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Isaiah 14:31 — Word Study

Depth

WLCהֵילִ֤ילִֽי שַׁ֙עַר֙ זַֽעֲקִי־ עִ֔יר נָמ֖וֹג פְּלֶ֣שֶׁת כֻּלֵּ֑ךְ כִּ֤י מִצָּפוֹן֙ עָשָׁ֣ן בָּ֔א וְאֵ֥ין בּוֹדֵ֖ד בְּמוֹעָדָֽיו׃

BSAWailyâlal [howl, mourn] O gateshaʻar [city entrance] Cry outzâʻaq [shout, proclaim] O cityʻîyr [town, settlement] Melt awaymûwg [dissolve, be terrified] allkôl you PhilistinesPᵉlesheth [inhabitants of Philistia] Forkîy a cloud of smokeʻâshân comesbôwʼ from the northtsâphôwn [the direction of divine judgment] and there are noʼayin stragglersbâdad [loners, isolated ones] in its ranksmôwʻâd [troops, assembled army]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 14
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 31 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (be.mo.'a.Dav) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 14:31quick helps
In a sentenceThe prophet calls for mourning and alarm as destruction approaches from the north.
Who is speakingThe prophet Isaiah, addressing the city and its inhabitants.
Where we areA warning to the Philistines, signaling impending judgment.
The hard wordהֵילִ֤ילִֽי
Take awayThe call to wail reflects the seriousness of the impending threat.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectעָשָׁן verbיָלַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 14 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 14:31

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — A Warning to Philistiagenerated

29Do not rejoice, all you Philistines, that the rod that struck you is broken. For a viper will spring from the root of the snake, and a flying serpent from its egg.
30Then the firstborn of the poor will find pasture, and the needy will lie down in safety, but I will kill your root by famine, and your remnant will be slain.
31Wail, O gate! Cry out, O city! Melt away, all you Philistines! For a cloud of smoke comes from the north, and there are no stragglers in its ranks.
32What answer will be given to the envoys of that nation? “The LORD has founded Zion, where His afflicted people will find refuge.”

Isaiah 14:31 presents a vivid scene of impending doom for the Philistines. The prophet Isaiah urges the gate and city to wail and cry out in alarm as a cloud of smoke signals the approach of destruction from the north. This passage emphasizes the urgency of the situation, as there are no stragglers among the advancing forces, indicating a complete and organized threat. The surrounding verses describe the downfall of the Philistines and the consequences of their actions.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Isaiah 13:6Wail, for the Day of the LORD is near; it will come as destruction from the Almighty.
2Isaiah 16:7Therefore let Moab wail; let them wail together for Moab. Moan for the raisin cakes of Kir-hareseth, you who are utterly stricken.
3Isaiah 20:1Before the year that the chief commander, sent by Sargon king of Assyria, came to Ashdod and attacked and captured it,
4Jeremiah 1:14Then the LORD said to me, “Disaster from the north will be poured out on all who live in the land.
5Jeremiah 25:16–20And they will drink and stagger and go out of their minds, because of the sword that I will send among them.”

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word הֵילִ֤ילִֽי, hei.Li.ligenerated

The verb יָלַל (yalal) is in the Hiphil form, indicating a causative action, meaning to wail or howl. This form emphasizes the act of making a loud, mournful cry, often associated with deep emotional distress. The onomatopoeic nature of the word captures the sound of lamentation, reflecting the gravity of the situation.

In this context, הֵילִ֤ילִֽי calls for an urgent response to the threat, urging the inhabitants to express their sorrow and fear as destruction draws near. The Septuagint translates this as ὀλολύζετε, which also conveys a sense of loud mourning, reinforcing the emotional weight of the command.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations of this verse generally agree, with all versions reflecting the call to wail and cry out.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse comprises several clauses, starting with an imperative call to action: הֵילִ֤ילִֽי, wail. This is followed by additional imperatives and descriptive phrases that outline the response expected from the city and its inhabitants.

The structure emphasizes the urgency of the situation, with the main verbs commanding action and the subsequent phrases providing context about the impending threat from the north.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint uses the word ὀλολύζετε to translate הֵילִ֤ילִֽי, which carries a similar meaning of howling or lamentation. This choice reinforces the emotional intensity of the command and aligns with the context of mourning.

The translation reflects a consistent understanding of the Hebrew text, emphasizing the call for alarm as destruction approaches.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 14:31 calls for the gate and city to wail and cry out as destruction approaches from the north. The Philistines are warned that they will face judgment, and there will be no escape from the advancing forces.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to wail in this context?

To wail here signifies a deep emotional response to impending destruction, expressing sorrow and fear as the Philistines face judgment.

Why is the direction from the north significant?

