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Hebrews 5

Hendriksen
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  1. Jesus High Priesthood) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 4:14 5:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Outline ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

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T.BorderStyle rvtbColorT.BorderVSpacingT.BorderHSpacingT.VisibleBorders.Bottom T.CellPaddingT.CellBorderStyle rvtbColorT.CellVSpacing�T.CellHSpacing�CTDc.BestWidthdc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 4:14 16 ) TDc.BestWidthc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ]Y-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 A. Encouragement for the Readers) TDc.BestWidthdc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 5:1 3 ) TDc.BestWidthc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data ]Y-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 B. Enablement of the High Priest) TDc.BestWidthdc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 5:4 10 ) TDc.BestWidthc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data qm-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 C. Fulfillment of the High-priestly Office) 7 2 3 8 0 0 A. Encouragement for the Readers ) 4:14 16 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 14 Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has gone through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold firmly to the faith we profess. 15 For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are yet was without sin. 16 Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” In his series of illustrations establishing the excellence of Jesus, the writer now contrasts Jesus with Aaron, the high priest. In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 3:1, the author introduced Jesus as high priest. With occasional digressions,��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref1 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn1”

  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.5|AUTODETECT|” �� the author writes extensively about the office and work of the high priest 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.10|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.20|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.20|AUTODETECT|” 6:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” 7:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.1|AUTODETECT|” 8:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.11|AUTODETECT|” 9:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” 10:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has gone through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold firmly to the faith we profess.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 7 3 8 0 0 Note the following points: ) a. Because of his sonship, Jesus already is great. ) b. Thus, being high priest does not make Jesus great. ) c. Jesus excels because he is divine. ) d. Only Jesus has gone through the heavens. ) e. The difference, therefore, between Jesus and Aaron is immeasurable. ) The adverb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” ought not be understood to refer to the immediately preceding context but to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the subject of Christ s priesthood is first introduced.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref2 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn2”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” �� The author, who briefly referred to the high priest whom we confess in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 3:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , now is ready to explain the significance of Jesus priesthood. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Since we have a great high priest.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The emphasis falls on the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 great,) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” which also occurs in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.21|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 10:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.20|AUTODETECT|” and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.13.20|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 13:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . The adjective ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 great) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 indicates that Jesus is superior to earthly high priests and shepherds.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref3 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn3”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� He is the ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 great) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 high priest, not the one who entered the Most Holy Place once a year and sprinkled blood to atone first for his own sins and then for those of the people. Jesus, as the great high priest, excels earthly high priests. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Who has gone through the heavens.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.24|AUTODETECT|” The Jewish high priest entered the inner sanctuary of the temple once a year and stood momentarily in the very presence of God. Jesus, by contrast, has entered the heavens and is always in the presence of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.24|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:24) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” ). He has been raised from the dead, has ascended to heaven, and sits at the right hand of God the Father. He has gone through and is exalted above the heavens 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He is majestic in power and glory because he is the Son of God, human and divine. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Let us hold firmly to the faith we profess.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The author of Hebrews uses the earthly name of Jesus to focus attention on his ministry, suffering, death, resurrection, and ascension. Jesus could not be in heaven as the great high priest without having performed his priestly work on earth. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Once more the writer of Hebrews intersperses his teaching with exhortation. This exhortation can be connected logically with the first part of the verse . Characteristically, the author includes himself in the exhortation when he writes, Let us hold firmly to the faith we profess 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.23|AUTODETECT|” 10:23) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 What then is this faith we profess? Is it a formulated confession of faith? Perhaps. But as Philip Edgcumbe Hughes writes, faith is the belief that is both inwardly entertained by the heart and outwardly professed before men. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref4 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn4”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” �� This is, of course, a paraphrase of ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.10.10|AUTODETECT|” Romans 10:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you confess and are saved. This faith we must continue to profess with heart and mouth, joyfully, openly, so that our fellow man, too, may hear about Jesus the Son of God. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are yet was without sin.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” The recipients of the epistle might have raised an objection to the author s teaching: Because Jesus is the Son of God and is exalted in heaven, far removed from man s daily toils and struggles, his priesthood is of little consequence. The author, however, anticipates objections and in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” counters them. Not so, he says, for when I introduced the teaching I stated that we, the brothers of Jesus, have a high priest who is merciful and faithful. And because he himself suffered when he was tempted, he is able to help those who are being tempted 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The writer makes his point by stating this truth negatively and positively. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 a. Negatively) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The double negative we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize expresses a positive idea: yes, we have a highly exalted high priest who can descend to our level. ) The original recipients of Hebrews knew that the teaching about Jesus high priesthood was articulated for the first time in this epistle. Perhaps they had to endure hardship, persecution, and isolation from the Jews if they professed the high priesthood of Jesus. They may have wondered: Would the exalted high priest understand their weaknesses if they failed to profess him publicly? Would he understand their situation? Yes, the author assured them, the heavenly high priest is able to sympathize. If we confess his name publicly, he suffers with us when others reproach, scorn, and insult us. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 b. Positively) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 Jesus is not only fully divine; he is also fully human and thus understands our weaknesses and our temptations. Furthermore, Jesus himself experienced weaknesses and temptations. At the onset of his ministry, he was tempted by Satan; he coped with thirst, weariness, desertion, and disappointments throughout his earthly ministry. ) Jesus, fully acquainted with human nature, is touched with the feeling of our weaknesses, as B. F. Westcott puts it.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref5 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn5”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� He has been tempted in extent and range in every way. Nothing in human experience is foreign to him, for he himself has endured it. And he has been tempted just as intensely as we are. The author adds the qualifying phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 yet was without sin) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.2-40.4.3|AUTODETECT|” When he was in the wilderness, Jesus experienced hunger, and the devil tempted him by asking him to make bread out of stones 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.4.2-40.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 4:2 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.42|AUTODETECT|” ). While hanging on the cross, he was mocked by chief priests, teachers of the law, and elders, who said, Let him come down now from the cross & for he said, I am the Son of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:42) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.43|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.43|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). He endured the full range of temptations, although, as the writer notes, without sinning. Sin is the only human experience in which Christ has no part. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The temptations we endure are given to us in accordance with what we are able to bear. God s watchful eye is always upon us, so that we do not succumb. Says Paul: ) No temptation has seized you except what is common to man. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.13|AUTODETECT|” But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can stand up under it. [) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ] ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 We, however, will never be able to fathom the depth of the temptations Jesus endured. Yet he withstood the depth, as well as the force, of these temptations. He overcame them as the sinless One. ) Is Jesus (the sinless One) able to sympathize with us (weakened by sin) in our temptations? Because of his sinless nature, says John Albert Bengel, the mind of the Savior much more acutely perceived the forms of temptation than we who are weak, not only during his earthly ministry but also during his service as the exalted high priest.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref6 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn6”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” �� He anticipates temptations we are going to face, sympathizes fully with us, and is able to help [us] who are being tempted 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 What encouraging words! The writer throughout his epistle exhorts the readers numerous times, but in this particular verse he has a special word for us. This time he does not exhort believers to rectify their way of life; he commends us for coming in prayer to God and urges us to do so confidently. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.22|AUTODETECT|” a. Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence. The invitation to approach the throne of grace implies that the readers are already doing this. The author also uses the same verb in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.22|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 10:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” . He later repeats the same invitation in slightly different wording 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.25|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.1|AUTODETECT|” 10:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.6|AUTODETECT|” 11:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.18|AUTODETECT|” 12:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.22|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.22|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 approach) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.9.7|AUTODETECT|” may have a religious connotation, because it often referred to the priests who in their cultic service approached God with sacrifices 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.9.7|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 9:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.17|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.17|AUTODETECT|” 21:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.21|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.21.21|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.22.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.22.3|AUTODETECT|” 22:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.18.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.18.3|AUTODETECT|” Num. 18:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ).��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref7 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn7”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” �� In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.51.17|AUTODETECT|” the writer urges us to come near to the throne of grace in prayer, for the only sacrifice a believer can bring is a broken and a contrite heart 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.51.17|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 51:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The great high priest has brought the supreme sacrifice in offering himself on the cross on behalf of his people. The merciful and faithful high priest invites the weak and tempted sinner to come to the throne of grace. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 What is meant by the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 throne of grace) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2-58.1.4|AUTODETECT|” ? This is an explicit reference to the kingship of the Son of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.2-58.1.4|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:2 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.18|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus sits at the right hand of God and has been given full authority in heaven and on earth 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.28.18|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 28:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). But the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 grace) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 implies that the reference is also to the priesthood of Christ. The sinner who comes to the throne of grace in repentance and faith indeed finds the forgiving grace of Jesus. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Moreover, we are exhorted to come to the throne with confidence; that is, we may come boldly 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.6|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 3:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.19|AUTODETECT|” 10:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.35|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.35|AUTODETECT|”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), not rashly or in fear of judgment, but in full confidence, openness to God and in the hope of the fullness of the glory of God. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref8 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn8”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Jesus invites his people to approach freely, without hesitation. He holds out the golden scepter, as it were, and says, Come! ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. So that we may receive mercy and find grace. Although the terms ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 mercy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 grace) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 are often interpreted as being synonyms, their difference ought to be noted. Westcott makes the distinction succinctly: ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Man needs mercy for past failure, and grace for present and future work. There is also a difference as to the mode of attainment in each case. Mercy is to be taken as it is extended to man in his weakness; grace is to be sought by man according to his necessity.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref9 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn9”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.9|AUTODETECT|” The mercy of God is directed to sinners in misery or distress; they receive God s compassion when they approach him. And whereas God s mercy extends to all his creatures 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.145.9|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 145:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” ), his grace, as the writer of Hebrews indicates in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.16|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , extends to all who approach the throne of God. Mercy is characterized as God s tender compassion; grace, as his goodness and love.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref10 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn10”
  7. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” c. To help us in our time of need. Help is given at the right moment in the hour of need. The author is not saying that the help is constant, but rather that it alleviates the need of the moment. That need may be material, physical, or spiritual. When we call on the name of the Lord in faith and approach the throne of God, he will hear and answer. He stands ready to help 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.13|AUTODETECT|” This aid, in the form of grace, comes when temptation seems to sway us. God provides the means to find a way out of our temptations. God is faithful 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.10.13|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 10:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Doctrinal Considerations in 4:14 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 When the writer states that Jesus has gone through the heavens (v. 14), he implies that Jesus has entered the presence of God the Father. The Aaronic high priest, by entering the Most Holy Place once a year, stood in the presence of God. Because Jesus appears before God the Father in heaven, he transcends the Aaronic high priest. Therefore, the author of Hebrews calls him the ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 great) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 high priest (italics added). ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The use of the plural noun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 heavens) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.10|AUTODETECT|” in the original Greek is rather common in the Epistle to the Hebrews 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.10|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.102.25|AUTODETECT|” [) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.102.25|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 102:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ]; 4:14; 7:26; 9:23; 12:23, 25). It is possible that the plural, which is also common in the Septuagint and in the New Testament (especially in Matthew s Gospel), conveys in the Epistle to the Hebrews the idea of completeness. However, the author uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 heaven) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.24|AUTODETECT|” in the singular, too 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.9.24|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 9:24) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.12|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.11.12|AUTODETECT|” 11:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.26|AUTODETECT|” 12:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=37.2.6|AUTODETECT|” [) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=37.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Hag. 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ]). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.2|AUTODETECT|” In rabbinic writings and in apocryphal literature, the conception of a multilayered heaven is somewhat common. In fact, Paul even speaks of knowing a man caught up to the third heaven and to paradise 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.2|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 12:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.4|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.12.4|AUTODETECT|”
  8. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). It seems that Paradise is located in either the third or the seventh heaven. Speculations about the heavenly Jerusalem, the location of God s throne, and the heavenly altar are numerous. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Because of the scarcity of information on this point in the Epistle to the Hebrews, we do well to refrain from speculation. In 4:14, it is implied that God s dwelling place is not in heaven; that is, not within his creation to which heaven belongs, but above the heavens. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref11 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn11”
  9. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Jesus has transcended the heavens, has come to the throne of God, and has taken his place at God s right hand as the great high priest. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 If Jesus endured temptations during his earthly ministry as the Son of God, how do we understand the author s teaching that he has been tempted in every way, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 just as we are) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (v. 15; italics added)? Herman N. Ridderbos, commenting on Jesus temptation in the desert, raises this question in a slightly different form: Could Jesus fall into sin or was the temptation imaginary? Although Jesus as God s Son surpassed Satan and therefore could not fall, Jesus was not necessarily immune to temptation.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref12 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn12”
  10. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� We admit that for us it is difficult to understand how the Son of God, who could not sin, was tempted just as we are. From our limited perspective, we are unable to explain the difficulty inherent in the biblical teaching about Jesus sinlessness and temptation. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:14 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ������ in the context of the verse, the present active participle may express cause. ) ����������� the perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine, derives from ��� (through) and ������ (I go). It denotes completed action in the past with lasting results for the present. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.25|AUTODETECT|” �������� a hortatory subjunctive, as a present active from ������ 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.25|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:25) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.3.11|AUTODETECT|” 3:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ���������� in the New Testament the verb appears only twice: in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.34|AUTODETECT|” , referring to Jesus, and in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.34|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 10:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , referring to the recipients of the epistle. In extrabiblical literature it occurs numerous times. The aorist tense is constative; that is, the action of the verb does not refer to duration but rather to entirety. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” ������������� the perfect passive participle, instead of the aorist passive ���������� 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), indicates continued action in the past until its culmination Jesus death. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���v� ������� the last two words in this sentence emphasize the contrast between man, who is tainted by sin, and Jesus, who is sinless. The adverb �����, serving as a preposition, controls the genitive singular �������. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ������������ we are exhorted, with the hortatory subjunctive, to approach the throne of grace. The present tense suggests that we in fact are doing so. ) ������� & �U����� the verse shows chiasmus with two verbs and two nouns. The noun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 mercy) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 follows the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to receive,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and the noun ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 grace) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 precedes the verb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 to find) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Both verbs are in the aorist tense. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 B. Enablement of the High Priest ) 5:1 3 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Every high priest is selected from among men and is appointed to represent them in matters related to God, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. 2 He is able to deal gently with those who are ignorant and are going astray, since he himself is subject to weakness. 3 This is why he has to offer sacrifices for his own sins, as well as for the sins of the people. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” After encouraging his readers, the author continues his teaching ministry by defining the qualifications for the one who serves as high priest. The obvious reference is to the institution of the Aaronic priesthood 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ); the high priest s appointment, duties, and obligations were divinely stipulated and were to be meticulously observed. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Every high priest is selected from among men and is appointed to represent them in matters related to God, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 Three points require our attention. ) a. A high priest is selected. The writer constructs a beautifully balanced sentence in which he describes the selection, appointment, and duty of a high priest. According to the law of Moses (Exod. 28 29, Lev. 8 10, and Num. 16 18), only Aaron and his sons were permitted to serve at the altar. The priesthood was therefore a fraternity fenced round with irremovable barriers, for they had been fixed forever by natural descent. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref13 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn13”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” �� From what we are able to learn about the selection process, a high priest was chosen from the members of relatively few influential priestly families. He did not serve actively as high priest for any length of time, as is evident from the Gospels and the Acts 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.18.13|AUTODETECT|” John 18:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.4.6|AUTODETECT|” Acts 4:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The author of Hebrews, however, is not interested in historical details. Rather, he identifies the principle: the high priest is selected from among men. He writes in terms of biblical regulations and not historical aberrations. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” b. A high priest is appointed. Note the passive voice of the verb that is used to describe the process of selection and appointment. The writer wishes to indicate that the high priest does not appoint himself, but by implication is appointed by God. The high-priestly office, therefore, is based on a divine calling 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), especially in view of the high priest s work. That is, a sinful high priest is appointed to represent sinful people in matters related to God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 c. A high priest is to offer sacrifices. In the original Greek, the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 matters related to God) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” is used in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the author specifies that this includes the high priest s work of mak[ing] atonement for the sins of the people. This work consists of representing men before God when the people come with gifts and sacrifices. They bring these gifts and sacrifices to the high priest so that he can offer them to God for the sins of the people. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The author of Hebrews explains this concept in a subsequent verse. The phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 gifts and sacrifices) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.3|AUTODETECT|” occurs again in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.3|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 8:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and is abridged in the next verse where only the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 gifts) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.2|AUTODETECT|” appears. In using this condensation, the author seems to imply that the two terms are synonyms, for every gift to God offered for sin is essentially a sacrifice. These gifts, then, the high priest presents to God to remove sin, to bring about reconciliation, and to gain access into God s grace 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The high priest is the intermediary between God and his people. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. He is able to deal gently with those who are ignorant and are going astray, since he himself is subject to weakness.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The high priest, representing man before God, may never lose patience with the one he represents, in spite of that man s sins and shortcomings. As intercessor, the high priest must exercise moderation in expressing anger or sorrow concerning errors and faults of his fellow man. The high priest in the Old Testament era was a type of mediator whose fulfillment came in Jesus Christ. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” However, not every sin can be brought to the high priest for remission. The writer of Hebrews is specific, for he says that the high priest deals gently with those who are ignorant and who go astray. Nothing is said about sin committed purposely to grieve God. By implication, the high priest must know the difference between sins perpetrated to vex God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.95.7-19.95.11|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 95:7 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.22-4.15.31|AUTODETECT|” ) and sins committed because of weakness. Sins of ignorance usually result from a lack of paying attention to God s commandments, whereas intentional sins stem from a rebellious heart and mind fully acquainted with the law of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=4.15.22-4.15.31|AUTODETECT|” Num. 15:22 31) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.4.5|AUTODETECT|” ; also see ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.4.5|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 4, 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and 22:14). ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 The high priest ought to deal gently with the people but should neither overlook or condone sin nor rank himself above the people. He himself daily confronted temptation and, because of his own human weakness, committed sin. Because the high priest had to cope with his own sinful nature, he was an equal of the people who sought his intercession for the sins they committed in weakness. Moreover, because of his ability to identify with his fellow man, he could deal gently with them in leading them to God. ) The writer of Hebrews portrays the weakness, which the high priest shares with the people he helps, as something that clings to him as a garment covers his body. The realization of his own weakness and yielding to temptation causes the high priest to be moderate in expressing anger or grief. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. This is why he has to offer sacrifices for his own sins, as well as for the sins of the people.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.9.7|AUTODETECT|” Verse 3 is an explanatory note in which the writer emphasizes what he already has stated in the preceding verse, where he pointed to the weakness of the high priest. Now, making an obvious reference to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.9.7|AUTODETECT|” Leviticus 9:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 16:6, 15 16, he says that Aaron is told to sacrifice a sin offering and a burnt offering for himself and for the people. The writer of Hebrews indicates the obligation that the high priest has to offer a sacrifice for himself and the people he represents. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.27|AUTODETECT|” We should remember that, although the author is drawing a parallel between the Levitical high priest and Jesus the great high priest, not everything in the comparison is equal. The most significant difference is that Jesus does not need to offer sacrifices day after day, first for his own sins, and then for the sins of the people. He sacrificed for their sins once for all when he offered himself 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.27|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.16.0|AUTODETECT|” For the moment, however, the author speaks of high priests in the Old Testament era. He alludes to the ritual of the annual entrance of the high priest into the Most Holy Place on the Day of Atonement; that is, on the tenth day of the seventh month, Tishri (approximately equivalent to October). According to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.16.0|AUTODETECT|” Leviticus 16) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Aaron had to ) 7 7 3 8 0 0
  3. offer a bull for his own sin offering to atone for his own sin and the sin of his household, ) 2. enter the Most Holy Place with incense, ) 3. sprinkle the blood of the bull on the atonement cover of the ark, ) 4. cast lots over two live goats brought by the people, ) 5. kill one of the goats for a sin offering for the nation, and sprinkle its blood inside the Most Holy Place, ) 6. place his hands on the head of the live goat and confess the sins of the people, and ) 7. send the live goat away into the wilderness.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref14 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn14”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 9 3 8 0 0 The high priest made intercession for his people by praying that God might forgive the sins he himself and they had committed: ) O God, I have committed iniquity, ) transgressed, and sinned before thee, ) I and my house. ) O God, forgive the iniquities and ) transgressions and sins which ) I have committed and transgressed ) and sinned before thee, ) I and my house.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref15 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn15”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:1 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ������������ the present passive participle indicates continuity. The term of office for the high priest was relatively short, and upon termination a successor had to be appointed. The passive voice shows that a man could not appoint himself to this office. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.28|AUTODETECT|” ���������� the form is a present passive indicative, third person singular, from ��������� and ��������� 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.28|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.3|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.8.3|AUTODETECT|” 8:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The verb should not be interpreted as a middle, for the words �p & ���� do not lend themselves as a direct object. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ������������ although the verb is related to �������� 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), it ought not be considered a synonym.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref16 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn16”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� In the New Testament it occurs only once. In the writings of Philo, Plutarch, and Josephus the word means to restrain or moderate one s anger. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���� �������� ��v ����������� the use of only one definite article indicates that the two participles �������� (present active) and ����������� (present passive) describe one group of people. The active voice refers to the mental and spiritual condition of the readers; the passive voice implies an agent. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.42|AUTODETECT|” ���������� this compound verb is the present passive of ���� (around) and ������ (I lie). The word appears in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.9.42|AUTODETECT|” Mark 9:42) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.2|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.17.2|AUTODETECT|” Luke 17:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.20|AUTODETECT|” , and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.28.20|AUTODETECT|” Acts 28:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.2|AUTODETECT|” , as well as ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 12:1. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 10 3 8 0 0 @������ the verb, in the present active, expresses obligation or necessity. Someone may be obligated, because of legal, conventional, or divine necessity, to act or to be the object of action (e.g., receive punishment). In the context of this verse it means the high priest, because of his office, ought to present sacrifices for himself and for the people. ) C. Fulfillment of the High-priestly Office ) 5:4 10 ) 4 No one takes this honor upon himself; he must be called by God, just as Aaron was. 5 So Christ also did not take upon himself the glory of becoming a high priest. But God said to him, ) You are my Son: ) today I have become your Father. ) 6 And he says in another place, ) You are a priest forever, ) in the order of Melchizedek. ) 7 During the days of Jesus life on earth, he offered up prayers and petitions with loud cries and tears to the one who could save him from death, and he was heard because of his reverent submission. 8 Although he was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered 9 and, once made perfect, he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him 10 and was designated by God to be high priest in the order of Melchizedek. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Scholars debate whether ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ought to be bracketed with the preceding or the following verse. Does the paragraph end with verse 4, or does a new one begin with that verse? Verses 4 and 5 form a unit for the simple reason that they show parallelism just as Aaron was, so Christ was also. Therefore, it may be preferable to begin a new paragraph with verse 4. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. No one takes this honor upon himself; he must be called by God, just as Aaron was. 5. So Christ also did not take upon himself the glory of becoming a high priest. But God said to him,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 You are my Son;) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 today I have become your Father. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  2. And he says in another place,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 You are a priest forever,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 in the order of Melchizedek. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 In these verses the author of Hebrews focuses on the priesthood of Christ by highlighting the following points. ) a. The honor of the office. The office of high priest is an honor that God conferred upon the person who assumed the duties of the office. The high priest, from the time of Aaron to the destruction of the temple in a.d. 70, enjoyed proper recognition from the Hebrew community. Without a doubt, next to the civil leader the high priest held the highest office in the land. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.8.7-3.8.9|AUTODETECT|” The author, however, stresses that no one takes the honor upon himself for self-gratification. No one fills the office of the high priest merely for the sake of entering into the presence of God on the Day of Atonement, of receiving the respect of the Israelite community, or of wearing the beautiful high-priestly robe and turban 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=3.8.7-3.8.9|AUTODETECT|” Lev. 8:7 9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The honor associated with the office derives from fulfilling the duties assigned to the high priest. He is to serve God on behalf of the people. He is their representative. He fulfills the mediatorial role of pleading for the remission of sin. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. The calling by God. Moreover, a high priest must be called by God to this honorable office. Of course, this does not mean that there were no exceptions in Israel s history.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref17 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn17”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� But the author of Hebrews is not interested in aberrations; he mentions the name of Aaron to call to mind that God inaugurated the high priesthood in Aaron. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 In contemporary terms, this means that no one but he who has been called by God ought to assume the office of minister of the gospel. A seminary president once addressed an incoming class of students and, after words of welcome, said to these aspiring theologians: Unless the Lord has called you to study for the ministry, we don t want you here. ) Anyone inducted into sacred office must be called by God. If this is not the case, he is an affront to God and a provocation to his people. That is, he elevates himself above the people he wants to represent; exhibits a haughty instead of a humble spirit; and, because his concept of holiness is deficient, has a perverted perception of God. ) c. Similarity with a difference. The parallelism between Aaron and Christ is expressed in terms of the office they fill. Note, for example, that the author does not use the name ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 but uses ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Christ,) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.28.0|AUTODETECT|” the name that describes the office and duty of the Son of God. As Aaron was called and appointed by God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=2.28.0|AUTODETECT|” Exod. 28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; Num. 16 17) to serve as high priest, so Christ also did not take upon himself the glory of becoming a high priest. Note that the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 honor) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.4|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is a synonym of the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 glory) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Yet the difference between Aaron and Christ is profound, because God (as this verse implies) has crowned Christ with glory and honor as high priest. Jesus did not presumptuously appropriate the office of high priest. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” d. The Son of God. The author of Hebrews seems to anticipate that someone may raise the objection that Jesus and Aaron, apart from a few similarities pertaining to the office of high priest, have very little in common. That is true, says the writer; and once more he quotes ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 2:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where God says to the Son: ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 You are my Son; ) today I have become your Father. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.5|AUTODETECT|” The first time the author uses the quotation to compare the Son with angels 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 1:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Now the psalm citation indirectly contrasts Christ and Aaron. Jesus is the Son of God, and yet he is called and appointed by God to serve as high priest. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , the writer combines the two concepts of sonship and high priesthood. Says Geerhardus Vos, He gives exceptionally high value to the high priesthood of Christ, and derives its eminence from the Sonship. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref18 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn18”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Now it is true that ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.0|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 stresses the royal status of the Son, who received the nations as his inheritance and who rules them with an iron scepter. How then, someone objects, can the Christ be high priest as well? The author expects the question and, as he has done before, uses the Old Testament to give an answer and prove his point. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.14.18|AUTODETECT|” e. The priest of God. The idea of a king-priest appears in the Old Testament at various places. The first reference we note is ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=1.14.18|AUTODETECT|” Genesis 14:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” , where Melchizedek is introduced as king of Salem and priest of God Most High. Next, in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” David speaks of royalty: Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet. In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the reference is to priesthood: You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek. Finally, Zechariah, who symbolically refers to the Branch (i.e., the Messiah), writes what the Lord Almighty says: ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 It is he who will build the temple of the Lord, and he will be clothed with majesty and will sit and rule on his throne. And he will be a priest on his throne. And there will be harmony between the two. [6:13] ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” The writer of Hebrews was thoroughly familiar with the teaching of the Old Testament. In order to be precise as to the type of priesthood Jesus assumed, he quotes ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” , You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek. We should note that just as God addresses the Son in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.2.7|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 2:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” , so he speaks to him in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and 4. Thus God announces the kingship and the priesthood of his Son. The Epistle to the Hebrews stands alone among the New Testament books in calling Christ priest. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref19 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn19”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� The cause for this neglect may perhaps be found in the history of the Jewish people. Throughout the ages the Jews had expected a king from David s house. This king would deliver them from foreign oppression. And this king, because David s line was from the tribe of Judah, could not be a priest; priests were descendants of Aaron in the tribe of Levi. Therefore, Jesus was known as ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 king) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.2|AUTODETECT|” . At his birth the wise men called him king of the Jews 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.2.2|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 2:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and this appellation was commonplace during the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. He was not known as ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 priest) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Already in the first chapter of Hebrews, the author quoted ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” as irrefutable evidence of Christ s kingship. Now in chapter 5 he cites ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to describe the unique function and purpose of Christ s priesthood. He makes it clear, although he explains the details in chapter 7, that Jesus priesthood differs from that of Aaron. Jesus is a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. During the days of Jesus life on earth, he offered up prayers and petitions with loud cries and tears to the one who could save him from death, and he was heard because of his reverent submission.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 The writer of Hebrews wants to prove that Jesus did not become a priest after his ascension, but that already during his life on earth the Lord offered up prayers and petitions. The reference to Jesus earthly life seems to be related to his suffering at Gethsemane. In one sentence the literary artist portrays Jesus in spiritual agony. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 a. Setting) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Although the author has mentioned the name ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.9|AUTODETECT|” in preceding chapters 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.9|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.3.1|AUTODETECT|” 3:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” 4:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.36-40.26.46|AUTODETECT|” ), in the present passage he clearly has the Gospel account in mind. He does not quote any specific words of Jesus, but the references are to the experience at Gethsemane 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.36-40.26.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:36 46) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.32-41.14.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.32-41.14.42|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:32 42) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39-42.22.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.39-42.22.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:39 46) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.27|AUTODETECT|” ) and to the so-called little Gethsemane incident 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.12.27|AUTODETECT|” John 12:27) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.38|AUTODETECT|” Admittedly, the Gospel writers do not tell us whether Jesus in Gethsemane prayed with loud cries and tears. However, we may infer from the words of Jesus that his agony was intense. Matthew and Mark report that Jesus said, My soul is overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.38|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:38) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” ), and Luke writes that Jesus agony was so acute that his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:44) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 b. Function) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 At first the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 offered up prayers and petitions) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 seems to be somewhat liturgical. However, the expression, describing Jesus mediatorial work in the Garden of Gethsemane, must be understood to connote sacrificial activity Jesus with prayer and petition functioned as priest. On behalf of sinners, whose sin he had taken upon himself, he prayed to God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” The prayers and petitions Jesus uttered cannot accurately be called offerings and have little resemblance to the work of the priest at the altar. But if we consider the function of Jesus earthly life, especially the last days of his life, we see him offering himself as the sacrificial Lamb of God to atone for the sins of his people. In the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus prayed, My Father, if it is possible, may this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:39) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” ) and My Father, if it is not possible for this cup to be taken away unless I drink it, may your will be done 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:42) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). These prayers and petitions are far removed from liturgical worship. They reveal the depth of Jesus spiritual and even physical agony expressed by the drops of blood falling to the ground. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” Jesus as the sin-bearer faced the wrath of God against sin. God made him who had no sin to be sin for us 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And because of our sins, Christ stood before God as the most wicked of all transgressors. He stood alone as our substitute. The words of Ben H. Price capture this thought poetically: ) 7 7 3 8 0 0 It was alone the Savior prayed ) In dark Gethsemane; ) Alone He drained the bitter cup ) And suffered there for me. ) Alone, alone, He bore it all alone; ) He gave Himself to save His own, ) He suffered, bled and died alone, alone. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 c. Manner) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” That the evangelists do not record that Jesus uttered his prayers and petitions with loud cries and tears does not imply that Jesus prayers to God were quiet. In fact, his words from the cross were uttered in a loud voice 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.46|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 27:46) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.50|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.27.50|AUTODETECT|”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.34|AUTODETECT|” Mark 15:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.15.37|AUTODETECT|”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” Luke 23:46) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” ). Jesus saw the cup of God s wrath handed to him; he felt the curse of God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.3.13|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 3:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ); and he realized that God s judgment was pronounced upon him. He faced death, which for him was not only physical death. If Jesus had died a martyr s death on a cross outside Jerusalem, it would hardly be noteworthy, because numerous people have met equally violent deaths. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.11|AUTODETECT|” However, Jesus died the so-called second death 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.2.11|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 2:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.6|AUTODETECT|” 20:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.14|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.20.14|AUTODETECT|”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.21.8|AUTODETECT|” 21:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). What Jesus experienced in the Garden of Gethsemane and on the cross was eternal death. His cry, My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? reflected complete separation from God. And that is death unimaginable. We cannot fathom the depth of Jesus agony when he experienced eternal death. We can only describe it, as the author of Hebrews does. We conclude by saying that Jesus in his separation from God experienced hell itself. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 d. Addressee) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.0|AUTODETECT|” Throughout his earthly ministry Jesus spent much time in prayer, calling God his Father. The intimate relation between Father and Son is especially evident in the high-priestly prayer recorded in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.0|AUTODETECT|” John 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” . Jesus prayers uttered in Gethsemane and from the cross also were directed to the Father 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.39|AUTODETECT|” Matt. 26:39) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=40.26.42|AUTODETECT|”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.36|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=41.14.36|AUTODETECT|” Mark 14:36) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.42|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.42|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:42) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.34|AUTODETECT|” 23:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.23.46|AUTODETECT|”
