Mark 15:17 — Word Study
N1904καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
BSAAndkai they dressenduō▸ Himautos purpleporphura [royal, valuable] andkai placedperitithēmi▸ [put, placed] on Himautos [as a symbol of mockery, ridicule] having twisted togetherplekō▸ [weaving, plaiting] of thornsakanthinos [thorny, sharp] a crownstephanos [wreath, garland]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| καὶ | And | Conjunction |
| ἐνδιδύσκουσιν | they dress | Verb, present, active |
| αὐτὸν | Him | Personal pronoun, accusative, singular |
| πορφύραν | purple | Noun, accusative, singular |
| καὶ | and | Conjunction |
| περιτιθέασιν | placed | Verb, present, active |
| αὐτῷ | on Him | Personal pronoun, dative, singular |
| πλέξαντες | having twisted together | Verb, aorist, active |
| ἀκάνθινον | of thorns | Adjective, accusative, singular |
| στέφανον | a crown | Noun, accusative, singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | They dressed Him in a purple robe, twisted together a crown of thorns, and set it on His head. |
| KJV | And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head, |
| ASV | And they clothe him with purple, and platting a crown of thorns, they put it on him; |
| YLT | and clothe him with purple, and having plaited a crown of thorns, they put [it] on him, |
| WEB | They clothed him with purple; and weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on him. |
| BBE | And they put a purple robe on him, and twisting a crown of thorns, they put it on him; |
Where they part company is in the rendering of περιτιθέασιν — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence consists of a main clause followed by two participial phrases that detail the actions taken by the soldiers.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Ellicott, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
subjectπλέκω
verbἐνδιδύσκω
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the New Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — ὁ, the commonest word in the Greek New Testament, stands 19,867 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Mark 15:17
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — The Mocking of Jesusgenerated
Mark 15:17 describes how the soldiers dressed Jesus in a purple robe and placed a crown of thorns on His head as a form of mockery. This act was part of the humiliation He faced before His crucifixion, highlighting the irony of their mockery of His kingship, as they did not recognize Him as the true King. This scene connects with the prophecies of the Messiah and serves as a stark contrast to His divine nature.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthew 27:28–30 | They stripped Him and put a scarlet robe on Him. |
| 2 | Luke 23:11 | And even Herod and his soldiers ridiculed and mocked Him. Dressing Him in a fine robe, they sent Him back to Pilate. |
| 3 | John 19:2–5 | The soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns, set it on His head, and dressed Him in a purple robe. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — ἐνδιδύσκω, enduōgenerated
The verb ἐνδιδύσκω (endudyskō) means 'to dress' or 'to put on.' It is in the present active indicative form, indicating an ongoing action performed by the soldiers. This word is used to describe the act of clothing someone, in this case, Jesus, in a way that emphasizes both the physical act and the symbolic nature of the clothing.
In the context of Mark 15:17, it highlights the soldiers' intention to mock Jesus by dressing Him in royal attire, which is a cruel irony given His true identity as the King of Kings.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB uses dressed for ἐνδιδύσκουσιν, which is also reflected in the KJV and ASV.
Where they part company is in the rendering of περιτιθέασιν. The KJV and ASV use put, while the WEB uses placed. The word πλέξαντες is rendered as weaving in the WEB and plaiting in the RVA. For στέφανον, most versions agree on a crown, while the LSV opts for garland.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb of the verse is ἐνδιδύσκουσιν, they dress, which governs the action of the soldiers. The structure is composed of multiple clauses, with the main action leading into a series of participial phrases that describe what they did next.
The phrase πορφύραν is the direct object of the verb, while περιτιθέασιν introduces the next action of placing the crown, with αὐτῷ indicating the recipient of that action.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
πορφύρα appears in the Septuagint, where it is used to translate the Hebrew word אַרְגָּמָן (H713), meaning 'purple.' This connection emphasizes the royal quality of the garment used in the mocking of Jesus.
περιτίθημι also has roots in the Septuagint, where it translates Hebrew terms like לָבֵשׁ (H3847), meaning 'to put on' or 'to wear.' This shows a continuity of the action of dressing in both the Old and New Testament contexts.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Mark 15:17 tells us how the soldiers dressed Jesus in a purple robe and placed a crown of thorns on His head. This act was done in mockery of His claim to be a king, highlighting the irony of their actions as they did not recognize His true identity.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The purple robe symbolizes royalty and is used here to mock Jesus' claim to kingship.
A crown of thorns was used to further mock Jesus, as thorns represent pain and suffering, contrasting with the honor typically associated with a crown.
This passage fulfills prophecies about the suffering servant and the mockery of the Messiah, demonstrating the irony of Jesus being treated as a king while being humiliated.
We learn about the depth of Jesus' suffering and the extent to which He was willing to endure humiliation for humanity's sake.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do the actions of the soldiers reflect a misunderstanding of Jesus' true identity?
- In what ways can we recognize and honor Jesus as King in our own lives?
- What does this passage teach us about the nature of mockery and suffering?
- How can we respond to the injustices we see in the world today, reflecting the humility of Christ?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Several early church Fathers comment on this passage, reflecting on the mockery of Jesus and its implications for understanding His kingship.
He who now gives true palms to the victors was beaten in the face with hostile palms; he who clothes all others with the garment of immortality was stripped of his earthly garment.Early Church Fathers on Mark 15 →
When they “clothed him in purple,” it was in mockery, yet ironically it was a fulfillment of prophecy, for he indeed was a king, so even their parody indirectly served divine revelation.Early Church Fathers on Mark 15 →
But we must understand that the words of Matthew, they put on him a scarlet robe, Mark expresses by clothed him in purple;Early Church Fathers on Mark 15 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Mark 15:17 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleAnd they clothed him with purple,.... Matthew calls it a "scarlet" robe; and the Persic version here renders it a "red garment": it was of a colour resembling purple; it was pretty near it, and
Read John Gill on Mark 15 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryAnd straightway in the morning the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, and bound Jesus, and carried him away, and delivered him to Pilate.
Read Robert Jamieson on Mark 15 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(17) They clothed him with purple.—The colour is called “purple” by St. Mark and St. John, “crimson” by St. Matthew. The two words probably indicated the same colour.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Mark 15 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 17. And platted a crown of thorns] In the note on Matthew 27:29, I have ventured to express a doubt whether our Lord was crowned with thorns, in our sense of the word; this crown being designed as an instrument of torture. I am still of the same opinion, having considered the subject more closely since writing that note. As there I have referred to Bishop Pearce, a man whose merit as a commentator is far beyond my praise, and who, it is to be regretted, did not complete his work on the New Testament, I think it right to insert the whole of his note here. "The word ακανθων may as well be the plural genitive case of the word ακανθος as of ακανθη: if of the latter, it is rightly…
Read AdamClarke on Mark 15 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges17. clothed him with purple] Instead of the white robe, with which Herod had mocked Him, they threw around Him a scarlet sagum, or soldier’s cloak. St Matthew, Matthew 27:38, calls it “a scarlet robe;” St John, John 19:2, “a purple robe.” It was a war-cloak, such as princes, generals, and soldiers wore, dyed with purple; “probably a cast-off robe of state out of the prætorian wardrobe,”—a burlesque of the long and fine purple robe worn only by the Emperor. Lange, iv. 357. a crown of thorns] Formed probably of the thorny nâbk, which yet “grows on dwarf bushes outside the walls of Jerusalem.” Tristram’s Land of Israel, p. 429. and put it about his head] In mimicry of the laurel wreath worn at…
Read Cambridge on Mark 15 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWith purple - Matthew says scarlet. See the notes at Matthew 27:28. About his head - In the form of a garland or diadem. The whole head was not covered, but it was placed in a circle round the temples.
Read Albert Barnes on Mark 15 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the BibleFor explanation of this chapter, we refer generally to the notes on Matthew 27.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Mark 15 →The verse in English, compared — 16 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
They dressed Him in a purple robe, twisted together a crown of thorns, and set it on His head.
They clothed him with purple; and weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on him.
They dressed Him in a purple robe, twisted together a crown of thorns, and set it on His head.
They put a purple cloak on him and after braiding a crown of thorns, they put it on him.
Tyndale line
And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head,
And they clothe him with purple, and platting a crown of thorns, they put it on him;
And they clothe him with purple, and plaiting a crown of thorns, they put it on him;
And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head ,
And clad him with purple, and platted a crowne of thornes, and put it about his head,
Strictly literal
And they clothe him with purple, and bind round on him a crown of thorns which they had plaited.
and clothe him with purple, and having plaited a crown of thorns, they put [it] on him,
and clothe Him with purple, and having plaited a garland of thorns, they put [it] on Him,
They put a purple robe on Jesus, and they twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on him.
From the Latin
And they clothe him with purple, and platting a crown of thorns, they put it upon him.
Simplified
They put royal purple robes on him and made a crown of thorns that they placed on him.
And they put a purple robe on him, and twisting a crown of thorns, they put it on him;
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the Nestle 1904 treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The earliest translations — Latin and Syriac
Every translation is an argument about meaning made by someone who had to commit to one. These two were made while the Greek was still a living language, and they are the oldest opinions we have about what this verse says.
et induunt eum purpura, et imponunt ei plectentes spineam coronam.
Jerome revised the Old Latin against the Greek from AD 382; the Latin west read this text for a thousand years.
ܘܐܠܒܫܘܗܝ ܐܪܓܘܢܐ ܘܓܕܠܘ ܣܡܘ ܠܗ ܟܠܝܠܐ ܕܟܘܒܐ
The Bible of the Syriac-speaking church, in the language nearest to the Aramaic Jesus spoke.