The north often symbolizes a place of threat or judgment in biblical literature, indicating where danger or divine judgment originates.

What does it mean that there are no stragglers?

This phrase emphasizes the completeness and organization of the advancing forces, suggesting that the threat is imminent and unavoidable.

How does this verse relate to the surrounding context?

This verse serves as a climactic warning to the Philistines, following descriptions of their downfall and the consequences of their actions, reinforcing the seriousness of the message.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How do I respond to warnings in my life, especially when faced with difficult situations?
  2. What are some ways I can express my emotions in times of distress?
  3. How can I prepare myself for challenges that may come from unexpected directions?
  4. In what ways can I support others who are facing their own battles?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Jerome quotes this verse to emphasize the urgency of the warning to the Philistines, illustrating the impending destruction they face.

JeromeVerse 31. c. 347–420
Howl, O gate! Cry out, O city! Philisthaea is laid waste, all of it. For from the north comes smoke, and there is no escaping its horde. He calls the gate for those who are at the gate, and the city for the inhabitants of the city.
Early Church Fathers on Isaiah 14 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 14:31 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Howl, O gate,.... Or gates of the cities of Palestine; the magistrates that sat there to execute judgment, or the people that passed through there; or because now obliged to open to their enemies;

Read John Gill on Isaiah 14 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone in his appointed times.

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 14 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

O gate: the gate is put either, 1. Metaphorically, for the people passing through the gates, or for the magistrates and others who used to meet in the gate for judgment, or upon other occasions; or, 2. Synecdochically, for the city, as gates are commonly put, as , and as it is explained in the next words. O city: city is here put collectively for their cities, of which see . Dissolved, Heb. melted; which may be understood either, 1. Of the fainting of their spirits and courage, as ,24, &c.; or, 2. Of the dissolution of their state. From the north; either, 1. From Judea; which lay northward from some part of the Philistines’ land. But in truth Judea lay more east than north from Palestine…

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 14 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 14:31 Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, [art] dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none [shall be] alone in his appointed times.Ver. 31. Howl, O gate.] Philistines are elsewhere taxed for flashy and foolish mirth Here they are told they have more cause to fear than flear, to sigh than sing, to howl than hollo. “ Quis globus, O cives, caligiue, volvitur atra? Hostis adest. ” - Virg. From the north a smoke,] i.e., Hezekiah’ s army raising a dust, and setting all in a combustion.

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 14 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(31) Howl, O gate . . .—The “gate,” as elsewhere, is the symbol of the city’s strength. The “city” stands probably for Ashdod, as the most conspicuous of the Philistine cities. From the north.—Here of the Assyrian invaders, as in Jeremiah 1:14; Jeremiah 10:22; Jeremiah 46:20 of the Chaldean. The “smoke” may be either that of the cities which the Assyrians burnt, or, more probably, the torch-signals, or beacons, which they used in their night marches or encampments (Jeremiah 6:1; Jeremiah 1:2). (See Note on Isaiah 4:5.) None shall be alone in his appointed times.—Better, there is no straggler at the appointed places: i.e., all the troops shall meet at the rendezvous which was indicated by…

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 14 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 31. There shall come from the north a smoke - "From the north cometh a smoke"] That is, a cloud of dust raised by the march of Hezekiah's army against Philistia; which lay to the south-west from Jerusalem. A great dust raised has, at a distance, the appearance of smoke: Fumantes pulvere campi; "The fields smoking with dust." - VIRG. AEn. xi. 908.

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 14 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

31. As in Isaiah 14:29 the prophet had rebuked the premature rejoicing of the Philistines, so here he calls them to public lamentation in view of the advancing enemy. thou … art dissolved] Render as an imper. melt away, entire Philistia! Smoke may be either a symbol of war (Jeremiah 1:13 f.) or it may be a vivid picture of the burning villages that mark the track of the invader. The phrase from the north points almost unmistakeably to the Assyrians (see on ch. Isaiah 10:27). none shall be … times] Most critics render: there is no straggler in his battalions (cf. ch. Isaiah 5:27). The last word closely resembles that for “appointed times,” but is differently vocalised, and does not occur…

