Revelation 22
OGCRevelation 22:1-5
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 70
Text Revelation 22:1-5
And he showed me a river of water of life, bright as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb, 2 in the midst of the street thereof. And on this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve manner of fruits, yielding its fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. 3 And there shall be no curse any more: and the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be therein: and his servants shall serve him; 4 and they shall see his face; and his name shall be on their foreheads. 5 And there shall be night no more; and they need no light of lamp, neither light of sun; for the Lord God shall give them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:1-5
Jesus identified the rivers of living water as the Spirit in John 7:38. What possible significance can the river of water of life have in Revelation 22:1?
What was the purpose of the fruit of the tree of life - Revelation 22:2?
What will God’s servants do in the New Jerusalem - Revelation 22:3?
Discuss the paradox of reigning (see Revelation 22:5) servants (see Revelation 22:3). Servants are not generally spoken of as reigning.
Epilogue: The Last Words of the Angel, the Seer, and the Savior
Chapter Revelation 22:1-21
The great drama is over and righteousness has prevailed! God is sovereign; His Lordship is universal. The Seven Churches of Asia Minor have been warned and exhorted. These warnings and exhortations need to be heard afresh in our own day. We have seen the performances of The Seer, The Savior, and The Saved in the drama which depicted the struggle between good and evil, truth and falsehood, light and darkness.
We have spanned the years from the tragedy of Genesis, chapter 3, Paradise Lost to Revelation - chp. 22. Paradise Regained (study and compare the biblical themes and imagery used by Dante and Milton).
The refreshing waters of eternal life can come from only one source, out of the throne of God and of the Lamb, Man’s primitive innocence has been regained at the expense of the Lamb slain before the foundations of the world. The imagery John employs reveals the rich abundance of our salvation. The symbolism of the garden paradise points to a perfect environment for perfect man (the new man in Christ). Man was banished from his garden paradise because of his sin (Genesis 3; He has been restored by God inChrist). Compare this with the city (the great harlot) which was destroyed in chp. Revelation 18:21 ff. The light, joy, fellowship are gone forever!
In God’s city there is the tree of life and the river of life. The tree bears fruit each month (abundance). Even the leaves of the trees are for healing (therapeian - is one of the N.T. words for worship. It is also a medical term found in the medical papyrus of the period. Sinful Man is sick. Only God’s work through Christ can make man well again!) of the nations.
Note: God’s Holiness is Man’s Wholeness!
Contemporary man is seeking therapy for his malady. There is more counciling, pyscho-therapy, etc., being done in our age, both in and out of the Church, than ever before in the history of western civilization. Men are trying to find out what life is all about. What is the significance of our lives? Can we ever be what God made us unless we possess the holiness of God? How is your spiritual life? Do you actually find healing in your worship (the word therapein is one of the many N.T. words translated worship) of the living God on the Lord’s Day?
The nations of the earth are seeking wholeness through the medium of councils and discussion groups. John says that God alone can provide the means whereby sinful, fallen man can be whole again. Only eternal life heals the scars of sin and misery.
In the city of God nothing is accursed. The assertion of equal sovereign is most clearly declared by the Spirit guided John. And the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it (the garden paradise); and his slaves will serve him (latreusousin - originally means to serve for pay. In both O.T. and N.T. the word in its various forms are used with reference to the public worship of God in Christ. (See Acts 26:7; Romans 9:4; Hebrews 9:1; Hebrews 9:6).
God withheld His face from Moses (Exodus 33:20; Exodus 33:23). Our Lord said, Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God (Matthew 5:8). Paul said, Follow after peace with all men, and the sanctification without which no man shall see the Lord:(Hebrews 12:14). He also declared to the congregation at Corinth that - Seeing it is God, that said, Light shall shine out of darkness, who shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ - (2 Corinthians 4:6). For now we see in a mirror darkly; but then face to face:(1 Corinthians 13:12). All of us who strive to serve Christ are anxiously awaiting that hour when we shall see Him face to face. Praise God - for His coming again!
The light that lighteth everyman that cometh into the world is the sole source of light in the paradise of God. Those who are citizens will reign unto the ages of the ages. John has mentioned the glorious eternal reign with our Lord Jesus Christ already in Revelation 1:6, Revelation 3:21, Revelation 5:10. We reign with Him because we have been made into children of the King of kings; therefore, we are in the royal lineage.
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:1-21
**Tomlinson’s Comments
CHAPTER XXII THE NEW JERUSALEM AND ITS LIFE**
Text (Revelation 22:1-21)
**1 And he showed me a river of water of life, bright as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb, 2 in the midst of the street thereof. And on this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve manner of fruits, yielding its fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. 3 And there shall be no curse any more: and the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be therein: and his servants shall serve him; 4 and they shall see his face; and his name shall be on their foreheads. 5 And there shall be night no more; and they need no light of lamp, neither light of sun; for the Lord God shall give them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever. 6 And he said unto me, These words are faithful and true: and the Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to show unto his servants the things which must shortly come to pass. 7 And behold, I come quickly. Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book. 8 And I John am he that heard and saw these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel that showed me these things. 9 And he saith unto me, See thou do it not: I am a fellow-servant with thee and with thy brethren the prophets, and with them that keep the words of this book: worship God.
10 And he saith unto me, Seal not up the words of the prophecy of this book; for the time is at hand. 11 He that is unrighteous, let him do unrighteousness still: and he that is filthy, let him be made filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him do righteousness still: and he that is holy, let him be made holy still. 12 Behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to render to each man according as his work Isaiah 13 I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end. 14 Blessed are they that wash their robes, that they may have the right to come to the tree of life, and may enter in by the gates into the city. 15 Without are the dogs, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the murderers, and the idolaters, and every one that loveth and maketh a lie.
