Hebrews 1
OGCHELPS FROM HEBREWS
BIBLE STUDY TEXTBOOK
DON EARL BOATMAN
President of Ozark Bible College Joplin, Missouri Paraphrase by James MacKnight
Summary by T. R. Applebury
College Press, Joplin, Missouri · Copyright 1960
Don Earl Boatman
I dedicate this book to my wife with affection, and with appreciation for her labors of love in typing my three college theses as she assisted me in furthering my education. I likewise dedicate this book to my children, Dona and Roger, who of necessity were denied my attention in the hours which were required to prepare the notes which now form this book.
PREFACE
It is my sincere hope that Preaching and Teaching Helps from Hebrews will indeed be to many what the title suggests. The verse-by-verse commentary, given in outline form, should prove useful both in the classroom and in the pulpit. In addition to the exegetical analysis of the book of Hebrews, a great number of expository sermon outlines have been correlated into the comments.
Being very zealous for expository preaching, I have used this approach often in the classroom of Minnesota Bible College where I formerly taught, and more recently in Ozark Bible College. With sincere gratitude the author wishes to express appreciation to many friends whose work helped to make this book possible. The outline for the book of Hebrews was gleaned from Professor Victor Hoven’s classroom lectures in Eugene Bible College. It is an honor to have Professor Ralph Applebury contribute his chapter summaries. Esther (Mrs. Daniel) Burris volunteered to type and mimeograph my notes making them available to my students while I was teaching several years ago in Minnesota Bible College. Edeana White, a student in Ozark Bible College, prepared my class discussion questions, incorporating them into the manuscript. Professor Don DeWelt recently urged me to make the notes available for this book, and with the assistance of Professor Woodrow Phillips planned for its production. Marjorie (Mrs. Woodrow) Phillips did the proof reading, and has contributed much to the original manuscript with her ability to improve sentence structure. I believe this book will prove to be very helpful to those who desire a practical application to life from the Word of God. Only one Book is inspired, and as I have prepared these notes I have sought diligently to teach and to write in full accord with the will of God as found in His Book.
Don Earl Boatman
INTRODUCTION
I do not believe there is a textbook in print, or an older one which may be reprinted, which deals with the book of Hebrews more adequately and accurately than this one. In the first place, Don Earl Boatman, president of Ozark Bible College, believes that Godthrough His Holy Spiritis the ultimate author of Hebrews, and of all the Bible. Therefore, Helps from Hebrews is a labor of love, permeated by reverence and faith.
Following a rich educational preparation and several years of successful preaching ministry, the author became a Bible college teacher. Assigned the class in Hebrews, he approached it with the most thoroughgoing preparation possibleas he did all of his classes. Then, each year was made the occasion and opportunity for further research and prayerful meditation. The present volume is the outgrowth of mimeographed class notes, which, in turn, were the outgrowth of this teaching experience. For several years, when I have had occasion to restudy some section of Hebrews, these class notes have had high priority among my reference materials. I have found them most helpful. I anticipate for Helps from Hebrews an enthusiastic reception and a widespread and long continued use. It is sufficiently scholarly and complete to be highly acceptable as a college textbook. As do all of the College PressBible Study Textbook Club publications, it incorporates several features which make it especially valuable for such use.
The simplicity of the book, together with its thoughtful questions and other textbook techniques will make it quite practical for study groups in the local church. Every preacher, elder, deacon, Bible School teacherin fact, every Bible studentwill want to give it a place among his easiest to reach and most frequently to be used reference and study volumes. And the fact that it is prepared with textbook use particularly in mind makes its factual content the more easily accessible, and adds to its suggestive and stimulative value.
Chester A. Williamson
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE EPISTLE TO THE Hebrews 1.
The people addressedThe letter to the Hebrews was evidently addressed to Jewish Christians who were in danger of apostatizing from Christ and returning to Judaism. They were subjected to persecution by their own race and treated as apostates and unclean because they had left Moses and accepted Christ.
The purpose of the epistle.
a.
To exhibit the unsurpassed glory of the new covenant in contrast with the old.
b.
To exhort the Hebrew Christians to steadfastness in Christ. cf. Hebrews 3:12; Hebrews 4:14; Hebrews 6:4-8; Hebrews 10:23; Hebrews 13:22.
Authorship.
a.
Tradition of the church in the East, where the epistle was first received, is unanimous in ascribing authorship to the Apostle Paul, as did also the council of Carthage, 397 A.D., and Clement of Alexandria, 165 to 220 A.D.
Internal evidence as to Paul’s authorship.
a.
Figures of speech are similar to those used in his other letters. cf. 1 Corinthians 9:24-25; Galatians 2:2; Galatians 5:7; Philippians 3:13-14; 2 Timothy 4:7-8 with Hebrews 12:1-2.
b.
Paul’s view of the law as expressed in his other letters is the same view expressed in Hebrews. cf. Acts 13:39; Romans 7:1-6; 1 Corinthians 9:20-21; 2 Corinthians 3:6-13; Galatians 3:16 to Galatians 4:31; Ephesians 2:14-18; Colossians 2:13-17 with Hebrews 8:7 to Hebrews 10:18.
c.
The word mediator is used by Paul only. cf. Galatians 3:19-20; 1 Timothy 2:5 with Hebrews 8:6; Hebrews 9:15; Hebrews 12:24
d.
Conditions in the life of Paul are true to those of the writer of the Hebrew letter.
The writer was a prisoner in Italy. Hebrews 13:19-24.
The writer was a friend of Timothy. Hebrews 13:23.
The writer asks for prayers of brethren that he might be set free. Hebrews 13:18-19.
e.
The word covenant is found only seven times in the New Testament outside of Paul’s writings. Paul uses it nine times in other writings. It is used seventeen times in Hebrews.
f.
No other writer invokes grace upon readers.
Date.
Though much is said of the worship and sacrifice in the temple, there is an entire absence of any intimation that the temple had been destroyed. cf. Hebrews 8:4; Hebrews 10:11. Since the temple was destroyed in A.D. 70, the letter must have been written before that date. From Hebrews 13:24 it seems to have been written in Italy.
Place (supposition).
According to the references in Hebrews 13:24 to the prayers, it must have been written during his first imprisonment from 61-63 A.D. in Rome, Italy.
ANALYSIS:
The great proposition of this epistle is: The superiority of Christianity to Judaism is seen in its Founder and Mediator, Jesus Christ.
The Book Has Three Divisions.
Part I.
The superiority of Christ as Founder of ChristianityHeb 1:1 to Hebrews 4:13.
Part II.
The superiority of Christ as High PriestHeb 4:14 to Hebrews 10:39.
Part III.
The nature, development and duties of faithHeb 11:1 to Hebrews 13:25
In this letter, Christ is shown to be superior to: Prophets Hebrews 1:1-3; Angels Hebrews 1:4 to Hebrews 2:18; Moses Hebrews 3:1 to Hebrews 4:13.
Alexander Campbell’s estimation of this letter and also of Romans:
The epistle to Romans and Hebrews contains the most comprehensive and complete exposition of all that enters into Christian faith and worship ever spoken or written.
QUESTIONS ON THE OUTLINE
I.
On the introduction.
Is the epistle addressed to a specific area, or to a person?
What nationality seems to be in the mind of the author?
What can we judge their spiritual condition to be?
What seems to be the purpose of the epistle?
What bearing has tradition upon ascribing the authorship to Paul?
What authorities ascribe Paul’s authorship?
Who else is suggested?
V/hat is meant by internal evidence of authorship?
What is the evidence of internal authorship in regard to figures of speech?
If you feel that Paul wrote this letter, how do you explain Hebrews 2:3? (See my notes.)
Do you feel that Paul’s view of the law is a strong argument for authorship? Why?
Explain the value of the argument from the word mediator.
Are the conditions in the life of the author true to Paul? Name three.
A prisoner in Italy is suggested as one condition. Could this be true of others?
Could others have been a friend of Timothy?
Do you feel that his prayer for deliverance to be with them carries much evidence?
Was Paul primarily a missionary to the Jews, therefore making this a strong argument?
Tell of the use of the word covenant in New Testament writings.
What can be said of the date of the authorship?
What is the evidence for the place where it was written?
Do we have any other evidence from other epistles that Paul may have been the author?