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 14 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Howl, O gate - That is, ye who throng the gate. The gates of a city were the chief places of concourse.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 14 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Wail, O gate! Cry out, O city! Melt away, all you Philistines! For a cloud of smoke comes from the north, and there are no stragglers in its ranks.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Howl, gate! Cry, city! You are melted away, Philistia, all of you; for smoke comes out of the north, and there is no straggler in his ranks.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Wail, O gate! Cry out, O city! Melt away, all you Philistines! For a cloud of smoke comes from the north, and there are no stragglers in its ranks.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Wail, O city gate! Cry out, O city! Melt with fear, all you Philistines! For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke, and there are no stragglers in its ranks.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone in his appointed times.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou art melted away, O Philistia, all of thee; for there cometh a smoke out of the north, and there is no straggler in his ranks.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou art melted away, O Philistia, all of thee; for there cometh a smoke out of the north, and none standeth aloof at his appointed times.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, all Palestina, art dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone in his appointed times.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Howle, O gate, crie, O citie: thou whole lande of Palestina art dissolued, for there shall come from the North a smoke, and none shalbe alone, at his time appointed.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Howl, O gate! cry, O city! thou, Philistia, art wholly dissolved; for there cometh from the north a smoke, and none remaineth apart in his gatherings [of troops].

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Howl, O gate; cry, O city, Melted art thou, Philistia, all of thee, For from the north smoke hath come, And there is none alone in his set places.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Howl, O gate; cry, O city, || You are melted, Philistia, all of you, || For smoke has come from the north, || And there is none alone in his set places.”

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Wail, O gate; cry out, O city; thou art dissolved, O thou entire Palestine; for from the north a smoke is coming, and there is no one solitary among those that are bidden to come.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Howl, gate; cry, city; all of you will melt away, Philistia. For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke, and there is no straggler in his ranks.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Howl, O gate; cry, O city: all Philistia is thrown down: for a smoke shall come from the north, and there is none that shall escape his troop.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Howl, gates! Weep, town! Melt away in fear, all you Philistines! For a cloud of smoke is approaching from the north—an army with no soldier hanging back.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Send out a cry, O door! Make sounds of sorrow, O town! All your land has come to nothing, O Philistia; for there comes a smoke out of the north, and everyone keeps his place in the line.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclauseverbהֵילִ֤ילִֽיwailclauseשַׁ֨עַר֙O.gateclauseclauseverbזַֽעֲקִיcry.outclauseעִ֔ירO.cityclauseclauseverbנָמ֖וֹגit.has.melted.awayclausenoun phraseפְּלֶ֣שֶׁתPhilistianoun phraseכֻּלֵּ֑of.youךְallכִּ֤י(dm)clauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalמִfrom.[the]צָּפוֹן֙northsubjectעָשָׁ֣ןsmokeverbבָּ֔א[is].comingוְandclausepredicateאֵ֥יןthere.[is].notnoun phrase · subjectclauseverbבּוֹדֵ֖דan.isolated.[one]prepositional phrase · prepositionalבְּamongnoun phraseמוֹעָדָֽיranksוits

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls align closely, with minor variations in wording. Both sources convey the same essential message of mourning and alarm for the Philistines, indicating a consistent tradition regarding this prophetic warning.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

הֵילִ֤ילִֽי שַׁ֙עַר֙ זַֽעֲקִי־ עִ֔יר נָמ֖וֹג פְּלֶ֣שֶׁת כֻּלֵּ֑ךְ כִּ֤י מִצָּפוֹן֙ עָשָׁ֣ן בָּ֔א וְאֵ֥ין בּוֹדֵ֖ד בְּמוֹעָדָֽיו׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
הֵילִ֤ילִֽיὀλολύζετεשַׁ֙עַר֙πύλαιזַֽעֲקִי־κεκραγέτωσανעִ֔ירπόλειςנָמ֖וֹגτεταραγμέναιפְּלֶ֣שֶׁתἀλλόφυλοιכֻּלֵּ֑ךְπάντεςכִּ֤יὅτιעָשָׁ֣ןκαπνὸςבָּ֔אἔρξεταιוְאֵ֥יןοὐκ

11 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

הילילי שער זעקי עיר נמוג פלשת כול׳ך כי מצפון עשן בא ואין מודד במודעי׳ו

14 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q68a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[הילילי] [שער] זעקי עיר נםוג פלשת כל׳ך [כי] [מצפון] [עשן] [בא] [ואין] בודד בםידעי׳ו

