Psalms 80:13 — Word Study
WLCיְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה חֲזִ֣יר מִיָּ֑עַר וְזִ֖יז שָׂדַ֣י יִרְעֶֽנָּה׃
BSAwhat?mâh to break throughpârats wallgâdêr to pluckʼârâh allkôl to passʻâbar wayderek
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה | it eats away it | Verb piel imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
| חֲזִ֣יר | wild boar | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| מִיָּ֑עַר | from [the] forest | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| וְזִ֖יז | and moving creature[s] of | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| שָׂדַ֣י | [the] field | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| יִרְעֶֽנָּה׃ | it grazes on it | Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The boar from the forest ravages it, and the creatures of the field feed upon it. |
| KJV | The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. |
| ASV | The boar out of the wood doth ravage it, And the wild beasts of the field feed on it. |
| YLT | A boar out of the forest doth waste it, And a wild beast of the fields consumeth it. |
| WEB | The boar out of the wood ravages it. The wild animals of the field feed on it. |
| BBE | It is uprooted by the pigs from the woods, the beasts of the field get their food from it. |
The translations agree on the imagery of destruction presented in this verse.
The main clause presents the action of the boar, followed by the feeding of the creatures, creating a contrast between destruction and survival.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 6 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 80:13
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Lament for Israel's Vineyardgenerated
Psalms 80:13 depicts a scene of devastation where a wild boar ravages the vineyard, symbolizing the enemies of Israel that threaten its existence. The psalmist calls upon God to restore His people, reflecting the deep anguish over the destruction of what was once flourishing. This lament is part of a larger context where the psalmist seeks divine intervention for Israel's restoration, as seen in the surrounding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Kings 18:1–19 | In the third year of the reign of Hoshea son of Elah over Israel, Hezekiah son of Ahaz became king of Judah. |
| 2 | 2 Kings 24:1–25 | During Jehoiakim’s reign, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon invaded. So Jehoiakim became his vassal for three years, until he turned and rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar. |
| 3 | 2 Chronicles 32:1–33 | After all these acts of faithfulness, Sennacherib king of Assyria came and invaded Judah. He laid siege to the fortified cities, intending to conquer them for himself. |
| 4 | 2 Chronicles 36:1–23 | Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah and made him king in Jerusalem in place of his father. |
| 5 | Jeremiah 4:7 | A lion has gone up from his thicket, and a destroyer of nations has set out. He has left his lair to lay waste your land. Your cities will be reduced to ruins and lie uninhabited. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה, ye.khar.se.Me.nahgenerated
The verb יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה (ye.khar.se.Me.nah) is a piel imperfect form, indicating an intensive action of destruction. It conveys a sense of tearing apart or laying waste, similar to the destruction described in Jeremiah 51:2. The usage here emphasizes the violent nature of the boar's actions against the vineyard.
This word's root, כִּרְסֵם (kircem), consistently highlights contexts of ravaging and destruction, reinforcing the imagery of devastation in this verse.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
In the Berean Standard Bible, the phrase is rendered as ravages, which aligns with the KJV and ASV.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה (ye.khar.se.Me.nah) governs the sentence, with two noun phrases as subjects: חֲזִ֣יר (cha.Zir), the wild boar, and וְזִ֖יז (ve.Ziz), the creatures of the field. This structure highlights the actions of the boar first, followed by the creatures that feed on the remnants.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the boar's destructive action before mentioning the creatures, underscoring the urgency of the psalmist's plea.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה as καθεῖλες (katheiles), which means 'to destroy' or 'to lay waste.' This choice reflects a direct interpretation of the Hebrew's violent connotation.
The Greek rendering emphasizes the destructive nature of the boar's actions, paralleling the Hebrew text's focus on devastation.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalms 80:13 describes how a wild boar from the forest destroys the vineyard, while the creatures of the field eat what is left. This verse expresses the devastation faced by Israel and the need for God's intervention.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The wild boar symbolizes the enemies of Israel that bring destruction and devastation to the land.
The creatures feeding on the vineyard represent the ongoing consequences of destruction, highlighting the vulnerability of Israel after the attack.