16 I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright, the morning star. 17 And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And he that heareth, let him say, Come. And he that is athirst, let him come: he that will, let him take the water of life freely. 18 I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto them, God shall add unto him the plagues which are written in this book: 19 and if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, which are written in this book. 20 He who testifieth these things saith, Yea: I come quickly. Amen: come, Lord Jesus. 21 The grace of the Lord Jesus be with the saints. Amen.
INTRODUCTION**
The symbolic description of the City Celestial, as given in the preceding chapter has prepared us for the bringing down of the prophetic curtain of Revelation. In the chapter before us our attention is drawn from the description of Jerusalem’s glorious structure and dimensions to the blessedness of the life that shall be lived in that radiant city. Not only have we given us the unfolding of the manner of life lived there but the glory of that life is accentuated by reference to the class of people without that city. Also the closing epilogue is given providing us with warnings, admonitions and gracious invitations. Reverently, now we turn to the uncovering of the closing words of the apocalypse.
Revelation 22:1 And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.
Water has even been a symbol of eternal life. And this pure river of water of life flows from the source of all puritythe throne of God and of the Lamb. In this great book of Revelation, ever since John saw the vision of the open door in heaven, as described in the fourth chapter, God and the Lamb have been closely associated with reference to the throne. Man in his innocence began his existence in a garden, eastward in Eden. There by pellucid ponds and translucent streams, he walked in intimate companionship with his God. Here at the close of the apocalypse, which brings down the curtain on all inspired revelation, redeemed man is again found in a new garden within the Holy city. If the former banishment from the Garden of Eden was paradise lost, this living in the new Jerusalem, on a new earth, is paradise regained. Here in this city celestial the pure river of life pours its crystal waters through the very middle of the street of gold, o-’ershaded by the Tree of Life, for we read:
Revelation 22:2 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
In the first paradise man, after eating of the tree of the knowledge of good and of Evil, was banished from the garden lest he eat of the Tree of Life and live forever in sin.
So the Lord God drove out the man, and he placed at the east of the Garden of Eden Cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the Tree of Life. (Genesis 3:24)
The cherubim there guarded the entrance of the garden to keep the man from reentering; the angels here stand guard at the gates to keep the redeemed in the Garden of God.
Truly the divinely inspired book, the Bible, is a perfect heavenly symphony. Just as a musical symphony begins and ends in the same key, so God’s symphony of revelation begins and ends in the same key. Man was sinless in the first garden, and again in the second and last garden he is likewise sinless. The heavenly symphony begins with sinlessness and closes with sinlessness. Which brings us to the central theme of this closing chapter. The theme is Life.
All the sin which resulted from the fall of man is swallowed up in the second death, when the devil, the dragon, the false prophet and all who were not found written in the Book of Life were cast into the Lake of fire. The dominion of sin and death is gone forever. Now Lifeabundant lifereigns everywhere. Life here is presented as a glorious Triad. We have set before us:
The Book of Life.
The River of the Water of Life, and,
The Tree of Life.
And as if to place special emphasis upon this life-giving triad, each is mentioned twice. The Book of Life is mentioned in (Revelation 21:27) and (Revelation 22:19), the Water of Life is mentioned in (Revelation 22:1) and (Revelation 22:17), and the Tree of Life in (Revelation 22:2) and (Revelation 22:14).
Then as if wishing to again emphasize the theme of Life, there is an introversion to be found in these six mentionings. This will be readily seen by listing these references in the order in which they appear.
Revelation 21:27 Book
Revelation 22:1 Water
Revelation 22:2 Tree
Revelation 22:14 Tree
Revelation 22:17 Water
Revelation 22:19 Book
Again there is a divine pronouncement of the Glorious Trinity. The Book of that of the Lamb, or Christ; the water is a symbol of the Holy Spiritso declared by Christ in John 7:38-39, and the Tree is logically a symbol of God, the source of all life.
And inseparable associated with both triads is the thought of lifeabundant life. The tree bore twelve manner of fruits and yielded its fruit every month. Of course the primary thought is that the tree is ever fruitful, but we cannot escape the force of the divine declaration that God’s year has always been and always will be divided into twelve months, the modern proponents of a revised calendar of thirteen months, notwithstanding. The twelve manner of fruits will guarantee a complete, balanced and life-sustaining diet for the redeemed, in the city of Abundant Life.
Christ, after his resurrection ate, the psalmist said that man ate angel’s food. (Psalms 78:1-72; Psalms 25:1-22). The angels ate of Sarah’s cakes and Abraham’s dressed calf (Genesis 18:6-8). Jesus said He, at His return would serve his saints when they sit down to meat, and here we are lead to believe that eating will be one of the joys of our life in that great City of Abundance.
Both river and tree supply all wants. The water quenches the thirst, namely, satisfies the desires of the ransomed. And what the river of water of life does for the thirsty, the tree does for the hungry. The one flows perennially, the other bears perennially. But more than food is supplied by the Tree of Life; the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. It hardly seems these were diseases to be healed, but rather the leaves were the means of the banishment of disease and death, The meaning seems to be not that there are maladies then existing needing to be removed, but rather the leaves were for the preservation of abundant health.
Revelation 22:3 And there shall be no more curse.
There shall be no more curse because no sin shall ever enter there. Truly, God has fulfilled His promise to make all things new. And the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him. It is because of the eternal permanency of the throne of God and of the Lamb and the absolute, yet benign reign of God and Christ over the redeemed, that there will never be any more curse. This is a picture of perfect rule and the state of perfection which follows as the natural covallary.
Revelation 22:4 And they shall see his face; and His name shall be on their foreheads.
This will be the fulfillment of Christ’s predictive beatitude: Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God (Matthew 5:8)
What a blessedness is this to enjoy the visible presence of the Lamb and to look upon the face of Him, which is as glorious that heaven and earth fled away from it.
