Jeremiah 8:5 — Word Study
WLCמַדּ֨וּעַ שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה הָעָ֥ם הַזֶּ֛ה יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מְשֻׁבָ֣ה נִצַּ֑חַת הֶחֱזִ֙יקוּ֙ בַּתַּרְמִ֔ית מֵאֲנ֖וּ לָשֽׁוּב׃
BSAWhy [then]maddûwaʻ [for what reason, on what account] have thesezeh peopleʻam [this nation, the Amaw] turned awayshûwb■ [slidden back, gone the wrong way] Why does JerusalemYᵉrûwshâlaim [the city of peace] always turn awaymᵉshûwbâh [by a perpetual backsliding, in faithlessness] They clingchâzaq■ to deceittormâh [treachery, dishonesty] they refusemâʼên■ [say no, reject] to returnshûwb [to turn back, to come back]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| מַדּ֨וּעַ | why? | Particle |
| שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה | has it turned away | Verb, Qal, participle (active) feminine singular |
| הָעָ֥ם | the people | Particle, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| הַזֶּ֛ה | this | Particle, particle |
| יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם | Jerusalem | Noun proper |
| מְשֻׁבָ֣ה | apostasy | Noun common, feminine singular absolute |
| נִצַּ֑חַת | enduring | Verb, Niphal, participle (active) feminine singular |
| הֶחֱזִ֙יקוּ֙ | they have kept hold | Verb, Hiphil, perfect third person common plural |
| בַּתַּרְמִ֔ית | on deceitfulness | Preposition, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| מֵאֲנ֖וּ | they have refused | Verb, Piel, perfect third person common plural |
| לָשֽׁוּב׃ | to return | Preposition, verb qal infinitive construct common |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Why then have these people turned away? Why does Jerusalem always turn away? They cling to deceit; they refuse to return. |
| KJV | Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return. |
| ASV | Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return. |
| YLT | Wherefore hath this people of Jerusalem Turned back — a perpetual backsliding? They have kept hold on deceit, They have refused to turn back. |
| WEB | Why then have the people of Jerusalem fallen back by a perpetual backsliding? They cling to deceit. They refuse to return. |
| BBE | Why do these people of Jerusalem go back, for ever turning away? they will not give up their deceit, they will not come back. |
The translations agree on the core meaning of the verse, particularly in the rendering of מְשׁוּבָה.
The verse consists of a main question followed by a rhetorical inquiry and a description of the people's actions.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbשֹׁובֵב
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Jeremiah 8:5
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Lament of Jerusalemgenerated
Jeremiah 8:5 captures the prophet's sorrow as he questions the people of Jerusalem about their persistent unfaithfulness. This verse is part of a larger discourse where God, through Jeremiah, calls out the people's refusal to repent and return to Him. The surrounding verses highlight the consequences of their actions and the need for genuine repentance, as seen in Jeremiah 8:4 and Jeremiah 8:6.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jeremiah 2:32 | Does a maiden forget her jewelry or a bride her wedding sash? Yet My people have forgotten Me for days without number. |
| 2 | Jeremiah 3:11–14 | And the LORD said to me, “Faithless Israel has shown herself more righteous than unfaithful Judah. |
| 3 | Jeremiah 7:24–26 | Yet they did not listen or incline their ear, but they followed the stubborn inclinations of their own evil hearts. They went backward and not forward. |
| 4 | Hosea 4:16 | For Israel is as obstinate as a stubborn heifer. Can the LORD now shepherd them like lambs in an open meadow? |
| 5 | Hosea 11:7 | My people are bent on turning from Me. Though they call to the Most High, He will by no means exalt them. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 17 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מְשׁוּבָה, me.shu.Vahgenerated
The word מְשׁוּבָה (me.shu.Vah) refers to the concept of apostasy or turning away from faithfulness. It is derived from the root meaning to turn back, indicating a departure from a previous state of allegiance to God.
This noun is feminine singular and highlights the ongoing nature of the people's unfaithfulness. It emphasizes their continuous backsliding, reflecting a broader theme in the prophetic literature of Israel's struggle with faithfulness.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In the Berean Standard Bible, the verse uses turned away and cling to deceit, which aligns with the KJV and ASV.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה (sho.Vah) governs the main clause, with several phrases expanding on the subject. The structure reveals a rhetorical style typical of prophetic literature, using questions to emphasize the people's unfaithfulness.