This verse reflects the theme of lament and the plea for restoration, as the psalmist calls upon God to intervene in the face of destruction.
The imagery serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the need for divine protection and restoration.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways do I see destruction or loss in my own life, and how can I seek restoration?
- What steps can I take to protect what is valuable to me from being ravaged by negative influences?
- How can I respond to the devastation I observe in the world around me, like the psalmist does?
- What does this passage teach me about the importance of divine intervention in times of trouble?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early Church Fathers reference this verse to illustrate themes of destruction and divine intervention, as seen in their commentaries.
[Daniel 7:7] "After this, I beheld in the night-vision, and behold, there was a fourth beast, terrible and wonderful and exceedingly strong.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 80 →
"There has laid her waste the boar from the wood" [Psalms 80:13].Early Church Fathers on Psalms 80 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 80:13 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleThe boar out of the wood doth waste it,.... As Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, who carried the ten tribes captive; the title of this psalm in the Septuagint version is, a psalm for the Assyrian.
Read John Gill on Psalms 80 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryThe boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 80 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleThe wood; where boars use to lodge, as it is noted by many authors; by which he understands their fierce and furious enemies.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 80 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 80:13 The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it.Ver. 13. The boar out of the wood] All swine (but wild ones especially) are vitibus inimici, saith Theodoret, destructions to vines. And Melancthon thinks that therefore God forbad the Jews to eat swine’ s flesh, Eo quod sues omnia sursum deorsum vertant vastentque, because they turn up all, rooting things up by the roots, as the word here signifieth, Exvineavit, ελυμηνατοαυτην (Sept.). Austin understands it of Vespasian, others of Antiochus, or Antichrist. And the wild beast] The soldiers, 2 Chronicles 25:18.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 80 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(13) Boar.—This is the sole mention of the wild boar in Scripture. But it must not therefore be inferred that it was rare in Palestine. (See Tristram’s Nat. Hist. Bib., p. 54.) The writer gives a sad picture of the ravage a herd of them will make in a single night. Comp.— “In vengeance of neglected sacrifice, On Oencus’ fields she sent a monstrous boar, That levell’d harvests and whole forests tore.” HOMER: Iliad (Pope’s Trans.). Wild beast.—It seems natural, at first, to take this beast as the emblem of some particular power or oppressor, as the crocodile is of Egypt, the lion of Assyria, &c. But the general term—literally, that moving in the field (see Ps. 1:11)—makes against such an…
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 80 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 13. The boar out of the wood] Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who was a fierce and cruel sovereign. The allusion is plain. The wild hogs and buffaloes make sad havoc in the fields of the Hindoos, and in their orchards: to keep them out, men are placed at night on covered stages in the fields.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 80 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges13. The boar out of the forest doth ravage it, And the wild beasts of the field feed on it. “Under Hermon,” says Dr Tristram, “in the vineyard districts, we heard grievous lamentations of the damage done to the vines by the boars, which not only devour the grapes, but also munch up the bearing shoots.” Nat. Hist. of Bible, p. 56. Israel’s land is laid waste by remorseless enemies.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 80 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleThe boar out of the wood - Men come in and ravage the land, whose character may be compared with the wild boar. The word rendered boar means simply swine.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 80 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The boar from the forest ravages it, and the creatures of the field feed upon it.
The boar out of the wood ravages it. The wild animals of the field feed on it.
The boar from the forest ravages it, and the creatures of the field feed upon it.
The wild boars of the forest ruin it; the insects of the field feed on it.
Tyndale line
The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it.
The boar out of the wood doth ravage it, And the wild beasts of the field feed on it.
The boar out of the wood doth ravage it, and the wild beasts of the field feed on it.
The boar from the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it.
The wilde bore out of the wood hath destroyed it, and the wilde beastes of the fielde haue eaten it vp.
Strictly literal
The boar out of the forest doth waste it, and the beast of the field doth feed off it.
A boar out of the forest doth waste it, And a wild beast of the fields consumeth it.
A boar out of the forest tears it, || And a wild beast of the fields grazes it.
(80:14) The boar out of the forest doth gnaw at it, and what moveth on the field feedeth on it.