  5. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” Jesus addressed his prayers to the one who could save him from death. Many questions can be raised at this point. We could ask why Jesus prayed for deliverance from death when he knew that he was sent to give his life as a ransom for all men 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Jesus himself, as the Second Person of the Trinity, had agreed to the decree to redeem mankind by sending the Son of God to earth. His prayer, therefore, did not arise out of ignorance. From one point of view, Jesus knew that the Father had commissioned him to redeem the world through the Son s sacrificial death. From another point of view, Jesus saw the horrors of enduring the indescribable agonies of being forsaken by God and experiencing eternal death. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Jesus fully submitted to the Father s will to enter death in order to remove the curse, fulfill the sentence pronounced against him, and redeem his people. Because of Christ s atoning work and victory over death and the grave, we shall never know the weight of sin, the severity of the curse, the penalty of judgment, or the meaning of eternal death and hell. We have been acquitted and set free because of Jesus, our high priest. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.24|AUTODETECT|” In Gethsemane Jesus prayed that the will of God might be accomplished in respect to the bitter cup of death Christ had to drink. Although this will was done, God did not leave his Son, for God raised him from the dead, freeing him from the agony of death, because it was impossible for death to keep its hold on him 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.2.24|AUTODETECT|” Acts 2:24) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 e. Answer) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” The prayers and petitions of Jesus were heard. In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.43|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:43) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” we read, An angel from heaven appeared to him and strengthened him. This verse follows immediately the account of Jesus prayer for the removal of the cup. The fact, however, is that the cup of agony was not removed. After Jesus prayed more earnestly, presumably the same prayer, his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.22.44|AUTODETECT|” Luke 22:44) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The question must be raised whether the appearance of the angel constituted support for Jesus or a prolonging of his agony.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref20 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn20”
  6. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.1|AUTODETECT|” How did God answer Jesus prayer for deliverance from death? The author of Hebrews does not answer this question directly; instead he writes, Jesus was heard because of his reverent submission. And here is the answer. Jesus accompanied his prayer with the request that the will of God might prevail. Thus, he reverently submitted to the Father s will. He experienced death, but God raised Jesus from the dead 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.1.1|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 1:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Translations disagree about the correct rendering of the last clause of ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Some give the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 because of his godly fear) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Others say, because of his reverent submission. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref21 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn21”
  7. 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.28|AUTODETECT|” �� The author of Hebrews uses the same Greek word in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.28|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 12:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the translation is reverence. Moreover, the term occurs only in the Epistle to the Hebrews and nowhere else in the New Testament. On the basis of consistent use in Hebrews, we do well, perhaps, to understand the word to mean reverent submission. Westcott comments that the expression marks that careful and watchful reverence which pays regard to every circumstance in that with which it has to deal. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref22 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn22”
  8. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� Jesus life was marked by true submission to his Father s will, for even in Gethsemane he prayed that God s will might be done. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Although he was a son, he learned obedience from what he suffered 9. and, once made perfect, he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him 10. and was designated by God to be high priest in the order of Melchizedek.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Verses 8 10 are closely connected with the preceding verse. Indeed, in the original Greek the main verb in verses 7 and 8 is he learned. That is where the emphasis falls in this passage. Therefore, numerous translations end verse 7 not with a period, but with a comma. This is correct, for the two verses are closely related and form a unit. Incidentally, the stress on the main verb, he learned, gives added support to the reading ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 because of his reverent submission) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Consider these questions. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.8|AUTODETECT|” a. Would Jesus have to learn obedience? The author introduces this subject by mentioning the divinity of Jesus first and stating this fact concessively: although Jesus was the Son of God. He does not say that because Jesus was divine he had to learn obedience. Jesus did not have to learn anything concerning obedience, for his will was the same as God s will. However, in his humanity Jesus had to show full obedience; he had to become obedient to death even death on a cross! 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=50.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Phil. 2:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). As one version has it: son though he was, he learned obedience in the school of suffering. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref23 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn23”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 b. What was the obedience Jesus had to learn? Translations, for reasons of style and diction, speak of obedience. In the original Greek, however, a definite article precedes the noun so that it reads ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 the) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 obedience ; that is, the well-known obedience expected from the Lord. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.19|AUTODETECT|” When we interpret this verse we are not to think in terms of contrasts. It is true that sinful man needs to correct his ways by listening to God s Word and turning from disobedience to obedience. But Christ, the sinless One, did not learn by unlearning. Rather, through his active and passive obedience, Christ provides eternal life for the sinner and a discharge of man s debt of sin. Says Paul in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.19|AUTODETECT|” Romans 5:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.52|AUTODETECT|” c. How was Jesus made perfect? The question is legitimate, for Jesus, as the Son of God, is perfect from eternity. But in his humanity, Jesus grew in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=42.2.52|AUTODETECT|” Luke 2:52) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). We see his development in the school of obedience. As the burden becomes more taxing for Jesus, so his willingness to assume the task his Father has given him increases. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” In the Garden of Gethsemane and on Calvary s cross, he endured the ultimate tests. Jesus was made perfect through suffering. His perfection became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him. The author of Hebrews in effect repeats the thought he expressed in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Jesus, made perfect through suffering, leads many sons to glory. Perfection, therefore, must be seen as a completion of the task Jesus had to perform. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” d. What does the writer mean by the source of eternal salvation ? The writer of Hebrews calls Jesus the author of salvation 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.10|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 2:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) and the source of salvation. These two expressions are synonymous. Jesus is the captain, the chief, the originator, and the cause. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 When the author uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 source,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 he does not open a discussion on the primary cause of salvation; God the Father commissioned his Son to effectuate salvation. Instead the writer uses the term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 source) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.17|AUTODETECT|” in the context of his discussion about the high priesthood of Christ. By accomplishing his redemptive work, especially in Gethsemane and at Golgotha, Jesus is the source of eternal salvation 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.45.17|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 45:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Only those people who obey him will share in the salvation Jesus provides. F. F. Bruce describes the concept of obedience adequately when he writes, The salvation which Jesus has procured, is granted unto all them that obey him! There is something appropriate in the fact that the salvation which was procured by the obedience of the Redeemer should be made available to the obedience of the redeemed. ��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref24 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn24”
  2. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” e. How does the author of Hebrews conclude his discussion about the priesthood of Christ? He states that God designated Jesus to be high priest in the order of Melchizedek. That is significant, because this section about the high priesthood of Christ, beginning with ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , is presented in terms of Aaron s priesthood. The section continues and concludes with a clear reference to the priesthood of Melchizedek. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Note the following observations. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Not the writer of Hebrews but God designates Christ as high priest in the order of Melchizedek 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Ps. 110:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). The writer of Hebrews searches the Old Testament and shows that God addresses his Son as high priest. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” The topic of the high priesthood of Christ is important to the author of Hebrews. He introduces the subject in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.17|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:17) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14-58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; after a discussion about Israel s disobedience in the desert and the meaning of rest the author returns to the subject in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14-58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 4:14 5:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.0|AUTODETECT|” ; and the theme eventually is fully treated in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.0|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 We also note that Jesus fulfilled the priestly duties of Aaron when he, in his submission and suffering, brought the task God had given him to completion. Thus Jesus became the source of salvation for all who obey him. This could never be said of Aaron or any of the high priests who succeeded him. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.11|AUTODETECT|” The subject of Christ s high priesthood in the order of Melchizedek is deep. In fact, the writer of Hebrews calls it hard to explain 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.11|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), although after a pastoral word to his readers he does explain it fully. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Doctrinal Considerations in 5:4 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” In chapter 1 the author introduces the Son as king when he quotes ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.1|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.13|AUTODETECT|” in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.13|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 1:13) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . But the subject of Jesus kingship does not need to be explored; the priesthood of Jesus needs attention because the author of Hebrews portrays Jesus as mediator. That role of mediator was given not to a king, but to the priest. In other words, the author explains the priestly office of Christ by quoting directly from the Old Testament. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.34|AUTODETECT|” Among the writers of the New Testament, only the author of Hebrews, an expert student of the Scriptures, teaches the doctrine of Christ s priesthood. Paul, for example, touches on the intercessory work of Jesus 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.8.34|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 8:34) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.5-54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” ) and the concept of mediator 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=54.2.5-54.2.6|AUTODETECT|” I Tim. 2:5 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Nowhere in his epistles does he discuss the teaching of Jesus priesthood. That has been done by the writer of Hebrews.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref25 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn25”