Shown verse by verse rather than word by word: aligning a Greek word to its Latin or Syriac counterpart automatically would be guesswork, and a wrong alignment is worse than none.
The Greek editions compared — what the manuscripts actually say
Eight printed editions of the Greek New Testament, side by side. Where they agree the wording is settled; where a word is missing from an edition it is marked, so you can see the difference rather than take it on trust.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The standard critical text of the New Testament.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The previous edition, still widely cited.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The Society of Biblical Literature edition, freely licensed.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The edition that turned scholarship toward the earliest manuscripts.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
An independent critical text built from the oldest witnesses then known.
καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
A recent critical edition following documentary evidence closely.
καὶ — αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The reading of the majority of surviving manuscripts.
καὶ — αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον
The printed tradition behind the King James Version.
A witness that read differently would show its variant word here, marked.
Word by word, across the editions
| Word | Editions carrying it | Missing from |
|---|---|---|
| ἐνδιδύσκουσιν they dress | NA28, NA27, Tyn, SBL, WH, Treg | TR, Byz |
Apparatus — SBL Greek New Testament, CC BY 4.0
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Greek New Testament — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Mark 15:17
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Greek lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. Imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, the full Liddell-Scott-Jones, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate LSJ, Robinson and Packard on the Greek, Webster and Cawdrey on the English the translators were using. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
καί (kai) is a conjunction meaning 'and,' used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. It serves various functions, including copulative and adjunctive uses, and can express cumulative ideas like 'also' or 'even.' The New Testament frequently employs it to link terms and sentences, as seen in verses like Matthew 2:18 and John 10:3. Abbott-Smith notes its use in both simple and complex structures, while Thayer emphasizes its role as the most common particle in the New Testament.
καί, a conj., and; the most freq. by far of all the particles in the N. T. [On its uses see W. § 53, 3sqq.; B. 361 (310) sqq., and ef. Ellicott on Phil. iv. 12; on the difference between it and τέ see 8. v. τέ ad init. ] I. It serves as a copulative i.e. to connect (Lat. et, atque, Germ. und) ; 1. it connects single words or terms: a. univ., as of Φαρισαῖοι καὶ Σαδδουκαῖοι, Mt. xvi. 1; ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατήρ, he who is God and Father (see θεός, 3); ἐν καρδίᾳ καλῇ καὶ ἀγαθῇ, Lk. viii. 15; πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως, ΗΘ}. 1. 1; it is repeated before single terms, to each of which its own force and weight is thus given: ἡ υἱοθεσία καὶ ἡ δόξα καὶ ai διαθῆκαι καὶ ἡ νομοθεσία καὶ ἡ λατρεία καὶ αἱ ἐπαγγελίαι, Ro. ix. 4 ; ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή, Ro. vii. 12; add, Mt. xxiii. 23; Lk. xiv. 21; Jn. xvi. 8; Acts xv. 20, 29; xxi. 25; Heb. ix. 10; Rey. v. 12; xviii. 12 sq.; ef. W. 519 sq. (484). b. it…
Read the full entry →και. In LAE p. 129 ff. Deissmann discusses the thoroughly popular character of the Johannine style with its short paratactic sentences, introduced by kal. . . καί. To illustrate this, he cites amongst other exx. a Dream from the Serapeum, P Par 51 (B.C. 160) (= Selections, p. 18 ff. : see especially the amended readings in Archiv vi. p. 204), which runs—** ὦμ[ην] βατί -- δ)ίζειν pe [ἀπ]ὸ λειβὸς ἕως ἀ[ πηλι]ώτου, καὶ ἀναπίπτομαι ἐπ᾿ ἄχυρον" καὶ [ἄν]θρωπ[ος9] ἀπὸ λιβός μου, ἐχόμενός μου’ ἀναπίπτει καὶ αὐτός, καὶ ὥσπερ κεκλειμμ[évot] μου ἦσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου, καὶ ἐξαί[φνης] ἀνύγω τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς pov, καὶ ὁρῶ kTA., “ I dreamed that I was going from West to East, and I lie down upon chaff. And there | αὐτὸ (deleted in the original) Σεμφθεῖ. | ἐκ καινῆς ἐν Σομολ(ῶ)…
Read the full entry →καί (kai) — and.
καί,
conjunction, copulative, joining words and sentences,
__A and; also adverb, even, also, just, frequently expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ (μή) or οὐδέ (μηδέ). copulative, and,
__A.I joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων [Refs 8th c.BC+]: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; joining only the last pair, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more and more, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά [Refs 8th c.BC+]
καί
kai
apparently, a primary particle, having a copulative and sometimes also
a cumulative force; and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in
connection (or composition) with other particles or small words:--and,
also, both, but, even, for, if, or, so, that, then, therefore, when,
yet.
καί
Cj.
and, even, also, namely
καί kai 9x
(1) and, Mt. 2:2, 3, 11; 4:22; (2) καί ... καί, both ... and; (3) as a cumulative particle, also, too, Mt. 5:39; Jn. 8:19; 1 Cor. 11:6; (4) emphatic, even, also, Mt. 10:30; 1 Cor. 2:10; in NT adversative, but, Mt. 11:19; also introductory of the apodosis of a sentence, Gal. 3:28; Jas. 2:4
Conj — Conjunctionconjunction — it joins clauses, and never changes form.
CONJ CONJunction or conjunctive particle
9,477 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 42 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 8,978 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
← what comes before
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branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
3 inflected forms — one of the commonest words in the New Testament. Full distribution →
Τῶν ἄλλων νομοθετῶν οἱ μὲν ἀκαλλώπιστα καὶ γυμνὰ τὰ νομισθέντα παρ’ αὐτοῖς εἶναι δίκαια διετάξαντο, οἱ δὲ πολὺν ὄγκον τοῖς νοήμασι προσπεριβαλόντες ἐξετύφωσαν τὰ πλήθη μυθικοῖς πλάσμασι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπικρύψαντες.
ἡ τοῦ κόσμου σύστασις καὶ διάταξις τῶν στοιχείων.
Χαίρετε, υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες, ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς, ἐν εἰρήνῃ.
r βασιλεύοντος Πτολεμαίου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Βερενίκης τῆς ἀδελφῆς θεῶν Φιλομητόρων ἔτους ιε, ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν καὶ κανηφόρου τῶν
1 ἔτους ιζ Θῶυθ κη ἀπέδοτο Πετεσοῦχος Φίβιος καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τὸ ὕπαρχον αὐτοῖς ἥμισυ περιστερῶνος τοῦ ὄντος ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ βορρᾶ μέρει
βασιλευόντων Πτολεμαίου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Βερενίκης τῆς ἀδελφῆς θεῶν φιλομητόρων ἔτους ιϛ, ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν καὶ κανηφόρου τῶν
The Greek word ἐνδιδύσκω means 'to put on' or 'to clothe oneself.' It appears in the New Testament in verses like Mark 15:17 and Luke 16:19. The word is derived from a prolonged form of another verb and is used in both active and middle forms. There is a note in Moulton & Milligan about a dialect inscription that expands its usage.
ἐνδιδύσκω (i. 4. ἐνδύω [ef. B. 56 (49)]); impf. mid. ἐνεδιδυσκόμην ; to put on, clothe: twa πορφύραν, Mk. xv. 17 L T Tr WH; mid. to put on one’s self, be clothed in [w. ace. B. 191 (166); W.§ 32,5]: ἱμάτιον, Lk. viii. 27 [RGLTr mrg.]; πορφύραν, βύσσον, Lk. xvi. 19; (2 5. i. 24; xiii. 18; Prov. xxix. 39 (xxxi. 21); Judith ix. 1; Sir. |. 11; Joseph. b. j. 7, 2).
ἐνδιδύσκω. The range of this somewhat rare verb is extended by the dialect inscr. Sy// 857° (ii/B.c.) ἐνδυδισκόμενος, clearly a hewer’s error for ἐνδιδυσκόμενος : see LAL p. 78.
ἐνδιδύσκω (endiduskō) — to dress.
ἐνδῐδύσκω,
put on, τινά τι [LXX+NT]:—middle, put on oneself, [NT+1st c.AD+]
II. clothe, τινὰ ἱματίῳ [Refs]
ἐνδιδύσκω
endidusko
a prolonged form of 1746; to invest (with a garment):--clothe in,
wear.
see GREEK for 1746
ἐνδιδύσκω
v.
I put on, clothe
ἐνδιδύσκω endidyskō 2x
a later form, equivalent to ἐνδύω, to dress (oneself), Mark 15:17; 16:19*
ἐνδιδύσκω to put on another, τινά τι NTest.:—Mid. to put on oneself, id. NTest.
Verb-PAI-3P — Verb · present · active · indicative · third person · pluralpresent active indicative — an action in progress.