The sentence's arrangement highlights the contrast between the people's actions and the expected behavior of faithfulness, with the main verb at the forefront, drawing attention to their turning away.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה as ἀπέστρεψεν, which means 'turned away.' This choice reflects a direct interpretation of the Hebrew, emphasizing the act of turning away from God.
The Greek term carries a similar connotation of apostasy, aligning with the overall theme of the verse regarding the people's refusal to return.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Jeremiah 8:5 asks why the people of Jerusalem have turned away from God and hold onto deceit. The prophet highlights their refusal to repent and return to Him, emphasizing their ongoing unfaithfulness.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Jeremiah is referring to the people's spiritual apostasy, indicating their departure from faithfulness to God.
Deceit represents the falsehoods the people cling to instead of returning to the truth of God's ways, highlighting their moral failure.
Jerusalem symbolizes the heart of the nation, and its unfaithfulness reflects the broader spiritual condition of the people.
This verse underscores the urgent call for the people to recognize their sin and return to God, a common theme throughout the prophetic writings.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see myself turning away from God in my own life?
- What are some falsehoods or deceit I may be clinging to instead of embracing the truth?
- How can I actively seek to return to God when I recognize my own unfaithfulness?
- What steps can I take to encourage others to turn back to God, just as Jeremiah called the people of Jerusalem?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early Church Fathers referenced this verse to discuss themes of repentance and the nature of sin. Quotations from Jerome and John Cassian illustrate their interpretations.
They have all abandoned him. There is no one who speaks well and does penance for his sins. They follow their own wills like a horse ready for battle. They bend their tongue as a bow. They invent everything, and there is no truth in them.Early Church Fathers on Jeremiah 8 →
Therefore, why is this people in Jerusalem turned away with contentious turning away? They have grasped falsehood and did not want to return.Early Church Fathers on Jeremiah 8 →
Those then who perish, perish against his will. This he testifies against each one of them day by day: “Turn from your evil ways.Early Church Fathers on Jeremiah 8 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Jeremiah 8:5 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWhy then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding?.... These people fill into sin, and rise not again by repentance; they turn out of the good ways of God and religion, and
Read John Gill on Jeremiah 8 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWhy then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return. Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding?
Read Robert Jamieson on Jeremiah 8 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleBy a perpetual backsliding: either a universal backsliding; or rather, obstinately resolved to hold on, though they see they are out of the way; not out of levity or inconsiderateness. The Hebrew word signifies strength, the same used , and translated for ever, implying a strong, stiff, stout refusal. See . Deceit: either their injustice and cozenages in circumventing one another, which was so frequent among them, ,4; or their hypocrisy, whereby they thought to deceive God, but they did indeed deceive themselves; the great impediment of their repentance, ; or rather, their sticking close to their false prophets, who did deceive them, thence encouraging themselves in their wickedness, and…
Read Matthew Poole on Jeremiah 8 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJeremiah 8:5 Why [then] is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.Ver. 5. Why then is this people of Jerusalem? &c.] Why else but because they are void of all true reason, and quite beside themselves in point of salvation? Their pertinace, or rather pervicacy, in sinning is altogether insuperable. Monoceros interimi potest, capri non potest. The unicorn is able to be killed, the billy goat can not. They hold fast deceit.] They hold close to their false prophets, or rather a false heart of their own hath deceived them. A deceived heart hath turned them aside.
Read John Trapp on Jeremiah 8 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(5) Slidden back . . . backsliding.—The English fails to give the full emphasis of the re-iteration of the same word as in the previous verse. Why doth this people of Jerusalem turn away with a perpetual turning? Here, so far, there was no retracing the evil path which they had chosen.I hearkened and heard.—Jehovah himself is introduced here, as probably in the question of the previous verse, as speaking, listening for cries of penitence, and hearing only the words of the evildoers. Rusheth.—The word is primarily used of the rushing of a torrent (Isaiah 8:8; Isaiah 10:22; Isaiah 28:17), and is applied to the frantic impetuosity with which Israel was rushing into evil, and therefore into the…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Jeremiah 8 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges5. slidden back … backsliding … return] All three expressions are from the same root; “turn back … backturning … to return.”
Read Cambridge on Jeremiah 8 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWhen men act as in Jeremiah 8:4, why is God’s own people alone an exception? Slidden back ... backsliding - The same words as “turn” and “return” in Jeremiah 8:4.