6 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 7 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 14:31יָלַלwailwailיָלַלשַׁ֫עַרO gateO gateשַׁ֫עַרזָעַקcry outcry outזָעַקעִירO cityO cityעִירמוּגmelt awaymelt awayמוּגפְּלֶ֫שֶׁתO PhilistiaO Philistiaפְּלֶ֫שֶׁתכֹּלall of youall of youכֹּלכִּיforforכִּיצָפוֹןfrom [the] from [the] nortצָפוֹןעָשָׁןsmokesmokeעָשָׁןבּוֹא[is] coming[is] comingבּוֹאאַ֫יִןand there nand there notאַ֫יִןבָּדַד[is] an iso[is] an isolateבָּדַדמוֹעָדamong ranksamong ranks itsמוֹעָדשָׁעַרto calculato calculateשָׁעַרעוּרto rouseto rouseעוּרפָּלַשׁto wallowto wallowפָּלַשׁכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלצָפַןto treasurto treasureצָפַןעָשַׁןbe angrybe angryעָשַׁןיָעַדto appointto appointיָעַדאַ֫יִןwhere?where?אַ֫יִןתַּרְשִׁישׁTarshishTarshishתַּרְשִׁישׁסָפַדto mournto mournסָפַדמָדַדto measureto measureמָדַדפֶּ֫תַחentranceentranceפֶּ֫תַחיָלַלto wailto wailיָלַלשָׁוַעto cryto cryשָׁוַעמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁלָכַדto captureto captureלָכַדגִּבְעָהGibeatGibeatגִּבְעָהיָשַׁבto dwellto dwellיָשַׁב
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 14:31

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
הֵילִ֤ילִֽיhei.Li.li wail H3213 Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person feminine singular
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to wail or howl, expressing strong emotions like sadness or pain, used to describe a loud, mournful cry.
Amplified meaning
howl, mourn
Tyndale gloss
to wail
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָלַל (yalal) is a Hebrew verb meaning to howl or wail, often with a wailing tone. It is classified as a primitive root and appears in the Hiphil form, indicating an action of making a howling sound. The entries consistently emphasize its onomatopoeic nature, reflecting the sound associated with the action.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[יָלַל] vb. Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3213 [יָלַל] Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3213 yalal yaw-lal'

a primitive root; to howl (with a wailing tone) or yell (with

a boisterous one):--(make to) howl, be howling.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָלַל (ya.lal) — to wail.

(Hiphil) to howl, wail, make a howling

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Impv-2fs — Verb · Hiphil · imperative second person feminine singular
HVhv2fs
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
שַׁ֙עַר֙sha.'ar O gate H8179 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
374× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means a gate or door, often referring to city entrances or temple doors, like in Genesis and Exodus. It can also symbolize a meeting place or marketplace. The word is used to describe important locations in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
city entrance
Tyndale gloss
gate
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׁ֫עַר (sha'ar) means 'gate' and is derived from a root that signifies an opening. It encompasses various types of gates, including those of cities, palaces, and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like 'gate of heaven.' The entries consistently highlight its role as an entrance or threshold.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שַׁ֫עַר 373 n.m. gate

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8179 שַׁ֫עַר gate

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8179 sha`ar shah'-ar

from 8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or

gate:--city, door, gate, port (X -er).

see HEBREW for 08176

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate.

: gate

1) gate

1a) gate (of entrance)

1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)

1b1) city, town

1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)

1d) heaven

שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate: town.

: town

1) gate

1a) gate (of entrance)

1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)

1b1) city, town

1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)

1d) heaven

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

gat (Hebrew normally (over 300 times) sha`ar; occasionally deleth, properly, "gateway" (but compare De 3:5); elsewhere the gateway is pethach (compare especially Ge 19:6); Aramaic tera`; Greek pulon, pule; the English Revised Version and the King James Version add caph, "threshold," in 1Ch 9:19,22; and the King James Version adds delathayim, "double-door," in Isa 45:1; thura, "door," Ac 3:2):

(1) The usual gateway was provided with double doors, swung on projections that fitted into sockets in the sill and lintel. Ordinarily the material was wood (Ne 2:3,17), but greater…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Gate

(1.) Of cities, as of Jerusalem (Jer. 37:13; Neh. 1:3; 2:3; 3:3), of Sodom (Gen. 19:1), of Gaza (Judg. 16:3).

(2.) Of royal palaces (Neh. 2:8).

(3.) Of the temple of Solomon (1 Kings 6:34, 35; 2 Kings 18:16); of the holy place (1 Kings 6:31, 32; Ezek. 41:23, 24); of the outer courts of the temple, the beautiful gate (Acts 3:2).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The gate and gateways of eastern cities anciently held and still hold an important part, not only in the defence but in the public economy of the place. They are thus sometimes taken as representing the city itself. (Genesis 22:17; 24:60; 12:12; Judges 5:8; Ruth 4:10; Psalms 87:2; 122:2) Among the special purposes for which they were used may be mentioned. As places of public resort. (Genesis 19:1; 23:10; 34:20; 24; 1 Samuel 4:18) etc. Places for public deliberation, administration of Justice, or of audience for kings and rulers or ambassadors. (16:18; 21:19; 25:7;

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The gates of eastern walled towns were usually of wood, Jud 16:3, often covered with thick plates of iron or copper, Ps 107:16 Isa 45:2 Ac 12:10, secured by bolts and bars, De 3:5 1Ki 4:13, and flanked by towers, 2Sa 18:24,33. A city was usually regarded as taken when its gates were won, De 28:52 Jud 5:8. Hence "gate" sometimes signifies power, dominion; almost in the same sense as the Turkish sultan’s…