V-PAI-3P Part of Speech: Verb Tense: Present Voice: Active Mood: Indicative Person: third Number: Plural
In the Hebrew and Greek there is a wonderful wealth of terminology having to do with the general subject of dress among the ancient Orientals. This is reflected in the numerous synonyms for "dress" to be found in English Versions of the Bible, "apparel," "attire," "clothes," "raiment," "garments," etc. But the words used in the originals are often greatly obscured through the inconsistent variations of the translators. Besides there are few indications even in the original Hebrew or Greek of the exact shape or specific materials of the various articles of dress named, and so their identification is made doubly difficult. In dealing with the subject, therefore, the most reliable sources of information, apart from the meaning of the terms used in characterization, are certain well-known facts about the costumes and dress-customs of the orthodox Jews, and others about the forms of dress…
Dress
(1.) Materials used. The earliest and simplest an apron of fig-leaves sewed together (Gen. 3:7); then skins of animals (3:21). Elijah’s dress was probably the skin of a sheep (2 Kings 1:8). The Hebrews were early acquainted with the art of weaving hair into cloth (Ex. 26:7; 35:6), which formed the sackcloth of mourners. This was the material of John the Baptist’s robe (Matt. 3:4). Wool was also woven into garments (Lev. 13:47; Deut. 22:11; Ezek. 34:3; Job…
This subject includes the following particulars: Materials; Color and decoration; Name, form, and mode of wearing the various articles; Special usages relating thereto. Materials .--After the first "apron" of fig leaves, (Genesis 3:7) the skins of animals were used for clothing. (Genesis 3:21) Such was the "mantle" worn by Elijah. Pelisses of sheepskin still form an ordinary article of dress in the East. The art of weaving hear was known to the Hebrews at an early period, (Exodus 25:4; 26:7) and wool was known earlier still. (Genesis 38:12) Their acquaintance with linen and perhaps cotton dates from the captivity in Egypt, (
2 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 2 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
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αὐτός is a pronoun meaning 'self' or 'the same,' used to emphasize distinction or opposition. It can function as a reflexive pronoun and appears frequently in the New Testament, often in contexts that highlight contrast or identity, such as in Luke 5:37 and John 2:25. The entries indicate that it can also be used in various grammatical constructions, including with articles to denote sameness.
αὐτός, -ή, -ό,
determinative pron., in late Gk. much more freq. than in cl. (WM, 178 f.; Jannaris, HGG, §1399).
Emphatic (so always in nom. exc. when preceded by the art., v. infr., iii);
self (ipse), expressing opposition, distinction, exclusion, etc., αὐ. ἐκχυθήσεται, Lk 5:37; αὐ. ἐγινώσκεν, Jo 2:25; αὐ. ὑμεῖς, Jo 3:28; καὶ αὐ. ἐγώ, Ro 15:14; αὐ. Ἰησοῦς, Jo 2:24; αὐ. καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ, Mk 2:25; ὑμεῖς αὐ., Mk 6:31; esp. (as freq in cl.) αὐ. ὁ, Mt 3:4, Mk 6:17, Jo 16:27, I Th 3:11, al.; in late Gk., sometimes…
αὐτός, -7, -d, pron. (“derived from the particle αὖ with the added force of a demonstrative pronoun. In itself it signifies nothing more than again, applied to what has either been previously mentioned or, when the whole discourse is looked at, must necessarily be .upplied.” Klotz ad Devar. ii. p. 219; [see Vaniéek p. 268]). It is used by the bibl. writ. both of the O. T. and of the N. T. far more frequently than the other pronouns; and in this very frequent and almost inordinate use of it, they deviate greatly from prof. auth.; cf. B. § 127, 9. [On classic usage ef. Hermann, Opusce. i. 308 sqq., of which dissertation a summary is given in his edition of Viger pp- 732-736.] I. self, as used (in all persons, genders, numbers) to distinguish a person or thing from or contrast it with another, or to give him (it) emphatic prominence. ik When used to express Opposition or Distinction, it is…
Read the full entry →αὐτός. The weakening of the old distinction between αὐτὸς 6 and ὁ αὐτός, especially in Luke, is noted in Proleg. p. 91, and paralleled from Hellenistic. We may add (cf. Linleitung p. 145f.) Sy// 8071 (ii/A.D.) αὐταῖς ταῖς ἡμέραις, where Dittenberger remarks ‘‘expectaveris ταῖς αὐταῖς," OG/S 383! (Antiochus of Commagene, i/8.c.) τὴν αὐτήν τε κρίσιν, for which Ditt. desiderates ταύτην τὴν κρίσιν, P Iib I. 30° (B.c. 265) αὐτὸς Ὧρος “the said H.,’’ P Lille I. 238 (B.C, 221) οὗ μ[ισ]θωτὴς Ἡρώδ[ης] ὁ αὐτός “ce méme L.,”’ P Oxy VI. 892% (A.D. 338) τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως, 26. VIII. 1105 (A.D. 254) τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀμφοδογραμματέως “the said a.’’: all these seem to be practically identical, with αὐτός differing little from ἐκεῖνος. The combination αὐτὸ τοῦτο may be illustrated by P Grenf I. 114 (literary, ii/B.c.) “ for this reason ” (Ed.) as in 2 Pet 1°, P Ryl 11. 77°9 (a.p. 192) καὶ αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἀσφαλίσομαι…
Read the full entry →αὐτός (autos) — it/s/he.
αὐτός
(Cretan dialect ἀϝτός [Refs] (also αὐτόν[Refs], reflexive pronoun, self:—in oblique cases used for the personal pronoun, him, her, it:—with Article, ὁ αὐτός, ἡ αὐτή, τὸ αὐτό (also ταὐτόν), etc., the very one, the same.
I. self, myself, thyself, etc., accusative to the person of the Verb: frequently joined with ἐγώ, σύ, etc. (see. below 10),
I.1. one's true self, the soul, not the body, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; reversely, body, not soul, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; oneself, as opposed to others who are less prominent, as king to subject, [Refs]; man to wife and children, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; warrior to horses, [Refs 8th c.BC+], or to weapons, [Refs]; shepherd to herd, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; seamen to ships, [Refs]: generally, whole to parts,[Refs 5th c.BC+]: absolutely, the Master, as in the [Refs 4th c.BC+]…
αὐτός
autos
from the particle au (perhaps akin to the base of 109 through the idea
of a baffling wind) (backward); the reflexive pronoun self, used
(alone or in the comparative 1438) of the third person , and (with the
proper personal pronoun) of the other persons:--her, it(-self), one,
the other, (mine) own, said, (self-), the) same, ((him-, my-, thy-
)self, (your-)selves, she, that, their(-s), them(-selves), there(-at,
- by, -in, -into, -of, -on, -with), they, (these) things, this (man),
those, together, very, which. Compare 848.
see GREEK for 109
see GREEK for 1438
see GREEK for 848
αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό
Pers.pr.
he, she, it, they, them, same
αὐτός autos 5x
self, very; alone, Mk. 6:31; 2 Cor. 12:13; of one’s self, of one’s own motion, Jn. 16:27; used also in the oblique cases independently as a personal pron. of the third person; ὁ αὐτός, the same; unchangeable, Heb. 1:12; κατὰ τὸ αὐτό, at the same time, together, Acts 14:1; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό, in one and the same place, Mt. 22:34; at the same time, together, Acts 3:1
αὐτός self, Lat. ipse:— in the oblique cases simply for the personal Pron., him, her, it:— with the Artic. ὁ αὐτός, ἡ αὐτή, τὸ αὐτό (or ταὐτόν), etc., the very one, the same.
self, myself, thyself, etc., acc. to the person of the Verb., Hom., etc.:
oneself, one's true self, the soul, not the body, Od.; or opp. to others, as king to subjects, parent to children, man to wife, etc., Hom.; hence absol. for the master, τίς οὗτος;—Αὐτός, i. e. Socrates, Ar.; similarly in neut. αὐτὸ δείξει the result will shew, Eur.
of oneself, of one's own accord, Lat. sponte, Hom., Soph.
by oneself, alone, αὐτός περ ἐών although alone, Il.; αὐτοί ἐσμεν we are by ourselves, i. e. among friends, Ar.
in Plat., τὸ δίκαιον αὐτό right in itself, the idea of right, etc.; cf. αὐτοάνθρωπος.
Pron-ASM — Personal pronoun · accusative · singular · masculineaccusative — the one it is done to — the object.
Agrees with anything else marked singular masculine.
P-ASM Part of Speech: Personal pronoun Case: Accusative Number: Singular Gender: Masculine
5,861 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 92 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 5,561 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
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branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
19 inflected forms — one of the commonest words in the New Testament. Full distribution →
Τῶν ἄλλων νομοθετῶν οἱ μὲν ἀκαλλώπιστα καὶ γυμνὰ τὰ νομισθέντα παρ’ αὐτοῖς εἶναι δίκαια διετάξαντο, οἱ δὲ πολὺν ὄγκον τοῖς νοήμασι προσπεριβαλόντες ἐξετύφωσαν τὰ πλήθη μυθικοῖς πλάσμασι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπικρύψαντες.
περὶ τοῦ γένους Ἀδάμου καὶ τῶν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ δέκα γενεῶν τῶν μέχρι τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ.
πεπεισμένος οὖν τοῦτο καὶ συνειδὼς ἐμαυτῷ, ὅτι ἐν ὑμῖν λαλήσας πολλὰ ἐπίσταμαι, ὅτι ἐμοὶ συνώδευσεν ἐν ὁδῷ δικαιοσύνης κύριος, καὶ πάντως ἀναγκάζομαι κἀγὼ εἰς τοῦτο, ἀγαπᾶν ὑμᾶς ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν μου, ὅτι μεγάλη πίστις καὶ ἀγάπη ἐγκατοικεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν ἐπ’…
Πακοίβιος ἱερεὺς Σούχου καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ὡς ἐτῶν μ εὐμεγέθης μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν αὐτῷ μερίδα γῆς σιτοφόρου ἐν τῷ περὶ Παθῦρειν πεδίωι σφραγίδων τεσσάρων , ἣν καὶ αὐτὸς
1 ἔτους ιζ Θῶυθ κη ἀπέδοτο Πετεσοῦχος Φίβιος καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τὸ ὕπαρχον αὐτοῖς ἥμισυ περιστερῶνος τοῦ ὄντος ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ βορρᾶ μέρει Παθύρεως χαλκοῦ Γ. ἐπρίατο Ὧρος
ὡς ἐτῶν νε μέσος ἢ ἐλάσσων μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν ὑπόσκνιφος, καὶ Πετεαρσοῆρις Σχώτου τῶν αὐτῶν ἱερέων ὡς ἐτῶν ν μέσος ἢ ἐλασσων μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν ὑπόσκνιφος, ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος
The Greek word πορφύρα (i.e., *porphura*) refers to purple dye derived from a type of shellfish, specifically the murex. It encompasses both the dye itself and garments made from purple cloth, as seen in various New Testament references. The lexicons consistently link it to purple garments, but there is some debate regarding the exact shade and context of its use in literature.