What does the salutation or benediction at the close indicate as to authorship?
II.
On the analysis.
What seems to be the great proposition of the book?
Is the entire book given over to this?
If not, what is the nature of the balance of the book?
Name the three divisions of the book.
a.
Superiority of Christ as the Founder of ChristianityHeb 1:1 to Hebrews 4:13.
b.
Superiority of Christ as High PriestHeb 4:14 to Hebrews 10:39.
c.
Nature, development and duties of faithHeb 11:1 to Hebrews 13:25.
According to this letter, to whom is Christ superior?
a.
ProphetsHeb 1:1-3.
b.
AngelsHeb 1:4 to Hebrews 2:18.
c.
MosesHeb 3:1 to Hebrews 4:13.
Chapter OneTrue or False
_____ 1.
When God spoke to the men in the Old Testament, He made his way known in just one way.
_____ 2.
The revelation of Christ came at the end of certain days.
_____ 3.
Christ was present at the time of creation.
_____ 4.
The author of the Hebrew letter states in this chapter that now Christ is preaching to the souls in prison.
_____ 5.
This epistle points out that since Christ came into this world as man, we have abundant evidence that Christ is mutable (changeable).
_____ 6.
There is only one kind of angel, those that serve the devil.
_____ 7.
Jesus loved righteousness and hated iniquity, according to the Hebrew letter, and therefore He asked His angels to sit at His right hand.
_____ 8.
One way Christ is superior to the angels is in His name.
_____ 9.
In spite of the fact that we have just one Old Testament, Hebrews speaks of God speaking in divers portions.
_____ 10.
Jesus sat down at the right hand of God prior to the atonement, according to Hebrews.
_____ 11.
Since Christ was begotten of the Father, we may assume that Christ came into existence after God had made the heavens and the earth.
_____ 12.
Malachi was the last prophet through whom God has spoken.
_____ 13.
This epistle speaks of the earth growing old.
_____ 14.
A vision was one method God used to speak in the Old Testament, but He has never used the method since.
_____ 15.
The prophets, priests and kings were anointed in the Old Testament, but we have no mention of anointing in this chapter.
_____ 16.
Since Christ assisted God in creation, and in Him all things exist, He is the only person who ever lived who did not look forward to an inheritance.
_____ 17.
Since the world and the heavens are to perish, Christ’s throne will not be forever, for His throne will not have anything upon which to rest.
_____ 18.
Christ’s enemies are to be considered as candidates for Christ’s footstools.
_____ 19.
The name God is a name that belongs only to Jehovah.
_____ 20.
The Son can be spoken of as being a reflection of God’s glory.
_____ 21.
Revelation of God has been progressive.
_____ 22.
The heirs of salvation have angels serving them as ministering spirits.
_____ 23.
The world is growing old, and as a garment it shall be changed.
_____ 24.
The sceptre of Christ is spoken of as a sceptre of righteousness,
_____ 25.
This chapter speaks of God working with His hands.
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER ONE
God’s final word to man was spoken through His Son, although He had revealed His word through the prophets in the ancient times. The superiority of this last message is related to the superiority of the One through whom it was revealed, Seven points of His superior excellence are given:
(1)
Heir of all things.
(2)
Creator of the world.
(3)
The effulgence of God’s glory.
(4)
The image of His substance.
(5)
The One who upholds all things.
(6)
The One who made purification for sins.
(7)
The One exalted to the right hand of the throne of God.
The Son is greater than angels, as indicated by the name which He inheritedthe name Son. A series of Old Testament quotations proves His superiority. No angel was ever called Son. They were commanded to worship the firstborn, for they are ministering servants. The Son is King eternal, and righteousness characterizes His reign. The things which He created will be changed like a garment that grows old, but He will remain the same. He will conquer all His enemies, while angels will serve those who shall inherit salvation.
Preliminary Discussion of Chapter Two
The first chapter is an exaltation of God’s revelation.
God tried to speak to man in several manners.
A.
God, being what He is, was obligated to reveal Himself.
B.
In His love, He sent prophets and angels to teach man.
After every effort He finally sent His Son.
A.
Chapter one is an exaltation of Christ and His message.
B.
He is not merely a prophet or an angel.
He is heir of all. Hebrews 1:2.
He made the world. Hebrews 1:2.
He is the brightness of God’s glory, and the image of His substance. Hebrews 1:3.
He upholdeth all things. Hebrews 1:3.
He brought purification.
He is seated.
He is superior to angels.
He has a greater name than they.
He was begotten in the resurrection.
All angels shall adore Him. Hebrews 1:6.
He has an eternal throne.
He has the sceptre of righteousness. Hebrews 1:8.
He was anointed with the oil of gladness above all.
All other things perish, but years shall not fail Him.
Some have allowed themselves to slip and fall after hearing other revelations. How awful for us to neglect this great revelation !
A.
A more earnest heed should be given to the things that we have heard.
B*.*
Simply because God makes such great efforts to love and win man, man should not place the responsibility on God for man’s salvation.
Notice how personal this Chapter Two is.
A.
We ought to give more earnest heed.
B.
Things we have heard. Hebrews 1:1.
C.
We drift away. Hebrews 1:2.
D*.
We* escape. Hebrews 1:3.
E.
We neglect. Hebrews 1:3.
In an exegesis class we take verses apart to find the truth and depth of truth by studying words, phrases, verses. There is danger here; however. Note these admonitions:
A.
Don-’t lose sight of the greatness of God’s Word.
B.
See the whole revelationsee it as a unit.
C.
Study the outline of the book so that you will see the purpose and plan of the book.
In Chapter Two, verses one and four, we have a great warning because we have a great salvation.
A.
The warning is of the danger of slipping and neglecting from which there is no escape.
B.
The danger is illustrated by the judgment of God in the Old Testament.
C.
If God punished for neglect in the Old Testament, how much more sore will be His judgment for neglect of His Son.
In verse one, we have an exhortation to give earnest heed.
A.
We must not be careless, indifferent.
B.
If this is God’s final revelation and His supreme effort to win man, we must not take it lightly.
Hebrews 1:1-3
PART ONE
The Superiority of Christ as the Founder of Christianity
I.
He is superior to the prophets. Hebrews 1:1-3.
A.
He is the complete and final revelation of God. Hebrews 1:1-2 a.
Text
Hebrews 1:1 God, having of old time spoken unto the fathers in the prophets by divers portions and in divers manners, Hebrews 1:2 a hath at the end of these days spoken unto us in His Son.
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:1 The same God, who in sundry parts and in divers manners anciently revealed His will to the fathers of the Jewish nation by the prophets, Enoch, (Jude 1:14), Moses, Samuel, David, Isaiah, etc.
Hebrews 1:2 a Hath in these last days of the Mosaic dispensation spoken the gospel to mankind, all at once and after one manner.
*Comment
God*
The book begins with an assumption of God’s existence. Like Genesis, it makes no attempt to prove the existence of God. The Psalmist said that fools do not believe in God. cf. Psalms 14:1; Psalms 53:1. The author of Hebrews must have felt the same way.
This wonderful God of man is not appreciated, so a brief study of Him is in order. This study is far from exhaustivebut is practical:
a.
The Being of God:
He is SpiritJoh 4:24.
He is EternalRom 16:26; 2 Peter 3:8.
He is LivingMat 22:32; Matthew 16:16.
He is OneRom 16:27; 1 Timothy 1:17; Jude 1:25.
He is Ultimate (alpha and omega)Revelation 21:6.
b.
The Character of God:
Omnipotentall-powerfulalmightyRev 19:6; Romans 13:1.
Omniscientall-wiseknoweth all thingsRom 16:27; Ephesians 3:10manifold wisdom.
HolyJoh 17:11; Revelation 4:8; Revelation 6:10.
RighteousJoh 17:25; Matthew 6:33; Philippians 3:9.
GoodRom 2:4; Luke 18:19.
KindTit 3:4.
MercifulRom 12:1; 2 Corinthians 1:3; Luke 6:36.
JustGal 3:8; Romans 3:26.
LovingJoh 16:27; 2 Corinthians 13:11; 2 Thessalonians 2:16.
c.
In relationship to the world:
This is of primary importance, for God has not been far removed from man, but has sought to win man to Himself.