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
זַֽעֲקִי־za.'a.ki- cry out H2199 Verb · Qal · imperative second person feminine singular
73× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to cry out for help or announce something publicly, often in a loud voice, like a herald calling people together. It is used in the Bible to describe people crying out to God for aid. It can also mean to summon or assemble people.
Amplified meaning
shout, proclaim
Tyndale gloss
to cry out
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זָעַק (za`aq) is a Hebrew verb meaning to cry out or call for help, often in a context of distress or need. It can also refer to assembling or summoning people, particularly for military purposes. The word has various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of calling or gathering.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[זָעַק] vb. cry, cry out, call

Qal

call, to one's aid

cry, cry out, in need

Niph. be called together, assemble, join

Hiph.

call, call out, or together, for military service

make a crying

have proclamation made

call out, or at

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2199 זָעַק cry, cry out, call .. call, to one's aid

. cry, cry out, in need

. be called together, assemble, join

. . call, call out, or together, for military service

. make a crying

. have proclamation made

. call out, or at

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2199 za`aq zaw-ak'

a primitive root; to shriek (from anguish or danger); by

analogy, (as a herald) to announce or convene publicly:--

assemble, call (together), (make a) cry (out), come with such

a company, gather (together), cause to be proclaimed.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זָעַק (za.aq) — to cry out.

1) to cry, cry out, call, call for help

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to call (to one's aid)

1a2) to cry, cry out (in need)

1b) (Niphal) to be assembled, be called together, be joined together

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to call, call out, call together, summon

1c2) to make a crying, proclaim

1c3) to have a proclamation made

1c4) to call out to, call out at

Aramaic equivalent: ze.iq (זְעִ֑ק "to cry out" H2200)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Impv-2fs — Verb · Qal · imperative second person feminine singular
HVqv2fs
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
עִ֔יר'Ir O city H5892 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
1,090× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word refers to a city or town, often a place with a wall or a watchman. It is used to describe a settlement or encampment, like the city of Ai, which is mentioned in the book of Joshua. The word is used to identify specific locations in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
town, settlement
Tyndale gloss
excitement
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עִיר (*'iyr*) has meanings related to both excitement and city. It can denote excitement, particularly of terror or rage, as well as refer to a city or town, indicating a place that is guarded or inhabited. The entries suggest a broad application, from fortified cities to simple encampments. There is a specific mention of a man named Ir in 1 Chronicles 4:12.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עִיר n.[m.] excitement;—of terror; of rage

base

עִיר 1092 n.f. city, town

city, town, abode of men

of fortress in a city

appar. fortified place, of any size

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5892a עִיר excitement;—of terror; of rage H5892b עִיר city, town . city, town, abode of men

. of fortress in a city

. appar. fortified place, of any size

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5892 `iyr eer

or (in the plural) par {awr}; or ayar (Judges 10:4)

{aw-yar'}; from 5782 a city (a place guarded by waking or a

watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or

post):--Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.

see HEBREW for 05782

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עִיר (ir) — excitement.

1) excitement, anguish

1a) of terror

עִיר (ir) — city.

1) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town (a place of waking, guarded)

1a) city, town

עִיר (ir) — City (of On).

Combined with on (אֹן "On" H0204)

This name means city, town

Another name of on (אֹן "On" H0204)

עִיר (ir) — Ir-.

#A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;

son of: Tehinnah (H8468)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sit'-i (`ir, qiryah; polis):

I. THE CANAANITE CITY

1. Origin

2. Extent

3. Villages

4. Sites

5. External Appearance

6. General

II. THE CITY OF THE JEWISH OCCUPATION

1. Tower or Stronghold

2. High Place

3. Broad Place

4. Streets

5. General Characteristics

III. STORE CITIES

IV. LEVITICAL CITIES

LITERATURE

I. The Canaanite City.

1. Origin:

The development of the Canaanite city has been traced by Macalister in his report on the excavation at Gezer (Palestine Exploration Fund Statement, 1904, 108 ff). It originated on the slopes of a bare rocky spur, in which the Neolithic Troglodytes quarried their habitations out of the solid rock, the stones therefrom being used to form a casing to the earthen ramparts, with which the site was afterwards surrounded and which served as a protection against the intrusion of enemies. Later Semitic intruders occupied the site, stone houses were built, and high stone defense…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

City

The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch, which was built by Cain (Gen. 4:17). After the confusion of tongues, the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites, Sidon, Gaza, Sodom, etc. (10:12, 19; 11:3, 9; 36:31-39). The earliest description of a city is that of Sodom (19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing city in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num. 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Ex. 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen.…