I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away, and there was found no place for them. (Revelation 20:11)
Truly to see His face is to enjoy his favor. We now see through a glass darkly, but then face to face. But not only will the face of Him who is altogether lonely, be seen but His name shall be on our foreheads. The Aaronic High Priest wore a plate of burnished gold upon his brow, on which was engraved the name of God Almighty. Likewise, the redeemed, as priests and Kings will wear the name of the Lamb of God in their foreheads forever witnessing that they are His.
Revelation 22:5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.
Thus again it is said (this truth was first declared in Revelation 21:25) there shall be no night. In Revelation 21:25, the absence of night indicated why the gates were never closed, because it will be one grand eternal day. In the present verse since His servants are serving Him, there will never be any interruption to that service, since there will be no night there.
How could night exist there when God and the Lamb, in whom is no darkness at all, shall be the eternal light. The succession of day and night was necessary for sinful man, yes, even Adam in his innocence needed it for rest and sleep, but such a need will never arise in this glorious home of the redeemed. Again the saints could not experience darkness of any sort because Daniel said:
They shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, and as the stars forever and ever (Daniel 12:3).
And they shall reign forever and ever. Not for a thousand years only. No such limitation could be compatible with things eternal. Literally, it reads: reign to the ages of the ages. Christ said: For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven. There will be no such thing as celestial marriages there, nor are men sealed to wives for time and eternity but in the glorified form, as angels, with marriage bond, shall reign forever and ever. Such is the final and concluding picture presented to us in the uncoverings of the apocalypse. This closes the transcendently glorious description of redeemed man’s eternal destiny and home.
Thus ends the third division of the Apocalypse. Thus ends all the succession of prophecies. This book of Revelation began with a prologue. (Revelation 1:1-8), followed by Part I, extending from Revelation 1:9 to Revelation 3:22; then followed Part II, from Revelation 4:1 to Revelation 11:18; with Part III reaching through Revelation 22:5; and finally concluding with the epilogue beginning at Revelation 22:6.
The Apocalypse proper began at Revelation 1:9 and ended at Revelation 22:5. We are now to proceed with the study of the epilogue.
EPILOGUE
Revelation 22:6 And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true. The several visions of the apocalypse are now completed and the epilogue which follows is written to emphasize the great importance of the sayings of the Chapter s that precede these closing words of the book.
Perhaps the stress that is here laid upon the importance of the sayings of this book is because there has been such a universal tendency to neglect this book due to its symbolic profoundity.
How significant that immediately following the description of the Holy City these admonitions are given, and particularly the assurance that these sayings are faithful and true. A similar assurance was given in Revelation 21:5 which had reference to the creation of the new heaven and the new earth. And again a somewhat similar expression was found in Revelation 19:9 which referred to the destruction of Babylon and the marriage of the Lamb. The third use of this assurance is in the verse before us (Revelation 22:6) and has reference to the blessings promised to the dwellers in the New Jerusalem.
And the Lord God of the holy prophets sent His angel to show unto His servants the things which must shortly be done.
This is a repetition, almost word-for-word of Rev 1:1 where He sent His angel to his servant John for the purpose of giving him these revelations, and here at the conclusion of the book, we have it repeated that the Lord God of the Holy prophets sent His angel to show unto His servants the things which must shortly be done.
A third similar repetition is found in (Revelation 22:16) when Christ himself adds special personal testimony, I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches.
Why this triple declaration? Undoubtedly it is to assure us that this book is divinely inspired and has the authority of the God of all inspiration. Christ, looking down through the corridors of time, saw men either denying the inspiration of this book, or neglecting it because of its profound symbolism, thus this threefold declaration of its authoritative and inspired nature. There is no other book in the entire Bible which Christ so personally and pointedly affirms as inspired, or more urgently presses upon us for our prayerful and devout study.
Then comes a repetition of the blessing promised in the prologue of the Book (Revelation 1:3). There it reads:
Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the time is at hand.
Here in Revelation 22:7. Revelation 22:7 it reads: Behold I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book.
When we recall that all this is in addition to the seven-fold repetition of the admonition, He that hath an ear let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches, then we must conclude that there is no other book in the Sacred Canon which guarantees such blessings for reading and keeping of its words. And how many folk become offended at the teaching of the prophecies of Revelation! How many otherwise earnest ministers and teachers ignore the book, or even ridicule and make light of its sayings! Oh that Christians might not despise or neglect this crowning book of God’s Divine revelation! Surely, no other book is so difficult of understanding, nor so fruitful of its blessings. Then John adds his own personal testimony that he saw and heard these things.
Revelation 22:8 And I John saw these things, and heard them.
The very directness and simplicity of this affirmation should convince any hesitant doubter that the sayings of this wonder book of the Bible are true and should be studiously heeded. And to add to it all, John was so overwhelmed and overpowered by the wonder and sublimity of the things that he had seen and heard, that we read:
And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel which showed me these things.
Once before in (Revelation 19:10) John had fallen at the feet of an angel to worship him, but was expressly forbidden to do so, but was commanded by the angel to worship God.
Here in very similar words the angel declares:
Revelation 22:9 Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy fellow servant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which keep the sayings of this book: worship God.
Had not Paul, long before the time of the writing of the apocalypse, warned, Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen? (Colossians 2:18).
If man is not to worship an angel, a higher rank of created being than man, how utterly unscriptural and sinful it is for man to worship Mary, who gave birth to Jesus, and who had to look to Jesus for salvation the same as all other women have had to so look!