  3. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.14-58.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Did God appoint Jesus to serve as the Aaronic high priest or to function as a priest in the order of Melchizedek? The Scriptures teach that Christ was appointed in the order of Melchizedek and that he could not serve as priest in the order of Aaron because he belonged to the tribe of Judah and not to the tribe of Levi 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.14-58.7.17|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 7:14 17) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). And yet through his sacrificial death Jesus fulfilled the responsibilities of the Levitical priesthood. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.12|AUTODETECT|” The duties of the Aaronic high priest were to become thoroughly familiar with man s spiritual weakness, to represent him before God, and to offer sacrifices and gifts to God on his behalf. The high priest on the Day of Atonement shed the blood of a sacrificial animal for himself and for the people. Jesus offered himself as for all time one sacrifice for sins 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.10.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 10:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Later he sat down as priest and king at the right hand of God. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7-58.5.8|AUTODETECT|” In ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.7-58.5.8|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:7 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.11-58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” the author stresses two conditions that Jesus as high priest has to fulfill: he must bring an offering, and he must learn obedience. The author of Hebrews deliberately repeats the theme about the priesthood of Christ in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.2.11-58.2.18|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 2:11 18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.5-58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.5-58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” 5:5 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; and 7:23 28. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:4 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ���������� this present passive participle, from ����� (to call), is followed by the agent ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 by God) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” . It constitutes a call to an office; its parallel is in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.10|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 5:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.3|AUTODETECT|” �������� the combination of ����� (just as) and �U��� 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.3|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) shows contrast and comparison. The two adverbs indicate a link between verses 4 and 5. Note the stress particle ���, which has been added to ����� as an enclitic. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �U��� this adverb finds its antecedent in the preceding ��������. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.5|AUTODETECT|” ��������� the perfect active indicative of ������ (to beget). See ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.1.5|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 1:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �� ��� two nouns or concepts of similar import are often combined by the adjunct �� with ���. The nouns ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 prayers) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 petitions) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore are synonyms. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 1������� the substantivized adjective in the feminine used to be followed by either the noun ���� (olive tree, olive branch) or the noun ������ (rod, staff, stick). Around this branch or rod wool was wound, and then it was used by a suppliant. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.9|AUTODETECT|” ������ the present active infinitive (to save) must be seen in relation to the noun ������� 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.9|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Also, the present tense testifies to God s constant power to save his Son from death. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.28|AUTODETECT|” �x ��� �P������� the preposition �� is causal. The noun �P�������, preceded by the definite article, can mean either reverential fear toward God 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.12.28|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 12:28) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , where the word is translated reverence ) or piety. Still others prefer the translation ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 fear) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; that is, horror. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 8) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 �1�� the definite article has been omitted deliberately to express the absolute relationship of Father and Son. That is, there is only one Son. ) �����& ����� it is obvious that the author has a play on words in mind. The first verb is the aorist active from ������� (I learn) and the second is the aorist active of ����� (I endure). ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 9) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ���������� the author of Hebrews used the verb ������� (to complete, finish, perfect) at least three times of Jesus (2:10; 5:9; 7:28). Here the aorist passive participle is given, which refers to Jesus sacrificial work in Gethsemane and on the cross. ) Q���������� note the use of the present tense of the active participle. Not only does the verb have the meaning of obeying, but also in the broader context it conveys the idea of believing in Christ. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 10) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 �������������� the verb in the aorist passive participle form occurs only once in the New Testament. However, it appears frequently in extracanonical literature and means to call, name, designate. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 Summary of Chapter 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 In the religious life of the Jew, no man received greater esteem than the high priest. Under his supervision were the priests who were commissioned to take charge of routine tasks. The high priest, man s representative before God, entered the Most Holy Place once a year on the Day of Atonement and sprinkled blood for the remission of sin. Aaron was the first high priest to enter into the presence of God behind the curtain in the ancient tabernacle. ) However, Jesus is superior to Aaron because Jesus has gone through the heavens. That is, he entered into the very presence of God, whereas the high priests were accustomed merely to entering the symbolical presence in the tabernacle or temple once a year. In his glorified human nature, Jesus has entered the presence of God. Fully acquainted with human weaknesses and temptations, he intercedes in our behalf when we approach the throne of God in prayer. ) The author of Hebrews depicts Jesus in his role of high priest, fulfilling the responsibilities of the high priesthood of Aaron and assuming the priesthood in the order of Melchizedek.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref26 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn26”
  4. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� As a priest in the order of Melchizedek, Jesus offered himself as a sacrifice for sin. This fulfilled the requirements of the Old Testament sacrificial system. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” God appointed Jesus as high priest not when Jesus entered heaven, but prior to his coming to earth. According to ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=19.110.4|AUTODETECT|” Psalms 110:4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 9 1 -1 9 0 0 forever,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the order of Melchizedek ; italics added), Jesus priesthood is eternal. He was already priest before he began his earthly life. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  1. Exhortations) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5:11 6:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Outline ) -60 3 2 0 2 0

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  1. Slow Learners) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 6:1 3 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data KG-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
  2. Elementary Teachings) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data )%-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 6:4 6 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data =9-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
  3. No Repentance) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data +’-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 6:7 12 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data C?-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
  4. Blessings of God) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data SO-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 B. Hold on to God s Promise) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 6:13 15 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data OK-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
  5. The Promise to Abraham) TDc.BestWidthfc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data -)-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0 6:16 20 ) TDc.BestWidthZc.VisibleBorders.Leftc.VisibleBorders.Rightc.VisibleBorders.Topc.VisibleBorders.Bottomc.VAlign rvcMiddlec.Data KG-8 1 3 2 7 1 3 8 0 0
  6. Heirs of the Promise) 7 2 3 8 0 0 A. Do Not Fall Away ) 5:11 6:12 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 11 We have much to say about this, but it is hard to explain because you are slow to learn. 12 In fact, though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God s word all over again. You need milk, not solid food! 13 Anyone who lives on milk, being still an infant, is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness. 14 But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 1 Therefore let us leave the elementary teachings about Christ and go on to maturity, not laying again the foundation of repentance from acts that lead to death, and of faith in God, 2 instruction about baptisms, the laying on of hands, the resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment. 3 And God permitting, we will do so. ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 4 It is impossible for those who have once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, who have shared in the Holy Spirit, 5 who have tasted the goodness of the word of God and the powers of the coming age, 6 if they fall away, to be brought back to repentance, because to their loss they are crucifying the Son of God all over again and subjecting him to public disgrace. ) 7 Land that drinks in the rain often falling on it and that produces a crop useful to those for whom it is farmed receives the blessing of God. 8 But land that produces thorns and thistles is worthless and is in danger of being cursed. In the end it will be burned. ) 9 Even though we speak like this, dear friends, we are confident of better things in your case things that accompany salvation. 10 God is not unjust; he will not forget your work and the love you have shown him as you have helped his people and continue to help them. 11 We want each of you to show this same diligence to the very end, in order to make your hope sure. 12 We do not want you to become lazy, but to imitate those who through faith and patience inherit what has been promised. ) 9 1 3 8 0 0
  7. Slow Learners) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 9 1 3 8 0 0 5:11 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 A teacher knows that not every student is quick to learn, is perceptive, and is blessed with a retentive memory. Numerous times the teacher has to repeat his lessons and exercise patience with students who by nature are slow learners. The writer of Hebrews interrupts his explanation of Christ s priesthood in order to admonish his readers to be better students of the Word. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0
  8. We have much to say about this, but it is hard to explain because you are slow to learn. 12a. In fact, though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God s word all over again.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 An experienced teacher senses when the students are no longer absorbing the lesson material. He knows that students do not always advance in their learning skills and that sometimes a word of rebuke or correction is very much in place. The words of the author of Hebrews are sharp and pointed. Something has gone drastically wrong in the learning process. By all standards the readers should have graduated, but they have failed their examinations because of a lack of interest, diligence, and adequate preparation. ) The author had planned to continue his teaching on the high priesthood of Jesus in the order of Melchizedek.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref27 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn27”
  1. 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� However, the material is too advanced for his readers, his theology is too deep, and his students are too lazy. The subject matter, says the writer, is difficult to explain, not because of the writer s lack of skill, but because of the readers inability to comprehend. The writer becomes rather personal and says, You are slow to learn. The author, then, is forced to divert his attention from the topic of the priesthood. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 How many years are needed in preparation for teaching the Christian faith? The author does not specify the number of years, but he points out that by the time of his writing the readers should have been teachers. The time allotted to learn the teachings of the faith has been ample; his readers are under obligation to pay dividends they ought to be able to teach others the teachings of God s Word. But they are unable to do so. ) The Christian church must grow in order to exist. Those who have heard the gospel and have accepted it in faith are required to share their knowledge with others who need instruction. When the writer of Hebrews says, By this time you ought to be teachers, he is not speaking about professionally qualified educators.