Read Albert Barnes on Jeremiah 8 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible5. Why then, etc. — And so constitute such a sad anomaly.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Jeremiah 8 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Why then have these people turned away? Why does Jerusalem always turn away? They cling to deceit; they refuse to return.
Why then have the people of Jerusalem fallen back by a perpetual backsliding? They cling to deceit. They refuse to return.
Why then have these people turned away? Why does Jerusalem always turn away? They cling to deceit; they refuse to return.
Why, then, do these people of Jerusalem continually turn away from me in apostasy? They hold fast to their deception. They refuse to turn back to me.
Tyndale line
Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.
Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.
Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.
Why then hath this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.
Wherefore is this people of Ierusalem turned backe by a perpetuall rebellion? they gaue themselues to deceit, and would not returne.
Strictly literal
Why hath this people of Jerusalem slidden back with a perpetual backsliding? They hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.
Wherefore hath this people of Jerusalem Turned back — a perpetual backsliding? They have kept hold on deceit, They have refused to turn back.
Why has this people of Jerusalem || Turned back—a continuous backsliding? They have kept hold on deceit, || They have refused to turn back.
Why then remaineth this people, Jerusalem, rebellious by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast on deceit, they refuse to return.
Why has this people, Jerusalem, turned away in permanent faithlessness? They hold on to treachery and refuse to repent.
From the Latin
Why then is this people in Jerusalem turned away with a stubborn revolting? they have laid hold on lying, and have refused to return.
Simplified
So why have these people of Jerusalem gone the wrong way? Why do they refuse to turn around from their repeated betrayals, holding on to all their lies?
Why do these people of Jerusalem go back, for ever turning away? they will not give up their deceit, they will not come back.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with the Septuagint providing a faithful translation of the Hebrew. The Dead Sea Scrolls, however, show some damage, with two words partially restored, but the core message remains intact.
מַדּ֨וּעַ שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה הָעָ֥ם הַזֶּ֛ה יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מְשֻׁבָ֣ה נִצַּ֑חַת הֶחֱזִ֙יקוּ֙ בַּתַּרְמִ֔ית מֵאֲנ֖וּ לָשֽׁוּב׃
9 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[מדוע] שובבה העם הזה [ירושלם] [משבה] [נצחת] [החזיקו] [בתרמית] [מאנו] [לשוב]
2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 8 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Jeremiah 8:5
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
מַדּוּעַ (maddua) means 'why?' or 'wherefore?'. It is derived from the root meaning 'to know' and is used to inquire about reasons or causes. The entries consistently define it as an adverbial term questioning the basis for something.
מַדּוּעַ 61 and מַדֻּעַ adv. wherefore?
base
H4069 מַדּוּעַ, מַדֻּעַ wherefore?
4069 madduwa` mad-doo'-ah
or madduaa {mad-doo'-ah}; from 4100 and the passive
participle of 3045; what (is) known?; i.e. (by implication)
(adverbially) why?:--how, wherefore, why.
see HEBREW for 04100
see HEBREW for 03045
מַדּוּעַ (mad.du.a) — why?.
why?, on what account?, wherefore?
Part — ParticleHTi
The Hebrew word שׁוּב (shuwb) means to turn back or return, covering a wide range of contexts including physical, spiritual, and relational. It can denote returning to a previous state, repenting, or even apostatizing. The entries describe various forms and uses, including bringing back, restoring, and refreshing. Notably, it can also imply a change in course of action.
שׁוּב 1056 vb. turn back, return
Qal 683;—turn back, return:
turn back
return, come or go back
esp. return unto
of dying
of revival from death
fig. of human relations:
return to leader, king
= change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)
turn, i.e. resort to
return to a physical condition
abs. = change course of action
fig., specif. of spiritual relations:
turn back from God = apostatize
of י׳, turn away
turn back to God (= seek penitently)
abs. repent
turn back from evil
of י׳
of י׳, return (to shew favour)
of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):
denoting repetition, etc.
trans.