Below are listed some phases of His relationship:
a)
Omnipresent:
Acts 17:24-25dwelleth not in temples
Acts 17:28in Him we live
b)
Creator:
Acts 17:24the God that made the world
c)
SovereignRuler, Lord, Monarch:
Acts 17:24He being Lord of earth
d)
Savior:
Luke 1:47in God my Savior.
1 Timothy 2:3in the sight of God our Savior
Jude 1:25God our Savior.
e)
Revealer:
Philippians 3:15God shall reveal this unto you
1 Corinthians 2:10God revealed them unto us
Romans 1:17therein is revealed
having of olden time spoken.
This refers to God’s contact with man from the very beginning. God has always spoken to man:
a.
In the patriarchal time God spoke face to face:
To Adam.
To Noah.
To Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
b.
He spoke to man through prophets in a great attempt to win man:
Moses the lawgiver was a mighty voice for God.
The major and minor prophets had a major message.
Some doubt that God spoke. Aside from the Word that says He did, it seems likely that He would.
a.
If He could, but would not, He would not be a just and righteous God; therefore, He would not be worthy of worship.
b.
If He would but could not, then He would be weaker than man, and therefore, unworthy of worship.
spoken unto the fathers
Who is referred to?
a.
Possibly the patriarchal fathers are included.
b.
No doubt the Jewish race as a whole under the Mosaic law should be considered as included.
A problem with the patriarchal consideration is that he says unto the fathers in the prophets.
a.
The prophets appeared during the Mosaic dispensation.
b.
However, the word prophet is not limited to the idea of foretelling of events.
c.
Prophecy means to tell, and on occasions the patriarchs may have served as prophets to their generation.
in the prophets
The meaning of the word:
a.
One who speaks for anothera forth-teller.
b.
Foretelling of the coming of Christ was by no means their only task.
The prophets are divided into two groups:
a.
Major prophetsIsaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel.
b.
Minor prophetsThe names of the last twelve books of the Old Testament are the minor prophets.
There are others who are considered prophets:
a.
MosesDeu 18:15.
b.
AaronExo 7:1Aaron shall be thy prophet.
The preaching of the prophets may be generally summarized under three phases:
a.
Judgments upon kingdoms.
b.
The coming kingdom.
c.
The King of kings.
in divers portions
This suggests that God’s revelations to man have been in different dispensations:
a.
Covenants of faith with the patriarchs were made in the Patriarchal or Starlight Dispensation.
b.
Covenants with Moses were made in the Moonlight Dispensation.
During this period, the prophets gave further light to the people of the day.
The prophets also enlightened men about the Sunlight Dispensation to follow.
John the Baptist removed the final clouds.
God spoke more fully following these two dispensations with two others:
a.
The revelation of Jesus is the Sunlight Dispensation.
b.
The message of the apostles is the Holy Spirit Dispensation. The divers portion, then, may be called progressive revelation, The portions put together make one book.
a.
The portions have a unity when read as one book:
Its history is a unit.
a)
A history of the past.
b)
Teaching for a satisfactory present.
c)
A prophecy of the future.
Man’s salvation is in it:
a)
A scarlet thread runs throughout all the Word.
b)
Blood atonement is the theme that ties the Word together from Genesis to Revelation.
A Person is there, although revealed in different portions:
a)
Genesis 3:15 speaks of Him bruising the serpent’s head.
b)
Isaiah 53 speaks of Him being bruised.
c)
Revelation pictures Him destroying all wickedness and rewarding righteousness.
A kingdom is there:
a)
A prophetic kingdomDan 2:44.
b)
A present kingdomMat 16:18.
c)
A world-wide victorious kingdomMat 24:44; Revelation 11:15kingdom of the world is become the Kingdom of our Lord.
b.
Since Christ gave credence to the portions, the critic must destroy Christ before he can destroy the Old Testament. cf. Luke 24:44; Matthew 12:39-41; Matthew 16:4.
in divers manners
This suggests that God has used various methods to make known His message:
a.
He spoke with a voice:
Exodus 24:4all the words which Jehovah hath spoken will we do
Isaiah 38:4Then came the word of the Lord to Isaiah, saying
b.
He wrote with His fingers:
Daniel 5:5Belshazzar saw the handwriting on the wall.
Exodus 31:18The law was written by the fingers of God.
c.
He spoke in action, demonstrating his power:
Miracles were of several kinds:
a)
Burning bushExo 3:2.
b)
Daniel in the lions-’ denDan 6:22.
c)
Walls of Jericho fellJos 6:20.
d)
Thundering and lightning when the law was givenExo 20:18.
Temple veil rent in twainMat 27:51. This spoke of the ending of the earthly Holy of Holies.
Victory in war for his people showed that righteousness must prevail.
a)
Gideon’s victoryHeb 11:32 and Judges 7:22
b)
Egyptians defeated in the Red Sea.
d.
He spoke in dreams and visions:
Daniel 2:1Nebuchadnezzar’s dream and interpretation by Daniel in Hebrews 2:17-18.
Joseph interprets dreams of fellow prisoners in Genesis 40.
Joseph’s dream in Genesis 37.
See Hosea 12:10.
Romans 1:4 is proof that spoke may refer to more than vocal words:
cf. Psalms 19:2day unto day uttereth speech.
cf. Romans 1:20even His everlasting power and divinity.
hath at the end of these days
What days?
a.
The days of the prophets just referred to.
b.
The prophets-’ days seemed closed for about 400 years after Malachi, but John broke the silence.
c.
These days may refer to the end of the Jewish age, which was a prophetic age.
spoken unto us in His Son
How did God speak through Him?
a.
Not always vocally.
Christ’s compassion and love spoke.
Christ’s resurrection spoke. cf. Romans 1:4who was declared to be the Son of God with power
In Christ’s voice God spoke:
John 8:28but as the Father taught Me, I speak these things.
John 12:49For I spake not from Myself but the Father that sent Me, He hath given Me a commandment what I should say and what I should speak.
John 14:10the words I speak, I speak not of Myself
Study Questions
Does the book of Hebrews begin with the word God? Does the original Greek manuscript begin this way?
In what way is Hebrews like Genesis?
Name the three divisions in my outline about God.
Tell of the being of God.
Tell of the character of God.
What can be said about God’s relationship to the world?
What is meant by olden times?
In patriarchal times, how did He speak?
What would you think about God if He could but wouldn-’t speak to man?
What would you say about God if He would but couldn-’t speak to man?
Who is meant by the term fathers?
When did prophets first come into Bible history?
Did prophets speak to the patriarchs? If not, can fathers refer to them?
What is the responsibility of a prophet?
Name a prophet who spoke to Abraham.
Into what two groups are the prophets divided?
Explain the term, divers portions.
What is meant by different dispensations?
Explain the expression, progressive revelation.
Do these portions comprise a unit?
Do you see a theme running through all the revelation of God?
Does Christ give credence to the Old Testament?
What were the ways God spoke?
Tell of some actions of God that revealed something about Him.
What message was spoken by the temple veil being rent?
What was spoken concerning God in His helping the people in war?
Name some dreams in which God spoke.
Name some visions in which God spoke.
Are all of God’s messages vocal?
What is meant by end of these days?
What days are referred to?
How did God speak through Christ?
Did Christ claim to speak for God?
B.
He is the Son of God. Hebrews 1:2 b, Hebrews 1:3.
Text
Hebrews 1:2 b. whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the worlds; Hebrews 1:3 Who being the effulgence of His glory, and the very image of His substance, and upholding all things by the word of His power, when He had made purification of sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high;
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:2 b. by His Son made flesh whom He constituted heir of all things; through whom also He made the worlds.
Hebrews 1:3 This great personage, even in His incarnate state, being an effulgence of His Father’s glory, and an exact image of His substance, and upholding all things (namely, the worlds, Hebrews 1:2.) by His powerful command, when He had made atonement for our sins by the sacrifice of Himself, and not of beasts, sat down at the right hand of the manifestation of the divine presence in the highest heavens, by invitation from God, who thereby declared His ministrations as a priest both acceptable and effectual.
*Comment
in His Son*
This Sonship is in a unique sense:
a.
He is the only one of His kind.
b.
He is not a sonbut the Son.
His Sonship was established by many proofs:
a.
He is the Son in the parable of the husbandman.
Luke 20:9-18; cf. Matthew 11:25.
b.
