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Jeremiah 47:6 — Word Study

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WLCה֗וֹי חֶ֚רֶב לַֽיהוָ֔ה עַד־ אָ֖נָה לֹ֣א תִשְׁקֹ֑טִי הֵאָֽסְפִי֙ אַל־ תַּעְרֵ֔ךְ הֵרָגְעִ֖י וָדֹֽמִּי׃

BSAAlashôwy [woe, a cry of sorrow] O swordchereb [cutting instrument] of the LORDYᵉhôvâh [Yehovah, The covenant Name of God] how longʻad [till when, until what time] until you restlôʼ [be quiet, cease from action] Returnʼâçaph [put up, go back] your sheathtaʻar [scabbard, resting place] ceaserâgaʻ [stop, be still] and be stilldâmam [rest, quiet yourself]

Word
Listen & take awayJeremiah 47
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 6 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (va.Do.mi) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Jeremiah 47:6quick helps
In a sentenceThe speaker laments the sword of the LORD, pleading for it to cease its action.
Who is speakingThe prophet Jeremiah speaks, addressing the sword as a representative of divine judgment.
Where we areThis verse is part of a prophecy concerning the impending destruction of the Philistines.
The hard wordחֶ֚רֶב
Take awayThe plea for the sword to rest reflects a desire for peace amidst judgment.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them › clause verbשָׁקַט The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Jeremiah 47:6

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Prophecy Against the Philistinesgenerated

4For the day has come to destroy all the Philistines, to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every remaining ally. Indeed, the LORD is about to destroy the Philistines, the remnant from the coasts of Caphtor.
5The people of Gaza will shave their heads in mourning; Ashkelon will be silenced. O remnant of their valley, how long will you gash yourself?
6‘Alas, O sword of the LORD, how long until you rest? Return to your sheath; cease and be still!’
7How can it rest when the LORD has commanded it? He has appointed it against Ashkelon and the shore of its coastland.”

Jeremiah 47:6 expresses a deep sorrow over the sword of the LORD, which symbolizes divine judgment against the Philistines. This lamentation captures the tension between the execution of judgment and the desire for peace. The surrounding verses detail the fate of the Philistines, highlighting the urgency of the prophet's plea for the sword to cease its destructive work.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Jeremiah 12:12Over all the barren heights in the wilderness the destroyers have come, for the sword of the LORD devours from one end of the earth to the other. No flesh has peace.
2Jeremiah 15:3I will appoint over them four kinds of destroyers, declares the LORD: the sword to kill, the dogs to drag away, and the birds of the air and beasts of the earth to devour and destroy.
3Jeremiah 25:27“Then you are to tell them that this is what the LORD of Hosts, the God of Israel, says: ‘Drink, get drunk, and vomit. Fall down and never get up again, because of the sword I will send among you.’
4Jeremiah 51:20–23“You are My war club, My weapon for battle. With you I shatter nations; with you I bring kingdoms to ruin.
5Deuteronomy 32:41–42when I sharpen My flashing sword, and My hand grasps it in judgment, I will take vengeance on My adversaries and repay those who hate Me.

The Key Word חֶ֚רֶב, Che.revgenerated

The word חֶ֚רֶב (Che.rev) means 'sword' and can also refer to other cutting instruments like knives and tools. Its usage in this context emphasizes the destructive nature of divine judgment, as it is a weapon wielded by God.

As a feminine singular noun, it conveys a sense of personification, suggesting that the sword is almost a character in the narrative, actively engaged in carrying out God's will.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse contains a series of imperatives directed at the sword, with the finite verb תִשְׁקֹ֑טִי (you will be inactive) governing the plea for rest and stillness. The structure reflects a direct address, emphasizing the urgency of the prophet's lament.

The commands are layered, with הֵאָֽסְפִי֙ (gather yourself) and הֵרָגְעִ֖י (rest) following the initial call, creating a rhythm of pleading that underscores the emotional weight of the moment.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, חֶ֚רֶב is rendered as μάξαιρα (maxaira), which also means 'sword' but can imply a broader range of cutting instruments. This choice suggests a continuity in the understanding of divine judgment across the texts.

The use of (the) as a definite article in the LXX emphasizes the specific sword being addressed, maintaining the focus on the divine instrument of judgment.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Jeremiah 47:6 expresses a lament over the sword of the LORD, asking how long it will continue its work of destruction. The speaker pleads for the sword to return to its sheath and cease its action, reflecting a desire for peace amidst judgment.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the sword of the LORD represent?