Jesus made this fact crystal clear in His third word from the cross. He said to her, Woman, Behold thy son. (John 19:26)
Jesus was actually breaking the relationship of mother and son. He is saying, From now on, not I, but John is your son! From that second on, Mary was no more to Jesus than any other woman. He is no longer any woman’s son. From now on he is solely the only begotten Son of God. By this third saying from the cross, Jesus was denying Mary any special position or privilege. He was deliberately placing her on the same plane of humanity with the rest of all those He loved. Since she was the one person at the cross who might unwittingly steal the attention from the only Savior of the world, He took this drastic step to guard against the worship of Mary. She must not become His rival in His mediatorial reign. How ill-becoming for those of spiritual Babylon, the Roman church, not only to make Mary a rival of Christ, but actually to teach that God can more easily be approached through the heart of Mary than that of Christ. It is nothing short of blasphemy. But it was not for Mary’s benefit that Jesus uttered this third word. She already did, and had always, understood her relationship to Him. In her Magnificat, she declared:
And Mary said, my soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my savior. (Luke 1:46-47)
By her statement she gladly took her place among His devout worshippers. By Jesus-’ declaration, she learned it was better to have Christ as her Savior and Lord than to be His mother. She, henceforth must look to Him for salvation, the same as all other human beings. But as we have stated above, Jesus did not make this pronouncement for Mary’s benefit; she needed no such word, for she already understood her relationship to Him. He said this for the benefit of those men who would unscripturally, even though done sincerely, make Mary a comediatrix with Christ. If John was forbidden of the angel to worship him, but was enjoined emphatically to worship God only, then certainly there is no place for mariolatry, or the worship of Mary. Furthermore, because the coming of Christ was regarded as near, the angel added:
Revelation 22:10 And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand.
To seal up the sayings would conceal them. But they are to be revealed and not hidden. These visions did not refer to some distant time and therefore to be kept secret for the present but belong to the present and must be given out, or unsealed, because the end of the age is not far distant. Another reason for the urgent necessity of uncovering the sayings of this book is that there was such little time for obedience to the gospel of salvation which would enroll the obedient in the Lamb’s book of Life. The acceptance of the scriptural conditions of salvation would insure enrollment in the book of life; rejection would forever determine the unalterable fate of the disobedient. Hear the angel further:
Revelation 22:11 He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he that is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still.
What a warning. This is not to be construed as belonging to the category of a command; it is a dire warning that there comes a time when the course of free choice can not be altered. He that set his life in injustice and unrighteous will go on that way. Well did Paul write to the Thessalonians:
And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved.
And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: that they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness. (2 Thessalonians 2:10-12)
When, we by free choice pursue an unscripturaland therefore an unrighteous courseGod lets us, after due warning, to go our willful way. When we persist in following the way of delusion, though thinking our worship and actions right, He permits us to continue to believe a lie and support an untruth. There is nothing else He can do without interfering with our free-moral agency. Men must be forewarned and forearmed, lest they be deceived and perish. Hence the absolute necessity of not sealing up the sayings of the prophecy of this book. However, there is joy unspeakable for those who have chosen to be righteous and holy by their obedience to the commandments of God.
Revelation 22:12 And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give to every man according as his work shall be.
This is another compelling reason why the sayings of the prophecy of this book shall not be sealed. Its message is one of great urgency. The unrighteous and the filthy, if they neglect its warnings, will just as surely suffer the judgments here foretold, as the righteous and the holy will luxuriate in its promised reward. Because Christ is coming quickly to give to every man, in whichsoever class he may fall, according to his work. This solemn pronouncement is made by none other than the Christ, who here announces Himself as:
Revelation 22:13 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
Here Christ in this epilogue employs the same terms as he used in the prologue. (Revelation 1:8)
In the prologue reference He adds, the Almighty, thus claiming to be one with the Father. All begins with God and so here, since all ends with God, He rolls down the curtain on the drama of human history. He now adds the seventh and final beatitude of the Book of Revelation.
Revelation 22:14 Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of Life, and may enter in through the gates of the city.
Man lost his access to the Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden by his disobedience. By his obedience to God’s commandments he will have access to the Tree of Life in the Garden within the Holy City.
No wonder Jesus said, If ye love me, keep my commandments (John 14:15) and again, And why call me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? (Luke 6:46). And yet again:
He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. (John 12:48)
Over against this Christ declares of those who follow human creeds, confessions of faith, decrees of councils and doctrines of men:
But in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. (Matthew 15:9)
An interesting added light shed on this passage is the literal translation as rendered by such authorities as the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus the Vulgate and some Armenian copies:
Blessed they that wash their robes, that they may have power over the tree of life, and enter into the gates into the city.
Rotherham translates it:
Happy they who are washing their robes that their right (authority, license or permission) may be unto the tree of life and by the gates they enter into the city.
Thus we see the literal translation defines to do His commandments as equivalent to they that wash their robes. By this we see that washing or cleansing is a primary qualification to entering into the gates of the Holy City and to having access to the Tree of Life. And how are we washed or cleansed? said Ananias to Saul, who became the apostle Paul: And now why tarriest thou? Arise and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord. (Acts 22:16)
Paul in turn after he became a Christian and an inspired teacher of the commandments of Christ said: Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ loved the church, and gave himself for it; that he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word. (Ephesians 5:25-26)
Again Paul declared: Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit. (Titus 3:5)
Paul said: Therefore, we are buried with him by baptism into death. (Romans 6:4) This was predicated on his preceding question, Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into His death. (Romans 6:3)
In Christ’s death He shed His blood that remits sin, washing it away. That is why Peter on Pentecost said: Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of your sins. (Acts 2:38)
Blessed, then are those who through being buried with Him in baptism have access to the cleansing of Christ’s blood, thus washing their robes that they may have their right to the Tree of Life and enter by the gates into the city.
Ones clothers are reckoned with himself; hence the scriptural figure of keeping one’s garments and washing one’s robes. And so he that hath not on the wedding garment is to be cast out and debared from sitting at the table of the Lamb. Thus in Revelation 16:15 we read, Blessed is he that watcheth and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked and they see his shame.