The boars out of the forest ruin it, and the beasts of the field feed on it.
From the Latin
So I let them go according to the desires of their heart: they shall walk in their own inventions.
Simplified
Wild pigs from the forest eat it, wild animals feed on it.
It is uprooted by the pigs from the woods, the beasts of the field get their food from it.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree in their wording, with no significant variations noted. Both texts convey the same imagery of destruction by the wild boar and the subsequent feeding of the creatures in the field.
יְכַרְסְמֶ֣נָּֽה חֲזִ֣יר מִיָּ֑עַר וְזִ֖יז שָׂדַ֣י יִרְעֶֽנָּה׃
6 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 80:13
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
כִּרְסֵם (kircem) is a verb meaning to tear off or lay waste, specifically in the Piel form, which indicates an intensive action. The entries consistently highlight its usage in the context of destruction or ravaging, with a specific reference to Psalm 80:14.
[כִּרְסֵם] vb. quadril. = Pi., tear off;—only ψ 80:14
ref
H3765 כִּרְסֵם vb. quadril. = Pi., tear off
3765 kircem kir-same'
from 3697; to lay waste:--waste.
see HEBREW for 03697
כִּרְסֵם (kir.sem) — to tear off.
(Piel) to tear apart, ravage, tear off
HVpi3ms/Sp3fs — Verb piel imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVpi3ms/Sp3fs
חֲזִיר (chaziyr) refers to swine or boar, often noted as forbidden food in Hebrew texts. It is derived from an unused root that likely means to enclose, suggesting a connection to animals that are penned. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to hogs and wild boars.
חֲזִיר n.m. swine, boar
base
H2386 חֲזִיר swine, boar
2386 chaziyr khaz-eer'
from an unused root probably meaning to enclose; a hog
(perhaps as penned):--boar, swine.
חֲזִיר (cha.zir) — swine.
1) hog, swine, boar
1a) swine (as forbidden food)
1b) wild boar
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
bor (chazir): In lamenting the troubled state of the Jewish nation the Psalmist (Ps 80:13) says: "The boar out of the wood doth ravage it, and the wild beasts of the field feed on it," with evident reference to Israel's enemies, the Assyrians, etc. The wild boar is abundant in certain parts of Palestine and Syria, especially in the thickets which border the lakes and rivers, as about the Chuleh, the sea of Galilee, the Jordan, and in the deltas of streams flowing into the Dead Sea, as Ghaur-us-Cafiyeh. Several fountains in Lebanon bear the name, `Ain-ul-Chazir, though chazir is not an Arabic word, khanzir being the Arabic for "swine."
See SWINE.
Alfred Ely Day
Boar
Occurs only in Ps. 80:13. The same Hebrew word is elsewhere rendered “swine” (Lev. 11:7; Deut. 14:8; Prov. 11:22; Isa. 65:4; 66:3, 17). The Hebrews abhorred swine’s flesh, and accordingly none of these animals were reared, except in the district beyond the Sea of Galilee. In the psalm quoted above the powers that destroyed the Jewish nation are compared to wild boars and wild beasts of the field.
[SWINE]
The wild boar is considered as the parent stock of the common hog. He is a furious and formidable animal. The tusks are larger and stronger than in the tame herds, the color is iron-grey, inclining to black. His snout is long, and his ears are short. At present wild boars frequent the marshes around the upper Jordan, and have been found on Mount Carmel, and in large herds near the sea of Tiberias. They were frequent in the time of the Crusades. Richard Coeur de Lion encountered one, ran him through with a lace, and while the animal was still endeavoring to gore his horse, leaped over him, and slew him with his sword. The destructive ravages of the animal are referred to in Ps 80:13.
יַ֫עַר (ya'ar) refers to both a wood or forest and a honeycomb. The word is derived from a root suggesting thick vegetation. It encompasses meanings related to wooded areas and also has a specific reference to honeycomb, possibly due to its association with trees. Some entries connect it to specific locations or phrases in the Old Testament.