πορφύρα, -as, ἥ, Sept. for }378; 1. the purpleJish, a species of shell-fish or mussel: [Aeschyl., Soph.], Isocr., Aristot., al.; add 1 Mace. iv. 23, on which see Grimm ; [cf. B. D. s. v. Colors 1}. 2. a fabric colored with the purple dye, a garment made from purple cloth, (so fr. Aeschyl. down): Mk. xv. 17, 20; Lk. xvi. 19; Rev. xvii. 4 Rec.; xviii. 12.
πορφύρα. For this common word = “‘ purple dye” it is sufficient to cite P Oxy IV. 739! (private account—c. A.D. 1) πορφύρας (δραχμαὶ) Κ, ‘purple, 20 dr.,” 26. VI. 9314 (ii/a.D.) τὴν ovyklay τῆς πορφύρας] ἔπεμψα, “1 have sent the ounce of purple,” and P Giss I. 4718 (time of Hadrian) τὸ ἡμιλεί[τρ]ιον τῆς πορφύρας ἀντὶ (δραχμῶν) of [(Spaxpav)] σνβ, ‘‘the half pound of purple for 252 instead of 264 drachmae”: see the editor’s note. ILopoipa is used of a “‘purple robe” in Aristeas 320, as in Mk 15}? a/., where however Souter (Zex. s.v.) understands ‘‘a red-coloured cloak,” such as common soldiers wore.
πορφύρα (porphura) — purple cloth.
πορφύρ-α [ῠ],
Ionic dialect πορφύρ-η, ἡ, purple-fish, Murex trunculus and Purpura haemastoma, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
II. purple dye obtained from it, [Refs 7th c.BC+]; used as an application, βρέξαντες ἐν [τῷ νάρδῳ] τὴν π. ἐπιτιθέναι [Refs 4th c.AD+]
III. ={πορφυρίς} 1, [Refs 1st c.AD+]: in plural, cloths of purple, πορφύρας πατῶν [Refs 4th c.BC+]: collectively in singular, κωμῳδοῖς.. πορφύραν εἰσφέρων, ὥσπερ οἱ Μεγαρεῖς [Refs 4th c.BC+]
IV. purple stripe or other adornment of a garment, τῆς σκιᾶς τὴν π. πρῶτον ἐνυφαίνουσ᾽, εἶτα μετὰ τὴν π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν οὔτε λευκὸν οὔτε π. ἀλλ᾽ ὥσπερ αὐγὴ τῆς κρόκης κεκραμένη [Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. πλατεῖα, = Latin latus clavus, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. alone…
πορφύρα
porphura
of Latin origin; the "purple" mussel, i.e. (by implication) the
red-blue color itself, and finally a garment dyed with it:--purple.
πορφύρα, ας, ἡ
n.f.
a purple garment
πορφύρα porphyra 4x
purpura, murex, a species of shellfish that yielded the purple dye, highly esteemed by the ancients, its tint being a bright crimson; in NT a purple garment, robe of purple, Lk. 16:19; Rev. 18:12
πορφύρα πορφύ^ρα, ionic -ρη, ἡ, πορφύρω the purple-fish, Lat. murex, Aesch.
purple dye, purple, Hdt.
= πορφυρίς, purple raiment, Aesch.
Noun-ASF — Noun · accusative · singular · feminineaccusative — the one it is done to — the object.
Agrees with anything else marked singular feminine.
N-ASF Part of Speech: Noun Case: Accusative Number: Singular Gender: Feminine
pur'-p'-l ('argaman; Chaldaic 'argewan (2Ch 2:7); compare Arabic 'urjuwan, and Persian 'arghawan; porphura, porphureos Septuagint and New Testament)):
Purple dye was manufactured by the Phoenicians from a marine mollusk, Murex trunculus. The shell was broken in order to give access to a small gland which was removed and crushed. The crushed gland gives a milky fluid that becomes red or purple on exposure to the air. Piles of these broken shells still remain on the coast at Sidon and Tyre. The purple gland is found in various species of Murex and also of Purpura.
Purple cloth was used in the furnishings of the tabernacle (Ex 25:4, etc.) and of Solomon's temple (2Ch 2:14; 3:14); in the palanquin of Solomon (
The famous and costly Tyrian purple, the royal color of the ancients, is said to have been discovered by the Tyrian Hercules, whose dog having by chance eaten a shellfish called Purpura, and returning to his master with his lips tinged with a purple color, occasioned the discovery of this precious dye. Purple, however, is much more ancient than this, since we find it mentioned by Moses in several places. Two kinds of purple are mentioned in the Old Testament:
1. Argamon, rendered in our version "purple," denoting a reddish purple obtained from a species of muscle or shellfish found on the coasts of the Mediterranean.
2. Techieleth, rendered in the English Bible "blue." This was a bluish or cerulean purple, likewise obtained from another species of shellfish. The "scarlet" or "crimson," for the two words denote essentially the same color, was produced from the coccus in sect, coccus…
4 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 2 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 4 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
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branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
Counted over the 29 Old Testament verses where this Greek word stands: which Hebrew word keeps standing there too. A correspondence of verses rather than a word-by-word alignment, so read the percentage as strength of evidence, not as a claim about any single verse.
τά τε γὰρ νήματα πάντα τῆς ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου καὶ βύσσου καὶ τριχῶν αἰγείων ἐπιτελοῦσι (Exod.
ὁ δὲ ταύτης αὐτῷ τῆς ἐξουσίας ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως δοθείσης σφραγῖδί τε χρῆσθαι τῇ αὐτοῦ καὶ πορφύραν ἐνδύσασθαι διὰ τῆς γῆς ἁπάσης ἐλαύνων ἐφʼ ἅρματος ἦγε τὸν σῖτον παρὰ τῶν γεωργῶν τὸν ἀρκοῦντα πρός τε σπόρον καὶ διατροφὴν ἑκάστοις ἀπομετρῶν, μηδενὶ…
τῆς σκιᾶς φανερόν μοι ἐγενήθη ἐκζητήσαντι μετὰ τοῦ Φιλοξένου καὶ Ἱλάρου ἠλλάχθαι μὲν τὴν πορφυρᾶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Διοδώρου καὶ μὴ δεδωκέναι σοί, πρὸς ὃ ἔδειξέ σοι ὑπόδειγμα διὰ τὸ
οὖν σε, πάτερ, ἵνα ἀναγκάσῃς Αλιμαν διῶξαι τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ δώσεις αὐτῇ ἀξίαν σου πορφύραν κατὰ χιτῶνα μόνον ἐπειδὴ πρὸς ὀψώνιον … … υ. τὸ οὖν παρεχόμενον ἀξιῶ
μεικρὸν ἔργον αὐτοῦ πέμψον. εἰ θέλεις ἀναβληθῆναί σου τὴν ἰσχνὴν λευκὴν στολήν, φρόντισον τῆς πορφύρας. ἐχρηματίσθην ὑπὸ τῶν Διοσκούρων τῆς κτήσεως σου καὶ ᾠκοδόμηται αὐτῶν ὁ τόπος καὶ Ἄρειος
καί (kai) is a conjunction meaning 'and,' used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. It serves various functions, including copulative and adjunctive uses, and can express cumulative ideas like 'also' or 'even.' The New Testament frequently employs it to link terms and sentences, as seen in verses like Matthew 2:18 and John 10:3. Abbott-Smith notes its use in both simple and complex structures, while Thayer emphasizes its role as the most common particle in the New Testament.
καί, a conj., and; the most freq. by far of all the particles in the N. T. [On its uses see W. § 53, 3sqq.; B. 361 (310) sqq., and ef. Ellicott on Phil. iv. 12; on the difference between it and τέ see 8. v. τέ ad init. ] I. It serves as a copulative i.e. to connect (Lat. et, atque, Germ. und) ; 1. it connects single words or terms: a. univ., as of Φαρισαῖοι καὶ Σαδδουκαῖοι, Mt. xvi. 1; ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατήρ, he who is God and Father (see θεός, 3); ἐν καρδίᾳ καλῇ καὶ ἀγαθῇ, Lk. viii. 15; πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως, ΗΘ}. 1. 1; it is repeated before single terms, to each of which its own force and weight is thus given: ἡ υἱοθεσία καὶ ἡ δόξα καὶ ai διαθῆκαι καὶ ἡ νομοθεσία καὶ ἡ λατρεία καὶ αἱ ἐπαγγελίαι, Ro. ix. 4 ; ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή, Ro. vii. 12; add, Mt. xxiii. 23; Lk. xiv. 21; Jn. xvi. 8; Acts xv. 20, 29; xxi. 25; Heb. ix. 10; Rey. v. 12; xviii. 12 sq.; ef. W. 519 sq. (484). b. it…
Read the full entry →και. In LAE p. 129 ff. Deissmann discusses the thoroughly popular character of the Johannine style with its short paratactic sentences, introduced by kal. . . καί. To illustrate this, he cites amongst other exx. a Dream from the Serapeum, P Par 51 (B.C. 160) (= Selections, p. 18 ff. : see especially the amended readings in Archiv vi. p. 204), which runs—** ὦμ[ην] βατί -- δ)ίζειν pe [ἀπ]ὸ λειβὸς ἕως ἀ[ πηλι]ώτου, καὶ ἀναπίπτομαι ἐπ᾿ ἄχυρον" καὶ [ἄν]θρωπ[ος9] ἀπὸ λιβός μου, ἐχόμενός μου’ ἀναπίπτει καὶ αὐτός, καὶ ὥσπερ κεκλειμμ[évot] μου ἦσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου, καὶ ἐξαί[φνης] ἀνύγω τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς pov, καὶ ὁρῶ kTA., “ I dreamed that I was going from West to East, and I lie down upon chaff. And there | αὐτὸ (deleted in the original) Σεμφθεῖ. | ἐκ καινῆς ἐν Σομολ(ῶ)…
Read the full entry →καί (kai) — and.