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
נָמ֖וֹגna.Mog melt away H4127 Verb · Niphal · perfect third person masculine singular
17× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To melt means to soften or dissolve, and can also describe feeling faint or fearful. In the Bible, it is used to describe times when people are overwhelmed or weakened, such as in the book of Psalms.
Amplified meaning
dissolve, be terrified
Tyndale gloss
to melt
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוּג (muwg) is a Hebrew verb meaning to melt. It can refer to the literal act of melting or softening, as well as figuratively to describe feelings of fear or helplessness. The entries indicate various forms, including causing something to melt and melting away. There is a slight variation in the nuances of its figurative meanings across the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מוּג vb. melt

Qal

melt

trans. cause to melt

Niph. melt away, fig. for be helpless, disorganized

Po‛l. soften, dissolve

Po‛. Hithpo‛l. mely; hyperb. for flow

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4127 מוּג melt .. melt

. trans. cause to melt

. melt away, fig. for be helpless, disorganized

. soften, dissolve

. mely; hyperb. for flow

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4127 muwg moog

a primitive root; to melt, i.e. literally (to soften, flow

down, disappear), or figuratively (to fear, faint):--consume,

dissolve, (be) faint(-hearted), melt (away), make soft.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוּג (mug) — to melt.

1) to melt, cause to melt

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to melt, faint

1a2) to cause to melt

1b) (Niphal) to melt away

1c) (Polel) to soften, dissolve, dissipate

1d) (Hithpolel) to melt, flow

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Ptc — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVNp3ms
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
פְּלֶ֣שֶׁתpe.Le.shet O Philistia H6429 Noun proper
8× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Philistia refers to a region in ancient Syria, also known as the land of the Philistines, where the Philistines lived. The name means land of sojourners, a place where people settled temporarily. This area is now part of Palestine.
Amplified meaning
inhabitants of Philistia
Tyndale gloss
Philistia
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת (Plesheth) refers to Philistia, a region associated with the Philistines, described as a land of sojourners. The term is linked to the concept of migration and covers the territory on the west coast of Canaan, often identified with Palestine. It appears in poetic and late texts, indicating its historical and geographical significance.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת n.pr.terr. Philistia, poet. and late

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6429 פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת Philistia, poet. and late

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6429 Plesheth pel-eh'-sheth

from 6428; rolling, i.e. migratory; Pelesheth, a region of

Syria:--Palestina, Palestine, Philistia, Philistines.

see HEBREW for 06428

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פְּלֶ֫שֶׁת (pe.le.shet) — Philistia.

Philistia = "land of sojourners"

the general territory on the west coast of Canaan or the entire country of Palestine

Also named: pe.lish.ti (פְּלִשְׁתִּי "Philistine" H6430G)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

fi-lis'-ti-a: The country is referred to under various designations in the Old Testament: namely, pelesheth (Philistia) (Ps 60:8 (Hebrew 10); 87:4), 'erets pelishtim, "land of the Philistines" (Ge 21:32,34), geloth hapelishtim; Septuagint ge ton Phulistieim, "the regions of the Philistines" (Jos 13:2). The Egyptian monuments have Puirsatha, Pulsath (Budge), Peleset (Breasted) and Purasati (HGHL), according to the different voweling of the radicals; the Assyrian form is Palastu or Pilistu, which corresponds very closely to the Egyptian and the Hebrew. The extent of the land is indicated in Jos 13:2 as being from the Shihor, or Brook of Egypt (Revised Version), to the border…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Philistia

=Palestine (q.v.), “the land of the Philistines” (Ps. 60:8; 87:4; 108:9). The word is supposed to mean “the land of wanderers” or “of strangers.”

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(Heb. Pelesheth) (land of sojourners). The word thus translated (in) (Psalms 60:8; 87:4; 108:9) is in the original identical with that elsewhere rendered Palestine, which always means land of the Philistines. (Philistia was the plain on the southwest coast of Palestine. It was 40 miles long on the coast of the Mediterranean between Gerar and Joppa, and 10 miles wide at the northern end and 20 at the southern.--ED.) This plain has been in all ages remarkable for the extreme richness of its soil. It was also adapted to the growth of military power; for while the itself permitted. the use of war-chariots, which were the chief arm of offence, the occasional elevations which rise out of it offered secure sites for towns and strongholds. It was, moreover, a commercial country: from its position it must have been at all times the great…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ The sea coast in the west of the territories of the tribes of Dan and Simeon Ps 60:8; 87:4; 108:9