The sword of the LORD symbolizes divine judgment and the execution of God's will against those who oppose Him, particularly the Philistines in this context.

Why is there a plea for the sword to rest?

The plea for the sword to rest indicates a longing for peace and an end to the violence and destruction that comes with God's judgment.

How does this verse relate to the surrounding context?

This verse is part of a prophecy that details the destruction of the Philistines, and the lament reflects the emotional turmoil of the prophet as he witnesses the impending judgment.

What is the significance of the phrase 'return to your sheath'?

The phrase 'return to your sheath' suggests a desire for the sword to be put away, symbolizing a cessation of violence and a return to a state of peace.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What emotions do I feel when I think about divine judgment?
  2. How can I find peace in times of turmoil or conflict?
  3. What does it mean for me to 'cease and be still' in my own life?
  4. How can I better understand the balance between justice and mercy in my faith?

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Jeremiah 47:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

O thou sword of the Lord,.... For though it was the sword of the Chaldeans, yet being appointed and sent by the Lord, and having a commission from him, and being ordered and directed in his

Read John Gill on Jeremiah 47 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.

Read Robert Jamieson on Jeremiah 47 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Jeremiah 47:6 O thou sword of the LORD, how long [will it be] ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.Ver. 6. O thou sword of the Lord.] So called because whencesoever it cometh it is bathed in heaven. See Jeremiah 25:29 Judges 7:18; Judges 7:20. How long will it be ere thou be quiet?] Erisne in opere semper? Wilt thou ever be eating flesh and drinking blood? War, the shorter the better. Of the pirates’ war, as the Romans called it, Augustine reporteth to the just commendation of Pompey, that it was by him incredibill celeritate et temporls brevitate eonfectum, quickly despatched and made an end of. Aug., De Civit. Dei.

Read John Trapp on Jeremiah 47 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(6) O thou sword of the Lord . . .—This is the question and entreaty of the Philistines, “When will there be an end of war?” And the prophet has but one answer: the sword must do its work till it has done what Jehovah had appointed it to do.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Jeremiah 47 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 6. O thou sword of the Lord] This is a most grand prosopopoeia-a dialogue between the sword of the Lord and the prophet. Nothing can be imagined more sublime. Put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.] Shed no more blood, destroy no more lives, erase no more cities, desolate no more countries. Rest:-hast thou not been long enough at this work of judgment? O be still:-let wars and desolations cease for ever.

Read AdamClarke on Jeremiah 47 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

6, 7. These vv. have been suspected, but on insufficient (partly metrical) grounds. They contain (a) the cry of the Philistines for mercy, (b) the prophet’s reply.

Read Cambridge on Jeremiah 47 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

6. O thou sword… how long — As if it may no longer be endured. The prayer is in behalf of Philistia and in behalf of humanity for respite and mercy.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Jeremiah 47 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

‘Alas, O sword of the LORD, how long until you rest? Return to your sheath; cease and be still!’

WEBWorld English Bible2000

“‘You sword of Yahweh, how long will it be before you are quiet? Put yourself back into your scabbard; rest, and be still.’

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

‘Alas, O sword of the LORD, how long until you rest? Return to your sheath; cease and be still!’

NETBNew English Translation2006

How long will you cry out, ‘Oh, sword of the Lord, how long will it be before you stop killing? Go back into your sheath! Stay there and rest!’

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

O thou sword of Jehovah, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard; rest, and be still.

RVARevised Version, American1894

O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard; rest, and be still.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

O thou sword of the Lord, how long will it be or thou cease! turne againe into thy scaberd, rest and be still.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Alas! sword of Jehovah, how long wilt thou not be quiet? Withdraw into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Ho, sword of Jehovah, till when art thou not quiet? Be removed unto thy sheath, rest and cease.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Behold, sword of YHWH, until when are you not quiet? Be removed to your sheath, rest and cease.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Woe! thou sword of the Lord, how long yet wilt thou not be quiet? withdraw thyself into thy scabbard, take thee rest, and be still.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Woe, sword of Yahweh! How long will it be until you become silent? Go back to your scabbard! Stop and be silent.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

O thou sword of the Lord, how long wilt thou not be quiet? Go into thy scabbard, rest, and be still.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Oh sword of the Lord, when are you going to stop killing? Go back in your sheath. Stop killing and stay there!