Jesus claimed to be the Son.
John 14:2in My Father’s house.
John 4:26I am He
c.
Sonas seen in His miracles: John 20:30-31.
d.
Sonas seen in His superior teaching.
John 7:46never man so spake.
e.
Sonas seen in His superior life;
Luke 23:4Pilate: I find no fault
Hebrews 4:14Having then a great high priest. the Son of God.
John 8:46which of you convicteth Me of sin.
f.
Sonas seen in His resurrection:
g.
Sonas seen in the acclamation of God:
Matthew 3:17at His baptism.
Matthew 17:1-8at His transfiguration.
Whom He appointed heir of all things
The word heir suggests something to inherit. What was it?
a.
An excellent name. Hebrews 1:4. cf. Philippians 2:5-11.
b.
Lordship. Acts 2:36. Matthew 28:18.
c.
Power and judgment. John 5:22given judgment unto the Son.
through whom also He made the worlds
Christ was present in creation:
John 1:3all things were made through Him.
Genesis 1:26Let us make man in Our image, after Our likeness.
the worlds
The Greek word here translated, worlds, is disputed by translators.
a.
The footnote is ages.
b.
The singular form has three meanings:
Endless duration.
Any age or period.
Anything that lives or exists.
We may assume that it refers to the processes in each age by which God is bringing to pass His great purposes.
who being the effulgence of His glory
The word effulgence is also translated brightness.
a.
This word appears only once in the New Testament.
b.
Effulgence means a reflected splendor.
Jesus made it plain that those who saw Him could say that they had seen the Father.
John 14:8-9; John 14:11; John 17:21.
They saw the Father only as they saw His qualities in Christ.
a.
John 1:18No man hath seen God at any time.
b.
All that God is, has been expressed in Jesus.
and the very image of His substance
This makes Him deity, which should be theological enough for us ! Image means impress.
a.
The word in the Greek is charaktei.
In the primary sense, it denotes the instrument used in engraving or carving.
The whole expression, the very image of His substance, is used to set forth the dignity of Christ, in order to build up our faith.
b.
Calvin says, He is called the -impress of His substance-’, because the majesty of the Father is hidden until it shows itself impressed as it were on his image. They who overlook this connection and carry their philosophy higher, weary themselves to no purpose, for they do not understand the design of the Apostle; for it was not his object to show what likeness the Father bears to the Son! (p. 35.)
c.
cf. 2 Corinthians 4:4Christ who is the image of God.
Substance is translated person in the King James version.
a.
The word is hupos and means what lies under.
b.
This is not the same word used in Hebrews 11:1faith is the substance of things hoped for.
c.
Substance or essence was the controversial topic of Arius and Athanasious.
The Council called by Constantine tried to settle the problem, but failed.
Trying to fully understand divine reality with human terms is too much for man.
d.
God is Spirit. Man doesn-’t think of Spirit as having substance, although He does have form.
Deuteronomy 4:15-16, Exodus 24:9-10; Exodus 33:20Thou canst not see My face for man shall not see My face
upholdeth all things
The word here translated upholdeth, is phero in the original manuscripts, and has the idea to bear, or to carry, What is included in the word, upholdeth?
a.
Man is upheld:
Acts 17:28In Him we live
Job 12:10In whose hand is the soul of every living thing
b.
The world is supported by God:
Job 26:7He hangeth the earth upon nothing
Colossians 1:17In Him all things consist
The above verses, Colossians 1:17 excepted, speak of God’s action, while Hebrews 1:3 refers to Jesus-’ action.
The harmony of the problem lies in the fact that Jesus is spoken of as the Word.
by the word of His power
In Genesis are recorded the creative words, but here are the sustaining words.
a.
Material substance has no resident power in it.
b.
The laws of nature, so-called, are only a manifestation of the uniformity of God’s activity.
While Jesus was on earth, He demonstrated the power of His words:
a.
He cast out spirits with a word. Mark 9:25.
b.
He said, Be thou made clean, and a leper was made whole. Matthew 8:3.
c.
The centurion asked Jesus, saying, Only say the word and my servant shall be healed. His faith was rewarded with a healing word from Jesus. Matthew 8:8; Matthew 8:13.
when He had made purification of sins
The cross is the method of taking care of sins.
a.
All Old Testament sacrifices were a type of the blood sacrifice of Jesus.
John used the type of animal sacrifices as a figure of speech, saying: Behold the Lamb of God who taketh away the sin of the world. John 1:29.
b.
Jesus came into the world to endure the cross.
Luke 9:51He steadfastly set His face to go to Jerusalem
Hebrews 12:2endured the cross
c.
It is the blood that purifies:
Revelation 1:5unto Himthat loosed us from our sins, by His blood.
Hebrews 9:28So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many.
To have this cleansing, we must have our own crucifixion service:
Acts 22:16be baptized and wash away thy sins
Titus 3:5by the washing of regeneration.
Romans 6:3baptized into His death.
sat down on the right hand
This truth is spoken by others:
a.
Stephen saw Him there. Acts 7:56.
b.
Peter preached that He was there. Acts 2:33.
c.
John pictured Him at the throne of God. Revelation 5:6; Revelation 7:17. The author of Hebrews makes much of this point:
a.
In Hebrews 1:4, we see His personKing.
b.
In Hebrews 8:12, we see His ministryPriest.
c.
Hebrews 10:12; Hebrews 12:2, He is seated at the right hand of the throne of God after one complete and final sacrifice.
d.
In Hebrews 12:1-2 we see Him as the joyful leader of a great cloud of witnesses.
On earth, truth is often on the scaffold, and wrong on the throne, but not so in Heaven.
of the majesty
The Greek word for great is here translated, majesty.
a.
Jesus at the throne signifies power and authority serving as the special chosen one of God.
b.
He is to be loved for His redemption of mankind, but ought to be honored on account of His royal magnificence.
*Special Outline of Heb 1:1-3
Threefold place of Jesus*:
Prophetspoken unto usHeb 1:2.
Priestmade purificationHeb 1:3.
Kingat the right handHeb 1:3.
Study Questions
Discuss the divine sonship of Christ.
What is meant by only begotten?
Name various ways Christ’s sonship is proven.
If Christ is appointed heir, what is He to inherit?
What scriptures enlarge upon the work of Christ in creation?
Define the word worlds, Does he mean our earth?
What may we surmise then if the word has this translation?
What is meant by effulgence?
Is it a common word in the New Testament?
Describe how the glory of God is seen in Christ.
What is meant by image?
What is meant by the word, substance?
How does the King James version translate it?
What problem arose in church history over the word, substance?
What is meant by upholdeth all things?
Does the scripture speak of God or Christ being the sustainer?
How harmonize?
Did Jesus ever demonstrate that His words have power?
Name the instances.
When did Jesus make purification for sins?
What scriptures of the New Testament connect Jesus with cleansing from sin?
Is there a cross for us?
When Jesus finished the work of the cross and His earthly ministry, where did He go?
What other passages of scripture support Christ’s right-hand glory?
What is meant by the majesty on high?
Hebrews 1:4-5
II.
He is superior to the angels Hebrews 1:4 to Hebrews 2:18.
A.
In name: My Son Hebrews 1:4-5.
Text
Hebrews 1:4 having become by so much better than the angels, as He hath inherited a more excellent Name than they. Hebrews 1:5 For unto which of the angels said He at any time,
Thou art My Son, This day have I begotten Thee? and again, I will be to Him a Father, And He shall be to Me a Son?
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:4 The Son, by Whom God hath spoken the Gospel, is by so much greater than the angels, by how much He hath inherited by descent a more excellent Name than they.
Hebrews 1:5 For although in your scriptures angels have been called the Sons of God, to which of the angels did God ever say, by way of distinguishing Him from all other beings, My Son Thou art; to-day I have begotten Thee? See chap. Hebrews 1:5. And again, I will declare Myself His Father, and Him My Son.
*Comment
having become*
This suggests a time when He was not better than the angels. When could this time have been?
a.
Perhaps just after the emptying spoken of by Paul. Philippians 2:5-10.
b.
While Christ was in human flesh and before He was refilled with His original glory.