καί,
conjunction, copulative, joining words and sentences,
__A and; also adverb, even, also, just, frequently expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ (μή) or οὐδέ (μηδέ). copulative, and,
__A.I joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων [Refs 8th c.BC+]: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; joining only the last pair, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more and more, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά [Refs 8th c.BC+]
καί
kai
apparently, a primary particle, having a copulative and sometimes also
a cumulative force; and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in
connection (or composition) with other particles or small words:--and,
also, both, but, even, for, if, or, so, that, then, therefore, when,
yet.
καί
Cj.
and, even, also, namely
καί kai 9x
(1) and, Mt. 2:2, 3, 11; 4:22; (2) καί ... καί, both ... and; (3) as a cumulative particle, also, too, Mt. 5:39; Jn. 8:19; 1 Cor. 11:6; (4) emphatic, even, also, Mt. 10:30; 1 Cor. 2:10; in NT adversative, but, Mt. 11:19; also introductory of the apodosis of a sentence, Gal. 3:28; Jas. 2:4
Conj — Conjunctionconjunction — it joins clauses, and never changes form.
CONJ CONJunction or conjunctive particle
9,477 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 42 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 8,978 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
← what comes before
what comes after →
branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
3 inflected forms — one of the commonest words in the New Testament. Full distribution →
Τῶν ἄλλων νομοθετῶν οἱ μὲν ἀκαλλώπιστα καὶ γυμνὰ τὰ νομισθέντα παρ’ αὐτοῖς εἶναι δίκαια διετάξαντο, οἱ δὲ πολὺν ὄγκον τοῖς νοήμασι προσπεριβαλόντες ἐξετύφωσαν τὰ πλήθη μυθικοῖς πλάσμασι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπικρύψαντες.
ἡ τοῦ κόσμου σύστασις καὶ διάταξις τῶν στοιχείων.
Χαίρετε, υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες, ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς, ἐν εἰρήνῃ.
r βασιλεύοντος Πτολεμαίου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Βερενίκης τῆς ἀδελφῆς θεῶν Φιλομητόρων ἔτους ιε, ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν καὶ κανηφόρου τῶν
1 ἔτους ιζ Θῶυθ κη ἀπέδοτο Πετεσοῦχος Φίβιος καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τὸ ὕπαρχον αὐτοῖς ἥμισυ περιστερῶνος τοῦ ὄντος ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ βορρᾶ μέρει
βασιλευόντων Πτολεμαίου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Βερενίκης τῆς ἀδελφῆς θεῶν φιλομητόρων ἔτους ιϛ, ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν καὶ κανηφόρου τῶν
The Greek word περιτίθημι (peritithemi) is built from the components meaning 'around' and 'to place.' It covers a range of meanings including to put around, to put on, and metaphorically, to bestow or confer. The New Testament uses it in contexts like placing garments (Matthew 27:28) and bestowing honor (1 Corinthians 12:23).
περι-τίθημι, 3 pers. plur. περιτιθέασιν (Mk. xv. 17; see reff. in ἐπιτίθημι) ; 1 aor. περιέθηκα; 2 aor. ptep. περιθείς, περιθέντες; fr. Hom. down ; a. prop. to place aor. περιέτεμον ; Pass., around, set about, [cf. περί, 111. 1]: τινί τι, as φραγμὸν τῷ ἀμπελῶνι, Mt. xxi. 33; Mk. xii. 1; to put a garment on one, Mt. xxvii. 28; στέφανον, put on (encircle one’s head with) a crown, Mk. xv. 17 (Sir. vi. 31; Plat. Alcib. 2 p- 151 a.) ; τί τινι, to put or bind one thing around another, Mt. xxvii. 48; Mk. xv. 36; Jn. xix. 29. b. trop. τινί τι, to present, bestow, confer, a thing upon one (so in class. Grk. fr. Hdt. down, as ἐλευθερίαν, Hdt. 3, 142; δόξαν, Dem. p. 1417, 3 ; see Passow ii. p. 881 sq.; [L. and S. s. v. IL.]; τὸ ὄνομα, Sap. xiv. 21; Thue. 4, 87) : τιμήν, 1 Co. xii. 23; Esth. i.…
Read the full entry →περιτίθημι, ‘place around,” ‘‘clothe with,’’ as in Mt 2755, may be illustrated from PSI I. 6417 (i/B.c.?), where a woman who has offered to live with a man as his wife promises not to carry off certain articles of adornment if she leaves him— ἐὰν ἄλλα χρυσίου κόσμου μετὰ τὰ προκείμενα .. .]. ρησας μοι περιθῇς, οὐκ ἀπελε[ύ]σομαι αὐτ[ὰ] ἔχουσα. For the metaph. meaning ‘‘bestow,”’ “‘ confer,” as in 1 Cor 1255 (cf. Esth 12°), see BGU IV. 114139 (B.c. 14) εἰ σὺ μέν μοι καὶ τιμὴν περιτιθεῖς, P Giss I. 7gii 5 (c. A.D. 117) ὡς εἰμὶ γυνὴ [π]ᾶσαν σπουδὴν περιτίθεμαι, and OG/S 3315 (mid. ii/B.c.) ὅπως δὲ καὶ σὺ εἰδῆις ὅτι περιτεθείκαμεν (εἴ. Meisterhans Gr. p. 189) τὴν τ]ιμὴν καὶ ταύτ[ην] τῶι…
Read the full entry →περιτίθημι (peritithēmi) — to put on.
περιτίθημι,
place or put round, put on, περὶ δὲ ξύλα θῆκαν [Refs 8th c.BC+]; δέραισι περθέτω (Aeolic dialect).. ὐποθύμιδας [Refs 7th c.BC+]; φωνήεσί τε καὶ ἀφώνοις π. γράμματα attach letters to.., [LXX+4th c.BC+]:—middle, put round oneself, put on, περὶ δὲ τρυφάλειαν.. κρατὶ θέτο [Refs 8th c.BC+]; περθέμενον χλάμυν (Aeolic dialect for περι-) probably in [Refs 7th c.BC+]; διάδημα αὐτὸς περιεθήκατο [Refs 2nd c.AD+]
II. metaphorically, bestow, confer upon, π. τινὶ βασιληΐην, κράτος, ἐλευθερίην, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; πόλει τὸ κάλλιστον ὄνομα, τινὶ δόξαν, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τινὶ ὄνειδος, ἀτιμίαν, put reproach, dishonour upon him, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; Μηδικὴν ἀχὴν τοῖς Ἕλλησι put…
περιτίθημι
peritithemi
from 4012 and 5087; to place around; by implication, to
present:--bestow upon, hedge round about, put about (on, upon), set
about.
see GREEK for 4012
see GREEK for 5087
περιτίθημι
v.
I put around, bestow
περιτίθημι peritithēmi 8x
to place around, put about or around, Mt. 21:33; 27:28; met. to attach, bestow, 1 Cor. 12:23
περιτίθημι fut. -θήσω aor1 περιέθηκα aor2 imperat. περίθες to place round, Od.; περιτιθέναι τί τινι Hdt.:—Mid. to put round oneself, put on, Hom., Eur.
metaph., like περιβάλλω, to bestow, confer upon, π. τινὶ βασιληίην, ἐλευθερίην Hdt., Thuc.; so, π. τὴν Μηδικὴν ἀρχὴν τοῖς Ἕλλησι to put the Median yoke round their necks, Thuc.
Verb-PAI-3P — Verb · present · active · indicative · third person · pluralpresent active indicative — an action in progress.
V-PAI-3P Part of Speech: Verb Tense: Present Voice: Active Mood: Indicative Person: third Number: Plural
8 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 6 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 8 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
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branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
Counted over the 37 Old Testament verses where this Greek word stands: which Hebrew word keeps standing there too. A correspondence of verses rather than a word-by-word alignment, so read the percentage as strength of evidence, not as a claim about any single verse.
πρόσωπον διὰ τοῦτο καὶ χεῖρας καὶ βάσεις καὶ στόμα καὶ φωνὴν ὀργάς τε καὶ θυμούς, ἔτι δὲ ἀμυντήρια ὅπλα καὶ εἰσόδους μέντοι καὶ ἐξόδους καὶ τὰς ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ πανταχῇ κινήσεις περιέθηκεν, οὐ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν τὸ κεφάλαιον τοῦτο τῶν λόγων ἀναφέρων,…
καὶ περιθεὶς αὐτῷ τὸν αὑτοῦ θώρακα καὶ περιζώσας τὸ ξίφος καὶ περικεφαλαίαν ἁρμόσας ἐξέπεμψεν.
officium recitavit δίκην … … … ἀπραγμοσύνης τοῦ ἀραβάρχου … … ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ περιθεὶς τουτ … … … … ϛ χρήσασθαι πόνῳ καὶ … … … ἐτήσιος διὰ
αὐτός is a pronoun meaning 'self' or 'the same,' used to emphasize distinction or opposition. It can function as a reflexive pronoun and appears frequently in the New Testament, often in contexts that highlight contrast or identity, such as in Luke 5:37 and John 2:25. The entries indicate that it can also be used in various grammatical constructions, including with articles to denote sameness.