BBEBible in Basic English1949

O sword of the Lord, how long will you have no rest? put yourself back into your cover; be at peace, be quiet.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseclauseה֗וֹיalas!clausenoun phraseחֶ֚רֶבO.swordprepositional phraseלַֽofיהוָ֔הYahwehclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַדuntilאָ֖נָהwhen?adverbialלֹ֣אnotverbתִשְׁקֹ֑טִיyou.will.be.inactiveclauseverbהֵאָֽסְפִי֙gather.yourselfadverb phrase · adverbialאַלnotnoun phraseתַּעְרֵ֔sheathךְyourclauseverbהֵרָגְעִ֖יrestוָandclauseverbדֹֽמִּיbe.still

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with 12 of the 12 words matched. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration but align with the MT in essence, confirming the consistency of the message across these ancient witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

ה֗וֹי חֶ֚רֶב לַֽיהוָ֔ה עַד־ אָ֖נָה לֹ֣א תִשְׁקֹ֑טִי הֵאָֽסְפִי֙ אַל־ תַּעְרֵ֔ךְ הֵרָגְעִ֖י וָדֹֽמִּי׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
ה֗וֹיחֶ֚רֶבμάξαιραלַֽיהוָ֔הκυρίουעַד־ἕωςאָ֖נָהτίνοςלֹ֣אοὐξתִשְׁקֹ֑טִיἡσυξάσειςהֵאָֽסְפִי֙ἀποκατάστηθιאַל־εἰςתַּעְרֵ֔ךְσουהֵרָגְעִ֖יἀνάπαυσαιוָדֹֽמִּי׃ἐπάρθητι

12 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 2Q13a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

הוי חרב [ליהוה] [עד] [אנ׳ה] [לוא] [תשקוטי] [האספי] [אל] [תער׳ך] הרגעי ודומי

3 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 8 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Jeremiah 47:6הוֹיalas!alas!הוֹיחֶ֫רֶבO swordO swordחֶ֫רֶביהוהof Yahwehof Yahwehיהוהעַדuntiluntilעַדאָןwhen?when?אָןלֹאnotnotלֹאשָׁקַטyou will beyou will be inaשָׁקַטאָסַףgather yourgather yourselfאָסַףאֶלtotoאֶלתַּ֫עַרsheath yoursheath yourתַּ֫עַררָגַעrestrestרָגַעדָּמַםand be stiland be stillדָּמַםחָרֵבto dryto dryחָרֵבהָיָהto beto beהָיָהאַ֫יִןwhere?where?אַ֫יִןעָרָהto uncoverto uncoverעָרָההוֹAh!Ah!הוֹאוֹיwoe!woe!אוֹיעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדדָּהַםto astonisto astonishדָּהַםדָּמָהto ceaseto ceaseדָּמָהסָפַדto mournto mournסָפַדרָעָבfaminefamineרָעָבחָלָלslain: kilslain: killedחָלָלנְאֻםutteranceutteranceנְאֻםצָבָאarmyarmyצָבָאמָתַיhowhowמָתַיעֶ֫רֶבeveningeveningעֶ֫רֶבדּוֹדbelovedbelovedדּוֹדיָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Jeremiah 47:6

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
ה֗וֹיHo alas! H1945 Particle
51× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Hoy is an expression of sadness or pain, like saying oh or woe. It's used to show strong emotions, and is often translated as alas or woe in the KJV Bible. This word conveys a sense of lament or regret.
Amplified meaning
woe, a cry of sorrow
Tyndale gloss
woe!
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הוֹי (hoy) is an interjection expressing dissatisfaction and pain, often translated as 'ah,' 'alas,' or 'woe.' It is used in lamentations and conveys a sense of sorrow or distress. The word is a prolonged form of another Hebrew term, indicating its emotional weight.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הוֹי 81 interj. expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1945 הוֹי expressing usually dissatisfaction and pain, Ah, Alas, Ha (not distinctly Woe!) used in lamentations

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1945 howy hoh'ee

a prolonged form of 1930 (akin to 188); oh!:--ah, alas, ho,

O, woe.

see HEBREW for 01930

see HEBREW for 0188

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הוֹי (hoy) — woe!.

ah!, alas!, ha!, ho!, O!, woe!