Pō‛l.
bring back
fig. restore, refresh
restore, repair
lead away (enticingly)
shew turning = apostatize
Hiph. 353 cause to return, bring back
bring back into bondage
put back
= draw back
= give back, restore
= relinguish
= give in payment, requital
bring one back (from dead)
bring back heart
= refresh
H7725 שׁוּב turn back, return .—turn back, return: . turn back
. return, come or go back
. esp. return unto
. . of dying
. of revival from death
. fig. of human relations: . return to leader, king
. = change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)
. turn, i.e. resort to
. return to a physical condition
. abs. = change course of action
. fig., specif. of spiritual relations: . turn back from God = apostatize
. of י׳, turn away
. turn back to God (= seek penitently)
. abs. repent
. turn back from evil
. of י׳
. of י׳, return (to shew favour)
. of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):
. denoting repetition, etc.
. trans.
. . bring back
. . fig. restore, refresh
. restore, repair
. lead away (enticingly)
. shew turning = apostatize
. cause to return, bring back . . bring back into bondage
. put back
. = draw back
. = give back, restore
. = relinguish
. = give in payment, requital
7725 shuwb shoob
a primitive root; to turn back (hence, away) transitively or
intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily
with the idea of return to the starting point); generally to
retreat; often adverbial, again:--((break, build, circumcise,
dig, do anything, do evil, feed, lay down, lie down, lodge,
make, rejoice, send, take, weep)) X again, (cause to) answer
(+ again), X in any case (wise), X at all, averse, bring
(again, back, home again), call (to mind), carry again (back),
cease, X certainly, come again (back), X consider, +
continually, convert, deliver (again), + deny, draw back,
fetch home again, X fro, get (oneself) (back) again, X give
(again), go again (back, home), (go) out, hinder, let, (see)
more, X needs, be past, X pay, pervert, pull in again, put
(again, up again), recall, recompense, recover, refresh,
relieve, render (again), requite, rescue, restore, retrieve,
שׁוּב (shuv) — to return: return.
: return
1) to return, turn back
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to turn back, return
1a1a) to turn back
1a1b) to return, come or go back
1a1c) to return unto, go back, come back
1a1d) of dying
1a1e) of human relations (fig)
1a1f) of spiritual relations (fig)
1a1f1) to turn back (from God), apostatise
1a1f2) to turn away (of God)
1a1f3) to turn back (to God), repent
1a1f4) turn back (from evil)
1a1g) of inanimate things
1a1h) in repetition
1b) (Polel)
1b1) to bring back
1b2) to restore, refresh, repair (fig)
1b3) to lead away (enticingly)
1b4) to show turning, apostatise
1c) (Pual) restored (participle)
1d) (Hiphil) to cause to return, bring back
1d1) to bring back, allow to return, put back, draw back, give back, restore, relinquish, give in payment
1d2) to bring back, refresh, restore
1d3) to bring back, report to, answer
1d4) to bring back, make requital, pay (as recompense)
V-o-Perf-3fs — Verb · Qal · participle (active) feminine singularHVqrfsa
עַם (am) primarily means 'people' or 'nation,' referring to a collective group, often in the context of tribes such as those of Israel. It can also denote kinsmen or compatriots. The term appears in various contexts, including military and familial references. There is a mention of a specific individual named Ammi in Song of Solomon 6:12.
עַם, עָם 1810 n.m. people
a people, nation
= smaller units
= common people
people in gen., persons
phrases
base
[עַם] n.[m.] kinsman (on father's side)
base
H5971a עַם, עָם people H5971b עַם kinsman (on father's side)
5971 `am am
from 6004; a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a
tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or
attendants; figuratively, a flock:--folk, men, nation,
people.
see HEBREW for 06004
עַם (am) — people.
: people/nation
1) nation, people
1a) people, nation
1b) persons, members of one's people, compatriots, country-men
עַם (am) — kinsman.
kinsman, kindred
עַם (am) — Ammi.
A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at Sng.6.12
§ kinsman, kindred
עַם (am) — People's (Gate).
§ kinsman, kindred
עַם (am) — (Ibleam)-am.
Combined with yiv.le.am (יִבְלְעָם "Ibleam" H2991)
§ kinsman, kindred
עַם (am) — Amaw.
This name means nation, people
עַם (am) — people: soldiers.
: soldiers/army
1) nation, people
1a) people, nation
1b) persons, members of one's people, compatriots, country-men
עַם (am) — people: creatures.