During the time of His humility on earth, He was at least in some respect lower than the angels:
a.
made a little lower than the angels. cf. Hebrews 2:9.
b.
a body didst Thou prepare for Me. cf. Hebrews 10:5.
so much better than the angels
What is meant by so much better? The word in the Greek is Kreithan.
a.
It very likely means a measure of place or position, not quality of being.
b.
Moral or spiritual excellence is not included.
c.
Gloryhonorreverence, He had less while on earth, being obedient to the cross.
d.
Ways in which He is better than angels:
He is the Sonthey are servants. Hebrews 1:5-7
He is worshipped by angels. Hebrews 1:6
He may be addressed by God. Hebrews 1:8
He is a king with a sceptre of righteousness. Hebrews 1:8
He was anointed with the oil of gladness above His fellows. Hebrews 1:9
He is addressed as Lord. Hebrews 1:10
He is seated at the right hand of God. Hebrews 1:13
Angels minister to those who inherit salvation made possible by Christ. Hebrews 1:14
Not to angels did He subject the world to come, Hebrews 2:5
e.
The word better appears frequently in Hebrews:
Better than angels, Hebrews 1:4
Better things. Hebrews 6:9
Better person than Abraham. Hebrews 7:7
Better hope. Hebrews 7:19
Better covenant. Hebrews 7:22
Better covenant and promises. Hebrews 8:6
Better sacrifice. Hebrews 9:23
Better possessions. Hebrews 10:34
Better country. Hebrews 11:16
Better resurrection. Hebrews 11:35
Better things. Hebrews 11:40
Better than that of Abel. Hebrews 12:24
f.
Paul elsewhere says that to depart and be with Christ is better. Philippians 1:23
than the angels
Who are angels?
a.
Generally, it can be said that they are beings less than God, and other than men.
b.
Specifically, here are some facts about them:
They are intelligent beings, showing some characteristics of men:
1 Peter 1:11-12which things angels desire to look into.
They are messengers:
Revelation 4:8-11; Genesis 19:15Message to Lot.
They praise God and sing before Him. Revelation 4:8-11; Revelation 5:9.
They are emotional. Luke 15:7; Luke 15:10: Angels rejoicing over sinners who repent.
They are sexless creatures.
Matthew 22:30neither marry or are given in marriage.
They are creatures of choice.
2 Peter 2:4when they sinned
Jude 1:6kept not their own principality
They seem to be winged creatures, in some instances at least.
a)
Six wings. Isaiah 6:2.
b)
Four wings. Ezekiel 1:6.
c)
Wings. Exodus 25:30; Exodus 37:9
c.
There are two classes of angels:
God’s angels who serve:
a)
1 Timothy 5:21the elect angels.
b)
Revelation 14:10holy angels.
Evil angels:
a)
Ephesians 6:12spiritual hosts of wickedness.
b)
Revelation 12:9dragon was cast out and his angels.
A.
*Superior to angels in name: My Son
as he hath inherited a more excellent Name*
This is a reward for His obedience, and thus His Name is above every name:
a.
What name is foremost in the world but the name of Jesus?
b.
We might argue over the second place name, Paul, Augustine, Lincoln, etc., but Jesus stands alone.
c.
What is the Name referred to here? Jesus, Christ, Immanuel, etc.? The Name is Son, as seen by Hebrews 1:5. Observe the importance of the Name of Jesus:
a.
Acts 4:12In none other is there salvation.
b.
Ephesians 1:21; Philippians 2:9Name above every name.
c.
Philippians 2:10Name to bow before.
d.
Philippians 2:11A Name to confess.
e.
Matthew 28:19Baptism in His name.
f.
Colossians 3:17; Matthew 10:42All good to be in His Name.
g.
John 14:13; John 15:16Prayer in His Name.
h.
Ephesians 5:20Prayer in His Name.
i.
Matthew 18:20Assemble in His Name.
j.
Ephesians 3:14His is the family Name.
for unto which of the angels said He at any time, Thou art My Son
This is a question with an implied answer. He has never at any time said this to any of the angels.
a.
Christ is unique; He is not one of the many hosts of angels, but the only Son of God.
b.
We should not consider Christ as man or angel, but as Son of God.
Thou art my Son
This is a quotation from Psalms 2:7.
Son is the more excellent name spoken of in Hebrews 1:4.
Paul in Acts 13:33 says Jesus fulfilled the prophecy of Psa 2:7.
Mary was told by the angel that her child would be called Son of God,
Luke 1:35. shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God.
God acclaimed Him as Son twice while He was on earth:
Matthew 3:17at His baptism,
Matthew 17:5at His transfiguration,
When did He become the Son of God?
a.
This is a useless theological question based on the assumption that perhaps once He was not the Son.
b.
The important thing is the fact that He was called the Son as against the fact that no angel was ever referred to as the Son of God.
c.
These words were spoken of Christ as the son of Davidas Man:
As God He was eternally in this relationship.
Isaiah 7:14 spoke of Him as Emmanuel.
this day have I begotten Thee?
The meaning of beget:
a.
It means to procreate as a sire, generate.
b.
It means to produce as an effect.
Paul seems to connect the begetting with the resurrection of Jesus. Acts 13:33-34.
a.
If the resurrection is the begetting, then it is God’s declaration of Him as Son referred to in Romans 1:4declared to be the Son of God with power
b.
Thus He was produced from the grave rather than produced as a child in a normal physical sense.
I will be to Him a Father and He shall be to Me a Son
This is a fulfillment of the royal covenant with David. cf.
1 Chronicles 17:13; 2 Samuel 7:14.
Jesus spoke often of this relationship:
Matthew 11:25I thank Thee, Father.
Luke 22:42Father, remove this cup
Luke 23:46Father, into Thy hands
Study Questions
Does having become so imply that one day He was not?
In what way was He below them?
How is Christ so much better than the angels?
Is it quality of which he is speaking, or one of place?
Find in this chapter ways in which He was superior.
How does the author prove that Christ has inherited a more excellent name?
When did God call Jesus his Son?
Does this Psalms 2:7 actually refer to Christ?
What is the day that Christ was begotten?
When did God beget Christ?
What does Romans 1:4 say of his Sonship?
Is the statement of Fatherhood a fulfillment of prophecy?
Did Jesus ever call God Father?
Name some instances when He did.
Hebrews 1:6-7
B.
Superior to angels in worship: worship Him. (cf. Acts 13:33); Hebrews 1:6-7.
Text
Hebrews 1:6 And when He again bringeth in the firstborn into the world He saith, And let all the angels of God worship Him. Hebrews 1:7 And of the angels He saith,
Who maketh His angels winds, And His ministers a flame of fire:
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:6 But, instead of calling any of the angels His begotten Son, when God foretells His bringing a second time the first-born into our world, by raising Him from the dead, to show that He hath subjected the angels to Him, He saith, Psalms 97:7. Yea, worship Him, all ye angels of God.
Hebrews 1:7 Besides, of the angels indeed David saith, Psalms 104:4. Who made His angels spiritual substances, and His ministers a flame of fire;that is, the greatest thing said of angels is, that they are beings not clogged with flesh, who serve God with the utmost activity;
*Comment
and when He again bringeth in the firstborn*
The word again creates a problem.
a.
It seems unlikely that this refers to Christ’s birth, for His second coming would then be His third; the birth was not again in the world.
b.
A clarification of the problem of again may be in the alternate translation: and again, when He bringeth in
This means He spoke again, rather than again bringing Him into the world.
The angels worshipped at His birth for they spokeperhaps sangfrom the heavens, Luke 2:14,
It can be said God brought Him in, for the Scriptures teach it.
Luke 1:35To Mary: … and the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee
John 3:16that He gave
firstborn
This is a descriptive title and is used in at least two senses;
a.
Firstborn of creationCol 1:5-18.
b.
Firstborn from the deadRev 1:5.
This is firstborn, God desires Him to have many brethren:
Romans 8:29that He might be the firstborn among many brethren.
into the world
The Greek word, here translated, world, suggests the inhabited world.
a.
Christ came to man, for man needed a helper, an example, a Saviour.
b.
Hebrews 4:15tempted as we are
c.
Hebrews 2:18able to succor them.
God was able to do the most for man by bringing Christ into the inhabited earth.
He saith, and let all the angels worship Him
When did God say this?
a.
Some commentators say the time is uncertain.
b.