Nevertheless, this last beatitude of promise is followed by a forcible reminder of the status of those who by disobedience did not wash their garments and remain under the curse.
Revelation 22:15 For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie.
So not all may enter the Holy city. All can see and understand why the sorcerers and whoremongers and murderers and idolaters may not enter therein, but not many can see with equal clarity that those who make a lie may not enter there. They are unable to see that to teach false doctrine contrary to the Scriptures, even though done in all sincerity, damns just as completely. All such are without, even as those who have washed their garments by complying with Christ’s commandments, are within the Holy city.
The completeness of this list of those without is revealed by the fact that seven classes of persons are listed, namely, dogs, representative of unclean animals, sorcerers, whoremongers, murderers, idolaters, whosoever loveth a lie and whosoever maketh a lie. Now Christ now adds his further and emphatic attestation to the inspiration and authoritativeness of the book.
Revelation 22:16 I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches.
This I Jesus stands in contradistinction the I John of Rev 22:8. Christ declares He sent His angel to testify unto the churches the things that John affirms he had seen. Christ makes it forever clear that it is He who has given us these revelations.
John begins the book with The Revelation of Jesus. Christ and here near its close Christ affirms that this is His revelation of things to the churches. All the things contained in this book, its prophecies, revelations, promises, judgments, rest for their acceptance, not upon the word of a mere man, however honest and truthful, but upon Christ’s own authoritative word. Christ backs up this declaration by a glorious revelation of Himself in the last of His *I am’S.
Revelation 22:16 b* I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.
Here Christ declares His deity and humanity, that He is both God and man. First, He is the root, or origination of David. Second, He is the offspring of David, or David’s son because He was, in His incarnation, born of the house and lineage of David.
By this surprisingly wonderful revelation of His dual nature, since His ascension and enthronement at the right hand of God, He makes known to us that He still retains the humanity, though now in a glorified form, which He assumed in His incarnation. Since we are to be like Him, this is an earnest of our redemption that our humanity shall also be glorified, in our house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. Then follows an additional affirmation: I am the bright and morning star. Speaking of the more sure word of prophecy, Peter said, We have also a more sure word of prophecy, whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts. (2 Peter 1:19)
Thus Christ promises to appear as the bright and morning star to those who accept the sayings of the prophecy of this book and look for His coming. As the morning star shines more brightly just before the break of day, so He will shine all the brighter to His true followers before His return and the dawning of the radiant morn of eternity. Stirred by the prospect of His return, the Spirit and the bride of the Lamb, the church extends the most gracious of all gracious invitations. Since Christ has sent His angel to testify these things in the churches, it now becomes the urgent responsibility of the churches to testify these things to others.
Revelation 22:17 And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. In Revelation 22:7; Revelation 22:12 Christ has said He will come quickly, and here the Spirit and the bride respond to His promise by inviting Him to come. Their invitation is pressed into a single, but fervently potent word, Come.
When Christ, before His departure, promised the coming of the Holy Spirit to comfort His apostles, He said, He will guide you into all truth: and He will show you things to come. (John 16:13)
So throughout the existence of the church, the Holy Spirit has not only been teaching, comforting and energizing the church, but He has been showing the things to come. In all the operations of the Spirit there has been a constant looking for the consummation of all things in the coming of Christ, of whom He witnessed. Therefore the Holy Spirit not only extends this invitation, but has inspired the church to join His importunings. While the close association of the Spirit and the bride, the church is portrayed throughout the other New Testament books, this is the first instance in the book of Revelation that the joining together of the Spirit and the bride is mentioned. After inviting Christ to come, the Spirit and the bride extend a second gracious invitation to all who have heard the gracious promise to join in the invitation and say, Come. And let him that heareth say, come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely. At the beginning of the apocalypse the church was portrayed as seven candlesticks, and the purpose of a candlestick is to give light, to shine as lights in the world, holding forth the world of life. Christ, in the preceding verse, had just said that he had sent His angel to testify these things in the churches. Now it becomes the responsibility of the churches to testify these things to others. And if any one is athirst for the waters proffered, let him comethat is come into the fellowship of Christ, the Holy Spirit and the church. And whosoever will, let him take of the water of life freely. The will to come is the first essential in coming; the will not to come is the first step in the rejection of this gracious invitation. It has been well said, if said in a homely way, In the end there will be only two classes of people, the whosoever wills and the whosoever won-’ts.
That the accurate preservation of this bookthe Wonder Book of the Biblemay be accomplished there follows a solemn warning is pronounced, the like of which is not associated with any other book of the sacred canon. A stern warning is issued against tampering with this last book either by adding to it or taking away from it.
Revelation 22:18-19 For I testify unto every man that heareth the prophecy of this book, if any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book:
And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the Holy City, and from the things that are written in this book.
What a fearful thing it is to add to the living word! What a terrible thing it is to take from or stultify the word of God, and especially the words of the prophecy of this book. For these reasons the author has prayed constantly that he might have the divine guidance of the Teacher of the church, the Holy Spirit, since He was to guide into all truth. Endeavoring to read nothing into this book, not contained therein, nor to delete from it anything it presents, these lines have been written. According to the grace and light given unto me I have written. While there has been this solemn consciousness of condemnation for adding to or taking from the words of the prophecy of this book, there has been also an ever increasing realization of the seriousness of another injunction concerning this book. That sacred injunction reads:
Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein. (Revelation 1:3)
If I have been in error I plead God’s mercy and forgiveness; if I have spoken the truth in ChristI lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Spiritmay God give his added blessing to my humble testimony. In either eventuality may God further and hasten His eternal truth until it shall cover the earth as the waters cover the seas. Weighing God’s warnings at the end of this book, with the blessings promised at its beginning, deep conviction has moved the writing. Coupled with this consideration has been the deep and moving conviction that these things to be testified by the church are of extreme importance in the closing days of the present age. In this stern pronouncement of the penalty for taking away from the words of the book of this prophecy, that God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the Holy City there is also a grim warning on the danger of falling from grace.