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
כֻּלֵּ֑ךְku.Lekh all of you H3605 Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HNcmsc/Sp2fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
כִּ֤יki for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
מִצָּפוֹן֙mi.tza.fOn from [the] north H6828 Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
153× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means 'north' and is used to describe a direction or location. In the Bible, it is often translated as 'north' or 'northern side'.
Amplified meaning
the direction of divine judgment
Tyndale gloss
Zaphon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צָפוֹן (tsaphown) means 'north' and is derived from a root meaning 'hidden' or 'dark.' It is used specifically to refer to the northern direction, often associated with gloominess and the unknown. The term also appears in the context of a name, 'Zaphon,' which similarly denotes the north.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

צָפוֹן 153 n.f. north (as the hidden, dark)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6828 צָפוֹן north

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6828 tsaphown tsaw-fone'

or tsaphon {tsaw-fone'}; from 6845; properly, hidden, i.e.

dark; used only of the north as a quarter (gloomy and

unknown):--north(-ern, side, -ward, wind).

see HEBREW for 06845

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צָפוֹן (tsa.phon) — north.

1) north (of direction), northward

1a) north

1b) northward

צָפוֹן (tsa.phon) — Zaphon.

This name means north

Also named: tsa.phon (צָפוֹן "Zaphon" H6829)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
HR/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See EAST. The Babylonians and Assyrians are represented as coming from "the north," because they invaded Israel by a northern route in order to avoid the desert, Jer 1:14 46:6,24 Zep 2:13. "Fair weather," says Job, or golden weather, "cometh out of the north," Job 37:22. This is as true in Syria and Arabia now as it was three thousand years ago. A traveler there remarks, "Our friends, who have been long residents, informed us that we should have fair weather for our start on the morrow, as the wind was from the north."

"... And so we have found it come to pass that the clouds of a golden hue always followed upon a north wind, and indicated a clear day; and as in the times of the Savior, we could always say when it was evening…

Thompson Chain Reference topics
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
עָשָׁ֣ן'a.Shan smoke H6227 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for smoke, whether literal or figurative, is used throughout the Bible. In Exodus, God appears to Moses in a cloud of smoke, while in other places it represents God's anger or judgment. Smoke can also symbolize prayer rising to God.
Tyndale gloss
smoke
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָשָׁן (ashan) means smoke, and can refer to both literal smoke and metaphorical uses, such as vapor or anger. It is derived from the root word for 'to smoke' and is used in various contexts in the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6227 עָשָׁן smoke

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6227 `ashan aw-shawn'

from 6225; smoke, literally or figuratively (vapor, dust,

anger):--smoke(-ing).

see HEBREW for 06225

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָשָׁן (a.shan) — smoke.

1) smoke

1a) smoke

1b) in metaphor, simile

1c) smoke (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

smok: Used figuratively of the divine jealousy (De 29:20) and anger (Ps 74:1); symbolic of the glory of the divine holiness (Isa 4:5; 6:4; Re 15:8).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ FIGURATIVE Isa 6:4; Ho 13:3

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
בָּ֔אBa' [is] coming H935 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
2,573× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to go or come, and is used in many contexts, such as entering a place or approaching someone, as seen in the book of Genesis. It can also mean to abide or apply, and is translated in various ways in the KJV Bible. This term is related to the name Lebo Hamath.
Tyndale gloss
Lebo
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בּוֹא (bo) is a Hebrew verb meaning to come or go in, with a wide range of applications including entering, arriving, and bringing in. It can refer to both physical movement and abstract concepts like events coming to pass. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal (to come), Hiphil (to cause to come), and Hophal (to be brought). There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בּוֹא 2569 vb. come in, come, go in, go

Qal

come in

come (approach, arrive)

go, i.e. walk, associate with

go from speaker, but with limit of motion given

Hiph.

cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)

cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)

Hoph.

be brought in (of pers. and things)

be brought

be introduced, put

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H935 בּוֹא come in, come, go in, go .. come in

. come (approach, arrive)

. go, i.e. walk, associate with

. go from speaker, but with limit of motion given

. . cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)

. cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)

. . be brought in (of pers. and things)

. be brought

. be introduced, put

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

935 bow' bo

a primitive root; to go or come (in a wide variety of

applications):--abide, apply, attain, X be, befall, +

besiege, bring (forth, in, into, to pass), call, carry, X

certainly, (cause, let, thing for) to come (against, in, out,

upon, to pass), depart, X doubtless again, + eat, + employ,

(cause to) enter (in, into, -tering, -trance, -try), be

fallen, fetch, + follow, get, give, go (down, in, to war),

grant, + have, X indeed, (in-)vade, lead, lift (up), mention,

pull in, put, resort, run (down), send, set, X (well) stricken

(in age), X surely, take (in), way.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): come.