Some strain to suggest Psalms 97:7 or perhaps Deuteronomy 32:43.
c.
We do not need an Old Testament quotation; if the author were inspired as I believe he was, he spoke this by revelation, just as did John on Patmos.
The important thing is that the angels did worship Him while He was on earth, and now do so in heaven.
Luke 2:13-14Glory to God
Revelation 5:11-12and the number of them was 10,000 times
10,000 and thousands of thousandssayingworthy
winds and His ministers a flame of fire
This is a quotation from Psalms 104:4
In Psalms it reads a little differentlywho maketh winds His messengers, flames of fire his ministers. Differences occur among the translators here:
a.
Calvin: The passage quoted seems to have been turned to another meaning from what it appears to have; for as David is there describing the manner in which we see the world to be governed, nothing is more certain than the winds are mentioned, which he says are made messengers by the Lord.this testimony is brought forward for this purpose, that it might by a similitude be applied to angels. (p. 44)
Calvin thinks that in this way David compares winds to angels because they perform offices in this world similar to what the angels do in heaven.
Hebrews seems to use winds to illustrate angels.
b.
The correct thought of this phrase seems to be that angels move to serve Himas spirits:
cf. Daniel 9:21they swiftly
cf. Hebrews 1:14they are ministering spirits
His ministers a flame of fire
Angels are related to fire.
Revelation 14:18Angels have power over fire.
Revelation 16:8An angel gives power to the sun to scorch men with fire.
Study Questions
What is meant when He again bringeth?
Does it change the meaning to move the word again?
What is meant by firstborn?
Does this refer to Bethlehem birth?
Are there second-born ones?
In what way is Christ firstborn? See Colossians 1:15-18; Revelation 1:5.
How, when others were resurrected before Him, could He be firstborn from the dead?
When did God say, Let all the angels worship Him?
Was He worshipped by angels? When?
Where is a heavenly worship described?
How many angels worshipped Him in this instance?
Give an explanation of Who maketh His angels winds.
Where is the quotation found?
Do God’s angels move as wind?
What is meant by ministers a flame of fire?
Where is a New Testament scripture that may clarify this?
Hebrews 1:8-12
C.
Superior to angels in universal ruleHeb 1:8 to Hebrews 2:4.
Because of character and creation.
Text
Hebrews 1:8 but of the Son He saith,
Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever; And the sceptre of uprightness is the sceptre of Thy Kingdom.
Hebrews 1:9 Thou has loved righteousness, and hated iniquity;
Therefore God, Thy God, hath anointed Thee With the oil of gladness above Thy fellows,
Hebrews 1:10 And,
Thou, Lord, in the beginning didst lay the foundation of the earth, And the heavens are the works of Thy hands:
Hebrews 1:11 They shall perish; but Thou continuest:
And they all shall wax old as doth a garment;
Hebrews 1:12 And as a mantel shalt Thou roll them up,
As a garment, and they shall be changed: But Thou art the same,
And Thy years shall not fail.
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:8 But to show that the Son is Governor of the world, He saith to Him, Psalms 45:6. Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever. And, Of this government Thou art worthy, because the sceptre of Thy kingdom is a sceptre of rectitude: Thy government is exercised for maintaining truth and righteousness in the world.
Hebrews 1:9 By coming to destroy the devil and his works, Thou hast showed the greatest love of righteousness and hatred of wickedness; therefore, O God, Thy God (John 20:17) hath bestowed on Thee as a king, and a priest, and a prophet, endowments whereby Thou excellest all Thy associates in these offices.
Hebrews 1:10 And, still farther to display the greatness of the Son above all the angels, (see Hebrews 1:14.), it is said, Psalms 102:25-27. Thou, Lord, in the beginning didst firmly build the earth, and the works of Thy power are the heavens.
Hebrews 1:11 They, though firmly founded, shall perish, but Thou, their maker, possessest an endless existence; and they all, as a garment becomes useless by long wearing, shall grow old, unfit for answering the purpose of their creation;
Hebrews 1:12 And then, as a worn-out upper garment, Thou wilt fold them up, and lay them aside as useless, and they shall be changed for the new heavens and the new earth to be substituted in their place: but Thou, their maker, art the same, without any change, and Thy duration shall never have an end.
*Comment
Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever*
This passage has various readings.
a.
The original is found in Psalms 45:6In the footnote of the A.S. version it reads, Thy throne is the throne of God.
b.
In Hebrews the footnote reads, Thy throne is God forever. This is the problem: is Christ addressed here as God?
a.
Calvin says: The Jews, in order to avoid owning Christ, make an evasion by saying that the throne of God is spoken of; whoever will read the verse who is of sound mind and free of the spirit of contention, cannot doubt, but the Messiah is called God. (p. 45)
b.
To back up Calvin’s position, note Hebrews 1:9. Therefore God, Thy God, hath anointed Thee.
The commas could be removed so it would read, God Thy God hath
The Psalm is addressed to Jesus, so the commas are correctly placed.
The main point should not be lost in the above discussion:
a.
The point is the eternality of Jesus.
b.
He is not just a minister of God as are the angels, but He has an eternal throne.
and the sceptre
This is a baton or staff borne by a sovereign as an emblem of authority.
of uprightness
Ina world of corruptness and graft, we need one who rules with uprightness, Psalms 37:18; Isaiah 26:7.
Jesus-’ baptism was on the basis of righteousness.
Matthew 3:15to fulfill all righteousness.
is the sceptre of Thy kingdom
Thy kingdom is also translated His kingdom. Some make a distinction between kingdom of God and kingdom of heaven.
a.
One view: The kingdom of God includes all saints from Adam to the present, and the church is a part of it.
b.
Second view: The kingdom of heaven will be set up by Jesus when He comes, and the church is not a part of it.
SPECIAL OUTLINE
The New Testament Teaching on the Kingdom
I.
The first preaching of the kingdom.
A.
John, in Matthew 3:2: Repent ye for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.
B.
Jesus in Matthew 4:17: From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent ye; for the kingdom of heaven it at hand.
C.
Matthew 10:7 to disciples: As ye go, preach saying the kingdom of heaven is at hand.
D.
Luke 10:9the seventy: … and heal the sick that are therein, and say unto them, the kingdom of God is come nigh unto you.
E.
Two questions to be asked:
Were the seventy preaching differently than the twelve? No, all eighty-four were preaching the same message.
How near was the kingdom to them?
a.
This is about six months before the death of Christ.
b.
Within their lifetime: Mark 9:1Verily I say unto you, That there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power.
The conclusion is that the kingdom and the church are the same.
II.
The names of the kingdom
A.
His kingdom
Matthew 16:28: Verily I say unto you, there be some standing here, which shall not taste of death till they see the Son of man coming in His kingdom.
cf. John 18:36 where Jesus said to Pilate: My kingdom is not of this world; if My kingdom were of this world then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews, but now is My kingdom not from hence.
The kingdom of God in the same instance:
Mark 9:1 Verily I say unto you that there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power.
Luke 9:27: But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God.
We are not discussing two different kingdoms; they are the same:
B.
The kingdom of heaven
Matthew 19:23right after the rich young ruler went away sorrowing: Verily I say unto you, that a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.
Matthew 16:19: And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever
C.
The kingdom of God
Mark 10:25The rich young ruler provoked this:
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
John 3:5: Except a man be born of the water and the spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.
D.
My church
Matthew 16:18: I say unto theeupon this rock I will build my church.
E.
The church of the firstborn
Hebrews 12:22-23: But ye are cometo the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect.
F.
A kingdom
Hebrews 12:28: Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved,let us have grace whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear.
G.
The church of God.
1 Corinthians 1:2 Unto the church of God which is at Corinth to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both theirs and ours.
H.
The churches of Christ.
Romans 16:16 The churches of Christ salute you.
Ecclesia is the Greek word here translated church, It means called out! Who are its members?
I.
Church His body.
Ephesians 5:23 For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church and He is the Saviour of the body.
1 Corinthians 12:13: For by one spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit.
J.
The regeneration:
Matthew 19:28: And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, that ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of His glory, ye shall also sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
III.
The purpose of the kingdom
Luke 22:29-30: I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto Me; that ye may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
A.
They would rule while Christ was reigning.
B.
They would be the authoritykeys to the kingdom.