Only those who were once in grace would have any part in the book of life or a portion in the Holy City. Such blessings could not apply to those who had never accepted God’s mercy and washed their robes in the blood of the Lamb. For whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. (Revelation 20:15)
The warning is, that those who otherwise are enrolled in the book of life and are thus prospectively entitled to a part in the Holy City, may fall and forfeit such reward, by taking away from the words of the book of this prophecy. Such action could come about either by a deliberate taking away, or by thoughtless neglect. As the book begins with the declaration The Revelation of Jesus Christ, it closes with a parting pronouncement from the One who is herein revealed.
Revelation 22:20 He which testifieth these things saith, surely I come quickly.
We cannot fail to note the prominence of the word Come in the closing verses of this great book. Three times it occurs in Revelation 22:17. The Spirit and the bride say come. He that hears, says, come. He that is athirst, also, says, come.
Now in this verse before us, Christ says, Surely, I come quickly.
Finally, the apostle John here at the end of the book, bows his head and writes: Amen. Even so come, Lord Jesus.
And the word come is used so frequently in these closing words, because the coming of Christ runs like a scarlet thread throughout the New Testament scriptures. It is estimated that one out of every twenty-five words of the New Testament pertains to His coming. It is ever the abiding hope of the church. But those under grace are not alone in holding this hope. Nature groans waiting His coming to rectify her grave disorders occasioned by the fall and its consequent curse visited upon the ground. But grace, being more articulate, joins John in his supplication. Amen, so be it. Even so come, Lord Jesus. Thus this book-the Wonder Book of the Bible comes to a close. We join in the apostolic benediction: The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
Revelation 22:6-7
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 71
Text Revelation 22:6-7
6 And he said unto me, These words are faithful and true: and the Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to show unto his servants the things which must shortly come to pass. 7 And behold I come quickly. Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:6-7
What must shortly come to pass - Revelation 22:6?
Does it make any difference to God whether or not we obey the words of the prophecy - Revelation 22:7?
Does this book refer to the entire New Testament, The Book of Revelation, or both - Revelation 22:7?
What is the source of the message which John has received while banned on Patmos? Is the message authentic? Is the man who was in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day writing down the Word of God or the Words of a Man? The Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets is the ultimate source of John’s Revelation. God had sent His angel to show (to show openly or make public) to his slaves the things which must (dei - all degrees of necessity) occur quickly (tachei - shortly when time is the emphasis or quickly when suddenness of the action of the verb is involved). The adverb modifies the verb occur, thus it tells us how it is to occur - suddenly).
Listen! I am coming quickly. Jesus is coming again - thanks be to God! His coming will be certain, sudden, and silent. Will you be ready? In this verse John uses the last of the Beatitudes of The Revelation. Blessed is (not in text) the one keeping (the one who constantly keeps). The person who only keeps God’s word when he feels like it or on special occasions will be condemned.) the words of the prophecy of this scroll. We must point out that often we hear people quote this verse and apply it to the entire Bible. Note that John is led by God’s spirit to saythe words of the prophecy of this scroll; therefore, John’s warning actually applies only to The Revelation. (Though in principle it applies to all of God’s Word). The only way for us to be ready when He comes as a thief in the night is to be hearers and doers of the Word. We can constantly keep the words of prophecy of this scroll, only by doing the truth.
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:8-9
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 72
Text Revelation 22:8-9
8 And I John am he that heard and saw these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel that showed me these things. 9 And he saith unto me, See thou do it not: I am a fellow-servant with thee and with thy brethren the prophets, and with them that keep the words of this book: worship God.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:8-9
Should not John know that Christians are not supposed to worship angels - Revelation 22:8?
Does the angel accept John’s worship - Revelation 22:9?
What does the angel command that John do - Revelation 22:9?
John failed to learn his lesson from the heavenly messenger in Revelation 19:10. John attempted to worship an angel and the angel rebuked him. Here again, John fell to worship before the feet of the angel who had revealed the holy secrets to him. The following rebuke is in harmony with the general biblical attack on the flourishing angel-worship in Asia Minor.
John was emphatically rebuked the second time. John was so emotionally involved as he was trying to write down the last words of the angel’s message that he became more enthralled with the messenger than with his good tidings. The angel declared that he was a faithful follower of the Word of God, but that this did not give him any special standing before God. Even angels are creatures and not the creator.
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:10-16
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 73
Text Revelation 22:10-16
10 And he saith unto me, Seal not up the words of the prophecy of this book; for the time is at hand. 11 He that is unrighteous, let him do unrighteousness still: and he that is filthy, let him be made filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him do righteousness still: and he that is holy, let him be made holy still. 12 Behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to render to each man according as his work Isaiah 13 I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end. 14 Blessed are they that wash their robes, that they may have the right to come to the tree of life, and may enter in by the gates into the city. 15 Without are the dogs, and the sorcerers, and the fornicators, and the murderers, and the idolaters, and every one that loveth and maketh a lie.
16 I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright, the morning star.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:10-16
The angel told John that the time is at hand. At hand for what - Revelation 22:10?
What is the relationship between being righteous and doing righteousness - Revelation 22:11? (The same for the filthy.)
Does this imply the finality of a man’s spiritual condition at the coming of Christ?
What is the basis of Christ’s reward - Revelation 22:12?
What do the names given in Revelation 22:13 tell us about the one coming quickly - Revelation 22:12?
What is the basis of discrimination for those who would come to the tree of life - Revelation 22:14?
Will anyone be excluded from the City of God - Revelation 22:15? How does the content of this vs. harmonize with universalism?