: creatures
1) nation, people
1a) people, nation
1b) persons, members of one's people, compatriots, country-men
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absoluteHTd/Ncmsa
pe'-p'-l: In English Versions of the Bible represents something over a dozen Hebrew and Greek words. Of these, in the Old Testament, `am, is overwhelmingly the most common (about 2,000 times), with le'om, and goy, next in order; but the various Hebrew words are used with very little or no difference in force (e.g. Pr 14:28; but, on the other hand, in Ps 44 contrast verses 12 and 14). Of the changes introduced by the Revised Version (British and American) the only one of significance (cited explicitly in the Preface to the English Revised Version) is the frequent use of the plural "peoples" (strangely avoided in the King James Version except Re 10:11; 17:15), where other nations than Israel are in question. So, for instance, in Ps…
זֶה (zeh) is a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' or 'here.' It can stand alone, be used appositively, or function as a predicate. The word can also attach enclitically to interrogative pronouns, adding emphasis and directness. In poetry, it may serve as a relative pronoun, though this usage is rare.
זֶה demonstr.pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here
standing alone
In appos. to subst.
More oft. as pred.
It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.
In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)
With prefixes (in special senses)
base
H2088 זֶה demonstr. pron. and adv.; fem. זֹאת, once זֹאתָה; this, here . standing alone
. In appos. to subst.
. More oft. as pred.
. It is attached enclitically, almost as an adv., to certain words, esp. interrog. pronouns, to impart, in a manner often not reproducible in Engl. idiom, directness and force, bringing the question or statement made into close relation with the speaker.
. In poetry, as a relative pron. (rare)
. With prefixes (in special senses)
2088 zeh zeh
a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this
or that:--he, X hence, X here, it(-self), X now, X of him, the
one...the other, X than the other, (X out of) the (self) same,
such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on
that side, X thus, very, which. Compare 2063, 2090, 2097,
2098.
see HEBREW for 02063
see HEBREW for 02090
see HEBREW for 02097
see HEBREW for 02098
זֶה (zeh) — this.
1) this, this one, here, which, this...that, the one...the other, another, such
1a) (alone)
1a1) this one
1a2) this...that, the one...the other, another
1b) (appos to subst)
1b1) this
1c) (as predicate)
1c1) this, such
1d) (enclitically)
1d1) then
1d2) who, whom
1d3) how now, what now
1d4) what now
1d5) wherefore now
1d6) behold here
1d7) just now
1d8) now, now already
1e) (poetry)
1e1) wherein, which, those who
1f) (with prefixes)
1f1) in this (place) here, then
1f2) on these conditions, herewith, thus provided, by, through this, for this cause, in this matter
1f3) thus and thus
1f4) as follows, things such as these, accordingly, to that effect, in like manner, thus and thus
1f5) from here, hence, on one side...on the other side
1f6) on this account
1f7) in spite of this, which, whence, how
Art | Pron — Particle · particleHTd/Tm
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם (Yruwshalaim) refers to Jerusalem, the capital city of Palestine. The name is thought to derive from terms meaning 'founded peaceful' and is linked to its two main hills. It is described as the chief city of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah.
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם, יְרוּשָׁלַ֫יִם 644 n.pr.loc. Jerusalem
base
H3389 יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫͏ם, יְרוּשָׁלַ֫יִם Jerusalem
3389 Yruwshalaim yer-oo-shaw-lah'-im
rarely Yruwshalayim {yer-oo- shaw-lah'-yim}; a dual (in
allusion to its two main hills (the true pointing, at least of
the former reading, seems to be that of 3390)); probably from
(the passive participle of) 3384 and 7999; founded peaceful;
Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of
Palestine:--Jerusalem.
see HEBREW for 03390
see HEBREW for 03384
see HEBREW for 07999
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם (ye.ru.sha.laim) — Jerusalem.