αὐτός, -ή, -ό,
determinative pron., in late Gk. much more freq. than in cl. (WM, 178 f.; Jannaris, HGG, §1399).
Emphatic (so always in nom. exc. when preceded by the art., v. infr., iii);
self (ipse), expressing opposition, distinction, exclusion, etc., αὐ. ἐκχυθήσεται, Lk 5:37; αὐ. ἐγινώσκεν, Jo 2:25; αὐ. ὑμεῖς, Jo 3:28; καὶ αὐ. ἐγώ, Ro 15:14; αὐ. Ἰησοῦς, Jo 2:24; αὐ. καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ, Mk 2:25; ὑμεῖς αὐ., Mk 6:31; esp. (as freq in cl.) αὐ. ὁ, Mt 3:4, Mk 6:17, Jo 16:27, I Th 3:11, al.; in late Gk., sometimes…
αὐτός, -7, -d, pron. (“derived from the particle αὖ with the added force of a demonstrative pronoun. In itself it signifies nothing more than again, applied to what has either been previously mentioned or, when the whole discourse is looked at, must necessarily be .upplied.” Klotz ad Devar. ii. p. 219; [see Vaniéek p. 268]). It is used by the bibl. writ. both of the O. T. and of the N. T. far more frequently than the other pronouns; and in this very frequent and almost inordinate use of it, they deviate greatly from prof. auth.; cf. B. § 127, 9. [On classic usage ef. Hermann, Opusce. i. 308 sqq., of which dissertation a summary is given in his edition of Viger pp- 732-736.] I. self, as used (in all persons, genders, numbers) to distinguish a person or thing from or contrast it with another, or to give him (it) emphatic prominence. ik When used to express Opposition or Distinction, it is…
Read the full entry →αὐτός. The weakening of the old distinction between αὐτὸς 6 and ὁ αὐτός, especially in Luke, is noted in Proleg. p. 91, and paralleled from Hellenistic. We may add (cf. Linleitung p. 145f.) Sy// 8071 (ii/A.D.) αὐταῖς ταῖς ἡμέραις, where Dittenberger remarks ‘‘expectaveris ταῖς αὐταῖς," OG/S 383! (Antiochus of Commagene, i/8.c.) τὴν αὐτήν τε κρίσιν, for which Ditt. desiderates ταύτην τὴν κρίσιν, P Iib I. 30° (B.c. 265) αὐτὸς Ὧρος “the said H.,’’ P Lille I. 238 (B.C, 221) οὗ μ[ισ]θωτὴς Ἡρώδ[ης] ὁ αὐτός “ce méme L.,”’ P Oxy VI. 892% (A.D. 338) τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως, 26. VIII. 1105 (A.D. 254) τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀμφοδογραμματέως “the said a.’’: all these seem to be practically identical, with αὐτός differing little from ἐκεῖνος. The combination αὐτὸ τοῦτο may be illustrated by P Grenf I. 114 (literary, ii/B.c.) “ for this reason ” (Ed.) as in 2 Pet 1°, P Ryl 11. 77°9 (a.p. 192) καὶ αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἀσφαλίσομαι…
Read the full entry →αὐτός (autos) — it/s/he.
αὐτός
(Cretan dialect ἀϝτός [Refs] (also αὐτόν[Refs], reflexive pronoun, self:—in oblique cases used for the personal pronoun, him, her, it:—with Article, ὁ αὐτός, ἡ αὐτή, τὸ αὐτό (also ταὐτόν), etc., the very one, the same.
I. self, myself, thyself, etc., accusative to the person of the Verb: frequently joined with ἐγώ, σύ, etc. (see. below 10),
I.1. one's true self, the soul, not the body, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; reversely, body, not soul, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; oneself, as opposed to others who are less prominent, as king to subject, [Refs]; man to wife and children, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; warrior to horses, [Refs 8th c.BC+], or to weapons, [Refs]; shepherd to herd, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; seamen to ships, [Refs]: generally, whole to parts,[Refs 5th c.BC+]: absolutely, the Master, as in the [Refs 4th c.BC+]…
αὐτός
autos
from the particle au (perhaps akin to the base of 109 through the idea
of a baffling wind) (backward); the reflexive pronoun self, used
(alone or in the comparative 1438) of the third person , and (with the
proper personal pronoun) of the other persons:--her, it(-self), one,
the other, (mine) own, said, (self-), the) same, ((him-, my-, thy-
)self, (your-)selves, she, that, their(-s), them(-selves), there(-at,
- by, -in, -into, -of, -on, -with), they, (these) things, this (man),
those, together, very, which. Compare 848.
see GREEK for 109
see GREEK for 1438
see GREEK for 848
αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό
Pers.pr.
he, she, it, they, them, same
αὐτός autos 5x
self, very; alone, Mk. 6:31; 2 Cor. 12:13; of one’s self, of one’s own motion, Jn. 16:27; used also in the oblique cases independently as a personal pron. of the third person; ὁ αὐτός, the same; unchangeable, Heb. 1:12; κατὰ τὸ αὐτό, at the same time, together, Acts 14:1; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό, in one and the same place, Mt. 22:34; at the same time, together, Acts 3:1
αὐτός self, Lat. ipse:— in the oblique cases simply for the personal Pron., him, her, it:— with the Artic. ὁ αὐτός, ἡ αὐτή, τὸ αὐτό (or ταὐτόν), etc., the very one, the same.
self, myself, thyself, etc., acc. to the person of the Verb., Hom., etc.:
oneself, one's true self, the soul, not the body, Od.; or opp. to others, as king to subjects, parent to children, man to wife, etc., Hom.; hence absol. for the master, τίς οὗτος;—Αὐτός, i. e. Socrates, Ar.; similarly in neut. αὐτὸ δείξει the result will shew, Eur.
of oneself, of one's own accord, Lat. sponte, Hom., Soph.
by oneself, alone, αὐτός περ ἐών although alone, Il.; αὐτοί ἐσμεν we are by ourselves, i. e. among friends, Ar.
in Plat., τὸ δίκαιον αὐτό right in itself, the idea of right, etc.; cf. αὐτοάνθρωπος.
Pron-DSM — Personal pronoun · dative · singular · masculinedative — to, for, with — the one it is done to or by.
Agrees with anything else marked singular masculine.
P-DSM Part of Speech: Personal pronoun Case: Dative Number: Singular Gender: Masculine
5,861 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 92 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 5,561 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
← what comes before
what comes after →
branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
19 inflected forms — one of the commonest words in the New Testament. Full distribution →
Τῶν ἄλλων νομοθετῶν οἱ μὲν ἀκαλλώπιστα καὶ γυμνὰ τὰ νομισθέντα παρ’ αὐτοῖς εἶναι δίκαια διετάξαντο, οἱ δὲ πολὺν ὄγκον τοῖς νοήμασι προσπεριβαλόντες ἐξετύφωσαν τὰ πλήθη μυθικοῖς πλάσμασι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπικρύψαντες.
περὶ τοῦ γένους Ἀδάμου καὶ τῶν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ δέκα γενεῶν τῶν μέχρι τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ.
πεπεισμένος οὖν τοῦτο καὶ συνειδὼς ἐμαυτῷ, ὅτι ἐν ὑμῖν λαλήσας πολλὰ ἐπίσταμαι, ὅτι ἐμοὶ συνώδευσεν ἐν ὁδῷ δικαιοσύνης κύριος, καὶ πάντως ἀναγκάζομαι κἀγὼ εἰς τοῦτο, ἀγαπᾶν ὑμᾶς ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν μου, ὅτι μεγάλη πίστις καὶ ἀγάπη ἐγκατοικεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν ἐπ’…
Πακοίβιος ἱερεὺς Σούχου καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ὡς ἐτῶν μ εὐμεγέθης μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν αὐτῷ μερίδα γῆς σιτοφόρου ἐν τῷ περὶ Παθῦρειν πεδίωι σφραγίδων τεσσάρων , ἣν καὶ αὐτὸς
1 ἔτους ιζ Θῶυθ κη ἀπέδοτο Πετεσοῦχος Φίβιος καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τὸ ὕπαρχον αὐτοῖς ἥμισυ περιστερῶνος τοῦ ὄντος ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ βορρᾶ μέρει Παθύρεως χαλκοῦ Γ. ἐπρίατο Ὧρος
ὡς ἐτῶν νε μέσος ἢ ἐλάσσων μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν ὑπόσκνιφος, καὶ Πετεαρσοῆρις Σχώτου τῶν αὐτῶν ἱερέων ὡς ἐτῶν ν μέσος ἢ ἐλασσων μελίχρως μακροπρόσωπος εὐθύριν ὑπόσκνιφος, ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος
The Greek word πλέκω (i.e., *pleko*) means to plait, twist, or weave. It appears in the New Testament in contexts related to making a crown of thorns (Matthew 27:29, Mark 15:17, John 19:2). The entries indicate a range of meanings from physical weaving to metaphorical uses like devising or planning. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.
πλέκω: 1 aor. ptep. πλέξαντες ; [(cf. Curtius § 103; Vaniéek p.519)]; fr. Hom. down; to plait, braid, weave together: πλέξαντες στέφανον, Mt. xxvii. 29; Mk. xv. 17; Jn. xix.2. [Comp.: ἐμ-πλέκω.]