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTj
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
חֶ֚רֶבChe.rev O sword H2719 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
413× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A sword or cutting instrument is what this Hebrew word refers to, including knives and tools for cutting stone. It is used in the Bible to describe weapons and sharp objects.
Amplified meaning
cutting instrument
Tyndale gloss
sword
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חֶ֫רֶב (chereb) means 'sword' and can also refer to other cutting instruments like knives and tools. It is derived from a root meaning 'drought,' highlighting its destructive nature. The term is used in various contexts in the Old Testament, primarily to denote weapons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חֶ֫רֶב 411 n.f. sword (as weapon)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2719 חֶ֫רֶב sword (as weapon)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2719 chereb kheh'-reb

from 2717; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its

destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp

implement:--axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

see HEBREW for 02717

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חֶ֫רֶב (che.rev) — sword.

1) sword, knife

1a) sword

1b) knife

1c) tools for cutting stone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sord.

See ARMOR, III, 5.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Sword

Of the Hebrew was pointed, sometimes two-edged, was worn in a sheath, and suspended from the girdle (Ex. 32:27; 1 Sam. 31:4; 1 Chr. 21:27; Ps. 149:6: Prov. 5:4; Ezek. 16:40; 21:3-5).

It is a symbol of divine chastisement (Deut. 32:25; Ps. 7:12; 78:62), and of a slanderous tongue (Ps. 57:4; 64:3; Prov. 12:18). The word of God is likened also to a…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

[ARMS, ARMOR]

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Used by

Gideon Jud 7:20

Goliath 1Sa 21:9

Peter Mt 26:51; Joh 18:10

→ David' s army equipped with 1Ch 21:5

→ To be beaten into plowshares Isa 2:4; Mic 4:3

→ Made of plowshares Joe 3:10

→ Two-edged Heb 4:12; Re 1:16; 2:12

→ FIGURATIVE

Of war Ge 27:40

alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
לַֽיהוָ֔הla.Yah.weh of Yahweh H3068 Preposition · noun proper
6,528× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Amplified meaning
Yehovah, The covenant Name of God
Tyndale gloss
The Lord
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) is the proper name of the God of Israel, often rendered as Jehovah or the Lord. It signifies the self-existent or eternal nature of God. The name is closely associated with the revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:12-15 and is used in conjunction with other terms to denote sacred places. Some scholars suggest it derives from a root meaning 'to bring into being.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יהוה c. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel—(1. MT יְהֹוָה 6518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהֹוִה 305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים) 2. Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph. of הוה (= היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver)

יהוה is not used by E in Gn, but is given Ex 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb

יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D

the phrase † אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy

יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3068 יהוה i.e. יַהְוֶה n. pr. dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3068 Yhovah yeh-ho-vaw'

from 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish

national name of God:--Jehovah, the Lord. Compare 3050, 3069.

see HEBREW for 01961

see HEBREW for 03050

see HEBREW for 03069

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — LORD.

Jehovah = "the existing One"

1) the proper name of the one true God

1a) unpronounced except with the vowel pointings of a.do.na (אֲדֹנָי "Lord" H0136)

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — The Lord.

Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)

יְהֹוָה (ye.ho.vah) — (Jerusalem of) the Lord.

Combined with ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-proper — Preposition · noun proper
HR/Npt
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
עַד־'ad- until H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Amplified meaning
till when, until what time
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
אָ֖נָה'A.nah when? H575 Particle
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'where' is used to ask about location or direction, like in Genesis 3:9 and Exodus 2:13. It can also mean 'when' or 'how long'.
Tyndale gloss
where?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָן (an) is an adverb meaning 'where?' or 'whither?'. It can also refer to time, asking 'when?' or 'how long?'. The word is derived from a root meaning to indicate place or time, and it is used in contexts that inquire about location or duration.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָן adv. where? or whither?

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H575 אָן where? or whither?

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

575 'an awn

or manah {aw-naw'}; contracted from 370; where?; hence,

whither?, when?; also hither and thither:--+ any (no)

whither, now, where, whither(-soever).

see HEBREW for 0370

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָן (an) — where?.