Rather, he addresses himself to the believer who has heard Bible stories and has been taught the doctrine of salvation, but nevertheless fails to put his ability to work in leading others to a knowledge of salvation in Christ. What a disappointment when a Christian who is given the opportunity to witness for Christ and teach the gospel declines because he feels inadequate! The author of Hebrews speaks to this situation. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 You need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God s word all over again.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 What an admonition! What a rebuke! Writers of catechisms in the time of the Reformation incorporated three Christian documents into their teachings: the Apostles Creed, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord s Prayer. These they considered the ABC s of the Christian faith. If a believer knew how to explain the basic doctrines of these three elements of Christian belief, he was expected to testify for Christ and teach others. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 Although we do not know exactly what the writer of Hebrews means by elementary truths of God s word, we do not go amiss if we say: the basic teachings of the Bible.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref28 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn28” 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.1-58.6.2|AUTODETECT|” �� Of course, he enumerates the elementary teachings of Christ in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.6.1-58.6.2|AUTODETECT|” Hebrews 6:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . The author states that if his readers do not know even the elementary truths, someone has to teach them anew. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 12b. You need milk, not solid food! 13. Anyone who lives on milk, being still an infant, is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness. 14. But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.1-46.3.2|AUTODETECT|” The rebuke of the author is comparable to Paul s stern remarks to the believers in Corinth: Brothers, I could not address you as spiritual but as worldly mere infants in Christ. I gave you milk, not solid food, for you were not yet ready for it. Indeed, you are still not ready 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.3.1-46.3.2|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 3:1 2) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Milk is given to the very young, and when they are older they receive solid food. The babes in the faith cannot digest the solid food of God s Word; they need spiritual milk instead.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref29 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn29” 3) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 If there is anything a child dislikes, it is to be called a baby. That is too degrading and goes against his innate desire: to grow up! He wants to become independent. He looks ahead and compares himself constantly with those children who are older and more mature. ) The author of Hebrews calls the reader of his epistle an infant. To him it is incredible that adults in the faith are still nurtured on spiritual milk, not solid food. He uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 infant) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to put his readers to shame.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref30 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn30” 4) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� As a pastor, he is not afraid to rebuke them, to admonish them, and to direct them to a higher level of development. They must realize that growth demands solid food. They will never advance on a diet of milk. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Anyone who lives on milk & is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness.) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.20|AUTODETECT|” The writer keeps on rebuking his readers. Drawing a logical inference from the illustration of babies who exist on milk alone, the author indicates that just as infants do not know the difference between right and wrong, so the recipients of his letter are unacquainted with the teaching about righteousness. A mere infant is unaccustomed to making decisions about correct conduct because he needs to be taught on a daily basis 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.14.20|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 14:20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.14|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=49.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Eph. 4:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). Of course, we must understand that the writer is using a metaphor in order to make this point. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 I do not think that the phrase ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 teaching about righteousness) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 within the context of figurative language was meant to convey theological truth.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref31 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn31” 5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.30|AUTODETECT|” �� Elsewhere in the New Testament 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=46.1.30|AUTODETECT|” I Cor. 1:30) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 righteousness) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is understood implicitly or explicitly as God s righteousness a concept that is commonly stressed in Paul s letters.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref32 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn32” 6) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� We, however, ought to look at the phrase in question not from a theological perspective but from a contextual point of view.��) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref33 8 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn33” 7) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 �� ) 7 3 3 8 0 0 The contrast between infants and adults is shown in verse 14: But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil. Adults need solid food, not a diet of milk, for nourishment. The writer calls adults mature people those who are constantly making decisions concerning ethical conduct. Their mental and spiritual training is perpetually put to use when they distinguish between good and evil. These people from childhood to maturity have trained and continue to train their spiritual and moral senses. Adults are repeatedly confronted with moral decisions that need to be made.

And because of their experience, adults are able to make wise choices in distinguishing between good and evil. ) Adults gain experiential knowledge that is still absent in children. As children mature they, too, will acquire the moral sense of discriminating between good and evil; and for them, too, this skill of differentiating will become second nature. ) The author uses the metaphor of milk for infants and solid food for adults to spur his readers to spiritual and intellectual activity. He wants to have them understand the biblical implications of Jesus high priesthood. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Practical Considerations in 5:11 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 4 3 8 0 0 We should guard against being critical of the original recipients of the epistle, for we ourselves show the same characteristics. We who have heard the gospel proclaimed for numerous years many of us since childhood often do not demonstrate spiritual discernment. Although we have God s revelation in the Old and New Testaments, we remain slow learners. ) Surveys conducted by local pastors or by Christian agencies invariably reveal that church members do not know the basic principles of Scripture or, if they do know, they are unable to apply these basic teachings. ) The ABC s of the Christian faith are readily mastered by any sincere believer who, in turn, should be capable of imparting this elementary knowledge to people unacquainted with the gospel. On this elementary level the Christian church fails to communicate effectively and thus stymies growth and development. ) Yet the corporate responsibility of the church is to formulate the teachings of the Christian faith. The doctrines of God, man, Christ, salvation, the church, and the end of the age belong to the entire church and not merely to a few gifted theologians who have been instrumental in drafting the precise wording of these doctrines. The church as a body of believers is the responsible agent in formulating, adopting, teaching, and defending these doctrines of the faith. Therefore, the individual Christian is exhorted to progress beyond the level of the elementary truths of God s word. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 5:11 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 11) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.22.29|AUTODETECT|” ������ the adjective in the nominative masculine plural, translated lazy or slow to learn, occurs twice in the epistle (5:11; 6:12). It also appears in the Septuagint 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=20.22.29|AUTODETECT|” Prov. 22:29) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ; Sir. 4:29; 11:12) and in I Clement 34:1, where it refers to a lazy and careless workman. ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 �������� the use of the perfect tense of ������� (I become) indicates a state that the recipients had acquired in the course of time. ) ���� ����� the plural of ��� (the act of hearing) refers specifically to the ears. The dative is a dative of respect. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ��v ��� the combination of ��� and ��� is rather emphatic and is equivalent to in fact or yes, indeed. ) 7 1 3 8 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.3|AUTODETECT|” �p �������� the noun is used four times by Paul 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.3|AUTODETECT|” Gal. 4:3) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.9|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=48.4.9|AUTODETECT|” 9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.8|AUTODETECT|” Col. 2:8) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.20|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=51.2.20|AUTODETECT|” 20) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” ), twice by Peter 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.10|AUTODETECT|” II Peter 3:10) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12|AUTODETECT|” , ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=61.3.12|AUTODETECT|” 12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ), and once in Hebrews. It is derived from ������� (row, rank, line, course). In Hebrews the noun signifies basic lines or principles of elementary doctrines. ) 7 1 3 8 0 0 ! ��� ��� ������ the presence of the definite article before ��� (beginning) points to that which is basic. In translation the noun ��� serves adjectivally with ������, and is translated elementary truths. ) 6 1 3 8 0 0 Verse 14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ��� a noun derived from the verb �� (I have [future, ��]) and given the meaning of exercise, practice, or skill. The -��� ending of the noun indicates process or constant activity. In the New Testament this noun occurs only once; in other literature, half a dozen times. ) �p �0�������� a noun in the neuter plural that is derived from �0�������� (I perceive). The noun is rendered themselves -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref34 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn34” NIV) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ); faculties -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref35 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn35” R.S.V.) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ); or perceptions -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftnref36 10 1 -1 9 0 “#_ftn36” NEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) 7 2 3 8 0 0 ������������ the perfect middle participle of ������� (I exercise, train). The perfect tense shows continuity from the past into the present, and the middle indicates an agent acting upon oneself. ) ��������� derived from the verb �������� (I differentiate, discriminate), the noun with the -��� ending reveals a process or an activity in respect to distinguishing good from evil. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn1 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref1” 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” The chapter division is somewhat infelicitous at this juncture. Martin Luther in his Bible translation boldly begins chapter 5 at ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.14|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:14) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . Most commentators believe that the concluding verses of chapter 4 should be interpreted with the following chapter on the high priesthood of Christ. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn2 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref2” 2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Franz Delitzsch prefers to connect the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 with the exhortation: Let us therefore, having a great high priest who hath passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, hold fast by our confession 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 2 vols. [Edinburgh: Clark, 1877], vol. 1, p. 217). However, the adverb ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 therefore) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in the Greek has a variety of meanings, which should be determined on the basis of context, and at times it may be left untranslated. (See Bauer, p. 592.) Indeed, a number of translations delete the adverb. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn3 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref3” 3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 C. P. Sherman 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ExpT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 34 [1922]: 235) demonstrates from the Hebrew that two terms were used: the great priest and the chief priest. Ceslaus Spicq, in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 L Ep�tre aux H�breux) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 3d ed., 2 vols. (Paris: Gabalda, 1953), vol. 2, p. 92, notes that in the time between the accession of Herod the Great and the destruction of the temple there were no fewer than twenty-six high priests. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn4 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref4” 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), p. 171. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn5 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref5” 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 B. F. Westcott, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950), p. 107. And John Calvin classifies as infirmities the physical as well as the spiritual: fear, sorrow, the dread of death and similar things. See Calvin s ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949), p. 108. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn6 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref6” 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 John Albert Bengel, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Gnomon of the New Testament) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , ed. Andrew R. Fausset, 7th ed., 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1877), vol. 4, p. 384. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn7 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref7” 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Spicq, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 H�breux) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 94. James Moffatt asserts that the verb applies to a court or to authority. See his ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , International Critical Commentary series (Edinburgh: Clark, 1963), p. 60. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn8 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref8” 8 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hans-Christoph Hahn, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 736. This sense of assurance, writes Heinrich Schlier, works itself out in the confidence and openness which [causes one] not [to] be ashamed when [he] stands before the Judge 9 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 5, p. 884). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn9 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref9” 9 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Westcott, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 109. Also see Otto Michel, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Der Brief an die Hebr�er) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 10th ed. (G�ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1957), p. 124. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn10 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref10” 10 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Louis Berkhof, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Systematic Theology) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), pp. 71 72. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn11 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref11” 11 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hans Bietenhard, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 195. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn12 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref12” 12 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Herman N. Ridderbos, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Matthe�s) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Korte Verklaring, 2 vols. (Kampen: Kok, 1952), vol. 1, p. 68. Geerhardus Vos, in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Teaching of the Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), p. 103, asserts that for Christ there was as much real ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 appeal) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 to sin & as there is with us, but in His case there was no ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 issue) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 of sin. R. Williams argues that Jesus had to have actual participation in the experience of sinning in order to share fully in the human weaknesses of man. Next, Jesus had to subject himself to the process of learning obedience and thus achieve sinlessness when he offered himself on the cross. See Williams s article in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ExpT) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” 86 (1974): 4 8. Of course, this reasoning controverts Scripture s unequivocal teaching about Jesus sinlessness 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=23.53.9|AUTODETECT|” Isa. 53:9) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.8.46|AUTODETECT|” John 8:46) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=47.5.21|AUTODETECT|” II Cor. 5:21) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.4.15|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 4:15) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.7.26|AUTODETECT|” 7:26) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.19|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.1.19|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 1:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.22|AUTODETECT|” 2:22) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 ). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn13 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref13” 13 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Emil Sch�rer, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , 5 vols. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1885), vol. 1, div. 2, p. 209. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn14 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref14” 14 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Charles L. Feinberg, Day of Atonement, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 ZPEB) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, p. 414. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn15 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref15” 15 ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Mishna) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , Moed Yoma 3.8, ed. H. Danby (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 165. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn16 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref16” 16 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Wilhelm Michaelis, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 TDNT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 5, p. 938. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn17 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref17” 17 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The history of the high priesthood in Israel from the time of Aaron to the destruction of Jerusalem in a.d. 70 has been recorded, although in summary form, by Josephus in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Antiquities of the Jews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 20.10 (LCL). Numerous men, from the second century before Christ to the cessation of the priesthood, were neither of Aaronic descent nor appointed by God. See especially Sch�rer, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 History of the Jewish People) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 1, div. 2, pp. 195 202. F. F. Bruce, in ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), p. 92, n. 19, lists names and terms of office of persons who were appointed high priest by civil rulers. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn18 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref18” 18 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Vos, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Teaching) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 77. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn19 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref19” 19 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Ibid., p. 91. The term ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 priest) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 occurs 31 times in the New Testament, 14 of which appear in Hebrews, The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 high priest) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is featured 123 times in the Gospels, Acts, and Hebrews. The expression does not occur in the Epistles and Revelation. In Hebrews it is used 18 times. In short, it is the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews who develops the doctrine of the priesthood of Christ. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn20 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref20” 20 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Klaas Schilder shows that ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 after) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 the arrival of the angel Jesus began to sweat drops of blood. The coming of the angel caused intensified anguish. Refer to ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Christ in His Sufferings) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (reprint; Minneapolis: Klock and Klock, 1978), p. 358. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn21 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref21” 21 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The earliest translations in Latin that show the difference are the Old Latin, which reads ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 a metu) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (from fear), and the Vulgate, which has ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 pro sua reverentia) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (because of his reverence). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn22 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref22” 22 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Westcott, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 127. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn23 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref23” 23 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 See the NEB for this translation. Kenneth Taylor paraphrases this verse: And even though Jesus was God s Son, he had to learn from experience what it was like to obey, when obeying meant suffering (LB). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn24 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref24” 24 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Bruce, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , p. 105. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn25 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref25” 25 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|” Peter calls believers a holy priesthood 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.2.5|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 2:5) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” ), and John refers to them as a kingdom and priests 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=66.1.6|AUTODETECT|” Rev. 1:6) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.19|AUTODETECT|” ). But neither John nor Peter speaks of the priesthood of Christ. See also ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=43.17.19|AUTODETECT|” John 17:19) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.5.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 5:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.18|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.3.18|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 3:18) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.1|AUTODETECT|” ; and ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=62.2.1|AUTODETECT|” I John 2:1) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 . ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn26 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref26” 26 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 F. W. Grosheide, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 De Brief aan de Hebree�n en de Brief van Jakobus) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (Kampen: Kok, 1955), p. 132. The question is raised whether Jesus could be both sacrifice and priest at the same time. In his dying he presents himself as a sacrifice to God. But note that Jesus did not commit suicide; rather his life was taken. Thus he became a sacrifice for sin. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn27 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref27” 1 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 this) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 in verse 11 is rather general and may be interpreted as this subject (JB) or this matter (GNB). ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn28 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref28” 2 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” See ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=44.7.38|AUTODETECT|” Acts 7:38) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.2|AUTODETECT|” Rom. 3:2) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” ; ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=60.4.11|AUTODETECT|” I Peter 4:11) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.12|AUTODETECT|” ; these verses relate to the Old Testament. The expression in ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=58.5.12|AUTODETECT|” Heb. 5:12) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 is broader in scope. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn29 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref29” 3 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Hans Kropatschek, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 2, p. 269. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn30 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref30” 4 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The JB uses the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 baby,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 and the KJV, NKJV, and ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 Moffatt) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 have babe. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn31 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref31” 5 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, Ceslaus Spicq, and B. F. Westcott interpret the phrase theologically. In an explanatory footnote, the JB points out, The doctrine of righteousness like God s oracles can mean either the O.T., cf. ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=55.3.16|AUTODETECT|” 2 Tm. 3:16) 7 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.21-45.3.26|AUTODETECT|” , or the whole body of doctrine. Here it seems to mean all that Christ taught about the righteousness of God as applied to mankind, ) 11 1 -1 9 0 “tw://bible.?id=45.3.21-45.3.26|AUTODETECT|” Rm. 3:21 26) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , and especially about his own priesthood of mediation, prefigured by Melchizedek, the king of righteousness , 7:2. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn32 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref32” 6 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Horst Seebass, in a study on the word ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 righteousness,) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 concludes: Hebrews shows scarcely any Pauline influence. Refer to ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 NIDNTT) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 , vol. 3, p. 365. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn33 8 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref33” 7 ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 The various interpretations of the phrase not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness range from the righteousness of God revealed in Christ to [lacking] experience of moral truth. Consult, for further details, Hugh Montefiore, ) 9 1 -1 9 0 0 The Epistle to the Hebrews) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 (New York and Evanston: Harper and Row, 1964), p. 103. ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn34 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref34” NIV ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New International Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn35 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref35” R.S.V. ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 Revised Standard Version ) -2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ftn36 10 1 3 8 0 “#_ftnref36” NEB ) 7 1 -1 9 0 0 New English Bible )

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