Does Revelation 22:16 make it very plain that Jesus is not to be identified with the angel messenger?
Daniel (Daniel 12:4) was told to shut up the words, and seal the book, but John is commanded seal not (me sphragisçs - the not is the first for emphasis - certainly do not do it. The word seal occurs 18 times in The Revelation. It signifies to confirm or to seal up for security) the words of the prophecy of this scroll; for the time is near (eggus - means close at hand). The prophecy contained in The Revelation was (and still is) relevant. It is to be studied. We are to read and hear its message. It is a time for opening up the sealed mysteries of the book, not for sealing them up.
This is a clear refutation of the doctrines of purgatory and second chancism. John claims that the state of both the righteous and the unrighteous will be fixed. There will be nothing nor anyone who can modify their state. The one acting unjustly, let him act unjustly (adikçsatô - 1st aor. imperative - signify that the condition of the person is categorically sealed) still; and the filthy one, let him act filthily (this is the same form as above and signifies the sealed condition of the filthy one); and the righteous one let him do righteousness still; and holy one let him be made holy still. The force of this verse is crystal clear. This verse is a complete refutation, from the biblical view point, of universalismthe doctrine that everyone will ultimately be saved.
The reward bearer is coming! He will render to each man as his work (collective noun) is (estin- present tense - as his work is when the reward comes).
These titles of the reward bearer have been discussed in the Special Study on *The Titles for Christ in The Revelation.
Blessed are (not in the text) the ones washing (plunontes - present participle) their robes, in order that (hina - purpose clause) their authority will be over the tree of life, and they enter by the gates into the city. Every Christian has a robe of righteousness. We weave it by the thread of our thoughts, words, and deeds. There is no power in the entire universe that can cleanse a dirty robe, except the foundation of blood which was opened up on Calvary to cleanse the filth of sin from our souls. Its purging power is adequate I Thanks be to God that we have had recourse to the constant cleansing of the blood of the Lamb. Only those who continually come to the cleansing foundation have a right to the tree of life which is within the walled city of God.
John says again what he has already stated in Revelation 21:8; Revelation 21:27. Will anyone be excluded from the city? Emphatically the answer is Yes. We have a new outcast in this verse that has not been mentioned before - dogs. The dog is an image of the lowest, most defiled object in the East. (The dog in the East is like the frog - hated and despised).
Jesus Christ provides the divine attestation of The Revelation. He has authorized John to write down the vision and send them to the Churches. Who is the one who gave the divine stamp of approval? He is the root and offspring of David, the bright and morning star. (See the Special Study on Titles for Christ in The Revelation)· The Messiah - Redeemer has authorized this this work be sent to the Churches in the name of the Lord of the Universe.
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:17
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 74
Text Revelation 22:17
17 And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And he that heareth let him say, Come. And he that is athirst, let him come: he that will, let him take the water of life freely.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:17
How does the Spirit call men - Revelation 22:17?
Who is the Bride - Revelation 22:17?
How does the Bride call me - Revelation 22:17?
Is the individual Christian responsible to invite those outside of Christ to accept Him as Lord - Revelation 22:17?
The great invitation is extendedCome (erchon - the command is sounded). The Spirit and the Bride give the invitation by co-witness. Both, the Holy Spirit and the Church of Jesus Christ bear the same testimony. And the one hearing (this is singular and means that every single Christian is to issue the invitation) let him say, Come. The personal responsibility of each Christian to bear testimony to the Lordship of Christ is here asserted. The contemporary Church is snarled up in the clergy - system. Congregations hire a minister to do the work that God gave the entire Church to do (see Ephesians 4:11-16). (Compare Paul and John’s metaphors for the Church of Christ. See the brilliant work by L. Cerfaux, The Church in The Theology of Paul, Herder and Herder, New York, 1959; Excellent, by Roman Catholic Biblical Theologian). And the thirsting one let him come. The one wishing (wanting to) let him take the water of life freely.
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:18-19
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 75
Text Revelation 22:18-19
18 I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto them, God shall add unto him the plagues which are written in this book: 19 and if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, which are written in this book.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:18-19
What warning does God give us in Revelation 22:18?
What will God do to those who disobey - Revelation 22:18?
Does God condemn taking away as well as adding to this word - Revelation 22:19?
How severe is God’s judgment upon all adders or subtracters of His Word - Revelation 22:19?
Jesus is still speaking (see Revelation 22:16). I witness to everyone hearing the words of the prophecy of this scroll, if anyone adds to these things (auta is a neuter plural - to them), God will add upon him the plagues having been written in this scroll: We must all heed Jesus-’ warning - do not tamper with the Word of God! God revealed it just as He wanted it. If He would have needed our advice, I am quite certain that He would have asked us. The emphasis in this verse was do not add (epithç) to God’s revelation.
In this verse we read the same warnings being issued to those who would subtract from the Word of God. This is such a serious matter that God imposes a very severe judgment upon the person who takes away (aphalç) from the Words. What is judgment? God will take away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city.
Either adding or subtracting from God’s Word are explicitly condemned. God expects us to witness to His Word - neither more nor less!
Discussion Questions
See Revelation 22:20-21.
Revelation 22:20-21
Strauss-’ Comments SECTION 76
Text Revelation 22:20-21
20 He who testifieth these things saith, Yea: I come quickly. Amen: Come, Lord Jesus. 21 The grace of the Lord Jesus be with the saints. Amen.
Initial Questions Revelation 22:20-21
Will the committed Christian be waiting for Christ’s return?
John expressed his desire for Christ’s coming again. How did he show this concern - Revelation 22:20?
What does the word grace mean - Revelation 22:21?