1) where?, whither? (of place)

2) when?, until when?, how long? (of time)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTi — Particle
HTi
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
לֹ֣אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Amplified meaning
be quiet, cease from action
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
תִשְׁקֹ֑טִיtish.Ko.ti you will be inactive H8252 Verb · Qal · imperfect second person feminine singular
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To quiet or be at peace is what this Hebrew word means, like the stillness after a storm, as described in Psalm 107:30.
Tyndale gloss
to quiet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁקַט (shaqat) is a Hebrew verb meaning to be quiet or undisturbed. It encompasses a range of meanings including tranquility, inactivity, and rest, and can refer to both people and land. The Hiphil form indicates causing quietness or showing quietness. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁקַט vb. be quiet, undisturbed

Qal be quiet, undisturbed

of land, at peace

be quiet, inactive

Hiph.

shew quietness (inner causat.), of men

cause quietness

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8252 שָׁקַט be quiet, undisturbed .be quiet, undisturbed . of land, at peace

. be quiet, inactive

. . shew quietness (inner causat.), of men

. cause quietness

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8252 shaqat shaw-kat'

a primitive root; to repose (usually figurative):--appease,

idleness, (at, be at, be in, give) quiet(-ness), (be at, be

in, give, have, take) rest, settle, be still.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁקַט (sha.qat) — to quiet.

1) to be quiet, be tranquil, be at peace, be quiet, rest, lie still, be undisturbed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be quiet, be undisturbed

1a1a) to be at peace (of land)

1a2) to be quiet, be inactive

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to show quietness

1b1a) quietness, display of quietness (subst)

1b2) to quiet, be quiet

1b3) to cause quietness, pacify, allay

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqi2fs — Verb · Qal · imperfect second person feminine singular
HVqi2fs
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
הֵאָֽסְפִי֙he.'a.se.Fi gather yourself H622 Verb · Niphal · imperative second person feminine singular
200× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To gather means to bring people or things together, often for a purpose like worship or community. It can also mean to take away or remove something, like gathering a harvest. This word appears in books like Genesis and Psalms.
Amplified meaning
put up, go back
Tyndale gloss
to gather
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָסַף (acaph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to gather or remove. It encompasses a range of actions including collecting, assembling, and withdrawing. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, and Hithpael, indicating different nuances like gathering individuals or being gathered. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָסַף 209 vb. gather, remove

Qal

gather, collect

gather an individual into company of others

bring up the rear of

gather and take away, remove, withdraw

Niph.

assemble, be gathered, reflex.

pass. of Qal 2

Pass. of Qal 4; be taken away, removed, perish

Pi.

gather harvest

take in, receive into

as subst. rearguard, rearward

Pu. be gathered, of men

Hithp. gather themselves

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H622 אָסַף gather, remove

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

622 'acaph aw-saf'

a primitive root; to gather for any purpose; hence, to

receive, take away, i.e. remove (destroy, leave behind, put

up, restore, etc.):--assemble, bring, consume, destroy,

felch, gather (in, together, up again), X generally, get

(him), lose, put all together, receive, recover (another from

leprosy), (be) rereward, X surely, take (away, into, up), X

utterly, withdraw.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָסַף (a.saph) — to gather.

1) to gather, receive, remove, gather in

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to gather, collect

1a2) to gather (an individual into company of others)

1a3) to bring up the rear

1a4) to gather and take away, remove, withdraw

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to assemble, be gathered

1b2) (pass of Qal 1a2)

1b2a) to be gathered to one's fathers

1b2b) to be brought in or into (association with others)

1b3) (pass of Qal 1a4)

1b3a) to be taken away, removed, perish

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to gather (harvest)

1c2) to take in, receive into

1c3) rearguard, rearward (subst)

1d) (Pual) to be gathered

1e) (Hithpael) to gather oneself or themselves

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Impv-2fs — Verb · Niphal · imperative second person feminine singular
HVNv2fs
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
אַל־'al- to H413 Preposition
5,518× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Tyndale gloss
to(wards)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֶל (el) is primarily a preposition indicating motion towards or direction to a person or place. It can also imply entering a limit, presence at a location, or a hostile direction (against). Additionally, it may express concepts such as concerning, in addition to, or according to. The entries highlight its versatility in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph),

prep. denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).of motion to or unto a person or place

Where the limit is actually entered, into

Of direction towards anything

Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

Of rule or standard according to (rare)

Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H413 אֶל (nearly always followed by Makkeph), . of motion to or unto a person or place

. Where the limit is actually entered, into

. Of direction towards anything

. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, אֶל = against

. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

. Metaph. in regard to, concerning, on account of

. Of rule or standard according to (rare)

. Expressing presence at a spot, against, at, by, not merely after verbs implying motion

. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

413 'el ale

(but only used in the shortened constructive form sel {el});

a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but

occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e. near, with or

among; often in general, to:--about, according to ,after,

against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and,

by, concerning, for, from, X hath, in(- to), near, (out) of,

over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether,

with(-in).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶל (el) — to(wards).