§ Jerusalem = "teaching of peace"
the chief city of Palestine and capital of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah after the split
N-proper — Noun properHNpl
je-roo'-sa-lem:
I. THE NAME
1. In Cuneiform
2. In Hebrew
3. In Greek and Latin
4. The Meaning of Jerusalem
5. Other Names
II. GEOLOGY, CLIMATE AND SPRINGS
1. Geology
2. Climate and Rainfall
3. The Natural Springs
III. THE NATURAL SITE
1. The Mountains Around
2. The Valleys
3. The Hills
IV. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM
1. Description of Josephus
2. Summary of the Names of the Five Hills
3. The Akra
4. The Lower City
5. City of David and Zion
V. EXCAVATIONS AND ANTIQUITIES
1. Robinson
2. Wilson, and the Palestine Exploration Fund (1865)
3. Warren and Conder
4. Maudslay
5. Schick
6. Clermont-Ganneau
7. Bliss and Dickie
8. Jerusalem Archaeological Societies
VI. THE CITY'S WALLS AND GATES
1. The Existing Walls
2. Wilson's Theory
3. The Existing Gates
4. Buried Remains of Earlier Walls
5. The Great Dam of the Tyropoeon
6. Ruins of Ancient Gates
7. Josephus' Description of the Walls
8. First Wall
9. Second Wall
10. Third Wall
Jerusalem
Called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the “city of God,” the “holy city;” by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning “the holy;” once “the city of Judah” (2 Chr. 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means “possession of peace,” or “foundation of peace.” The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the “upper” and the “lower city.” Jerusalem is a “mountain city enthroned on a mountain fastness” (comp. Ps. 68:15, 16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1, 2; 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines.
(the habitation of peace), Jerusalem stands in latitude 31 degrees 46’ 35" north and longitude 35 degrees 18’ 30" east of Greenwich. It is 32 miles distant from the sea and 18 from the Jordan, 20 from Hebron and 36 from Samaria. "In several respects," says Dean Stanley, "its situation is singular among the cities of Palestine. Its elevation is remarkable; occasioned not from its being on the summit of one of the numerous hills of Judea, like most of the towns and villages, but because it is on the edge of one of the highest table-lands of the country. Hebron indeed is higher still by some hundred feet, and from the south, accordingly (even from Bethlehem), the approach to Jerusalem is by a slight descent. But from any other side the ascent is perpetual; and to the traveller approaching the city from the east or west it must always have presented the appearance beyond any other capital…
The chief city of the Holy Land, and to the Christian the most illustrious in the world. It is situated in 31 degrees 46’43" N. lat., and 35 degrees 13’ E. long. on elevated ground south of the center of the country, about thirty-seven miles from the Mediterranean, and about twenty-four from the Jordan. Its site was early hallowed by God’s trial of Abraham’s faith, Ge 22:1-24 2Ch 3:1. It was on the border of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah, mostly within the limits of the former, but reckoned as belonging to the latter, because conquered by it, Jos 15:8 18:16,28 Jud 1:18. The most ancient name of the city was Salem, Ge…
מְשׁוּבָה (mshuwbah) refers to concepts of turning back or apostasy, indicating a turning away from faithfulness. It is derived from the root meaning to turn back. The entries consistently highlight its association with backsliding and faithlessness.
[מְשׁוּבָה], מְשֻׁבָה n.f. turning back, apostasy
base
H4878 מְשׁוּבָה, מְשֻׁבָה
4878 mshuwbah mesh-oo-baw'
or mshubah {mesh-oo-baw'}; from 7725;
apostasy:--backsliding, turning away.
see HEBREW for 07725
מְשׁוּבָה (me.shu.vah) — faithlessness.
turning away, turning back, apostasy, backsliding
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absoluteHNcfsa
נָצַח (natsach) is a Hebrew verb meaning to excel or be pre-eminent, with connotations of endurance and oversight, particularly in the context of Temple services and music. It can denote a role as a chief musician or overseer. The entries highlight its various uses, including a participle form that emphasizes enduring qualities.
[נָצַח] vb. be pre-eminent, enduring
Niph. enduring
Piel = act as overseer, superintendent, director
base
H5329 [נָצַח] be pre-eminent, enduring . enduring
.= act as overseer, superintendent, director
5329 natsach naw-tsakh'
a primitive root; properly, to glitter from afar, i.e. to be
eminent (as a superintendent, especially of the Temple
services and its music); also (as denominative from 5331), to
be permanent:--excel, chief musician (singer), oversee(-r),
set forward.
see HEBREW for 05331
נָצַח (na.tsach) — to conduct.
1) to excel, be bright, be preeminent, be perpetual, be overseer, be enduring
1a) (Niphal) enduring (participle)
1b) (Piel) to act as overseer or superintendent or director or chief
Aramaic equivalent: ne.tsach (נְצַח "to distinguish oneself" H5330)
HVNrfsa — Verb · Niphal · participle (active) feminine singularHVNrfsa
The Hebrew word חָזַק (chazaq) means to be strong or to strengthen. It encompasses a range of meanings including to support, encourage, and make firm, as well as to seize or hold fast. The word can be used in various forms, such as to strengthen oneself or to display strength. There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.
