.16|AUTODETECT|”
In addition, all of the members of the church are told to exhort one another daily. This in itself is a call to faithfulness. And all members ought to teach and admonish one another with all wisdom 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.3.16|AUTODETECT|”
Col. 3:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|”
; see also ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=44.14.22|AUTODETECT|”
Acts 14:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.10.25|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 10:25) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
The author of Hebrews links the exhortation to the lengthy quote from ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
with the single word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
Today) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
. He calls to mind the experience of the nation Israel in the wilderness; he intimates that the present is a period of grace that God extends until death terminates man s earthly life. And the termination of life may come rather suddenly for some people. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0
Moreover, the moment will come when God will cease to warn sinful man. When that moment arrives, the day of grace has changed into the day of judgment. Therefore, while there is still time, we are obligated to encourage one another daily, so that no one falls into the deceitful trap of sin. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.22|AUTODETECT|”
Finally, the author notes that Satan sends sin as a deceptive agent, singling out individuals here and there, seeking to lead believers astray 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=40.13.22|AUTODETECT|”
Matt. 13:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.19|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=41.4.19|AUTODETECT|”
Mark 4:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.11|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=45.7.11|AUTODETECT|”
Rom. 7:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.11.3|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.11.3|AUTODETECT|”
II Cor. 11:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.5.6|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=49.5.6|AUTODETECT|”
Eph. 5:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|”
Col. 2:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=53.2.3|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=53.2.3|AUTODETECT|”
II Thess. 2:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=53.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=53.2.10|AUTODETECT|”
10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.2.13|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=61.2.13|AUTODETECT|”
II Peter 2:13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.11.14|AUTODETECT|”
). Sin enters deceptively by enticing the believer to exchange the truth of God for a lie. Sin presents itself as something attractive and desirable. Because of its appearance Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=47.11.14|AUTODETECT|”
II Cor. 11:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) sin is an extremely dangerous power confronting the believer. It always attacks the individual, much as wolves stalk a single sheep. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.12-58.3.13|AUTODETECT|”
The author of Hebrews is fully aware of sin s deceptive power directed toward individuals. For this reason he stresses the need to pay attention to every person in the church; repeatedly he says none of you that is, not a single one of you 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.12-58.3.13|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 3:12 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.4.1|AUTODETECT|”
; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.4.1|AUTODETECT|”
4:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
). ) 8 1 3 8 0 0
Sin is regarded as an agent that hardens man s heart. Note that the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
to harden) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
is presented in the passive voice: so that none of you may be hardened by sin s deceitfulness. Hardening is demonstrated by a refusal to hear the voice of God and a determined desire to act contrary to everything classified as faith and faithfulness. As a sly, deceptive agent of Satan, sin enters the heart of man and there causes the growth and development of unbelief, which becomes evident in hardening of the spiritual arteries. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
14. We have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly till the end the confidence we had at first. 15. As has just been said:) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 6 1 3 8 0 0
Today, if you hear his voice,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 6 1 3 8 0 0
do not harden your hearts) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 6 1 3 8 0 0
as you did in the rebellion. ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
_ftnref15
10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15”
15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
�� ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|”
The parallel between ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|”
Hebrews 3:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|”
and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|”
Hebrews 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
is striking. The imagery in verse 6 is of the house of God over which Christ has been placed as son and of which we are part. In verse 14 the same relationship is described as a sharing in Christ.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
_ftnref16
10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16”
16) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
�� And the courage and hope that we should hold on to (v. 6) are identified as the confidence we had at first (v. 14). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|”
Only those believers who unwaveringly continue to profess their faith in Jesus are saved. Only faith keeps the believers in a living relationship with Jesus Christ. As the writer says in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|”
Hebrews 11:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.11.1|AUTODETECT|”
, Without faith it is impossible to please God. Faith is the basic substance of our sharing in Christ. Faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.11.1|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 11:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
). The phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
being sure) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|”
is equivalent to confidence 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|”
Heb. 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
); this confidence is the basis upon which our faith rests. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0
What does the author mean when he says, if we hold firmly till the end the confidence ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
we had at first) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
(italics added)? John Albert Bengel aptly says, A Christian, so long as he is not ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
made perfect,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
considers himself as a ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0
beginner) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
_ftnref17
10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17”
17) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
�� This confidence is the continual clinging to Christ in faith. As long as our faith in Christ is foundational, we are safe and secure as members of God s household. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
To remind us once more of the daily necessity to listen attentively and obediently to the voice of God, the author quotes the now-familiar statement from ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
, Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as you did in the rebellion. Constantly God addresses us by means of his Word, and he expects us who live by faith to give him our undivided attention. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0