1) to, toward, unto (of motion)

2) into (limit is actually entered)

2a) in among

3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion)

4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character)

5) in addition to, to

6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of

7) according to (rule or standard)

8) at, by, against (of one's presence)

9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR — Preposition
HR
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
תַּעְרֵ֔ךְta'.Rekh sheath your H8593 Noun common both singular construct · suffix
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means a sharp knife or razor, used for shaving or cutting. It also refers to an empty scabbard, a holder for a sword. The word is used in various contexts, including Exodus and 1 Samuel.
Amplified meaning
scabbard, resting place
Tyndale gloss
razor
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תַּ֫עַר (ta'ar) refers to a razor or sheath, emphasizing the concept of making bare or empty. It is derived from a root meaning to make naked and can denote both a knife or razor and a scabbard. The entries consistently highlight its dual meaning without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

תַּ֫עַר n.m. razor, sheath

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8593 תַּ֫עַר razor, sheath

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8593 ta`ar tah'-ar

from 6168; a knife or razor (as making bare): also a scabbard

(as being bare, i.e. empty):--(pen-)knife, razor, scabbard,

shave, sheath.

see HEBREW for 06168

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תַּ֫עַר (ta.ar) — razor.

1) razor, sheath (making naked)

1a) razor

1b) sheath (of sword)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs | Suff — Noun common both singular construct · suffix
HNcbsc/Sp2fs
alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
הֵרָגְעִ֖יhe.ra.ge.'I rest H7280 Verb · Niphal · imperative second person feminine singular
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to harden or toss violently, but also to quiet or settle something. It can describe the sudden movement of the sea or the skin with boils.
Amplified meaning
stop, be still
Tyndale gloss
to disturb
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word רָגַע (raga`) is a primitive root that encompasses a range of meanings including to disturb, to rest, and to harden. It can refer to stirring up or causing disturbance, as well as to settling or giving rest. The entries also note a specific usage related to winking. There is a mention of its application in Job 7:5.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

רָגַע vb. disturb

Qal 

Hiph. denom. make a twinkilng

base

רָגַע vb. be at rest, repose

Niph. (of sword) be gathered into thy scabbard, repose, and be still.

Hiph.

trans. give rest to

intrans. rest, repose

base

רָגַע vb. harden;—Jb 7:5

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7280a רָגַע disturb H7280b רָגַע be at rest, repose H7280c רָגַע harden

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7280 raga` raw-gah'

a primitive root; properly, to toss violently and suddenly

(the sea with waves, the skin with boils); figuratively (in a

favorable manner) to settle, i.e. quiet; specifically, to wink

(from the motion of the eye-lids):--break, divide, find ease,

be a moment, (cause, give, make to) rest, make suddenly.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

רָגַע (ra.ga) — to disturb.

1) to act in an instant, stir up, disturb

1a) (Qal) to stir up, disturb

1b) (Hiphil) to make a twinkling

רָגַע (ra.ga) — to rest.

1) to rest or repose, be at rest or repose, settle, quiet, give rest

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to cause to rest (of sword, of the sea)

1a2) to wink (with prep)

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to give rest to

1b2) to rest, repose

רָגַע (ra.ga) — to harden.

to harden

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal-Impv-2fs — Verb · Niphal · imperative second person feminine singular
HVNv2fs
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(nuach, menuchah, "cessation from motion," "peace," "quiet," etc.; anapausis, [@katapausis): "Rest" in the above sense is of frequent occurrence, and is the translation of several words with various applications and shades of meaning, chiefly of the words given above. It is applied to God as ceasing from the work of creating on the 7th day (Ge 2:2 f) ; as having His place of rest in the midst of His people in the temple (1Ch 28:2; Ps 132:8,14); as resting in His love among His people (Ze 3:17, the Revised Version margin "Hebrew, `be silent' "). The 7th day was to be one of rest (Ex 16:23; 31:15; see SABBATH); the land also was to have its rest in the 7th year (

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Rest

(1.) Gr. katapausis, equivalent to the Hebrew word noah (Heb. 4:1).