חָזַק 291 vb. be or grow firm, strong, strengthen
Qal
intrans. be or grow strong
transit. only strengthened him not
Pi.
make strong (physically)
strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage
make strong = bold, encourage
make firm
make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden
Hiph.
make strong, strengthen
make firm, the kingdom
display strength
make severe, of battle
support
= repair
prevail
esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp
Hithp.
strengthen oneself
put forth strength, use one's strength
withstand
hold strongly with
base
H2388 חָזַק be or grow firm, strong, strengthen .. intrans. be or grow strong
. transit. only strengthened him not
. . make strong (physically)
. strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage
. make strong = bold, encourage
. make firm
. make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden
. . . make strong, strengthen
. make firm, the kingdom
. display strength
. make severe, of battle
. support
. = repair
. prevail
. esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp
. . strengthen oneself
. put forth strength, use one's strength
. withstand
. hold strongly with
2388 chazaq khaw-zak'
a primitive root; to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong
(figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help,
repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restrain, conquer:--aid,
amend, X calker, catch, cleave, confirm, be constant,
constrain, continue, be of good (take) courage(-ous, -ly),
encourage (self), be established, fasten, force, fortify, make
hard, harden, help, (lay) hold (fast), lean, maintain, play
the man, mend, become (wax) mighty, prevail, be recovered,
repair, retain, seize, be (wax) sore, strengthen (self), be
stout, be (make, shew, wax) strong(-er), be sure, take (hold),
be urgent, behave self valiantly, withstand.
חָזַק (cha.zaq) — to strengthen: strengthen.
: strengthen/support/encourage
1) to strengthen, prevail, harden, be strong, become strong, be courageous, be firm, grow firm, be resolute, be sore
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be strong, grow strong
1a1a) to prevail, prevail upon
1a1b) to be firm, be caught fast, be secure
1a1c) to press, be urgent
1a1d) to grow stout, grow rigid, grow hard (bad sense)
1a1e) to be severe, be grievous
1a2) to strengthen
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make strong
1b2) to restore to strength, give strength
1b3) to strengthen, sustain, encourage
1b4) to make strong, make bold, encourage
1b5) to make firm
1b6) to make rigid, make hard
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make strong, strengthen
1c2) to make firm
1c3) to display strength
1c4) to make severe
1c5) to support
1c6) to repair
1c7) to prevail, prevail upon
1c8) to have or take or keep hold of, retain, hold up, sustain, support
1c9) to hold, contain
1d) (Hithpael)
V-Hiphil-Perf-3cp — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person common pluralHVhp3cp
hold: In the American Standard Revised Version frequently "stronghold" (Jud 9:49; 1Sa 22:4; 24:22; 2Sa 5:17; 23:14; 1Ch 11:16; 12:16). See FORTIFICATION. In Re 18:2 for the King James Version "cage" (phulake) the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes, as in first clause, "hold," and in the margin "prison."
Hold
A fortress, the name given to David’s lurking-places (1 Sam. 22:4, 5; 24:22).
תׇּרְמָה (tormah) refers to treachery and is noted for its association with deceitfulness, fraud, and treacherous behavior. The word appears in Judges 9:31, where it is linked to treachery. There are variations in form, including תַּרְמִית (tar.mit), which also denotes deceitfulness.
תׇּרְמָה in Ju 9:31 in treachery, treacherously, but form strange and meaning unsuitable
ref
תׇּרְמִית n.f. deceitfulness
base
H8649a תׇּרְמָה in treachery, treacherously, but form and meaning unsuitable H8649b תׇּרְמִית deceitfulness
8649 tormah tor-maw'
and tarmuwth {tar-mooth'}; or tarmiyth {tar-meeth'}; from
7411; fraud:--deceit(-ful), privily.
see HEBREW for 07411
תׇּרְמָה (tor.mah) — treachery.
in treachery, treacherously
תַּרְמִית (tar.mit) — deceitfulness.
deceitfulness, treachery, fraud, deceit
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absoluteHRd/Ncfsa
מָאֵן (ma'en) is a primitive root meaning to refuse. It is primarily used in the Piel form, indicating a strong refusal or rejection. The entries consistently emphasize this meaning without notable disagreement.