יַ֫עַר n.m. wood, forest, thicket
base
יַ֫עַר n.[m.] honeycomb
base
H3293a יַ֫עַר wood, forest, thicket H3293b יַ֫עַר honeycomb
3293 ya`ar yah'-ar
from an unused root probably meaning to thicken with verdure;
a copse of bushes; hence, a forest; hence, honey in the comb
(as hived in trees):--(honey-)comb, forest, wood.
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — wood.
forest, wood, thicket, wooded height
Also means: ya.or (יָעוֹר "wood" H3264)
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — honeycomb.
honeycomb
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — Jaar.
honeycomb
Another name of qir.yat ye.a.rim (קִרְיַת יְעָרִים "Kiriath-jearim" H7157)
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — (Ephraim) Forest.
Combined with eph.ra.yim (אֶפְרַ֫יִם " of Ephraim" H0669K)
§ honeycomb
יַ֫עַר (ya.ar) — (House of) the Forest.
Combined with ba.yit (בַּ֫יִת "House" H1004J)
§ honeycomb
HR/Ncmsa — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
for'-est:
(1) choresh (compare proper name Harosheth), 2Ch 27:4. In 1Sa 23:15 ff translated "wood"; in Isa 17:9, "wood"; in Eze 31:3, "forest-like shade." Applied to any thick growth of vegetation but not necessarily so extensive as (3).
(2) pardec: Ne 2:8, margin "park"; Ec 2:5, the King James Version "orchards," the Revised Version (British and American) "parks"; So 4:13, English Versions of the Bible "orchard," the Revised Version, margin "paradise." A word of Persian origin signifying probably an enclosure.
Forest
Heb. ya’ar, meaning a dense wood, from its luxuriance. Thus all the great primeval forests of Syria (Eccl. 2:6; Isa. 44:14; Jer. 5:6; Micah 5:8). The most extensive was the trans-Jordanic forest of Ephraim (2 Sam. 18:6, 8; Josh. 17:15, 18), which is probably the same as the wood of Ephratah (Ps. 132:6), some part of the great forest of Gilead. It was in this forest that Absalom was slain by Joab. David withdrew to the forest of Hareth in the mountains of Judah to avoid the fury of Saul (
Although Palestine has never been in historical times a woodland country, yet there can be no doubt that there was much more wood formerly than there is a t present, and that the destruction of the forests was one of the chief causes of the present desolation.
זִיז (ziyz) refers to moving creatures or things and also signifies abundance or fullness. It is derived from an unused root suggesting conspicuousness. The term appears in Isaiah 66:11, where it is associated with the idea of fullness.
ref
H2123a זִיז moving things H2123b זִיז abundance, fulness
2123 ziyz zeez
from an unused root apparently meaning to be conspicuous;
fulness of the breast; also a moving creature:--abundance,
wild beast.
זִיז (ziz) — creature.
moving creatures, moving things
זִיז (ziz) — abundance.
abundance, fulness
HC/Ncmsc — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
שָׂדַי (saday) and שָׂדֶה (sadeh) both refer to a field or land, encompassing cultivated areas, open fields, and regions opposed to mountains or seas. The terms can denote specific portions of ground and are associated with wildlife habitats. They derive from a root meaning to spread out, indicating flat, expansive areas.
שָׂדַי n.m. field, land
cultivated field
home of wild beasts
plain, opp. mt.
land, opp. sea
base
שָׂדֶה 819 n.m. id. [u.ak.ab]
(ordinary contr. form)open field, country
definite portion of ground, field, land
land, opp. sea
base
H7704a שָׂדַי field, land . cultivated field
. home of wild beasts
. plain, opp. mt.
. land, opp. sea
H7704b שָׂדֶה id. [7704a] . open field, country
. definite portion of ground, field, land
. land, opp. sea
7704 sadeh saw-deh'
or saday {saw-dah'-ee}; from an unused root meaning to spread
out; a field (as flat):--country, field, ground, land, soil,
X wild.
שָׂדַי (sa.day) — Sirion.
This name means field, land, plain
Another spelling of cher.mon (חֶרְמוֹן "(Mount )Hermon" H2768)
שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: soil.