Superior to angels in universal rule because of character and creation
*Comment
Thou hast loved righteousness*
What is righteousness?
a.
It is in the realm of good beyond that which is demanded, but that which comes with love.
b.
A man is right when he supports his family, but he is in the realm of righteousness when he goes beyond.
What evidence do we have that He loved righteousness?
a.
His teaching emphasized it.
Luke 10: parable of the good Samaritan.
b.
It was proved by His sinless life.
Luke 23:4: Pilate found no fault in Him.
Matthew 4: He insisted on righteousness when the devil tempted Him.
Hebrews 4:15: was without sin.
c.
His obedience to the Father’s will proves His love for righteousness.
and hated iniquity
How do we know He did?
a.
By his teaching.
The woes to the sinner. Matthew 11:21; Matthew 23:13-29; Luke 6:24.
His condemnation of hypocrisy. Matthew 6:16; Matthew 15:7.
b.
He proved it by His actions.
Matthew 21:12. The cleansing of the temple.
Jesus hated evil, but not the evildoer.
a.
He looked upon the rich young ruler and loved him. Mark 10:21.
b.
He ate with publicans and sinners. Matthew 9:10.
c.
He forgave the vilest of sinners, those who crucified Him. Luke 23:34.
d.
He came to die for sinners.
We are expected to be like Christ.
a.
Psalms 97:10: Oh ye that love Jehovah, hate evil.
b.
Matthew 6:15; Matthew 18:35: Forgiveness.
therefore God, Thy God hath anointed Thee
Is Christ addressed as God here?
a.
Yes, if the comma is left after God, if read as addressed to Jesus Christ.
b.
No, if the comma should be removed and placed after therefore, for it then reads, God Thy God.
This means then that God is the God of Jesus.
It should be remembered that commas are arbitrarily placed in the scripture by men.
This is a quotation from Psalms 45:6 and appears the same in the Old Testament as in the New Testament.
c.
God is the God of Jesus.
Matthew 27:46: My God, My God, why hast Thou forsaken me
Anointing was a familiar practice in the scriptures.
a.
There were two kinds, perhaps three.
The ordinary anointing of head and body, cf. Deuteronomy 28:40; Rth 3:3; Micah 6:15; Psalms 23:5.
The official anointings:
a)
Prophets were anointed at their inauguration to office, 1 Chronicles 16:22; 1 Kings 19:16; Psalms 105:15.
b)
Priests were anointed:
At the institution of the Levitical priesthood, they were anointed to office. Exodus 40:15; Numbers 3:3.
The anointing for the high priesthood, Exodus 29:29; Leviticus 16:32.
a)
Kings were anointed in a divinely appointed ceremony, 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 10:1; 1 Kings 1:34; 1 Kings 1:39.
The anointing of inanimate objects, Genesis 31:13Jacob anointed the pillar at Bethel, cf. Exodus 30:26-28.
Jesus was anointed, as other scriptures indicate:
a.
Acts 4:27: Jesus whom Thou didst anoint
Acts 10:37-38: how God anointed Him with the Holy Spirit.
b.
Jesus was and is Prophet, Priest and King, so He is deserving of anointment.
ProphetDeu 18:15-18.
PriestHeb 4:14.
KingRev 17:14.
with the oil of gladness
Jesus was gladHeb 12:2: who for the joy that was set
God was pleased with him; thus He was glad:
Matthew 3, at His baptism: in whom I am well pleased
Matthew 17, at His transfiguration: well pleased
There are two means or materials used for anointing, one material, and one figurative:
a.
Materialoil. Luke 7:46: respect paid to a friend or guest. Psalms 23:5.
b.
God’s anointing for man.
2 Corinthians 1:21: anointed us in God.
1 John 2:27: the anointing which ye received
The oil of gladness is figurative, and we may believe the Holy Spirit is referred to.
Acts 10:37-38: anointed Him with the Holy Spirit.
above Thy fellows
Who are the fellows?
a.
Obviously the Godhead is not referred to.
b.
He is above all others:
He is above man with whom He dwelt, as He took upon Himself the form of a servant, for these men must confess Him. Philippians 2:9-11.
He is above all rulers, for He is King of kings and Lord of lords. Revelation 17:14; Revelation 19:16.
He is above all saints, for He is their priest. Hebrews 4:14.
the foundation of the earth
This is a quotation from Psalms 102:25.
a.
It seems not to refer to Christ at the first reading.
b.
Christ’s name is not mentioned in the Psalm.
c.
Calvin says, but it is yet plain that He is so pointed out, that no one can doubt but that His kingdom is there avowedly recommended to us. (p. 47)
New Testament verses that suggest the same idea: John 1:1; Colossians 1:16. The eternality of Christ over the inhabited world is established.
and the heavens are the works of Thy hands
This refers to the creation above the earth. Heavens is in the plural form. The completeness of His power is established. There is not one God who made heaven, and another God who made earth.
They shall perish
What is meant by they?
a.
Specifically, the foundations of earth and the heavens.
b.
This world will perish. See other verses: Matthew 24:35; 2 Peter 3:7-13; Revelation 21:1: The first heaven and first earth are passed away.
c.
Other things will likewise perish:
Evil angels will perish. 2 Peter 2:4; Matthew 25:41.
Sinful men will perish. John 3:16; Revelation 20:15; 2 Peter 3:7.
but Thou continuest
This is called immutability by the theologians. Christ is not mutablenot changing. Christ is invariableunchangeable, Note His eternality as seen by other verses. Hebrews 1:8; Hebrews 13:8; 2 Corinthians 1:19.
they shall wax old as a garment
Scientists agree to the ageing of the world. They say that the sun is losing its heat, but of course tomorrow they may change their mind. They say the soil is wearing out, so our vegetables need vitamins added. Obviously man grows old.
James verifies thisHeb 4:14: Man is as a vapor.
and as a mantle shalt Thou roll them up
The mantle was a loose sleeveless garment worn over other garments. God is powerful enough to roll up the earth as easily as man cares for his coat.
and as a garment they shall be changed
Peter expresses this thought likewise in 2 Peter 3:10.
God is able to make changes quickly. 1 Corinthians 15:52: in a twinkling of an eye
but Thou art the same
In what ways is He the same?
a.
He is the same in dependability, so His words will abide. Matthew 24:35.
b.
He is the same in character, so His love will save us in the end.
c.
He is the same in any age, Hebrews 13:8yesterday, today, yea and forever.
and Thy years shall not fail Thee
Old age is no factor with Jesus.
Time does not enter in for He is eternal, Death could not corrupt Him. Psalms 16:10: Holy One did not see corruption. Acts 2:31: nor did His flesh see corruption.
Study Questions
What is the duration of God’s throne?
How does this prove His superiority over angels?
What is a sceptre?
What is its significance?
What is the nature of His reign? cf. Psalms 37:18; Isaiah 26:7.
Does Matthew 3:15 add to the idea of reign of righteousness?
Does Jesus have a kingdom?
What words are connected with the term, kingdom? What is the difference between the terms, kingdom of heaven, and kingdom of God?
Is it possible to have a kingdom without a king?
When was Jesus king?
When is He your king?
How did Christ feel concerning righteousness?
What is righteousness?
What evidence do we have that Christ loved righteousness? By His preaching? By His life?
How strongly was Jesus against iniquity?
Did Jesus hate the sinners?
Name some times that Jesus preached against sin.
Did He ever display wrath against sin?
Is God the God of Christ?
Is Christ spoken of as being God?
Did Jesus ever call God His God? cf. Matthew 27:46.
Describe the various kinds of anointing in the Old Testament.
When was Christ anointed?
What about Jesus caused Him to deserve anointing? (ProphetPriestKing.)
What is the significance of the expression, oil of gladness?
Did Jesus ever hear of an expression of gladness from God?
What other means has God used to anoint people?
In what way have we been anointed? cf. 2 Corinthians 1:21; 1 John 2:27; Acts 10:37-38.
Who are the fellows of Christ?
Could fellows refer to the Godhead?
Is He above man? How do we know this is true?
Is He above rulers? Revelation 17:14; Revelation 19:16.
Is He above priests? Hebrews 4:14.
And Thou LordTo whom does this refer?
Read Psalms 102:25, which is quoted in Hebrews 1:10.
Did He make the heavens? cf. John 1:1; Colossians 1:16.