(2.) Gr. anapausis, “rest from weariness” (Matt. 11:28).

(3.) Gr. anesis, “relaxation” (2 Thess. 1:7).

(4.) Gr. sabbatismos, a Sabbath rest, a rest from all work (Heb. 4:9; R.V., “sabbath”), a rest like that of God when he had finished the work of creation.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In Ac 9:31, refers to the respite from persecution enjoyed by the Christians in Palestine, after the conversion of Saul of Tarsus, during the last two years of Caligula’s short reign, A. D. 39 and 40, when the Jews were so harassed by the attempts of the emperor to force them to worship him as a god, that they forbore to afflict the followers of Christ.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Divine institutions for

See SABBATH

→ Days of Ex 23:12; 34:21

→ The annual feasts, added rest days Le 23:7,8,21,25,28,30,31,35,36; Nu 28:18,25,26; 29:1,7,12,35

→ Recommended by Jesus Mr 6:31,32; with Mt 8:18,24

→ HEAVENLY 2Th 1:7

→ SPIRITUAL Mt 11:29; Heb 4:1-11

See PEACE, SPIRITUAL

alas! O sword of Yahweh until when? not you will be inactive gather yourself to sheath your rest and be still
וָדֹֽמִּי׃va.Do.mi and be still H1826 Conjunction · verb qal imperative second person feminine singular
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this verb means to wail or mourn, often in response to a tragic event, like in Job 30:31 where Job laments his suffering. It can also mean to be astonished or stop an activity.
Amplified meaning
rest, quiet yourself
Tyndale gloss
to silence: stationary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּמַם (damam) is a Hebrew verb primarily meaning to be silent or still, with implications of astonishment or cessation. It can also convey the idea of perishing or being destroyed. The word appears in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, Poal, and Hiphil, indicating different nuances of silence and stillness. Notably, it is associated with wailing in Isaiah 23:2.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[דָּמַם] vb. be or grow dumb, silent, still

Qal

be silent

be still (opp. to both speech and motion)

be struck dumb, astounded

Niph. be made silent, i.e. destroyed

Po. ‘composed and quieted my soul’

Hiph. he (God) hath silenced us (= caused us to perish)

base

[דָּמַם] vb. wail—Is 23:2

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1826a דָּמַם be or grow dumb, silent, still H1826b דָּמַם wail

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1826 damam daw-man'

a prim root (compare 1724, 1820); to be dumb; by implication,

to be astonished, to stop; also to perish:--cease, be cut down

(off), forbear, hold peace, quiet self, rest, be silent, keep

(put to) silence, be (stand) still, tarry, wait.

see HEBREW for 01724

see HEBREW for 01820

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּמַם (da.mam) — to silence: stationary.

: stationary

1) to be silent, be still, wait, be dumb, grow dumb

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be silent

1a2) to be still, die

1a3) to be struck dumb

1b) (Niphal) to be silenced, be made silent, destroyed

1c) (Poal) to make quiet

1d) (Hiphil) to make silent (cause to die)

דָּמַם (da.mam) — to wail.

wail

דָּמַם (da.mam) — to silence: silent.

: silent

1) to be silent, be still, wait, be dumb, grow dumb

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be silent

1a2) to be still, die

1a3) to be struck dumb

1b) (Niphal) to be silenced, be made silent, destroyed

1c) (Poal) to make quiet

1d) (Hiphil) to make silent (cause to die)

דָּמַם (da.mam) — to silence: destroyed.

: destroyed

1) to be silent, be still, wait, be dumb, grow dumb

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be silent

1a2) to be still, die

1a3) to be struck dumb

1b) (Niphal) to be silenced, be made silent, destroyed

1c) (Poal) to make quiet

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-Impv-2fs — Conjunction · verb qal imperative second person feminine singular
HC/Vqv2fs
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

stil: "To be still" is "to keep silence" (Ps 4:4, etc.) and so "to be quiet" (Ps 107:29, etc.) or "inactive" in any way (Jud 18:9; 1Ki 22:3; Zec 1:11, etc.). So "be still" in Ps 46:10 means "desist from your war" (compare the Revised Version margin "let be"). The "still small voice" of 1Ki 19:12 (the Revised Version margin "sound of gentle stillness") is due to taking the Hebrew demamah in its literal force of "silent," but the word here means "whisper"--"a whispering, little voice." This familiar passage…

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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