πλέκω, ““plait,”’ ‘‘ weave” (Mt 2739 a/.): cf. Aristeas 70 κισσὸν ἀκάνθῳ πλεκόμενον, “ivy intertwined with acanthus.” For the verbal cf. P Oxy III. 52079 (A.D. 143) κύρτων πλεκτῶ(ν) ἢν “8 plaited fish-baskets,”’ and the fem. πλεκτή 425 in the same document = ‘‘rope.” The subst. πλοκή occurs in P Giss I. 477 (time of Hadrian) (= Chrest. I. p. 383) where a θῶραξ is described as tT]\v πλοκὴν λεπτότατος : cf. Aristeas 60, 67. The compd. περιπλοκή = ‘complication ”’ is found in P Oxy III. 53329 (ii/iii a.D.) μὴ ἔχωμεν περιπλοκὴν πίρ]ὸς τὸν ἀντίδικον. In Vett. Val. pp. 169%, 31375, πλέκεσθαι = ferturbart, and in 16. 1192? = mirsceri. The verb survives in MGr with a by-form πλέκνω.
πλέκω (plekō) — to weave.
πλέκ-ω,
[Refs 5th c.BC+]: future πλέξω [Refs 1st c.BC+]: aorist ἔπλεξα [Refs 8th c.BC+]perfect πέπλοχα (Attic dialect accusative to Hdn.Gr.[Refs 5th c.BC+]:—middle, future πλέξομαι [Refs 5th c.AD+]: aorist ἐπλεξάμην [Refs 8th c.BC+] —passive, future πλεχθήσομαι (ἐμ-) [Refs 4th c.BC+]; πλᾰκήσομαι (ἐπι-) [Refs 2nd c.AD+]: aorist ἐπλέχθην [Refs 8th c.BC+]; but also aorist 2 ἐπλάκην [ᾰ], participle πλᾰκείς (ἐμ-) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; also participle κατα-πλεκείς [Refs 5th c.BC+]: perfect πέπλεγμαι [Refs]:—plait, twine, πλοκάμους ἔπλεξε φαεινούς [Refs 8th c.BC+] —middle, πεῖσμα.. πλεξάμενος having twisted me a rope, [Refs 8th c.BC+]:—passive, κράνεα πεπλεγμένα of basket-work, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χρέωνται σειρῇσι πεπλεγμένῃσι ἐξ ἱμάντων[Refs 5th…
Read the full entry →πλέκω
pleko
a primary word; to twine or braid:--plait.
πλέκω
v.
I weave together, plait
πλέκω to plait, twine, twist, weave, braid, Il., etc. : Med., πεῖσμα πλεξάμενος having twisted me a rope, Od.:—Pass., κράνεα πεπλεγμένα of basket-work, Hdt.; σειραὶ πεπλεγμέναι ἐξ ἱμάντων id. Hdt.
metaph. to plan, devise, contrive, like ῥάπτειν, ὑφαίνειν, mostly of tortuous means, πλ. δόλον Aesch.; μηχανάς Eur.; παντοίας παλάμας Ar.
of Poets, πλ. ὕμνον, ῥήματα Pind.; πλ. λόγους Eur.
in Pass. to twist oneself round, Aesch.
Verb-AAP-NPM — Verb · aorist · active · participle · nominative · plural · masculinenominative — the one doing it — the subject.
Agrees with anything else marked plural masculine.
V-AAP-NPM Part of Speech: Verb Tense: Aorist Voice: Active Mood: Participle Case: Nominative Number: Plural Gender: Masculine
3 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 1 different way. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 4 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
← what comes before
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branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
The Greek word ἀκάνθινος (i.e., *akanthinos*) means 'thorny' or 'made of thorns.' It is derived from ἄκανθα (i.e., *akantha*), which refers to a thorn plant. The New Testament uses it in contexts related to the crown of thorns in Mark 15:17 and John 19:5. Some entries also mention its use in describing acacia wood.
ἀκάνθινος, -ον
(< ἄκανθα),
[in LXX: Is 34:13 (סיר)*;]
of thorns: Mk 15:17, Jo 19:5.
of acantha-wood (Hdt.; π. ap. MM, VGT, s.v.).†
ἀκάνθινος, -ον, (ἄκανθα ; cf. auapdvtwos), thorny, woven out of the twigs of a thorny plant: Mk. xv. 17; Jn. xix. 5. ,([5. xxxiv. 13.) Cf. the preceding word.
ἀκάνθινος (akanthinos) — thorny.
ἀκάνθ-ινος, η, ον,
of thorns, στέφανος[LXX+NT]
2. metaphorically, thorny, ἐν ἀ. ἀταρποῖς[Refs]
II. of shittah-wood, ἱστός[Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ ἀ. cloths made of ἀκάνθιον[Refs 1st c.BC+]
II.2. ἀ. πάππος thistle-down, [Refs 1st c.AD+]
ἀκάνθινος
akanthinos
from 173; thorny:--of thorns.
see GREEK for 173
ἀκάνθινος, η, ον
Adj
made of thorns
ἀκάνθινος ἄκανθα of thorns, NTest.
of acacia wood, Hdt.
Adj-ASM — Adjective · accusative · singular · masculineaccusative — the one it is done to — the object.
Agrees with anything else marked singular masculine.
A-ASM Part of Speech: Adjective Case: Accusative Number: Singular Gender: Masculine
and Thistles. There appear to be eighteen or twenty Hebrew words which point to different kinds of prickly or thorny shrubs. These words are variously rendered in the Authorized Version By "thorns," "briers," "thistles," etc. Palestine abounded in a great variety of such plants. ("Travellers call the holy land ’a land of thorns.’ Giant thistles, growing to the height of a man on horseback, frequently spread over regions once rich and fruitful, as they do on the pampas of South America; and many of the most interesting historic spats and ruins are rendered almost inaccessible by thickets of fiercely-armed buckthorns. Entire fields are covered with the troublesome creeping stems of the spinous ononis , while the bare hillsides are studded with the dangerous capsules of the puliuris and tribulus . Roses of the most prickly kinds abound on the lower slopes of Hermon; while the sub-tropical…
See THISTLES.
2 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 2 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
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what comes after →
branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
Ἁρπαγάθου, ὡς ἐτῶν πεντήκοντα … οὐλὴ … μέσωι, πεπρακέναι αὐτοῖς τὸ ὑπάρχον αὐτῶι ὄργανον ἀκάνθινον … … λαρπ … … … σὺν χοινικίδι καὶ πήχεσι καὶ ἀπέχειν παρʼ αὐτῶν
προσκύνημά σου ποιῶ παρὰ τοῖς ἐνθάδε θεοῖς. καλῶς ποιήσας, ἐὰν ᾖς ἀδύνατος πέμψαι μοι ἀκάνθινον χυλόν, πέμψον μοι λίβανον αὐτοῦ τὰ νῦν διὰ τοῦ ἀναδιδοῦντός σοι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ὡς
παρὰ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ κωμάρχαις καὶ δημοσίοις κωμῶν Τααμπέμου καὶ Σερύφεως. τὸ ξύλον τὸ ἀκάνθινον τὸ κεκομμένον ἐν τῇ Εἰόνθει ἐξαυτῆς πέμψατε εἰς τὸ … πορθμεῖον, καὶ ἐμβάλεσθε αὐτὸ
στέφανος, or stephanos, is derived from the verb meaning 'to encircle.' It refers to a crown or garland, typically awarded for victory in public games, but also symbolizes honor and glory. In the New Testament, it appears in contexts related to rewards for righteousness and eternal life, as seen in passages like James 1:12 and 2 Timothy 4:8. Some lexicons note a distinction between στέφανος as a victory crown and διάδημα as a royal crown, though this distinction may not always be strictly observed.
We must not confound these words because our English ‘crown’ stands for them both. I greatly doubt whether anywhere in classical literature στέφανος is used of the kingly, or imperial, crown. It is the crown of victory in the games, of civic worth, of military valour, of nuptial joy, of festal gladness—woven of oak, of ivy, of parsley, of myrtle, of olive, or imitating in gold these leaves or others—of flowers, as of violets or roses (see Athenzeus, xv. 9-33); the ‘wreath,’ in fact, or the ‘ garland,’ the German ‘ Kranz’ as distinguished from ‘ Krone ;’ but never, any more than ‘corona’ in Latin, the emblem and sign of royalty. The διάδημα was this βασιλείας γνώρισμα, as Lucian calls it (Pisc. 35 ; cf. Xenophon, Cyr. vill. 3.13; Plutarch, De Frat. Am. 18); being properly a white linen band or fillet, ‘tenia’ or ‘ fascia’ (Curtius, iii. 8), encircling the brow; so that no language is…
Read the full entry →στέφανος, -ου, ὁ
(< στέφω, to encircle),
[in LXX chiefly for עֲטָרָה ;]
that which surrounds or encompasses (as a wall, a crowd: Hom., al.).