The one witnessing these things says, yes, I am coming quickly. The phrase I am coming quickly is used three times in this chapter Revelation 22:7; Revelation 22:12; Revelation 22:20. John heard this majestic declaration and responded with a shout of joy - Amen, Come, Lord Jesus.
The man who suffered persecution on Patmos rather than to deny his Lord, concludes The Revelation whichhe received in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day with the grace of the Lord Jesus be (not in text) with all.
We can thank our heavenly Father that He vouched safe these holy visions to The Seer who continues to inspire The Saved with the thought of the coming again of the cosmic conqueror - The Savior, Jesus Christ.
This great N.T. book is not for the curiosity seeker or religious fanatic, but for all those who would continue to the end - for the same shall wear the robe of righteousness and the crown of life. We must guard these with our very life because the righteousness is not our own but His; the crowns we do not merit either.
Discussion Questions
Chapter 22
What other section of O.T. Scripture does the imagery of Rev 22:1-3 describe?
What does being blessed in Revelation 22:7 imply?
Is it ever acceptable with our Lord to worship a creature, even if an angel - Revelation 22:8?
How does the angel’s command to John differ from God’s command to Daniel - Revelation 22:10?
Will a lost sinner who has died ever get another opportunity to accept Christ - Revelation 22:11?
What is the condition which must be met before we have a right to the tree of life - according to Revelation 22:14?
Who sent His angel according to Revelation 22:16?
Who issues the great invitation in Revelation 22:17?
What will happen to the person (or persons) who add to or take away from God’s Word according to Revelation 22:18-19?
How does John respond to Christ’s declaration in Revelation 22:20?
Note: Christ in You The Hope of Glory! (Colossians 1:27)
Contemporary man is seeking for a source of hope, but he is more than reluctant to accept the biblical ground of hope - Christ in you, the hope of glory. Ibsen depicts modern man in most penetrating imagery. He wrote of a man who viewed the crucifixion and had a toothache; he remembered the toothache but forgot about the crucifixion. Man could not exist long without the grace of hope. What is unique about the Christian’s hope? Why should all men turn their hope toward Jesus Christ?
Hope is always our aspirations projecting toward the future. Paul says thatNow abideth, faith, hope, love, these three; and the greatest of these is love (1 Corinthians 13:13).
The Christian’s hope does not come from within himself, but is grounded in the work and victory of God in Christ. The Christian’s hope is not ultimately grounded in a doctrine, but in the person of our Lord Jesus Christ. Peter tells us that God - begat us again unto a living hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead (1 Peter 1:3). He also admonished us to be in a state of readinessto give an answer (apologia) to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you,(1 Peter 3:15).
In order to provide some basic sermon suggestions on the biblical doctrine of hope, we shall provide an outline of Wm. Barclay’s study listed below in the bibliography. (See pp. 42-46 of that work. Also check the various vocabulary of O.T. and N.T. usage in a concordance).
I.
In what does the Christian hope consist?
Hope of the resurrection (Acts 23:6).
It is the hope of the glory of God (Romans 5:2).
Hope of the new covenant (2 Corinthians 3:12).
Hope of righteousness (Galatians 5:5).
Hope of salvation (2 Corinthians 1:10).
Hope of eternal life (Titus 1:2; Titus 3:7).
Hope of the second coming (Titus 2:13; - 1 John 3:3).
Hope which is laid up in heaven (Colossians 1:5).
II.
What are the Sources of Hope?
Product of Experience (Romans 5:4).
Product of the Scripture (Romans 15:4).
Being called of God (Ephesians 1:8).
Product of the Gospel (Colossians 1:23).
Dependent on work of our Lord (Colossians 1:26; 1 Timothy 1:1).
III.
What great things happen by Hope?
Hope comes through grace (2 Thessalonians 2:16).
Through hope that we rejoice (Romans 12:12).
Saved by hope (Romans 8:24).
Keeps Christian steadfast (Hebrews 3:6; Hebrews 6:11; Hebrews 6:18).
IV.
What are the Foundations of Hope?
Hope is in Christ (1 Thessalonians 1:3).
Hope is grounded in God (1 Timothy 4:10).
Hope looks to God (1 Peter 1:21).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. J. von Allmen, editor, A Companion to The Bible (a French Protestant work) Oxford, New York, 1958, English translation.
William Barclay, More New Testament Words, Harper Bros. N.Y. 1958.
J. B. Bauer, editor, Bible Theologisches, Wörterbuch, Austria, (Roman Catholic).
Wm. Childs Robinson, Christ The Hope of Glory: Christological Eschatology, Eerdmans, 1945. Good study by basically conservative Calvinist who was aware of the relevant literature which had been published up to time his work became available, 1945. (See also George E. Ladd’s two works listed in general bibliography. Dr. Ladd is professor of the Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasedena, California. The school is now in a time of crisis because of a general attitude toward The Bible. Some there are taking a mediating position toward The Scriptures.
X. Leon Dufour, editor, Vocabulaire de Theologie Biblique, 1962, Editions du cerf, Paris, (Roman Catholic).
Kittel, editor, Article-ilpis (Greek for Hope); Wörterbuch, Austria.
Alan Richardson, editor. A Theological Word Book of The Bible, MacMillan and Co., New York, 1956, (now in paperback).
Note: These works do not always show a high regard for the scripture, except Ladd’s and Robinson’s works. We have now come to the end of our journey through the blood-stained pages of a period of history of the Church written by Martyrs-’ blood. But we can only say with the author of the great hymn
My Hope is Built on Nothing Less
My hope is built on nothing less Than Jesus-’ blood and righteousness; I dare not trust the sweetest frame, But wholly lean on Jesus-’ name. When He shall come with trumpet sound, O may I then in Him be found! Dressed in His righteousness alone, Faultless to stand before the throne!
Refrain
On Christ, the solid rock, I stand; All other ground is sinking sand, All other ground is sinking sand. A-Men.