What is the main idea established here?
126
What is meant by, they shall perish?
Does the scripture back up this teaching that the worlds and heavens will perish?
Will anything else perish?
Evil angels; 2 Peter 2:4; Matthew 25:41.
Sinful men: John 3:16; Revelation 20:15; 2 Peter 3:7.
But Thou continuest carries what idea?
Do other verses establish His eternality?
What figure of speech is used to describe the aging of the earth in Hebrews 1:11?
Do scientists agree?
Does man grow old? cf. James 4:14.
What figure describes the end of the world in Hebrews 1:12?
What is a mantle?
What other scriptures teach that God is able to change things? 2 Peter 3:10; 1 Corinthians 15:52.
In what ways are God and Christ the same?
Are the Godhead members subject to failing years?
Can the Godhead be corrupted by failing years? cf. Psalms 16:10; Acts 2:31.
Hebrews 1:13-14
Superior to angels in universal rule because He is served by angels Hebrews 1:13-14
Text
Hebrews 1:13 But of which of the angels hath He said at any time, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I make thine enemies the footstool on thy feet?
Hebrews 1:14 Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to do service for the sake of them that shall inherit salvation?
Some are sent to take care of the living saints.
Matthew 18:10: In heaven their angels do always behold the face of My father who is in heaven, Acts 5:19; Acts 12:7.
They are all sent forth to minister in some way directly or indirectly, for the benefit of those who are the heirs of salvation. Milligan. (pp. 73-74)
Paraphrase
Hebrews 1:13 Moreover, none of the angels have any proper dominion over the world. For, to which of the angels did God at any time say, as He said to His Son in the human nature, Psalms 110:1. Sit thou at my right hand; reign thou over the universe, till I utterly subject all thine enemies to thee?
Hebrews 1:14 Instead of exercising sovereign dominion, are not all the angels called, Psalms 104:4., ministering spirits, subject to the Son, (Hebrews 1:6.), and by Him, sitting at God’s right hand, (Hebrews 1:13.), sent forth to minister for them who shall inherit immortality as the sons of God?
*Comment
any time*
This is a question with an implied answer. The answer is none. Jesus was spoken to in words that were never spoken to any angels.
sit thou on my right hand
This is a quotation from Psalms 110:1.
It is not unusual to have God spoken of as having bodily organs:
a.
Face: cf. Genesis 32:30God face to face. Exodus 33:11spoke to Moses face to face.
b.
Hand: cf. Ezra 7:9according to the hand of God. Job 2:10receive good at the hand of God.
till I make thine enemies the footstool
God and Christ have their enemies:
a.
In Acts 4:24-28, Psalms 2 is shown to be fulfilled in Jerusalem by Pilate; the Jews and the Gentiles in the crucifixion of Christ.
Enemies seem to combine forces when they have a common enemy or objective. The Sadducees and Pharisees joined forces against Jesus.
b.
James 4:4: Friendship of the world is enmity with God.
c.
Romans 8:7: A carnal mind is at enmity with God.
the footstool of Thy feet
This is a familiar expression:
a.
Christ is waiting to do this. Hebrews 10:13.
b.
Christ will reign until this is a reality. 1 Corinthians 15:24-25.
c.
Christ’s victory will come. Revelation 19:11-21.
Enemies of Christ will be punished. Hebrews 10:27a fierceness of fire which shall devour the adversaries.
Footstool of thy feet alludes to an ancient custom of princes and kings to tread on the necks of their vanquished enemies, in token of their complete victory over them.
are they not all ministering spirits
This is an interrogative type of expression:
a.
The question form is just as strong as a positive statement.
b.
Angels are ministering spirits, for Hebrews 1:13 verifies that they refers to angels.
This establishes the superiority of Christ over angels.
a.
Angels may minister, but Christ is Saviour.
b.
Angels only serve those who have salvation made possible by Christ.
We have examples of different classes of angels that serve man and God;
a.
The Cherubim and Seraphim:
Cherubim
a)
Cherubim guarded Eden. Genesis 3:24.
b)
Figures of them were placed on the mercy seat, Exodus 25:18.
c)
Figures of colossal size, with extended wings, were in Solomon’s temple.
Seraphim
a)
The name means, burning, glowing.
b)
Isaiah saw them in his vision. Isaiah 6:2.
c)
They had three sets of wings; one set covered the face in humility; the second covered the feet, showing respect; the third was used to fly.
d)
They resembled men. Isaiah 6:3.
e)
They had a twofold purpose; Isaiah 6:3, to praise God; Isaiah 6:6, to communicate.
b.
Michael and Gabriel
Michael:
a)
His name means, who is like God.
b)
He is one of the chief princes or archangels, Daniel 10:13; Jude 1:9.
c)
He was the Prince of Israel. Daniel 10:21.
d)
He is spoken of as Great Prince. Daniel 12:1.
e)
He is the leader of the hosts of God in war. Revelation 12:7.
Gabriel:
a)
His name means man of God.
b)
He is an angel of high rank.
c)
He made two great announcements: the birth of John, Luke 1:11-22, to Zacharias; the birth of Jesus, Luke 1:26-31, to Mary.
d)
He was sent to Daniel to explain his visions. Daniel 8:16; Daniel 9:21.
c.
Elect angels
Paul speaks of them, 1 Timothy 5:21: and elect angels.
These are in opposition to the evil angels spoken of in Ephesians 6:12: spiritual hosts of wickedness
d.
Let us see their work in the past:
Old Testament ministry:
a)
Appeared to warn Abraham and Lot. Genesis 18:1-2; Genesis 19:1.
b)
Protected the men in the fiery furnace. Daniel 3:19-28.
c)
Stopped the mouths of lions for Daniel 6:22.
d)
Helped God’s people in war. Psalms 34:7: angel of Jehovah encampethExo 23:20-21: angel before theeJos 5:13-14before Jericho’s battle: prince of host of Jehovah. Judges 2:1-5angel from Gilgal, telling them to destroy all paganism.
New Testament ministry:
a)
Gabriel announced the birth of both John and Jesus in Luke 1.
b)
Angels ministered unto Jesus after His temptation, Matthew 4:11 and in Gethsemane, Luke 22:43.
c)
Angels carried Lazarus to Abraham’s bosom, Luke 16:22.
d)
An angel directed Philip to the Ethiopian, Acts 8:26.
e)
An angel appeared to Cornelius, Acts 10:7.
f)
An angel comforted Paul, Acts 27:23.
g)
An angel released Peter and John from prison, Acts 5:19.
h)
An angel saved Peter from Herod, Acts 12:7-11.
i)
Churches in Revelation had angels, Revelation 2:1; Revelation 2:8; Revelation 2:12; Revelation 2:18.
j)
They will be present when Christ comes. Matthew 16:27; Matthew 24:31.
e.
Do they minister to us today?
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia says, The modern conception of the possession by each man of special guardian angels is not found in the Old Testament. (p. 132)
Milligan believes they serve us:
a)
He believes that they aid in the work of redeeming man; and in carrying out this work of its final consummation.
Some may be sent to frustrate the wiles and devices of Satan and his fallen angels. Jude 1:6.
Some are sent to punish wicked men. Acts 12:23.
Study Questions
Did God ever speak to Christ something not said to angels, according to this verse?
Is it common for God to be spoken of as possessing organs, such as hands? cf. Genesis 32:30; Exodus 33:11; Ezra 7:9; Job 2:10.
What enemies does God have?
What makes us enemies of God? cf. James 4:4; Romans 8:7.
What is the significance of footstool?
Describe this time of waiting. cf. Hebrews 10:13; 1 Corinthians 15:24-25.
Will God see to it that Christ will be victorious? cf. Revelation 19:11-21.
If angels minister, how is Christ greater?
What are the different classes of angels?
Where do the Cherubim and Seraphim appear?
What does Seraphim mean?
What can be said of Michael and Gabriel?
What does the name Michael mean?
What is the nature of his work?
What is the meaning of the name Gabriel?
Tell of some of his work.
What are elect angels?
What would be their opposites?
Tell of some of the work of angels in the past in the Old Testament.
What classes of work did they participate in?
Tell of the work of angels in the life of Christ.
What was their work in Acts?
What is their work described in the book of Revelation?
What passages teach that angels may minister to us today?