a crown, i.e. the wreath, garland or chaplet given as a prize for victory, as a festal ornament, or as a public honour for distinguished service or personal worth (so to sovereigns, especially on the occasion of a παρουσία, q.v.; cf. Deiss., LAE, 372 ff.; on its use in LXX for the golden crown of royalty (prop., διάδημα, q.v., cf. Hort and Mayor on Ja 1:12): Mt 27:29, Mk 15:17, Jo 19:2, 5, I Co 9:25, Re 4:4, 10 6:2 9:7 12:1 14:14. Metaph.: Phl 4:1, Re 3:11; τ.…
στέφανος, -ov, 6, (στέφω [to put round; ef. Curtius § 224]), Sept. for Mwy, [fr. Hom. down], a crown (with which the head is encircled) ; a. prop. as a mark of royal or (in general) exalted rank [such pass. in the Sept. as 2S. xii. 30; 1 Chr. xx. 2; Ps. xx. (xxi.) 4; Ezek. xxi. 26; Zech. vi. 11, 14, (yet ef. 2 S.i. 10 Compl, Lag.), perhaps justify the doubt whether the distinction betw. στέφανος and διάδημα (q.v-) was strictly observed in Hellenistic Grk.]: Mt. xxvii. 29; Mk. xv. 17; Jn. xix. 2, 5; Rev. iv.4, 10; vi. 2; ix. 7; xiv. 14; with a gen. of the material, ἀστέρων δώδεκα, Rev. xii.1; the wreath or garland which was given as a prize to victors in the public games [cf. BB. DD. 5. v. Games]: 1 Co. ix. 25, ef. 2 Tim. ii. 5. b. metaph. a. the eternal blessedness which will be given asa prize to the genuine servants of God and Christ: 6 τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος, the crown (wreath)…
Read the full entry →στέφανος. From denoting a “ garland” or “‘ wreath” generally, στέφανος came to denote a ‘‘ crown of victory,’’ and as such was applied by Paul to his converts, as in 1 Thess 2.5. It should be noted, however, that the distinction between στέφανος, ‘“‘crown of victory” (*‘ Kranz”’) and διάδημα, “crown of royalty” (‘‘ Krone”) must not be pressed too far as by Trench Sy. § xxiii., for στέφανος is not infrequently used in the latter sense: see Mayor’s note on Jas 17%, and add from our sources the use of στέφανος to denote the “crown-tax ’” (aurum coronarium) for the present made to a king on his accession or other important occasion, e.g. P Petr 11. 39(e)it 33 (iii/B.c.) (as amended Wilcken Ostr. 1. p. 275) ἄλλου (sc. στεφάνου) παρουσίας, P Cairo Zen I. 59036 (B.C. 257) where 3000 drachmae are collected as © στέφανος τῶι βασιλεῖ, and P Fay 14° (B.C. 124) ot προκεχιρισμένοι πράκτορες τοῦ…
Read the full entry →στέφανος (stephanos) — crown.
στέφᾰνος, ὁ,
(στέφω) that which surrounds or encompasses, πάντῃ γάρ σε περὶ σ. πολέμοιο δέδηεν the circling fight, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; of the wall round a town, [Refs 6th c.BC+]; καλλίπαις σ. circle of fair children, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
II. crown, wreath, chaplet, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; δάφνας σ. [Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ῥόδινος, ῥοδόεις, [Refs 6th c.BC+]; σ. εἴρειν, πλέκειν, ἀνείρειν, [Refs 7th c.BC+]; θεῖσα ἀμφὶ βοστρύχοις[Refs 5th c.BC+]; μύρα, στεφάνους ἑτοίμασον for a feast, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; hung at the door on festive occasions, [Refs 4th c.BC+]
II. b in plural, οἱ σ. the garland-market, [Refs 4th c.BC+]
στέφανος
stephanos
from an apparently primary stepho (to twine or wreathe); a chaplet (as
a badge of royalty, a prize in the public games or a symbol of honor
generally; but more conspicuous and elaborate than the simple fillet,
1238), literally or figuratively:--crown.
see GREEK for 1238
στέφανος, ου, ὁ
n.m.
a crown, garland
στέφανος stephanos 18x
that which forms an encirclement; a crown, Mt. 27:29; Rev. 4:4, 10; wreath, conferred on a victor in the public games, 1 Cor. 9:25; met. a crown, reward, prize, 2 Tim. 4:8; Jas. 1:12; a crown, ornament, honor, glory
στέφανος στέφα^νος, ὁ, στέφω properly, that which surrounds, στ. πολέμοιο the circling crowd of fight, Il.; of the wall round a town, Pind.; καλλίπαις στ. a circle of fair children, Eur.
a crown, wreath, garland, chaplet, Hes., etc.: esp. at the public games, a crown of victory, Pind., Hdt., etc.:— these prize-crowns were mostly of leaves, of κότινος at the Olympic games, δάφνη at the Pythian, σέλινον at the Nemean, κισσός or πίτυς at the Isthmian.
generally, the meed of victory, the prize, victory, like Lat. palma, Soph.; στέφανον προτιθέναι to propose a prize, Thuc.
generally, a crown of glory, an honour, glory, Inscr. ap. Hdt.:— a crown as a badge of office or distinction, Dem.
Noun-ASM — Noun · accusative · singular · masculineaccusative — the one it is done to — the object.
Agrees with anything else marked singular masculine.
N-ASM Part of Speech: Noun Case: Accusative Number: Singular Gender: Masculine
kroun: The word crown in the Old Testament is a translation of five different Hebrew words, and in the New Testament of two Greek words. These express the several meanings, and must be examined to ascertain the same.
1. In Hebrew:
The five Hebrew words are as follows:
(1) qodhqodh, from qadhadh;
(2) zer, from zarar;
(3) nezer, or nezer, both from nazar;
(4) aTarah, from `atar;
(5) kether, from kathar.
(1) Qodhqodh means "the crown of the head," and is also rendered in the King James Version "top of the head," "scalp," "pate." It comes from qadhadh, meaning "to shrivel up," "contract," or bend the body or neck through courtesy. Both the Revised Version (British and American) and the American Standard Revised Version, in De 28:35 and 33:16, translation it "crown" instead of "top" as in the King James Version. Jacob in his prophecy concerning…
Crown
(1.) Denotes the plate of gold in the front of the high priest’s mitre (Ex. 29:6; 39:30). The same Hebrew word so rendered (ne’zer) denotes the diadem worn by Saul in battle (2 Sam. 1:10), and also that which was used at the coronation of Joash (2 Kings 11:12).
(2.) The more general name in Hebrew for a crown is ’atarah, meaning a “circlet.” This is used of crowns and head ornaments of divers kinds, including royal crowns. Such was the crown taken from the king of Ammon by David (2 Sam. 12:30). The crown worn by the Assyrian kings was a high mitre, sometimes adorned with flowers. There are sculptures also representing the crowns worn by the early Egyptian and…
This ornament, which is both ancient and universal, probably originated from the fillets used to prevent the hair from being dishevelled by the wind. Such fillets are still common; they gradually developed into turbans, which by the addition of ornamental or precious materials assumed the dignity of mitres or crowns. Both the ordinary priests and the high priest wore them. The crown was a symbol of royalty, and was worn by kings, (2 Chronicles 23:11) and also by queens. (Esther 2:17) The head-dress of bridegrooms, (Ezekiel 24:17; Isaiah 61:10) Bar. 5:2, and of women, (Isaiah 3:20) a head-dress of great splendor, (Isaiah 28:5) a wreath of flowers, (Proverbs 1:9; 4:9) denote…
There are two distinct Hebrew terms rendered crown. The one represents such headdresses as we should designate coronet, band, miter, tiara, garland, etc. The other is generally applied to the headdresses of kings.
The former was a simple fillet or diadem around the head, variously ornamented. Newly-married persons of both sexes wore crowns on their wedding-day, So 3:11 Eze 16:12.
The crowns of kings were sometimes white fillets, bound round the forehead, the ends falling back on the neck; or were made of gold tissue, adorned with jewels. That of the Jewish high priest was a fillet, or diadem, tied with a ribbon of a hyacinth color, Ex 28:36 39:30. Occasionally the crown was of pure gold, and was worn by kings,
18 occurrences in the New Testament, rendered 2 different ways. The commonest English word for it is not its meaning — it is one translator's decision, repeated.
Parsing tells you the form; the treebank tells you the job. Counted over all 18 occurrences — a word inside a phrase counts towards whatever that phrase is doing.
← what comes before
what comes after →
branches are dictionary forms, so endings do not split one phrase into five; the number on a branch is how many times the New Testament takes that path
Counted over the 25 Old Testament verses where this Greek word stands: which Hebrew word keeps standing there too. A correspondence of verses rather than a word-by-word alignment, so read the percentage as strength of evidence, not as a claim about any single verse.
τὴν ὀφιομάχον οὖν γνώμην ἀντίταττε καὶ κάλλιστον ἀγῶνα τοῦτον διάθλησον καὶ σπούδασον στεφανωθῆναι κατὰ τῆς τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας νικώσης ἡδονῆς καλὸν καὶ εὐκλεᾶ στέφανον, ὃν οὐδεμία πανήγυρις ἀνθρώπων ἐχορήγησεν.
ἐπῆν τε ἐσχάρα χρυσεία ὑπερανεστῶσα ἔχουσα κατὰ γωνίαν ἑκάστην στέφανον καὶ τοῦτον δʼ ἐκπεριοδεύοντα χρύσεον, ᾗ καὶ κρίκοι καὶ σκυταλίδες προσῆσαν, αἷς κατὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν ἱερέων ἐφέρετο.
Ἐκέλευσε δὲ ὁ ἄγγελος κυρίου στεφάνους ἐνεχθῆναι.
παρὰ Πετεύριος διεθέντος μου ὑπάρξει σοι εἰς στέφανον χαλκοῦ τάλαντα δεκάπεντε, τάλαντα ιε. εὐτύχει .
τὸ θεοῖς μόνοις δ ταύτην τὴν τιμὴν ὑπʼ ἀνθρώπων δικαίως ἀπονέμεσθαι, καὶ τὸν χρυσοῦν στέφανον ἔπεμψά γε χαρισθήσεσθαι, μὴ βουλόμενος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐπιβαρεῖν ὑμᾶς. ὅσα δὲ εἴχετε
ἀπογραφόμενος ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς κώμης ὀμνύω Νέρωνα Κλαύδιον Καίσαρα Σεβαστὸν Γερμανικὸν Αὐτοκράτορα μηδὲν ἐψεῦσθαι. Στέφανος Σαραπίωνος τοῦ Τρύφωνος ὀμώμοκατὸν ὅρκον. … νις ἔγραψα ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ. ἔτους ιγ Νέρωνος