: soil
1) field, land
1a) open field, country
1b) definite portion of ground, field, land
1c) land (opposed to sea)
שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: country.
: country/field
1) field, land
1a) open field, country
1b) definite portion of ground, field, land
1c) land (opposed to sea)
שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — Field (of the Launderer).
Combined with ka.vas (כָּבַס "Washer's" H3526)
This name means field, land
שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: wildlife.
: wild(animals/plants)
1) field, land
1a) open field, country
1b) definite portion of ground, field, land
1c) land (opposed to sea)
שָׂדַי (sa.day) — field.
1) field, land
1a) cultivated field
1b) of home of wild beasts
1c) plain (opposed to mountain)
1d) land (opposed to sea)
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
feld.
See AGRICULTURE.
Field
(Heb. sadeh), a cultivated field, but unenclosed. It is applied to any cultivated ground or pasture (Gen. 29:2; 31:4; 34:7), or tillage (Gen. 37:7; 47:24). It is also applied to woodland (Ps. 132:6) or mountain top (Judg. 9:32, 36; 2 Sam. 1:21). It denotes sometimes a cultivated region as opposed to the wilderness (Gen. 33:19; 36:35). Unwalled villages or scattered houses are spoken of as “in the fields” (Deut. 28:3, 16; Lev. 25:31;
The Hebrew sadeh is applied to any cultivated ground, and in some instances in marked opposition to the neighboring wilderness. On the other hand the sadeh is frequently contrasted with what is enclosed, whether a vineyard, a garden or a walled town. In many passages the term implies what is remote from a house, (Genesis 4:8; 24:63; 22:25) or settled habitation, as in the case of Esau. (Genesis 25:27) The separate plots of ground were marked off by stones, which might easily be removed, (19:14; 27:17) cf. Job 24:2; Prov 22:28; 23:10 The absence of fences rendered the fields liable to damage from straying cattle, (Exodus…
The Hebrew word רָעָה (*ra'ah*) is built from a primitive root meaning to tend or pasture a flock. It covers a range of meanings including to graze, rule, associate with, and befriend. The term appears in contexts related to shepherding and companionship, with a specific mention of the 'binding-house of shepherds' in 2 Kings 10:12.
בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים perh. n.pr.loc. (binding-house of the shepherds) 2 K 10:12
base
רָעָה 167 vb. pasture, tend, graze
Qal
trans.
intrans.
Niph. poss.
Hiph. v.
base
[רָעָה] vb. prob. associate with
Qal cherish faithfulness
Hithp. do not make companionship with a bad-tempered man
base
[רָעָה] vb. denom. Pi. be a special friend;—Ju 14:20
ref
H7462a בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים binding-house of shepherds H7462b רָעָה pasture, tend, graze H7462c רָעָה prob. associate with H7462d רָעָה vb. denom. Pi. be a special friend
7462 ra`ah raw-aw'
a primitive root; to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it;
intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively);
generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a
friend):--X break, companion, keep company with, devour, eat
up, evil entreat, feed, use as a friend, make friendship with,
herdman, keep (sheep)(-er), pastor, + shearing house,
shepherd, wander, waste.
בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים (bet-e.qed ha.ro.im) — House of Shepherds.
Ra'ah = "pasturing"
perh. "binding-house of the shepherds"
רָעָה (ra.ah) — to pasture.
1) to pasture, tend, graze, feed
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to tend, pasture
1a1a) to shepherd
1a1b) of ruler, teacher (fig)
1a1c) of people as flock (fig)
1a1d) shepherd, herdsman (subst)
1a2) to feed, graze
1a2a) of cows, sheep etc (literal)
1a2b) of idolater, Israel as flock (fig)
1b) (Hiphil) shepherd, shepherdess
Also means: ro.i (רֹעִי "to shepherd" H7473)
רָעָה (ra.ah) — to accompany.
1) to associate with, be a friend of (meaning probable)
1a) (Qal) to associate with
1b) (Hithpael) to be companions
רָעָה (ra.ah) — to befriend.
(Piel) to be a special friend
HVqi3ms/Sp3fs — Verb qal imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVqi3ms/Sp3fs