[מָאֵן] vb. Pi. refuse
base
H3985 מָאֵן refuse
3985 ma'en maw-ane'
a primitive root; to refuse:--refuse, X utterly.
מָאֵן (ma.en) — to refuse.
(Piel) to refuse
V-Piel-Perf-3cp — Verb · Piel · perfect third person common pluralHVpp3cp
The Hebrew word שׁוּב (shuwb) means to turn back or return, covering a wide range of contexts including physical, spiritual, and relational. It can denote returning to a previous state, repenting, or even apostatizing. The entries describe various forms and uses, including bringing back, restoring, and refreshing. Notably, it can also imply a change in course of action.
שׁוּב 1056 vb. turn back, return
Qal 683;—turn back, return:
turn back
return, come or go back
esp. return unto
of dying
of revival from death
fig. of human relations:
return to leader, king
= change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)
turn, i.e. resort to
return to a physical condition
abs. = change course of action
fig., specif. of spiritual relations:
turn back from God = apostatize
of י׳, turn away
turn back to God (= seek penitently)
abs. repent
turn back from evil
of י׳
of י׳, return (to shew favour)
of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):
denoting repetition, etc.
trans.
Pō‛l.
bring back
fig. restore, refresh
restore, repair
lead away (enticingly)
shew turning = apostatize
Hiph. 353 cause to return, bring back
bring back into bondage
put back
= draw back
= give back, restore
= relinguish
= give in payment, requital
bring one back (from dead)
bring back heart
= refresh
H7725 שׁוּב turn back, return .—turn back, return: . turn back
. return, come or go back
. esp. return unto
. . of dying
. of revival from death
. fig. of human relations: . return to leader, king
. = change so as to appoach (in purpose, desire)
. turn, i.e. resort to
. return to a physical condition
. abs. = change course of action
. fig., specif. of spiritual relations: . turn back from God = apostatize
. of י׳, turn away
. turn back to God (= seek penitently)
. abs. repent
. turn back from evil
. of י׳
. of י׳, return (to shew favour)
. of inanimate things (sts. personified, or treated as things of life):
. denoting repetition, etc.
. trans.
. . bring back
. . fig. restore, refresh
. restore, repair
. lead away (enticingly)
. shew turning = apostatize
. cause to return, bring back . . bring back into bondage
. put back
. = draw back
. = give back, restore
. = relinguish
. = give in payment, requital
7725 shuwb shoob
a primitive root; to turn back (hence, away) transitively or
intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily
with the idea of return to the starting point); generally to
retreat; often adverbial, again:--((break, build, circumcise,
dig, do anything, do evil, feed, lay down, lie down, lodge,
make, rejoice, send, take, weep)) X again, (cause to) answer
(+ again), X in any case (wise), X at all, averse, bring
(again, back, home again), call (to mind), carry again (back),
cease, X certainly, come again (back), X consider, +
continually, convert, deliver (again), + deny, draw back,
fetch home again, X fro, get (oneself) (back) again, X give
(again), go again (back, home), (go) out, hinder, let, (see)
more, X needs, be past, X pay, pervert, pull in again, put
(again, up again), recall, recompense, recover, refresh,
relieve, render (again), requite, rescue, restore, retrieve,
שׁוּב (shuv) — to return: return.
: return
1) to return, turn back
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to turn back, return
1a1a) to turn back
1a1b) to return, come or go back
1a1c) to return unto, go back, come back
1a1d) of dying
1a1e) of human relations (fig)
1a1f) of spiritual relations (fig)
1a1f1) to turn back (from God), apostatise
1a1f2) to turn away (of God)
1a1f3) to turn back (to God), repent
1a1f4) turn back (from evil)
1a1g) of inanimate things
1a1h) in repetition
1b) (Polel)
1b1) to bring back
1b2) to restore, refresh, repair (fig)
1b3) to lead away (enticingly)
1b4) to show turning, apostatise
1c) (Pual) restored (participle)
1d) (Hiphil) to cause to return, bring back
1d1) to bring back, allow to return, put back, draw back, give back, restore, relinquish, give in payment
1d2) to bring back, refresh, restore
1d3) to bring back, report to, answer
1d4) to bring back, make requital, pay (as recompense)
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a — Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct commonHR/Vqcc