: come/go_in

1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to enter, come in

1a2) to come

1a2a) to come with

1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)

1a2c) to come to pass

1a3) to attain to

1a4) to be enumerated

1a5) to go

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to lead in

1b2) to carry in

1b3) to bring in, cause to come in, gather, cause to come, bring near, bring against, bring upon

1b4) to bring to pass

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be brought, brought in

1c2) to be introduced, be put

לְב֥וֹא (bo) — Lebo-(Hamath).

This name means to go in, enter

Combined with cha.mat (חֲמָת "Hamath" H2574)

בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): towards.

: towards/entrance

1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to enter, come in

1a2) to come

1a2a) to come with

1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)

1a2c) to come to pass

1a3) to attain to

1a4) to be enumerated

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
וְאֵ֥יןve.'Ein and there not H369 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
789× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means nothing or not, often used to indicate the absence of something, as in Genesis 1:2 where the earth was without form. It emphasizes the idea of something lacking or non-existent.
Tyndale gloss
nothing
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַ֫יִן (ayin) primarily means 'nothing' or 'nought' and serves as a negative particle indicating absence or negation, such as 'is not' or 'there is not.' It can also express lack of possession or existence. The word is derived from a root meaning to be non-existent, and it appears frequently in various grammatical constructions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַ֫יִן, אָ֑֫יִן cstr. אֵין subst. prop. nothing, nought

to nothing, as nothing

cstr. אֵין, very freq. as particle of negation, is not, are not, was not, were not

אֵין לְ׳, with subst., or pron., there is (was) not to … = … have, has, had, etc. not

in circumst. clauses

with inf. and ל׳, it is not to …

with prefixes

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H369 אַ֫יִן, אָ֑֫יִן cstr. אֵין subst. prop. nothing, nought . to nothing, as nothing

. cstr. אֵין, very freq. as particle of negation, is not, are not, was not, were not

. אֵין לְ׳, with subst., or pron., there is (was) not to … = … have, has, had, etc. not

. in circumst. clauses

. with inf. and ל׳, it is not to …

. with prefixes

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

369 'ayin ah'-yin

as if from a primitive root meaning to be nothing or not

exist; a non-entity; generally used as a negative

particle:--else, except, fail, (father-)less, be gone,

in(-curable), neither, never, no (where), none, nor, (any,

thing), not, nothing, to nought, past, un(-searchable),

well-nigh, without. Compare 370.

see HEBREW for 0370

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַ֫יִן (a.yin) — nothing.

1) nothing, not, nought n

1a) nothing, nought neg

1b) not

1c) to have not (of possession) adv

1d) without w/prep

1e) for lack of

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Part — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct
HC/Ncmsc
wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
בּוֹדֵ֖דbo.Ded [is] an isolated [one] H909 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Being alone or solitary is what this Hebrew word means. It can describe someone who is isolated or separated from others. The KJV translates it as alone.
Amplified meaning
loners, isolated ones
Tyndale gloss
be alone
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בָּדַד (badad) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be separate or isolated. It conveys the idea of solitude or withdrawal, and can refer to a solitary state, such as an army straggler. The entries consistently highlight its reflexive nature of being alone.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[בָּדַד] vb. be separate, isolated

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H909 [בָּדַד] be separate, isolated

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

909 badad baw-dad'

a primitive root; to divide, i.e. (reflex.) be

solitary:--alone.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בָּדַד (ba.dad) — be alone.

1) to withdraw, be separate, be isolated

1a) (Qal) an army straggler (part.)

1a1) of Ephraim (metaph.)

2) (TWOT) alone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVqrmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

wun.

See NUMBER.

wail O gate cry out O city melt away O Philistia all of you for from [the] north smoke [is] coming and there not [is] an isolated [one] among ranks its
בְּמוֹעָדָֽיו׃be.mo.'a.Dav among ranks its H4151 Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means an assembly or troop, and is used to describe a group of people gathered for a purpose. It can also refer to a fixed time or appointment.
Amplified meaning
troops, assembled army
Tyndale gloss
ranks
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מוֹעָד (mow`ad) refers to an 'appointed place,' often in the context of military ranks or assemblies. It is derived from a root meaning to assemble and can also imply an appointed time. The word appears in Isaiah 14:31, highlighting its use in specific contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[מוֹעָד] n.[m.] appointed place (of soldier in army); Is 14:31

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4151 [מוֹעָד] appointed place

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4151 mow`ad mo-awd'

from 3259; properly, an assembly (as in 4150); figuratively,

a troop:--appointed time.

see HEBREW for 03259

see HEBREW for 04150

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מוֹעָד (mo.ad) — ranks.

appointed place (in army)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-mp | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HR/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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