3. Summation) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 9 1 3 8 0 0
3:16 19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 8 1 3 8 0 0
In a concluding paragraph, the author asks a number of rhetorical questions relating to the Israelites who perished in the desert because of unbelief. In a series of self-explanatory questions, the writer makes it clear that unbelief ends in death. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
16. Who were they who heard and rebelled? Were they not all those Moses led out of Egypt?) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
In this first question the author directs attention to the message of the lengthy quotation from ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|”
Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0
, and by means of the second question he provides the answer to the first question. These people had seen the miracles God performed; they had experienced the goodness of God. Day by day they ate manna, and they could see the presence of God in the pillar of fire by night and in the cloud by day. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
By implication the author conveys the message already stated in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.2.2|AUTODETECT|”
Hebrews 2:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0: For if the message spoken by angels was binding, and every violation and disobedience received its just punishment, how shall we escape if we ignore such a great salvation? ) 6 1 3 8 0 0

And with whom was he angry for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the desert?) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.0|AUTODETECT|” Would the behavior of the Israelites have improved in the course of forty years? The answer to this question is given in Exodus and Numbers: ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.0|AUTODETECT|” Exodus 17) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.25.0|AUTODETECT|” records the first rebellion at the beginning of the forty-year period and ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.25.0|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 25) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 records the grievous sin of immorality at the end of that period. The Israelites had not changed: they remained rebellious and obstinate. The only exceptions, of course, were Joshua and Caleb, who demonstrated their faith and were privileged to conquer and possess the land. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
And to whom did God swear that they would never enter his rest if not to those who disobeyed?) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 When the writer asks, Was it not with those who sinned? (v. 17), he parallels this question with the clause if not to those who disobeyed (v. 18). The verbs ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 sinned) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 disobeyed) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 are synonyms: the first verb represents the action followed by just punishment; the second verb reveals the root of the evil. Disobedience is a refusal to hear the voice of God and an obstinate refusal to act in response to that voice. Disobedience is not merely a lack of obedience; rather it is a refusal to obey. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
So we see that they were not able to enter, because of their unbelief.) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 The author states, in conclusion, that the rebellious Israelites, in an example that needs no imitation, had to perish in the desert because of unbelief, a sin of openly defying God, refusing to believe, and exhibiting disobedience. ) Unbelief is the root of the sin of provoking God. Unbelief robs God of his glory and robs the unbeliever of the privilege of God s blessings. Because of unbelief, rebellious man is denied entrance into the rest that God provides for the members of his household. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Practical Considerations in 3:7 19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Our salvation is of the highest importance and may never be taken lightly. We must heed the admonitions that the author of Hebrews gives us in the form of illustrations from Israel s past 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.17.7|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 17:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.20.13|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.20.13|AUTODETECT|” Num. 20:13) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.33.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.33.8|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 33:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.106.32|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.106.32|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 106:32) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.0|AUTODETECT|” According to ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.0|AUTODETECT|” Numbers 1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.46|AUTODETECT|” , the census of the Israelites took place in the second year after the people came out of Egypt, and the total number of men twenty years and older who were able to serve in Israel s army was 603,550 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.1.46|AUTODETECT|” Num. 1:46) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.23|AUTODETECT|” ). Double this number (this assumes an equal number of women who were twenty years or older) and divide the total by the number of days the Israelites spent in the wilderness during those thirty-eight years. The result is nearly ninety deaths per day in consequence of God s curse 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.14.23|AUTODETECT|” Num. 14:23) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.34-5.1.35|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=5.1.34-5.1.35|AUTODETECT|” Deut. 1:34 35) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). A daily reminder of God s anger! ) 8 2 3 8 0 0 All sins are deviations from the law that God has given his people. The Israelites deliberately chose to follow their own desires and wishes; they demonstrated their devious nature in action and word, in mind and heart. Their attitude stemmed from an evil heart. ) Believers have a corporate and an individual responsibility to care for the spiritual well-being of their fellow men. They must consider this responsibility a holy obligation and exhibit utter faithfulness, even if the fruit of their fidelity is not always evident. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” We are sharers in Christ when we have accepted the gospel in faith and obedience and show in our lives that what we believe in our hearts we confess with our mouths 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 10:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Those who consistently fail to confess never shared in Christ and consequently fail to know Christ as their Savior. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 3:7 19) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.8|AUTODETECT|” �x �� x �� the use of the definite articles before the noun and the adjective occurs in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.8|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 9:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.4|AUTODETECT|” and 10:15; but also see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.4|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:4) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” and 6:4, where the definite articles are lacking. And see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 9:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 and 10:29. ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� the aorist active subjunctive, second person plural of �� (I hear) indicates the probability that the audience may hear. Also note that the verb is followed by the genitive case �� instead of the accusative. The genitive calls attention to the sound of the voice and does not necessarily imply understanding or listening obediently to what is said. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� the negative prohibition in the aorist subjunctive conveys the meaning that the recipients of the letter had not yet hardened their hearts, but that the possibility was not imaginary. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 �� after the negative �� we would expect the subjunctive. The author uses the future indicative �� in order to express the urgency of listening to his exhortation and the distinct possibility of apostasy. ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.3|AUTODETECT|” �� definite articles are lacking to focus attention on the absolute power of God to create, uphold, and govern the world. 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.3.3|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 3:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.16|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.6.16|AUTODETECT|” 6:16) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.4.10|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 4:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.31|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.31|AUTODETECT|” 10:31) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.22|AUTODETECT|” 12:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.23|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:23) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.7.2|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 7:2) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 .) ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 13) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” �x �� note the definite article in the neuter singular. The use of �x (instead of the usual phrase ! �� !��) tells the reader that the quotation of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is intended. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 14) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.4|AUTODETECT|” Q�� in the New Testament Q�� occurs five times 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.9.4|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 9:4) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.11.17|AUTODETECT|” 11:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.1|AUTODETECT|” 11:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). In Hebrews the word is theologically important and is translated being (1:3), confidence (3:14), and being sure (11:1). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 18) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.11|AUTODETECT|” �0�� the future middle infinitive is used because of the quotation 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:11) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The future is the equivalent of an aorist in the sense of a single occurrence. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 3) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 8 1 3 8 0 0 In the first two chapters of the epistle, the author of Hebrews compared Jesus and the angels. In chapter 3 he compares Jesus and Moses. The Jews revered Moses because of his close relationship with God. Moses career was characterized by faithfulness no one disputes that fact. However, with a fitting illustration of servant 9 1 -1 9 0 0 in) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 God s house) and Son 9 1 -1 9 0 0 over) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 God s house), the writer of Hebrews clearly demonstrates the superiority of Jesus. ) 12 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.10|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95:7 10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.10|AUTODETECT|” is a unique citation, filled with disheartening information about Israel s rebellion and apostasy in the wilderness. The author of Hebrews warns his readers not to fall into the trap of unbelief which leads to a falling away from the living God. The writer stresses the corporate responsibility of the Christian community in warning the individual believer not to turn away from God but to continue to be strong in the faith. The author applies the words of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.10|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 95:7 10) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” directly to his hearers; for him the message is a matter of eternal life or eternal death. In a sense, ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 may be called one of the nerve centers of the epistle. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The Hebrew term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 shaliach) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 is an equivalent of the Greek ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 apostolos) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . See Otto Michel, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Der Brief an die Hebr�er) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , 10th ed. (G�ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1957), p. 94; Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), p. 127; Ceslaus Spicq, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 L �p�tre aux H�breux) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3d ed., 2 vols. (Paris: Gabalda, 1953), vol. 2, p. 64; Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, pp. 414 16; Erich von Eicken and Helgo Lindner, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, pp. 126 28. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A number of manuscripts (among them papyri documents, Codex Vaticanus, and the Coptic versions) omit the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 all) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . Conversely, leading manuscripts (including Codices Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, and Bezae, along with the Vulgate, some Old Latin versions, and all the Syriac versions) attest to the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 all) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . Understandably, a few of the more recent translations do not include the adjective ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 all,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 either: see the R.S.V., NEB, and GNB. Other translations include the adjective: see the NAB, JB, NIV, and NASB. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 See, for example, the R.S.V. and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Moffatt) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Numerous commentators, including John Calvin, Franz Delitzsch, B. F. Westcott, Hugh Montefiore, and Hughes, interpret the clause to refer to the message which was first announced by the Lord 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:3) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 On the basis of a number of influential manuscripts (including Codices Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, and Bezae) the KJV, NKJV, RV, ASV, NASB, and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Phillips) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 add the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 firm) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 [or: steadfast] ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 unto the end) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” . Note also that the phrase occurs in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” , where in the original it is grammatically correct; this is not the case in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:6) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Consult Pierre Auffret s interesting Essai sur la structure litt�raire et l interpr�tation d H�breux 3, 1 6, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NTS) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 26 (1980): 380 96. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Hans-Christoph Hahn, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 734. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” 8 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” The author of Hebrews introduces God as speaker in 1:5 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 2:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.4|AUTODETECT|” ); 1:7 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.104.4|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 104:4) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” ); 1:13 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 110:1) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” ); 5:5 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 2:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” ). Christ is the speaker in 2:12 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.22.22|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 22:22) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.8.17|AUTODETECT|” ); 2:13 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.8.17|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 8:17) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.40.6-19.40.8|AUTODETECT|” ); 10:5 7 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.40.6-19.40.8|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 40:6 8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” ). And the Holy Spirit is the speaker in 3:7 11 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 95:7 11) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.33-24.31.34|AUTODETECT|” ); 10:15 17 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=24.31.33-24.31.34|AUTODETECT|” Jer. 31:33 34) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 9 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Ernst Werner, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Sacred Bridge) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (London: D. Dobson, 1959), pp. 131, 145, 157. Also see Ismar Elbogen, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Der J�dische Gottesdienst) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 (Frankfurt: Kaufmann, 1931), pp. 82, 108, 113. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 10 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 SB, vol. 3, p. 684. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 11 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.40-19.78.42|AUTODETECT|” Israel s history was recounted often by psalmists. For example, see ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.78.40-19.78.42|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 78:40 42) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.25|AUTODETECT|” , where the psalmist speaks of Israel s rebellion in the wilderness and of putting God to the test because the Israelites did not remember God s power. And the prophet Amos asks, Did you bring me sacrifices and offerings forty years in the desert, O house of Israel? 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=30.5.25|AUTODETECT|” Amos 5:25) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.42|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:42) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” 12 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 A number of writers see in the words ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 forty years) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 an allusion to Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple in a.d. 70, for that event marked the end of a forty-year period of rebellion against Jesus by the obstinate Jews of this generation. Among those who hold this view are F. F. Bruce, Delitzsch, Hughes, Thomas Hewitt, Westcott, and Theodor Zahn. However, there is no explicit reference in the epistle to the temple and its destruction. Writes Hugh Montefiore, Our author is throughout his Epistle strangely uninterested in contemporary references 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Epistle to the Hebrews) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 [New York and Evanston: Harper and Row, 1964], p. 76). Therefore, I do not think, on the basis of the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this generation) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 instead of ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 that generation,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 that we have the assurance that the author in this text wished to indicate when he wrote the Epistle to the Hebrews. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 13 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 Although the Hebrew text lacks the demonstrative pronoun before the noun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 generation) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.10|AUTODETECT|” in ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.10|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 95:10) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , the Septuagint reads that generation. In the New Testament the textual evidence (the papyri manuscripts and leading codices) is very strong for the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this generation) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . Among the translations the RV, ASV, NASB, and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Phillips) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 read this generation ; the others 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Moffatt) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ) have that generation or a variant that is similar in meaning. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 14 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.7|AUTODETECT|” The controversy continues: should the first word of ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.7|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:7) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 so,) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 be taken with the command ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 do not harden your hearts) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.8|AUTODETECT|” 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.8|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:8) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” ) or with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:12) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 ? ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 15 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Punctuation and paragraph division play a role in Greek texts and English translations. Thus, the Nes-Al text places ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:14) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.15|AUTODETECT|” between dashes to indicate a parenthetical thought. The NKJV, MLB, GNB, and NIV end the paragraph with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . The NASB, R.S.V., ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Moffatt) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.19|AUTODETECT|” , ASV, KJV, JB, NAB, and RV end the paragraph with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.19|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:19) 8 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.15|AUTODETECT|” . The NEB, Martin Luther, Zahn, R. C. H. Lenski, Delitzsch, Spicq, and Bruce begin a new paragraph with ) 12 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.*?id=58.3.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:15) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” 16 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 The common translation is share in Christ. Other versions translate the Greek as Christ s partners (NEB) or partners of Christ (NAB), or co-heirs with Christ (JB). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” 17 ) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 John Albert Bengel, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Gnomon of the New Testament) 8 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. Andrew R. Fausset, 7th ed., 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1877), vol. 4, p. 376. His italics.)

New Testament Commentary (Baker)

William Hendriksen (1900–1982) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian and professor at Calvin Theological Seminary. His New Testament Commentary series, later completed by Simon J. Kistemaker, covers the entire New Testament and is one of the most highly regarded Reformed commentary sets of the …

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New Testament

MAT MRK LUK JHN ACT ROM 1CO 2CO GAL EPH PHP COL 1TH 2TH 1TI 2TI TIT PHM HEB JAS 1PE 2PE 1JN 2JN 3JN JUD REV

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